Chapter 9
Uploaded by
Patrick mumbaChapter 9
Uploaded by
Patrick mumbaSinusoidal Steady-State
Analysis
Qi Xuan
Zhejiang University of Technology
Nov 2015
Electric Circuits 1
Structure
• The
Sinusoidal
Source
• The
Sinusoidal
Response
• The
Phasor
• The
Passive
Circuit
Elements
in
the
Frequency
Domain
• Kirchhoff's
Laws
in
the
Frequency
Domain
• Series,
Parallel,
and
Delta-‐to-‐Wye
SimplificaEons
• Source
TransformaEons
and
Thévenin-‐Norton
Equivalent
Circuits
• The
Node-‐Voltage
Method
• The
Mesh-‐Current
Method
• The
Transformer
• The
Ideal
Transformer
• Phasor
Diagrams
Electric Circuits 2
Why
Sinusoidal
Source?
• The
genera4on,
transmission,
distribu4on,
and
consump4on
of
electric
energy
occur
under
essen4ally
sinusoidal
steady-‐
state
condi4ons.
• An
understanding
of
sinusoidal
behavior
makes
it
possible
to
predict
the
behavior
of
circuits
with
nonsinusoidal
sources.
• Steady-‐state
sinusoidal
behavior
oAen
simplifies
the
design
of
electrical
systems.
A Household
Distribution Circuit
Electric Circuits 3
The
Sinusoidal
Source
A sinusoidal voltage/current source (independent or dependent) produces
a voltage/current that varies sinusoidally with time.
Vm: Maximum amplitude f: Frequency
ω: Angular frequency T: Period
ϕ: Phase angle (radians/degrees)
Electric Circuits 4
RMS
Value
The
rms
value
of
a
periodic
func4on
is
defined
as
the
square
root
of
the
mean
value
of
the
squared
func4on.
Power
We can completely describe a specific sinusoidal signal if we know
its frequency, phase angle, and amplitude (either the maximum
or the rms value).
Electric Circuits 5
Example
#1
A
sinusoidal
current
has
a
maximum
amplitude
of
20
A
.
The
current
passes
through
one
complete
cycle
in
1
ms.
The
magnitude
of
the
current
at
zero
4me
is
10
A
.
a) What
is
the
frequency
of
the
current
in
hertz?
b) What
is
the
frequency
in
radians
per
second?
c) Write
the
expression
for
i(t)
using
the
cosine
func4on.
Express
ϕ
in
degrees.
d) What
is
the
rms
value
of
the
current?
Electric Circuits 6
Solu:on
for
Example
#1
a) From
the
statement
of
the
problem,
T = 1 ms;
hence
f = 1/T
=
1000 Hz.
b) ω = 2πf = 2000π rad/s.
c) We
have i(t) = Imcos(ωt + ϕ) = 20 cos(2000πt +ϕ),but
i(0)=
10A.Therefore
10 = 20cos ϕ and
ϕ = 60°.
Thus
the
expression
for
i(t) becomes
i(t) = 20cos(2000πt + 60°).
d) The
rms
value
of
a
sinusoidal
current
is Im/√2.
Therefore
the
rms
value
is
20/√2,
or
14.14 A.
Electric Circuits 7
Example
#2
• Calculate
the
rms
value
of
the
periodic
triangular
current
in
the
given
figure.
Express
your
answer
in
terms
of
the
peak
current
Ip.
Electric Circuits 8
Solu:on
for
Example
#2
Electric Circuits 9
The
Sinusoidal
Response
Transient component Steady-state component
Electric Circuits 10
Steady-‐state
Solu4on
• The
steady-‐state
solu4on
is
a
sinusoidal
func4on.
• The
frequency
of
the
response
signal
is
iden4cal
to
the
frequency
of
the
source
signal.
This
condi:on
is
always
true
in
a
linear
circuit
when
the
circuit
parameters,
R,
L,
and
C,
are
constant.
• The
maximum
amplitude
of
the
steady-‐state
response,
in
general,
differs
from
the
maximum
amplitude
of
the
source.
For
the
circuit
being
discussed,
the
maximum
amplitude
of
the
response
signal
is
Vm/√(R2+ω2L2),
and
that
of
the
signal
source
is
Vm.
• The
phase
angle
of
the
response
signal,
in
general,
differs
from
the
phase
angle
of
the
source.
For
the
circuit
being
discussed,
the
phase
angle
of
the
current
is
ϕ − θ
and
that
of
the
voltage
source
is
ϕ.
Electric Circuits 11
The
Phasor
The
phasor
is
a
complex
number
that
carries
the
amplitude
and
phase
angle
informa4on
of
a
sinusoidal
func4on
(please
see
the
Appendix
B).
