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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) Use a percent to express the shaded portion of the drawing. 1)

A) 10% B) 15% C) 20% D) 2%

2) Use a percent to express the shaded portion of the drawing. 2)

A) 25% B) 65% C) 35% D) 33%

3) Write a percent for the statement. 3)

In a survey, 3 out of every 100 people chose strawberry as their favorite flavor of
ice cream.
3
A) 0.03% B) 3% C) % D) 300%
100

4) Change to a simplified fraction or mixed number. 11% 4)

11 100 100 11
A) B) C) % D) %
100 11 11 100

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

5) Change to a simplified fraction or mixed number. 44% 5)

6) Change to a simplified fraction or mixed number. 125% 6)

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

7) Change to a simplified fraction or mixed number. 0.4% 7)

1 2 1 0.4
A) B) C) D)
250 5 25 100

1
 1
8) Change to a simplified fraction or mixed number. 7 % 8)
4
29 29 29 29
A) B) C) D)
10 400 40 100

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

9) Change the percent to a decimal. 44% 9)

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

10) Change the percent to a decimal. 92.6% 10)

A) 9260 B) 9.26 C) 92.6 D) 0.926

11) Change the percent to a decimal. 183% 11)

A) 183 B) 18.3 C) 18,300 D) 1.83

12) Change the percent to a decimal. 0.34% 12)

A) 0.034 B) 0.0034 C) 34 D) 0.34

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

5
13) Change the percent to a decimal. 29 % 13)
8

14) Use a percent to express the shaded portion of each drawing. 14)

15) Use a percent to express the shaded portion of each drawing. 15)

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

16) Multiply. 16)

0.75 × 100%
A) 0.075% B) 7.5% C) 75% D) 0.0075%

2
 17) Multiply. 17)
9
× 100%
10
A) 90% B) 0.9 C) 90 D) 0.9%

18) Convert the decimal to a percent. 0.67 18)

A) 0.0067% B) 6.7% C) 67% D) 0.67%

19) Convert the decimal to a percent. 1.2 19)

A) 12% B) 120% C) 1.2% D) 0.012%

20) Convert the decimal to a percent. 0.189 20)

A) 0.00189% B) 0.189% C) 1.89% D) 18.9%

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

21) Convert the decimal to a percent. 0.006 21)

29
22) Convert the fraction to a percent. 22)
100

9
23) Convert the fraction to a percent. 23)
20

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

3
24) Convert the fraction to a percent. 24)
10
A) 0.3% B) 0.03% C) 30% D) 3.3%

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

7
25) Convert the fraction to a percent. 25)
9

3
26) Convert the mixed number to a percent. 2 26)
4

5
27) Convert the fraction to a percent. 27)
3

3
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

3
28) In a recent year, of the beds in a local hospital were occupied. Write this fraction as a 28)
5
percent.
A) 6% B) 0.006% C) 0.6% D) 60%

79
29) According to a survey, of college-bound high school seniors plan to work over the 29)
100
summer. Write this fraction as a percent.
A) 0.79% B) 79% C) 790% D) 7.9%

17
30) For a showing of a movie of the available seats were filled. Write this fraction as a 30)
20
percent.
A) 0.85% B) 85% C) 0.0085% D) 15%

31) Write the fraction in percent notation to the nearest tenth of a percent. 31)
4
7
A) 5.7% B) 57.1% C) 0.6% D) 0.57%

32) Write the fraction in percent notation to the nearest tenth of a percent. 32)
5
11
A) 0.45% B) 45.5% C) 0.5% D) 4.5%

33) Write the fraction in percent notation to the nearest tenth of a percent. 33)
11
13
A) 0.85% B) 0.8% C) 84.6% D) 8.5%

34) Write the fraction in percent notation to the nearest tenth of a percent. 34)
1
15
A) 0.07% B) 0.1% C) 6.7% D) 0.7%

35) Match the percent with its fraction form. 70% 35)

1 7 1 7
A) B) C) D)
7 100 70 10

4
 36) Match the percent with its decimal form. 90% 36)

A) 0.90 B) 9000.0 C) 9.0 D) 90

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

37) Complete the table. 37)

Fraction Decimal Percent

a. 0.3%
1
b.
5
c. 2
1
d.
4
e. 0.76
f. 45%
g. 0.83

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

38) Match the percent with its decimal form. 289% 38)
A) 28.9 B) 28,900 C) 2890 D) 2.89

39) Find the decimal and fraction equivalent of the percent given in the sentence. 39)
The unemployment rate in a certain city is 8.7%.
87 87 87 87
A) 0.87; B) 0.087; C) 0.087; D) 0.87;
100 100 1000 1000

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

40) Find the decimal and fraction equivalent of the percent given in the sentence. 40)
Sixty-five percent of the respondents said they are cat owners.

