WHAT IS GENDER

SOCIOLOGICALLY?
GENDER VS. SEX
SEX REFERS TO BIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES: CHROMOSOMES,
HORMONAL PROFILES, INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL SEX ORGANS.
GENDER REFERS TO THE ROLES, BEHAVIORS, ACTIVITIES,
EXPECTATIONS, AND SOCIETAL NORMS THAT SOCIETIES CONSIDER
APPROPRIATE FOR MEN AND WOMEN.
GENDER IDENTITY
GENDER IDENTITY IS HOW INDIVIDUALS PERCEIVE THEMSELVES AND
WHAT THEY CALL THEMSELVES. IT CAN CORRESPOND WITH OR
DIFFER FROM THEIR SEX AT BIRTH.
 SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON
GENDER

• GENDER AS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCT

• GENDER IS NOT INNATE BUT RATHER SHAPED BY SOCIAL
INSTITUTIONS, CULTURE, AND INTERACTIONS.
• SOCIOLOGISTS ARGUE THAT GENDER ROLES ARE LEARNED
THROUGH SOCIALIZATION PROCESSES SUCH AS FAMILY,
EDUCATION, PEERS, AND MEDIA.
• GENDER ROLES
• GENDER ROLES REFER TO THE EXPECTATIONS AND BEHAVIORS
THAT SOCIETY DEEMS APPROPRIATE FOR INDIVIDUALS BASED ON
THEIR GENDER.
• THESE ROLES VARY SIGNIFICANTLY ACROSS DIFFERENT
CULTURES AND HISTORICAL PERIODS.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SEX AND
GENDER

• SEX
• BIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES
• CHROMOSOMES (XX, XY)

Yükleniyor…
• HORMONES (ESTROGEN, TESTOSTERONE)
• ANATOMY (INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ORGANS)

• ASSIGNED AT BIRTH BASED ON PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

• GENDER
• SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ROLES
• BEHAVIORS, ACTIVITIES, EXPECTATIONS DEEMED APPROPRIATE BY SOCIETY

• GENDER IDENTITY
• HOW INDIVIDUALS PERCEIVE AND IDENTIFY THEMSELVES (MAN, WOMAN, NON-
BINARY)

• SUMMARY
 WHAT IS PATRIARCHY?
• DEFINITION
• PATRIARCHY IS A SOCIAL SYSTEM WHEREIN MALES HOLD PRIMARY POWER
AND DOMINANCE IN ROLES OF POLITICAL LEADERSHIP, MORAL AUTHORITY,
SOCIAL PRIVILEGES, AND CONTROL OF PROPERTY.
• CHARACTERISTICS
• MALE DOMINANCE: MEN HOLD POSITIONS OF POWER AND AUTHORITY IN
SOCIETY.
• GENDER INEQUALITY: WOMEN OFTEN FACE DISCRIMINATION AND ARE
SUBORDINATE TO MEN.
• HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE: SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED IN A WAY THAT
REINFORCES MALE DOMINANCE AND FEMALE SUBORDINATION.
 EFFECTS OF PATRIARCHY
• GENDER ROLES
• PATRIARCHY REINFORCES TRADITIONAL GENDER ROLES WHERE MEN ARE EXPECTED
TO BE STRONG, ASSERTIVE, AND IN CONTROL, WHILE WOMEN ARE EXPECTED TO BE
PASSIVE, NURTURING, AND SUBMISSIVE.
• SOCIAL INEQUALITY
Yükleniyor…
• PATRIARCHY CONTRIBUTES TO SOCIAL INEQUALITY BY LIMITING WOMEN'S ACCESS
TO EDUCATION, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, AND DECISION-MAKING POSITIONS.
• CULTURAL NORMS
• PATRIARCHAL CULTURAL NORMS PERPETUATE IDEAS OF MALE SUPERIORITY AND
FEMALE INFERIORITY, IMPACTING EVERY ASPECT OF LIFE FROM FAMILY DYNAMICS
TO MEDIA REPRESENTATION.
• SUMMARY
• PATRIARCHY IS A SOCIAL SYSTEM THAT PERPETUATES MALE DOMINANCE AND
FEMALE SUBORDINATION, CONTRIBUTING TO GENDER INEQUALITY AND SOCIAL
INJUSTICE.
 HISTORY OF PATRIARCHY

• ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS
• IN ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA, EGYPT, AND GREECE, PATRIARCHAL SYSTEMS
EMERGED WHERE MEN HELD DOMINANT POSITIONS IN POLITICS, RELIGION,
AND FAMILY LIFE.
• IN ROMAN LAW, MEN HAD AUTHORITY OVER THEIR FAMILIES, INCLUDING
WIVES, CHILDREN, AND SLAVES.
• ABRAHAMIC RELIGIONS
• JUDAISM, CHRISTIANITY, AND ISLAM PLAYED A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN
PERPETUATING PATRIARCHY THROUGH RELIGIOUS TEXTS AND INSTITUTIONS.
• MALE PROPHETS AND RELIGIOUS LEADERS HELD POWERFUL POSITIONS, WHILE
WOMEN OFTEN HAD SUBORDINATE ROLES.
 HISTORY OF PATRIARCHY

• FEUDALISM AND MONARCHIES

• DURING THE FEUDAL PERIOD AND MONARCHICAL RULE, PATRIARCHY WAS
INSTITUTIONALIZED, WITH NOBLE MEN HOLDING LAND, POWER, AND PRIVILEGE,
WHILE WOMEN HAD LIMITED RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS.
• INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BROUGHT CHANGES TO GENDER ROLES, AS MEN
WERE OFTEN SEEN AS PRIMARY BREADWINNERS IN FACTORIES AND WORKPLACES,
WHILE WOMEN WERE EXPECTED TO MAINTAIN THE HOME AND CARE FOR CHILDREN.
• MODERN ERA
• DESPITE ADVANCEMENTS IN GENDER EQUALITY, PATRIARCHY PERSISTS IN MANY
ASPECTS OF SOCIETY, INCLUDING POLITICS, BUSINESS, MEDIA, AND FAMILY
STRUCTURES, DEMONSTRATING THE DEEP-ROOTED NATURE OF MALE DOMINANCE.
 HISTORY OF PATRIARCHY

• SUMMARY
• THE HISTORY OF PATRIARCHY SPANS ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS TO
MODERN TIMES, WITH MEN HOLDING DOMINANT POSITIONS IN
RELIGION, POLITICS, ECONOMICS, AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS,
DESPITE EFFORTS TOWARD GENDER EQUALITY.
 MANIFESTATIONS OF PATRIARCHY IN
CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY

• GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE
• PATRIARCHAL ATTITUDES CONTRIBUTE TO GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE,
INCLUDING DOMESTIC ABUSE, SEXUAL ASSAULT, AND HARASSMENT.
• VICTIMS OF GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE OFTEN FACE STIGMA AND
DISCRIMINATION WHEN SEEKING SUPPORT AND JUSTICE.
• REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS
• PATRIARCHAL BELIEFS CAN INFLUENCE POLICIES AND LAWS
REGARDING REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS, INCLUDING ACCESS TO
CONTRACEPTION AND ABORTION.
• WOMEN'S AUTONOMY OVER THEIR BODIES MAY BE RESTRICTED,
RESULTING IN INEQUITABLE HEALTHCARE ACCESS AND OUTCOMES.
 MANIFESTATIONS OF PATRIARCHY IN
CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY

• SUMMARY
• PATRIARCHY'S CONSEQUENCES IN MODERN SOCIETY INCLUDE
GENDER INEQUALITY, TOXIC MASCULINITY, GENDER-BASED
VIOLENCE, AND RESTRICTIONS ON REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS,
DEMONSTRATING THE NEED FOR CONTINUED EFFORTS TOWARD
GENDER EQUALITY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE.
 WHAT IS FEMINISM?
• DEFINITION
• FEMINISM IS A SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND CULTURAL MOVEMENT THAT ADVOCATES FOR THE RIGHTS AND
EQUALITY OF WOMEN IN RELATION TO MEN.
• IT SEEKS TO ADDRESS AND CHALLENGE SYSTEMIC INEQUALITIES AND INJUSTICES FACED BY WOMEN DUE
TO GENDER.
• KEY PRINCIPLES Yükleniyor…
• GENDER EQUALITY: THE BELIEF THAT ALL GENDERS SHOULD HAVE EQUAL RIGHTS, OPPORTUNITIES, AND
TREATMENT.
• SOCIAL JUSTICE: THE PURSUIT OF A FAIR AND JUST SOCIETY WHERE INDIVIDUALS ARE NOT
DISCRIMINATED AGAINST BASED ON GENDER.
• EMPOWERMENT: SUPPORTING WOMEN TO TAKE CONTROL OF THEIR LIVES, MAKE THEIR OWN DECISIONS,
AND ACHIEVE THEIR FULL POTENTIAL.
• INTERSECTIONALITY
• FEMINISM RECOGNIZES THE IMPORTANCE OF INTERSECTIONALITY, UNDERSTANDING THAT WOMEN'S
EXPERIENCES AND STRUGGLES VARY BASED ON RACE, CLASS, SEXUAL ORIENTATION, ABILITY, AND
OTHER FACTORS.
 FEMINISM'S CORE TENETS

• EQUALITY
• FEMINISM ADVOCATES FOR GENDER EQUALITY IN ALL ASPECTS OF SOCIETY,
INCLUDING POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL SPHERES.
• WOMEN SHOULD HAVE THE SAME RIGHTS, OPPORTUNITIES, AND TREATMENT AS MEN.
• EMPOWERMENT
• FEMINISM SEEKS TO EMPOWER WOMEN TO ASSERT THEIR RIGHTS, AGENCY, AND VOICE
IN DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES.
• WOMEN SHOULD HAVE CONTROL OVER THEIR BODIES, LIVES, AND DESTINIES.
 FEMINISM'S CORE TENETS

• RECOGNITION OF DIVERSITY
• FEMINISM RECOGNIZES AND VALUES THE DIVERSITY OF WOMEN'S EXPERIENCES
BASED ON FACTORS SUCH AS RACE, CLASS, SEXUAL ORIENTATION, ABILITY, AND
GENDER IDENTITY.
• INTERSECTIONALITY IS ESSENTIAL TO ADDRESSING SYSTEMIC INEQUALITIES AND
INJUSTICES.
• ENDING OPPRESSION
• FEMINISM STRIVES TO END ALL FORMS OF OPPRESSION AND DISCRIMINATION
AGAINST WOMEN, INCLUDING SEXISM, RACISM, HOMOPHOBIA, TRANSPHOBIA,
ABLEISM, AND CLASSISM.
• SOLIDARITY AND ALLIANCES WITH OTHER SOCIAL JUSTICE MOVEMENTS ARE
CRUCIAL.
 FEMINISM'S CORE TENETS

• CHALLENGING PATRIARCHY
• FEMINISM CHALLENGES PATRIARCHAL NORMS, INSTITUTIONS, AND POWER STRUCTURES
THAT PERPETUATE GENDER INEQUALITY AND OPPRESSION.
• IT PROMOTES A REDEFINITION OF GENDER ROLES AND RELATIONSHIPS BASED ON
MUTUAL RESPECT AND EQUITY.
• SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION
• FEMINISM AIMS FOR SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION THAT BENEFITS ALL GENDERS AND
PROMOTES JUSTICE, EQUALITY, AND FREEDOM FOR EVERYONE.
• IT CALLS FOR A RADICAL REIMAGINING OF SOCIETY BASED ON PRINCIPLES OF
INCLUSION, DIGNITY, AND RESPECT.
 FEMINISM'S CORE TENETS

