13 Cephalometrics-1
13 Cephalometrics-1
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS
TECHNICAL ASPECTS
USES OF CEPHALOGRAM
TRACING SUPPLIES & EQUIPMENT
TRACING TECHNIQUE
CEPHALOMETRIC LANDMARKS
COMMONLY USED LINES AND PLANES DESCRIBED IN THE LATERAL
PROJECTION
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CEPHALOGRAMS
1. Lateral cephalogram
2. Frontal or anteroposterior cephalogram.
3. Oblique cephalogram.
TECHNICAL ASPECT…
The cephalostat consists of:
1. Two ear rods.
2. Orbital pointer.
3. Forehead clamp.
• The distance between the
X-Ray source and the
mid-saggital plane of
patient is fixed at
5 feet(152.4cm).
USES …
1. Helps in orthodontic diagnosis.
2. Classification of skeletal and dental abnormalities.
3. Establishing facial type.
4. Treatment planning.
5. Evaluation of the results.
6. Predicting growth related changes.
7. Study changes associated with surgical treatment.
8. Valuable aid in research.
TRACING SUPPLIES AND EQUIPMENTS:
NASION (Na):
The frontonasal suture at its most
superior point on the curve at the bridge
of the nose.
Gnathion (Gn)
The most anteroinferior point on
the lateral shadow of the chin.
Gnathion may be approximated by
the midpoint between pogonion
and menton on the contour of the
chin.
Basion (Ba)
The most inferoposterior point in
the sagittal plane on the anterior
rim of the foramen magnum—the
tip of the posterior cranial base.
Sella(S)
The center of the hypophyseal
fossa (sella tursica). It is selected
by the eye, since that procedure
has been shown to be as reliable
as a constructed center.
BOLTON POINT:
Articulare (Ar)
The intersection of the three
radiographic shadows: the inferior
surface of the cranial base and the
posterior surfaces of the necks of the
condyles of the mandible. Articulare
is systematically used for condylion
when the latter is not reliably
discernible. Displacement of the
condyle moves the articulare.
Pterygomaxillary Fissure (PTM)
A bilateral teardrop-shaped area of
radiolucency, the anterior shadow of
which is the posterior surfaces of the
tuberosities of the maxilla.
Porion
The "top" of the external auditory
meatus. Sometimes because porion
is quite unreliable, the "top“ of the
shadow of the ear rods is called
"machine porion".
COMMONLY USED LINES AND PLANES DESCRIBED IN THE
LATERAL PROJECTION
Frankfort Horizontal Plane
Used first by Downs,
it is drawn from the point
orbitale to the superiormost
point on the external
auditory meatus (Porion).
S-N Line
The S-N line represents
the anterior cranial base.
It is constructed by connecting
the points Sella Turcica and the Nasion.
Palatal Plane
The palatal plane is drawn by extending a
line from the anterior nasal spine (ANS) to
posterior nasal spine (PNS).
Occlusal Plane
It was originally described by Down as the
line connecting the molars in occlusion to
the bisector of the overbite (vertical overlap
of the incisors anteriorly). It was later
modified to be represented by the line
passing through the occlusion of the
premolars and the molars .
Mandibular Plane
Mandibular planes have been defined
by various authors based upon their
clinical experience and use in their
cephalometric analysis's.
Tweed described the mandibular
plane as a line that is a tangent to the
inferior border of the mandible.
Down considered the mandibular
plane to represent a line connecting
the points gonion and menton.
Steiner drew the mandibular plane by
joining the points Gonion and
Gnathion.
BASION-NASION PLANE:
It is a line connecting the basion and
nasion. It represents the cranial base.
Take home message
Cephalometrics is the backbone of Orthodontic diagnosis &
Treatment Planning
Cephalometrics includes measurements, description & appraisal of
the morphological configuration & growth changes in the skull by
ascertaining the dimensions of lines, angles & planes .
PROBABLE QUESTIONS
SAQ
1. Cephalostat
2. Horizontal Planes
3. FRANKFORT HORIZONTAL PLANE
4. MANDIBULAR PLANE ANGLE
5. FACIAL PLANE ANGLE
LAQ
• What is Cephalometrics. Describe in brief about the various landmarks
used in Cephalometrics
Thank you