1 1
41) Explain the difference between and % by writing each as a decimal. 41)
4 4

42) Which numbers represent 175% ? 42)

7 175
a. b. 0.175 c. % d. 1.75
4 100

43) Write 0.6 as a percent 43)

5
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

44) Write 7 as a percent. 44)

A) 7% B) 0.07% C) 700% D) 0.7%

45) Determine if the proportion is a percent proportion. 45)

x 18
=
100 200
A) no B) yes

46) Determine if the proportion is a percent proportion. 46)

4 2
=
18 x
A) no B) yes

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

47) Identify the amount, base, and p value. 47)

9 cats is 10% of 90 cats.

48) Identify the amount, base, and p value. 48)

60% of 25 children is 15 children.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

49) Identify the amount, base, and p value. 49)

$191 of $400 is 47.75%.
A) amount = 191; base = 400; p = 47.75 B) amount = 191; base = 47.75; p = 400
C) amount = 400; base = 47.75; p = 191 D) amount = 400; base = 191; p = 47.75

50) Write the percent proportion. 50)

165% of $40,000 is $66,000.
165 66,000 100 66,000
A) = B) =
100 40,000 165 40,000
165 40,000 100 40,000
C) = D) =
100 66,000 165 66,000

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

51) Write the percent proportion. 51)

76 discs is 80% of 95 discs.

6
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

52) Solve the percent problem for the unknown amount. 52)
Find 142% of 500.
A) 720 B) 740 C) 730 D) 710

53) Solve the percent problem for the unknown amount. 53)
1
What is % of 60?
4
A) 0.15 B) 1.5 C) 240 D) 24

54) Solve the percent problem for the unknown base. 54)
4
7 is % of what number?
5
A) 875 B) 560 C) 8.75 D) 87,500

55) Renee pays 29% of her salary in income tax. If she makes $56,000 in taxable income, 55)
how much income tax does she pay?
A) Renee pays $16,240 in taxes. B) Renee pays $16,230 in taxes.
C) Renee pays $16,250 in taxes. D) Renee pays $16,260 in taxes.

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

56) Solve the percent problem for the unknown base. 56)
22 is 40% of what number?

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

57) Solve the percent problem for the unknown base. 57)
36% of what length is 27 cm?
A) 75 cm B) 76 cm C) 77 cm D) 9.72 cm

58) Ken saves $182 per month. If this is 3.5% of his monthly income, how much does he 58)
earn per month?
A) Ken earns $5500 per month. B) Ken earns $5300 per month.
C) Ken earns $5400 per month. D) Ken earns $5200 per month.

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

59) Solve the percent problem for the unknown value of p. 59)
What percent of 200 is 64?

7
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

60) Solve the percent problem for the unknown value of p. 60)
74 is what percent of 50?
A) 152% B) 150% C) 146% D) 148%

61) A student answered correctly 36 problems on a test with 40 problems. What percent of 61)
the questions did she answer correctly?
A) She answered 90% correctly. B) She answered 90.5% correctly.
C) She answered 89.5% correctly. D) She answered 89% correctly.

62) In the table given, the data represent 700 police officers broken down by gender and by 62)
the number of officers promoted.
Promoted Not Promoted Total
Male 150 410 560
Female 20 120 140
Total 170 530 700
What percent of the officers are female?
A) 2.86% B) 0.17% C) 20% D) 0.2%

63) In the table given, the data represent 550 police officers broken down by gender and by 63)
the number of officers promoted.
Promoted Not Promoted Total
Male 140 300 440
Female 10 100 110
Total 150 400 550
What percent of the officers were promoted? Round to the nearest tenth of a percent.
A) 0.2% B) 27.3% C) 25.5% D) 20%

64) In a recent survey 43% of the people in the U.S. say that gas prices have affected the type 64)
of vehicle they will buy. In a sample of 400 people who are in the market for a new
vehicle, how many would you expect to be influenced by gas prices?
A) 168 people are expected to be influenced.
B) 170 people are expected to be influenced.
C) 228 people are expected to be influenced.
D) 172 people are expected to be influenced.

65) Biff Steele is a baseball pitcher for the minor-league Warrenton Wannabees. Over his 65)
career, Biff has faced 553 batters and has struck out 135 of them. Find his strike-out
percentage to the nearest tenth of a percent.
A) 24.4% B) 4.1% C) 2.4% D) 41%

8
66) A used car dealership sells several makes of vehicles. Refer to the graph. Round the 66)
answers to the nearest whole unit.

If the dealership sold 154 vehicles in 1 month, how many were Chevys?
A) 20 B) 3 C) 200 D) 31

67) A used car dealership sells several makes of vehicles. Refer to the graph. Round the 67)
answers to the nearest whole unit.