• SUMMARY
• FEMINISM'S CORE TENETS INCLUDE EQUALITY, EMPOWERMENT,
RECOGNITION OF DIVERSITY, ENDING OPPRESSION,
CHALLENGING PATRIARCHY, AND PROMOTING SOCIAL
TRANSFORMATION TOWARD A MORE JUST AND EQUITABLE
SOCIETY.
 WOMEN'S MOVEMENTS DURING THE
RENAISSANCE AND ENLIGHTENMENT

• THE RENAISSANCE (14TH-17TH CENTURIES)

• INTELLECTUAL REVIVAL: WOMEN BEGAN TO PARTICIPATE MORE
IN EDUCATION AND THE ARTS.
• NOTABLE WOMEN: FIGURES LIKE CHRISTINE DE PIZAN
CHALLENGED SEXIST VIEWS AND PROMOTED WOMEN'S
INTELLECTUAL CAPABILITIES.
• LIMITATIONS: DESPITE SOME ADVANCES, WOMEN'S ROLES
REMAINED LARGELY CONFINED TO THE DOMESTIC SPHERE.
 WOMEN'S MOVEMENTS DURING THE
RENAISSANCE AND ENLIGHTENMENT

• THE ENLIGHTENMENT (17TH-19TH CENTURIES)

• PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS: IDEAS OF EQUALITY, LIBERTY,
AND INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS SPREAD, INFLUENCING THINKERS LIKE
MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT.
• A VINDICATION OF THE RIGHTS OF WOMAN (1792):
WOLLSTONECRAFT ARGUED FOR WOMEN'S EDUCATION AND
EQUALITY, LAYING EARLY GROUNDWORK FOR FEMINIST
THOUGHT.
 THE FIRST WAVE OF FEMINISM (19TH-
EARLY 20TH CENTURIES)

• GOAL: SECURING THE RIGHT TO VOTE FOR WOMEN.

• KEY FIGURES: SUSAN B. ANTHONY, ELIZABETH CADY STANTON,
AND EMMELINE PANKHURST.
• SUCCESSES: THE 19TH AMENDMENT IN THE US (1920) AND THE
REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT IN THE UK (1918/1928).
• LEGAL AND SOCIAL REFORMS
• PROPERTY RIGHTS: CAMPAIGNS FOR MARRIED WOMEN'S
PROPERTY ACTS.
• EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT: ADVOCATING FOR WOMEN'S
ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION AND PROFESSIONAL CAREERS.
 THE SECOND AND THIRD WAVES OF
FEMINISM (MID-20TH CENTURY-
•
PRESENT)
SECOND WAVE FEMINISM (1960S-1980S)
• FOCUS: BROADER ISSUES BEYOND SUFFRAGE, INCLUDING WORKPLACE
DISCRIMINATION, REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS, AND SEXUAL LIBERATION.
• KEY FIGURES: BETTY FRIEDAN, GLORIA STEINEM, AND SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR.
• LEGISLATIVE ACHIEVEMENTS: EQUAL PAY ACTS, TITLE IX IN THE US, AND
LEGALIZATION OF ABORTION IN MANY COUNTRIES.
• THIRD WAVE FEMINISM (1990S-PRESENT)
• FOCUS: DIVERSITY AND INTERSECTIONALITY, RECOGNIZING DIFFERENT
EXPERIENCES OF WOMEN BASED ON RACE, CLASS, SEXUAL ORIENTATION, AND
GENDER IDENTITY.
• KEY CONCEPTS: BODY POSITIVITY, SEXUALITY, AND EMPOWERMENT.
• MODERN MOVEMENTS: #METOO MOVEMENT, FIGHT FOR TRANS RIGHTS, AND
GLOBAL WOMEN'S MARCHES.
 THE SECOND AND THIRD WAVES OF
FEMINISM (MID-20TH CENTURY-
PRESENT)
• SUMMARY
• WOMEN'S MOVEMENTS HAVE EVOLVED FROM RENAISSANCE
INTELLECTUAL PARTICIPATION TO MODERN FIGHTS FOR
DIVERSITY AND INTERSECTIONALITY, MARKING SIGNIFICANT
ADVANCES IN WOMEN'S RIGHTS AND EQUALITY.
 ENLIGHTENMENT ERA FEMINIST
THINKERS

• MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT (1759-1797)

• MAJOR WORK: "A VINDICATION OF THE RIGHTS OF WOMAN" (1792)
• CONTRIBUTIONS:
• ADVOCATED FOR WOMEN'S EDUCATION AND EQUALITY.
• ARGUED THAT WOMEN ARE NOT INHERENTLY INFERIOR TO MEN BUT APPEAR SO BECAUSE THEY
LACK EDUCATION.
• CALLED FOR WOMEN TO BE TREATED AS RATIONAL BEINGS AND EQUAL PARTNERS IN
MARRIAGE.
• OLYMPE DE GOUGES (1748-1793)
• MAJOR WORK: "DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF WOMAN AND OF THE FEMALE
CITIZEN" (1791)
• CONTRIBUTIONS:
• DEMANDED EQUAL RIGHTS FOR WOMEN IN ALL SPHERES OF LIFE, INCLUDING POLITICS.
 ENLIGHTENMENT ERA FEMINIST
THINKERS
• ELIZABETH CADY STANTON (1815-1902)
• MAJOR WORK: "DECLARATION OF SENTIMENTS" (1848)
• CONTRIBUTIONS:
• ORGANIZED THE FIRST WOMEN'S RIGHTS CONVENTION IN SENECA FALLS, NEW YORK.
• ADVOCATED FOR WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE, PROPERTY RIGHTS, AND LEGAL EQUALITY.
• HELPED FOUND THE NATIONAL WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION (NWSA).

• HARRIET TAYLOR MILL (1807-1858)

• MAJOR WORK: CONTRIBUTOR TO JOHN STUART MILL'S "THE SUBJECTION OF WOMEN"
(1869)
• CONTRIBUTIONS:
• ADVOCATED FOR WOMEN'S RIGHTS TO EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT.
• PROMOTED THE IDEA OF EQUALITY IN MARRIAGE AND THE IMPORTANCE OF WOMEN'S
INDEPENDENCE.
• HER IDEAS INFLUENCED HER HUSBAND, JOHN STUART MILL, IN HIS WRITINGS ON WOMEN'S
 20TH CENTURY FEMINIST THINKERS

• SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR (1908-1986)

• MAJOR WORK: "THE SECOND SEX" (1949)
• CONTRIBUTIONS:
• ARGUED THAT WOMEN HAVE BEEN HISTORICALLY TREATED AS THE "OTHER" AND SUBORDINATE TO
MEN.
• PROMOTED THE IDEA THAT "ONE IS NOT BORN, BUT RATHER BECOMES, A WOMAN," EMPHASIZING THE
ROLE OF SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION IN GENDER.
• HER WORK LAID THE FOUNDATIONS FOR MODERN FEMINIST THEORY AND GENDER STUDIES.
• BETTY FRIEDAN (1921-2006)
• MAJOR WORK: "THE FEMININE MYSTIQUE" (1963)
• CONTRIBUTIONS:
• SPARKED THE SECOND WAVE OF FEMINISM BY ADDRESSING "THE PROBLEM THAT HAS NO NAME" –
THE WIDESPREAD UNHAPPINESS OF WOMEN IN THE 1950S AND 1960S DESPITE MATERIAL COMFORTS.
• CO-FOUNDED THE NATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR WOMEN (NOW) TO ADVOCATE FOR WOMEN'S
 FEMINIST THOUGT IN HISTORY

• SUMMARY
• FROM MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT AND OLYMPE DE GOUGES IN THE
ENLIGHTENMENT ERA TO SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR AND BETTY
FRIEDAN IN THE 20TH CENTURY, THESE THINKERS HAVE MADE
SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS TO FEMINIST THOUGHT AND THE
ADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN'S RIGHTS.