Euler’s
idenEty:
The real part
The imaginary part
Phasor transform:
Angle notation
Electric Circuits 12
Inverse
Phasor
Transform
v = 100cos(ωt − 60)
Inverse phasor transform:
The phasor transform is useful in circuit analysis because it
reduces the task of finding the maximum amplitude and phase
angle of the steady-‐state sinusoidal response to the algebra of
complex numbers.
Electric Circuits 13
• The
transient
component
vanishes
as
4me
elapses,
so
the
steady-‐
state
component
of
the
solu:on
must
also
sa:sfy
the
differen:al
equa:on.
• In
a
linear
circuit
driven
by
sinusoidal
sources,
the
steady-‐state
response
also
is
sinusoidal,
and
the
frequency
of
the
sinusoidal
response
is
the
same
as
the
frequency
of
the
sinusoidal
source.
• Using
the
nota4on
introduced
in
Eq.
9.11,
we
can
postulate
that
the
steady-‐state
solu4on
is
of
the
form
R{Aejβejωt},
where
A
is
the
maximum
amplitude
of
the
response
and
β
is
the
phase
angle
of
the
response.
• When
we
subs4tute
the
postulated
steady-‐state
solu4on
into
the
differen4al
equa4on,
the
exponen4al
term
ejωt
cancel
out,
leaving
the
solu4on
for
A
and
β
in
the
domain
of
complex
numbers
Electric Circuits 14
Illustra:on
Substituted into Eq. 9.8
Electric Circuits 15
The
phasor
transform,
along
with
the
inverse
phasor
transform,
allows
you
to
go
back
and
forth
between
the
4me
domain
and
the
frequency
domain.
Therefore,
when
you
obtain
a
solu4on,
you
are
either
in
the
:me
domain
or
the
frequency
domain.
You
cannot
be
in
both
domains
simultaneously.
Any
solu4on
that
contains
a
mixture
of
4me
domain
and
phasor
domain
nomenclature
is
nonsensical.
The
phasor
transform
is
also
useful
in
circuit
analysis
because
it
applies
directly
to
the
sum
of
sinusoidal
func:on,
if
When
all
the
voltages
on
the
right-‐hand
side
are
sinudoidal
voltages
of
the
same
frequency,
then
Electric Circuits 16
Example
#3
If
y1 = 20cos(ωt - 30°) and
y2 = 40cos(ωt + 60°),
express
y
=
y1
+
y2
as
a
single
sinusoidal
func4on.
a) Solve
by
using
trigonometric
iden44es.
b) Solve
by
using
the
phasor
concept.
Electric Circuits 17
Solu:on
for
Example
#2
Electric Circuits 18
The
Passive
Circuit
Elements
in
the
Frequency
Domain
The V-‐I RelaEonship for a Resistor
At the terminals of a resistor, there is no phase
shiA between the current and voltage.
Electric Circuits 19
The
V-‐I
Rela:onship
for
an
Inductor
Electric Circuits 20
The
V-‐I
Rela:onship
for
a
Capacitor
Electric Circuits 21
Impedance
and
Reactance
V=Z I
Impedance: measured in ohms
Reactance: the imaginary part of impedance
Electric Circuits 22
Kirchhoff’s
law
in
the
Frequency
Domain
Electric Circuits 23
Series,
Parallel,
and
Delta-‐to-‐Wye
Simplifica4on
The
rules
for
combining
impedances
in
series
or
parallel
and
for
making
delta-‐to-‐wye
transforma4ons
are
the
same
as
those
for
resistors.
The
only
difference
is
that
combining
impedances
involves
the
algebraic
manipula:on
of
complex
numbers.
Impedances in series:
Electric Circuits 24
Impedance
in
Parallel
Two impedance
susceptance
conductance
admittance
Electric Circuits 25
Delta-‐to-‐Wye
Transforma:ons
Electric Circuits 26
Example
#4
A
90
Ω
resistor,
a
32
mH
inductor,
and
a
5
μF
capacitor
are
connected
in
series
across
the
terminals
of
a
sinusoidal
voltage
source.
The
steady-‐state
expression
for
the
source
voltage
vs
is
750 cos (5000t + 30°) V.
a) Construct
the
frequency-‐domain
equivalent
circuit.
b) Calculate
the
steady-‐state
current
i
by
the
phasor
method.
Electric Circuits 27
Solu:on
for
Example
#4
Electric Circuits 28
Source
Transforma4ons
and
Thévenin-‐Norton
Equivalent
Circuits
The Node-‐Voltage Method (Example)
The Mesh-‐Current Method
Electric Circuits 29
Example
#5
Use
the
node-‐voltage
method
to
find
the
branch
currents
Ia,
Ib,
and
Ic
in
the
circuit.