If the dealership sold 24 Hondas in 1 month, how many total vehicles were sold?
A) 6 B) 624 C) 92 D) 1

68) In a recent year, a local college accepted 1380 students to its freshman class. If this 68)
represented 23% of all applicants, how many students applied for admission?
A) 5520 students applied B) 6000 students applied
C) 317 students applied D) 3170 students applied

9
 69) The rainfall at Birmingham Airport in the United Kingdom during a one year period 69)
averaged 51 mm per month. In August the amount of rain that fell was 120% of the
average monthly rainfall. How much rain fell in August during that year?
A) 42.5 mm B) 62.9 mm C) 61.2 mm D) 61 mm

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

70) Write the percent equation. Then solve for the unknown amount. 70)
What is 65% of 700?

71) Write the percent equation. Then solve for the unknown amount. 71)
What is 0.38% of 950?

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

72) Find 159% of 510. 72)

A) 81,090 B) 810.9 C) 816 D) 765

73) 60% of 77.7 is what number? 73)

A) 45.62 B) 129.5 C) 130.5 D) 46.62

74) In order to pass an exam, a student must pass a 90-question exam with a score of 70% or 74)
better. What is the minimum number of questions the student must answer correctly?
A) The student must answer 64 questions correctly.
B) The student must answer 63 questions correctly.
C) The student must answer 62 questions correctly.
D) The student must answer 61 questions correctly.

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

75) Write the percent equation. Then solve for the unknown base. 75)
4 is 40% of what number?

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

76) 34% of what number is 61.2? 76)

A) 190 B) 160 C) 180 D) 170

77) 7.14 is 102% of what number? 77)

A) 7.2 B) 7.07 C) 7.2828 D) 7

10
 78) A city has a population of 317,900 which is 110% of the population last year. What was 78)
the population last year?
A) The population was 287,000 last year.
B) The population was 288,000 last year.
C) The population was 290,000 last year.
D) The population was 289,000 last year.

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

79) Write the percent equation. Then solve for the unknown percent. 79)
What percent of 500 is 375?

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

80) 300 is what percent of 5000? 80)

A) 7.5% B) 7% C) 6.5% D) 6%

81) 45 is what percent of 600? 81)

A) 0.075% B) 7.5% C) 75% D) 750%

82) What percent of 300 is 600? Round to the nearest tenth of a percent, if necessary. 82)
A) 1800% B) 50% C) 2% D) 200%

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

83) At a softball game, the concession stand had 200 cans of soda and sold 146 of 83)
them. What percent did they sell?

84) Refer to the table that shows the 1-year absentee record for a business. 84)
Number of Number of
Days Missed Employees
0 2
1 2
2 2
3 2
4 6
5 4
6 2
a. Determine the total number of employees.
b. What percent missed exactly 4 days of work?
c. What percent missed at least 3 days of work?

11
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

85) In a certain country, seniors comprised 2.6 million hospital stays. If this represents 8% of 85)
all the hospital stays in the region, what was the total number of hospital stays?
A) There were 33 million hospital stays.
B) There were 32.5 million hospital stays.
C) There were 32 million hospital stays.
D) There were 31.5 million hospital stays.

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

86) Of his 84 compact discs, Raul plans to donate 13 to the thrift store. To the 86)
nearest tenth of a percent, what percent is this?

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

87) A television station plays commercials for 21% of its air time. In 180 minutes, how many 87)
minutes of commercials would be expected?
A) 38.2 minutes of commercials would be expected.
B) 37.6 minutes of commercials would be expected.
C) 37.8 minutes of commercials would be expected.
D) 38 minutes of commercials would be expected.

88) Refer to the graph showing the distribution of fatal traffic accidents in the United States 88)
according to the age of the driver. (Source: National Safety Council)

Age (years)

If there were 55,000 fatal traffic accidents during a given year, how many would be
expected to involve drivers in the 35-44 age group?
A) 11,220 B) 2696 C) 20 D) 27

12
 89) Refer to the graph showing the distribution of fatal traffic accidents in the United States 89)
according to the age of the driver. (Source: National Safety Council)

Age (years)

If there were 14,280 fatal accidents involving drivers in the 35-44 age group, how many
total traffic fatalities were there for that year?
A) 291,312 B) 2913 C) 700 D) 70,000

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

90) Complete the table. 90)

Cost of Sales Amount Total
Item Tax Rate of Tax Cost
$30 5%
$14.50 $0.29
2.5% $3.50
$75 $79.50

91) A pair of shoes cost $77.25. If the sales tax rate is 8%, what is the total bill? 91)

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

92) The sales tax rate is 4.5%. Compute the amount of tax on a watch that sells for $46. 92)

A) The tax is $2.17. B) The tax is $1.97.

C) The tax is $2.07. D) The tax is $1.87.

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

93) The sales tax on a bookcase is $12.00. If the bookcase cost before tax is $300, 93)
what is the sales tax rate?

13
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

94) The sales tax on a bag of groceries came to $3.36. If the sales tax rate is 7%, what was 94)
the price of the groceries before tax?
A) The price was $46. B) The price was $50.
C) The price was $48. D) The price was $52.

