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K. M. Hangos
Systems and Control Laboratory
Computer and Automation Research Institute of the
Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Budapest, Hungary
L T. Cameron
Cape Centre Department of Chemical Engineering
The University of Queensland
Brisbane, Queensland
r^ ACADEMIC PRESS
\,,__^^ A Harcourt Science and Technology Company
San Diego San Francisco New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Academic Press
A Harcourt Science and Technology Company
525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA
http ://w w w. academ icpress. com
ISBN 0-12-156931-4
01 02 03 04 05 06 BC 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
INTRODUCTION xiii
I F U N D A M E N T A L PRINCIPLES A N D PROCESS
MODEL DEVELOPMENT
VII
VIII CONTENTS
3 Conservation Principles
4 Constitutive Relations
4.1. Transfer Rate Equations 65
4.2. Reaction Kinetics 70
4.3. Thermodynamical Relations 72
4.4. Balance Volume Relations 75
4.5. Equipment and Control Relations 75
4.6. Summary 79
4.7. Review Questions 79
4.8. Application Exercises 80
7 Dynamic Models^—Distributed
Parameter Systems
BIBLIOGRAPHY 527
INDEX 535
INTRODUCTION
Process modelling is one of the key activities in process systems engineering. Its
importance is reflected in various ways. It is a significant activity in most major com-
panies around the world, driven by such application areas as process optimization,
design and control. It is a vital part of risk management, particularly consequence
analysis of hazardous events such as loss of containment of process fluids. It is a
permanent subject of conferences and symposia in fields related to process systems
engineering. It is often the topic of various specialized courses offered at graduate,
postgraduate and continuing professional education levels. There are various text-
books available for courses in process modelling and model solution amongst which
are Himmelblau [1], Davis [2], Riggs [3] and Rice and Do [4]. These however are
mainly devoted to the solution techniques related to process models and not to the
problem on how to define, setup, analyse and test models. Several short monographs
or mathematical notes with deeper insights on modelling are available, most notably
by Aris [5] and Denn [6].
In most books on this subject there is a lack of a consistent modelling approach
applicable to process systems engineering as well as a recognition that modelling is
not just about producing a set of equations. There is far more to process modelling
than writing equations. This is the reason why we decided to write the current book in
order to give a more comprehensive treatment of process modelling useful to student,
researcher and industrial practitioner.
There is another important aspect which limits the scope of the present material
in the area of process modelling. It originates from the well-known fact that a par-
ticular process model depends not only on the process to be described but also on the
modelling goal. It involves the intended use of the model and the user of that model.
Moreover, the actual form of the model is also determined by the education, skills
and taste of the modeller and that of the user. Due to the above reasons, the main
emphasis has been on process models for dynamic simulation and process control
purposes. These are principally lumped dynamic process models in the form of sets
of differential—algebraic equations. Other approaches such as distributed parameter
modelling and the description of discrete event and hybrid systems are also treated.
Finally the use of empirical modelling is also covered, recognizing that our knowledge
XIII
XIV INTRODUCTION
"Pyh!"
"Kiitos! Näkemiin."
"Olen kyllä."
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"Eikö sinua ole tavattu, rakas d'Artagnan?" huusi hän heti kun
kaukaa näki muskettisoturin.
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"Matkalla."
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chevalierille."
'Parahin ystävä!
74.
"Oh" vastasi Aramis, "eipä sillä enää ole väliä, kun nyt kerran olen
täällä; pääasia oli, että pääsisin perille, ja se on nyt saavutettu."
"Olemmeko yksinämme?"
"On."
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minulle Gourvillen kirjeen ja Pélissonin asiapaperit. Oletteko tarkoin
ajatellut sitä tapahtumaa, monsieur?"
"Kyllä."
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"Kuninkaan maksumääräyksellä."
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"Kaikkein vaarallisin."
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"D'Artagnan?"
"Eikö se ole teidänkin mielipiteenne?"
"Mikä estää?"
"Kuinka niin?"
"Mitä joutavia!"
"No niin?"
"Mutta kuitenkin…"
"Peräti mielelläni!"
75.
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"Niin."
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"Mikä todistus?"
"Kas, todellako?"
"Niin, sire."
"Kenet lähettäisin?"
"Esimerkiksi minut."
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