Electric Circuits 30
Solu:on
for
Example
#5
1 2
V1 V2
Node 1:
Node 2:
Electric Circuits 31
Check
Electric Circuits 32
The
Transformer
A
transformer
is
a
device
that
is
based
on
magne:c
coupling.
Transformers
are
used
in
both
communica4on
and
power
circuits.
• linear
transformer:
is
found
primarily
in
communica-‐
4on
circuits
• Ideal
transformer:
is
used
to
model
the
ferromagne4c
transformer
found
in
power
systems.
Electric Circuits 33
The
Analysis
of
a
Linear
Transformer
Circuit
A
simple
transformer
is
formed
when
two
coils
are
wound
on
a
single
core
to
ensure
magne:c
coupling.
• Primary
winding:
the
transformer
winding
connected
to
the
source;
• Secondary
winding:
the
winding
connected
to
the
load
as
the.
R1 =
the
resistance
of
the
primary
winding
R2
=
the
resistance
of
the
secondary
winding
L1
=
the
self-‐inductance
of
the
primary
winding
L2 =
the
self-‐inductance
of
the
secondary
winding
M
=
the
mutual
inductance
Electric Circuits 34
The impedance Zab is independent of the magnetic
polarity of the transformer!
Electric Circuits 35
Reflected
Impedance
Reflected
impedance
Zr
Electric Circuits 36
The
Ideal
Transformer
An
ideal
transformer
consists
of
two
magne4cally
coupled
coils
having
N1
and
N2
turns,
respec4vely,
and
exhibi4ng
these
three
proper4es:
1. The
coefficient
of
coupling
is
unity
(k = 1).
2. The
self-‐inductance
of
each
coil
is
infinite
(L1 = L2 = ∞).
3. The
coil
losses,
due
to
parasi4c
resistance,
are
negligible.
Electric Circuits 37
Exploring
Limi:ng
Values
M2 = L1L2
X22 = ωL2 + XL
Electric Circuits 38
Factoring
ωL2
out
of
the
numerator
and
denominator
yields:
L1/L2 = (N1/N2)2
Scaling factor
Electric Circuits 39
Determining
the
Voltage
and
Current
Ra:os
(a)
M2 = L1L2
L1/L2 = (N1/N2)2
(b) R1 = R2 = 0
Electric Circuits 40
Determining
the
Polarity
of
the
Voltage
and
Current
Ra:os
a. If
the
coil
voltages
V1
and
V2
are
both
posi:ve
or
nega:ve
at
the
dot
-‐marked
terminal,
use
a
plus
sign,
Otherwise,
use
a
nega4ve
sign.
b. If
the
coil
currents
I1
and
I2
are
both
directed
into
or
out
of
the
dot-‐
marked
terminal,
use
a
minus
sign.
Otherwise,
use
a
plus
sign.
Electric Circuits 41
Important parameter for
ideal transformer!
Electric Circuits 42
Ideal
Transformer
Used
for
Impedance
Matching
Thus, the ideal transformer's secondary coil reflects the load
impedance back to the primary coil, with the scaling factor 1/a2.
Note
that
the
ideal
transformer
changes
the
magnitude
of
ZL
but
does
not
affect
its
phase
angle.
Whether
ZIN
is
greater
or
less
than
ZL depends
on
the
turns
ra4o
a.
Electric Circuits 43
Example
#6
The
load
impedance
connected
to
the
secondary
winding
of
the
ideal
transformer
consists
of
a
237.5 mΩ resistor
in
series
with
a
125 µH inductor.
If
the
sinusoidal
voltage
source
(vg)
is
generat-‐
ing
the
voltage
2500 cos 400t V ,
find
the
steady-‐
state
expressions
for:
(a)
i1;
(b)
v1;
(c)
i2;
and
(d)
v2.
Electric Circuits 44
Solu:on
for
Example
#6
jωL
Phasor domain equivalent circuit
Electric Circuits 45
Phasor
Diagrams
Construc4ng
phasor
diagrams
of
circuit
quan44es
generally
involves
both
currents
and
voltages.
As
a
result,
two
different
magnitude
scales
are
necessary,
one
for
currents
and
one
for
voltages.
The ability to visualize a phasor quan4ty
on the complex-‐number plane can be
useful when you are checking pocket
calculator calcula4ons.
Electric Circuits 46
Example
#7
• For
the
given
circuit,
use
a
phasor
diagram
to
find
the
value
of
R
that
will
cause
the
current
through
that
resistor,
iR,
to
lag
the
source
current,
is,
by
45°
when
ω
=
5
krad/s.
Electric Circuits 47
Solu:on
for
Example
#7
R = 1/3 Ω
Electric Circuits 48
Summary
Electric Circuits 49