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

95) Complete the table. 95)

Total Commission Amount of
Sales Rate Commission
$720 12%
$125,000 $8750
10% $390

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

96) An insurance salesperson receives a commission of 6% on new policies. How much was 96)
her commission if she sold $70,000 in new policies?
A) $4400 B) $4200 C) $4300 D) $4100

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

97) A real estate agent sold a home for $230,000. If her commission was $11,500, 97)
how much was her commission rate?

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

98) A real estate agent makes an annual salary of $30,000 plus a 4% commission on sales. If 98)
the realtor's salary is $92,000, what was the amount of her sales?
A) She made $1,450,000 in sales. B) She made $1,500,000 in sales.
C) She made $1,550,000 in sales. D) She made $1,400,000 in sales.

99) A salesperson makes a commission of 13% on sales over $500. One day she sells $825 99)
worth of merchandise.
a. How much over $500 did Marisa sell?
b. How much did she make in commission that day?
A) a. $325 B) a. $500 C) a. $325 D) a. $325
b. $107.25 b. $65 b. $65 b. $42.25

14
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

100) Complete the table. 100)

Original Discount Amount of Sale
Price Rate Discount Price
$54 20%
$300 $200.00
$6.50 $58.50
50% $38.00

101) Complete the table. 101)

Original Markup Amount of Retail
Price Rate Markup Price
$91 5%
$150 $160.50
$165.00 $715.00
20% $11.00

102) A bike that originally cost $179.99 is on sale for 10% off. Find the discount and 102)
the sale price.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

103) A coat is on sale for $200. If the regular price is $250, what is the discount rate? 103)
A) 25% B) 20% C) 0.8% D) 1.25%

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

104) A chair with an original price of $65.00 is on sale for $45.00. Find the discount 104)
and the discount rate. Round the discount rate to the nearest tenth of a percent.

105) A sofa has a wholesale price of $600. A furniture store's markup rate is 60%. 105)
a. What is the markup for this sofa?
b. What is the retail price?
c. If the Smiths buy this sofa including a 8% sales tax, how much will they pay?

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

106) An import/export business marks up imported merchandise by 120%. If an imported 106)

armoire originally costs $240, what is the retail price?
A) $308 B) $288 C) $528 D) $548

15
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

107) A table is purchased from a manufacturer for $120.00 and is sold retail at 107)
$144.00. Find the markup rate.

108) Given the following values 108)

51 to 83
a. identify if there is an increase or decrease
b. find the amount of increase or decrease.

109) Given the following values 109)

143 to 91
a. identify if there is an increase or decrease
b. find the amount of increase or decrease.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

110) Select the percent increase of a price that is four times the original amount. For example, 110)
a book that originally cost $30 now costs $120.
A) 200% B) 300% C) 3% D) 400%

111) The weight of a child in 1990 was 40 lb. By 2005, the child's weight had increased to 111)
92 lb. What was the percent increase?
A) 140% B) 125% C) 130% D) 135%

112) The class size at a certain school increased from 21 to 61. What was the percent 112)
increase? Round to the nearest whole percent.
A) 193% B) 190% C) 191% D) 192%

113) Joel's yearly salary went from $49,000 to $50,519. What is the percent increase? Round 113)
to the nearest tenth of a percent.
A) 2.9% B) 2.8% C) 3.0% D) 3.1%

114) Robin's health care premium increased from $5000 per year to $5350 per year. What is 114)
the percent increase?
A) 8% B) 6% C) 9% D) 7%

115) Select the percent decrease of a price that is a fifth of the original amount. For example, 115)
a coat that originally cost $200 now costs $40.
4 1
A) % B) 20% C) % D) 80%
5 5

16
 116) A stock closed at $19.80 on Monday. By Friday, the closing price was $17.82. Find the 116)
percent decrease.
A) 90% B) 8% C) 15% D) 10%

117) Quincy eliminated soft drinks from his diet and discovered 6 weeks later that his weight 117)
dropped from 204 lb to 194 lb. What is the percent decrease? Round to the nearest tenth
of a percent.
A) 4.9% B) 10% C) 5.2% D) 95.1%

118) To lose weight, Jim reduced his calories from 3900 per day to 2340 per day. What is the 118)
percent decrease?
A) 40% B) 67% C) 60% D) 33%

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

119) Find the simple interest and the total amount including interest. 119)

Principal Annual Interest Rate Time in Years Interest Total Amount

$3000 2% 3

120) Find the simple interest and the total amount including interest. 120)

Principal Annual Interest Rate Time in Years Interest Total Amount

$6000 4.5% 4

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

121) Find the simple interest and the total amount including interest. 121)

Principal Annual Interest Rate Time in Years Interest Total Amount

1
$14,000 7% 5
2
A) $5490; $19,490 B) $5390; $19,390
C) $5290; $19,290 D) $5440; $19,440

1
122) Linda deposited $1500 in an account that pays 3 % simple interest for 4 years. 122)
2
a. How much interest will she earn in 4 years?
b. What will be the total value of the account after 4 years?

A) $210; $1710 B) $220; $1720 C) $200; $1700 D) $230; $1730

17
 123) Moe borrowed $300 for 18 months at 4% simple interest. 123)

a. How much interest will Moe have to pay?

b. What will be the total amount he has to pay back?

A) a. $18.00 b. $318.00 B) a. $20.00 b. $320.00

C) a. $17.00 b. $317.00 D) a. $19.00 b. $319.00

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

124) Nick borrowed 2688 for 3 years and 4 months at 8% simple interest. 124)
a. How much interest will Nick have to pay?
b. What will be the total amount that he has to pay back?

125) Carla deposited $13,500 into an account paying 7% simple interest 6 years ago. 125)
If she withdraws the entire amount of money, how much will she have?

126) $30,000 is invested in an account that pays 5% simple interest. If the money is 126)
invested for 10 years, how much will the account be worth?

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

127) $1500 is borrowed from a bank that charges 10% simple interest. If the money is repaid 127)
1
in 4 years, how much must be paid back?
2
A) $2165 B) $2175 C) $2155 D) $2185

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

128) If a bank compounds interest semiannually for 6 years, how many total compound 128)
periods are there?

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

129) If a bank compounds interest quarterly for 10 years, how many total compound periods 129)
are there?
A) There are 5 total compound periods.
B) There are 40 total compound periods.
C) There are 20 total compound periods.
D) There are 60 total compound periods.

18
 1
130) If a bank compounds interest monthly for 7 years, how many total compound periods 130)
2
are there?
A) There are 30 total compound periods.
B) There are 45 total compound periods.
C) There are 90 total compound periods.
D) There are 15 total compound periods.

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

131) Josephine deposited $9000 in an account that pays 7% compounded annually. 131)
Complete the table to determine the amount of her investment at the end of 3
years.
Year Interest Total
1st
2nd
3rd

132) The amount of 9000 is invested at 4% for 1 year. 132)

a. Compute the ending balance if the bank calculates simple interest.
b. Compute the ending balance if the bank calculates interest compounded
quarterly.
c. How much more interest is earned in the account with compound interest?

133) If $8000 is invested in an account that pays 6% interest compounded monthly for 133)
4 years, label the variables P, r, n, and t.

134) Find the total amount for the investment using compound interest. 134)

Principal Annual Interest Rate Time in Years Compounded Total Amount

$2000 2.5% 8 annually

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

135) Find the total amount for the investment using compound interest. 135)

Principal Annual Interest Rate Time in Years Compounded Total Amount

$2000 3% 6 Semiannually
A) $2360.00 B) $2391.24 C) $2388.10 D) $2186.89

19
136) Find the total amount for the investment using compound interest. 136)

Principal Annual Interest Rate Time in Years Compounded Total Amount

1
$4000 8% 1 Quarterly
2
A) $4480.00 B) $4504.65 C) $4489.48 D) $4120.60

137) Find the total amount for the investment using compound interest. 137)

Principal Annual Interest Rate Time in Years Compounded Total Amount

$7000 7.5% 7 monthly
A) $7312.05 B) $10,675.00 C) $11,613.34 D) $11,813.89

20
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6

1) C
2) C
3) B
4) A
11
5)
25
5 1
6) or 1
4 4
7) A
8) B
9) 0.44
10) D
11) D
12) B
13) 0.29625
2
14) 66 %
3
15) 225%
16) C
17) A
18) C
19) B
20) D
21) 0.6%
22) 29%
23) 45%
24) C
25) 77.7%
26) 275%
2
27) 166.6% or 166 %
3
28) D
29) B
30) B
31) B
32) B
33) C
34) C
35) D
36) A

21
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6

37)
Fraction Decimal Percent
3
a. 0.003 0.3%
1000
1
b. 0.2 20%
5
c. 2 2 200%
1
d. 0.25 25%
4
19
e. 0.76 76%
25
9
f. 0.45 45%
20
5
g. 0.83 83.3%
6
38) D
39) C
13
40) 0.65;
20
1 1
41) = 0.25 and % = 0.25% = 0.0025
4 4
42) a and d
2
43) 66.6% or 66 %
3
44) C
45) B
46) A
47) amount = 9; base = 90, p = 10
48) amount = 15; base = 25, p = 60
49) A
50) A
80 76
51) =
100 95
52) D
53) A
54) A
55) A
56) 55
57) A
58) D
22
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6

59) 32%
60) D
61) A
62) C
63) B
64) D
65) A
66) D
67) C
68) B
69) C
70) x = (0.65)(700); x = 455
71) x = (0.0038)(950); x = 3.61
72) B
73) D
74) B
75) 4 = 0.4x; x = 10
76) C
77) D
78) D
79) x ∙ 500 = 375; x = 75%
80) D
81) B
82) D
83) 73%
84) a. 20 employees
b. 30%
c. 70%
85) B
86) Raul plans to donate 15.5% of his compact discs to the thrift store.
87) C
88) A
89) D
90)
Cost of Sales Amount Total
Item Tax Rate of Tax Cost
$30 5% $1.50 $31.50
$14.50 2% $0.29 $14.79
$140 2.5% $3.50 $143.50
$75 6% $4.50 $79.50
91) The total bill is $83.43.
92) C
93) The sales tax rate is 4%.
94) C

23
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6

95)
Total Commission Amount of
Sales Rate Commission
$720 12% $86.40
$125,000 7% $8750
$3900 10% $390
96) B
97) 5%
98) C
99) D
100)
Original Discount Amount of Sale
Price Rate Discount Price
$54 20% $10.80 $43.20
1
$300 33 % $100.00 $200.00
3
$65 10% $6.50 $58.50
$76 50% $38.00 $38.00
101)
Original Markup Amount of Retail
Price Rate Markup Price
$91 5% $4.55 $95.55
$150 7% $10.50 $160.50
$550 30% $165.00 $715.00
$55 20% $11.00 $66.00
102) The discount is $18.00 and the sale price is $161.99.
103) B
104) The discount is $20 and the discount rate is approximately 30.8%.
105) a. The markup is $360.
b. The retail price is $960.
c. The total price is $1036.80.
106) C
107) The markup rate is 20%.
108) a. Increase
b. 32
109) a. Decrease
b. 52
110) B
111) C
112) B
113) D
114) D
24
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6

115) D
116) D
117) A
118) A
119) $180; $3180
120) $1080; $7080
121) B
122) A
123) A
124) a. $716.80
b. $3404.80
125) $19,170
126) $45,000
127) B
128) There are 12 total compound periods.
129) B
130) C
131)
Year Interest Total
1st $630.00 $9630.00
2nd $674.10 $10,304.10
3rd $721.29 $11,025.39
132) a. $9360
b. $9365.44
c. $5.44
133) P = $8000; r = 0.06; n = 12; t = 4
134) $2436.81
135) B
136) B
137) D

25
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 then Bishop of Derry, to whom it was presented, to be a
Druidical pruning hook similar to several found in England.

In Ireland these instruments are much more

abundant. Eleven specimens are mentioned by
Wilde[715] as being in the Museum of the Royal Irish
Academy, and there are three in the British Museum,
as well as one in that at Edinburgh.
That engraved as Fig. 237
is in the collection of Canon
Greenwell, F.R.S., and was
found at Garvagh, county
Derry. The blade is fluted
somewhat like that of the Tay
specimen. In one of those
Fig. 237.—Garvagh, Derry. ½ engraved by Wilde (Fig. 405)
it is more highly ornamented.
In another the socket is not closed at the end, but resembles
that of the Windsor example already mentioned. This appears
to be the one engraved by Vallancey[716] who observes that it
was “called by the Irish a Seare,” and that it was used “to cut
herbs, acorns, misletoe, &c.” In another[717] the blade forms
a direct continuation of the socket as in Fig. 238, which is
engraved from a specimen in the British Museum, found near
Athlone, county Westmeath.
Vallancey, in his “Collectanea,” has figured another. In the
collection of Mr. J. Holmes is another example of this type.
Another sickle of the same character as Fig. 237, found near
Ballygawley,[718] Tyrone, has also been figured. This
specimen is among those in the British Museum.
A socketed sickle, double-edged, and with a concavity on
each side at the angle between the blade and the socket so
deep as to meet and form a hole, was found in Alderney, and
is engraved in the Archæological Association Journal.[719]
With it were found socketed celts, spear-heads, and broken
swords and daggers. This may be regarded as a French rather
than an English example.

Fig. 238.—Athlone. ½

In my own collection is another, from the Seine at Paris,

about 7 inches in length along the outer edge of the blade,
which extends past the end of the socket. This still contains a
part of the wooden handle, which has been secured in its
place by two rivets, apparently of bronze. In general outline
this sickle is much like Fig. 234, but the blade is narrower and
more curved and the socket more flattened. In the museum
 at Amiens is another sickle, in form closely resembling Fig.
234, but with a loop at the back of the socket. M. Chantre in
his magnificent work, “L’Age du Bronze,” does not specify this
socketed type, though he divides the form without socket into
five different varieties. The socketed form appears to be quite
unknown in the South of France, as it also is in Switzerland.

These three are the only instances I can cite of

socketed sickles having been found outside the
British Isles, so that this type of instrument appears
to be peculiarly our own. The existence of a socket
shows that the form does not belong to an early
period in the Bronze Age, and the same is to be
inferred from the character of the other bronze
objects with which the Alderney sickle was found
associated.
Inasmuch as the continental forms are as a rule
different from the British, and as they are, moreover,
well known, it will suffice to indicate some few of the
works in which descriptions of them will be found.
Some from Camenz, in Saxony, have been engraved
in illustration of a paper by myself in the Proceedings
of the Society of Antiquaries.[720]
Others from Germany, some of which are said to
have Roman numerals upon them, have been figured
by Lindenschmit.[721]
Examples from Italy have been given by Strobel,
[722]
Gastaldi,[723] Lindenschmit,[724] and others.
 They have been found in great abundance in
some of the settlements on the lakes of Switzerland
and Savoy. It has been thought that the Lake-
dwellers did not cut off merely the ears of their corn,
[725]
but “that the straw was taken with it, otherwise
there would not have been the seeds of so many
weeds in the corn.” Diodorus Siculus, however, who
wrote in the first century b.c., tells us distinctly that
the Britons gathered in their harvest by cutting off
the ears of corn and storing them in subterraneous
repositories. From these they picked the oldest day
by day for their food. Whether for threshing they
made use of the tribulum,[726] that “sharp threshing
instrument having teeth,” before Roman times, is
doubtful; but that so primitive an instrument, armed
with flakes of flint or other stone, should have
remained in use in some Mediterranean countries
until the present day, is a remarkable instance of the
power of survival of ancient customs. Such an
instance of persistence in a primitive form much
reduces the extreme improbability of the use of
bronze sickles in Germany having lasted until a time
when Roman numerals might appear upon them. If
every St. Andrew’s cross and every straight line
found upon ancient instruments is to be regarded as
a Roman numeral, and the objects bearing them are
to be referred to Roman times as their earliest
possible date, the range of Roman antiquities will be
much enlarged, and will be found to contain, among
other objects, a large number of the bronze knives
from the Swiss Lake-dwellings; for one of the most
common ornaments on the backs of these knives
consists of a repetition of the pattern
XIIIIIXIIIIIXIIIII.
Even were it proved that in some part of Europe
the use of bronze sickles survived to so late a date as
supposed by Dr. Lindenschmit, their great scarcity in
the British Isles affords a conclusive argument
against their being assigned to the period of the
Roman occupation, of which other remains have
come down to us in such abundance.
 CHAPTER IX.

KNIVES, RAZORS, ETC.

It is a question whether, if in this work strict regard

had been paid to the development of different forms
of cutting implements, the knife ought not to have
occupied the first place, rather than the hatchet or
celt; for when bronze was first employed for cutting
purposes it was no doubt extremely scarce, and
would therefore hardly have been available for any
but the smaller kinds of tools and weapons.

Fig. 239.—Wicken Fen. ½

 Both hatchets and knives, or rather knife-
daggers, have been found with interments in
barrows; but it seems better to include the majority
of the latter class of instruments, which appear to
occupy an intermediate place between tools and
weapons, in the next chapter, which treats of
daggers; rather than in this, which will be devoted to
what appear to be forms of tools and implements.
Some of these, however, like the celt or hatchet, may
have been equally available both for peaceful and
warlike uses; and though I have to some extent tried
to keep tools and weapons under different headings,
it appears impossible completely to carry out any
such system of arrangement. Nor in treating of what
I have regarded as knives does it seem convenient
first to describe what appear to be the simpler and
older forms, inasmuch as there are other forms
which in all respects except the shape of the blade
so closely resemble some of the socketed sickles
described in the last chapter, that they seem almost
of necessity to follow immediately in order. The first
instrument which I shall cite has sometimes indeed
been regarded as a sickle, though it is more properly
speaking a curved knife.
It was found in Wicken Fen, and is now in the Museum of
the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, the Council of which has
kindly permitted me to engrave it as Fig. 239. It has already
been figured, but not quite accurately, in the Archæological
 Journal,[727] the rib at the
back of the blade being
omitted. I am not aware of any
other example of this form of
knife having been found in the
United Kingdom, but a double-
edged socketed knife with a
curved blade, found in Ireland,
is in the Bateman Collection.

The ordinary form of

socketed knife has a
straight double-edged
blade, extending from an
oval or oblong socket,
pierced by one or two
holes, through which
rivets or pins could pass to
secure the haft. These Fig. 240.— Fig. 241.—
holes are usually at right Thorndon. ½ Reach Fen. ½
angles to the axis of the
blade, but sometimes in the same plane with it.
Fig. 240 shows a knife with two rivet-holes, which was
found at Thorndon, Suffolk, together with socketed celts, a
spear-head, hammer, gouge, and an awl, several of which
have been figured in preceding pages. Another (9 inches
long), much like Fig. 240, but with the sides of the socket flat,
and the blade more fluted, was found in the Thames, and is
engraved in the Archæological Journal.[728] Another, of much
the same size and general character, formed part of a hoard
of bronze objects found in Reach Fen, near Burwell, of which
 mention has already frequently been made. It is in my own
collection, and is shown in Fig. 241. I have another, 6½
inches long, found in Edmonton Marsh.
A fine blade of this kind, with two rivet-holes in the hilt
(14½ inches), was found in the New Forest, Glamorganshire,
and was formerly in the Meyrick Collection.[729] It is now in
the British Museum. The blade has shallow flutings parallel
with the edges.
A socketed knife of this kind (4½ inches) was found by
General A. Pitt Rivers, F.R.S., in a pit at the foot of the interior
slope of the rampart of Highdown Camp,[730] near Worthing,
Sussex. It may possibly have accompanied a funereal deposit.
In some instances the two rivet-holes run lengthways of
the oval of the socket. One such, discovered with other
objects at Lanant, Cornwall (8¼ inches), is engraved in the
Archæologia.[731] It is now in the Museum of the Society of
Antiquaries. One like it was found on Holyhead Mountain,[732]
Anglesea, and is now in the British Museum.
A fragment of a knife of this kind is in the museum at
Amiens, and formed part of a hoard found near that town. It
has a beading at the mouth of the socket, and also one about
midway between the rivet-holes.

Commonly there is but a single hole through the

socket, especially in the smaller specimens. That
shown in Fig. 242 is of this kind, but presents the
remarkable feature of having upon each face of the
socket six small projecting bosses simulating rivet-
heads. It was found in the Heathery Burn Cave,[733]
Durham, with socketed celts, spear-heads, and
numerous other articles. Another from the same cave
 (5⅛ inches) with a plain
and rather larger socket is
in the collection of Canon
Greenwell, F.R.S.
Of other specimens, but
without the small bosses, the
following may be mentioned:—
One (6½ inches long) found
with socketed celts, part of a
sword blade, and a gouge, at
Martlesham, Suffolk, and in the
possession of Captain Brooke,
of Ufford Hall. Two found in
the Thames near Wallingford.
[734] Another (5⅜ inches),
from the same source, in my
own collection. This was found
with a socketed celt, gouge,
chisel, and razor (Fig. 269).
One from Llandysilio,
Fig. 242.— Fig. 243.—
Heathery Burn Kilgraston,
Denbighshire, found with
Cave. ½ Perthshire. ½ socketed celts and a spear-
head, is in Canon Greenwell’s
collection. A knife of this kind was among the relics found
above the stalagmite in Kent’s Cavern, near Torquay.
I have a knife of this character (4¾ inches), but with the
rivet-hole in a line with the edges of the blade, found in
Dorsetshire.

In Scotland the socketed form of knife is very

rare.
 That shown in Fig. 243 was found at Kilgraston,
Perthshire, and is in the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S.
It has a central rib along the blade and two shorter lateral
ribs, and in some respects has more the appearance of being
a spear-head than a knife.
Another, with the rivet-hole in the same plane as the
blade, was found near Campbelton, Argyleshire, and has been
engraved as a spear-head by Professor Daniel Wilson.[735]
The discovery of a blade having its original handle, as
subsequently mentioned, proves, however, that some of these
are rightly regarded as knives, though another form (Fig.
328) has more the appearance of being a spear-head. The
curved knife with a socket, figured by the same author,[736]
can hardly, I think, be Scottish.

In Ireland the socketed form of knife is more

abundant than in either England or Scotland. No less
than thirty-three such knives[737] are recorded by Sir
W. Wilde, as preserved in the Museum of the Royal
Irish Academy, of five of which he gives figures.
Many specimens also exist in private collections.
That shown in Fig. 244 is in the collection of Canon
Greenwell, F.R.S., and was found at Kells, Co. Meath. As will
be observed, the blade is at the base somewhat wider than
the socket. The indented lines upon it appear to have been
produced in the casting, and not added by any subsequent
process. A knife of the same kind, found in the Bog of
Aughrane, near Athleague, Co. Galway, is still attached to the
original handle, which, like many of those of the flint knives
found in the Swiss Lake-dwellings, is formed of yew. It has
been several times figured.[738]
 I have a specimen of the same
character, but in outline more like Fig.
240, 6 inches long, from the North of
Ireland.
A knife of this kind, found in a hoard
at St. Genouph, is in the Tours
Museum.

In some instances the

junction between the blade and
the socket is made to resemble
that between the hilt and blade
of some of the bronze swords
and daggers, such as Figs. 291
and 349.
The example shown in Fig. 245 is in
my own collection. I do not, however,
know in what part of Ireland it was
found. The rivet-hole is at the side, and
not on the face, in which, however,
there is a slight flaw, which assumes Fig. 244.—Kells. ½
the appearance of a hole in the figure.
In Canon Greenwell’s collection is a nearly similar specimen
(10¾ inches), found at Balteragh, Co. Derry, with two rivet-
holes at the side and the socket somewhat ornamented by
parallel grooves at the mouth and at the junction with the
blade.
One of the socketed knives in the Academy Museum at
Dublin has two rivet-holes on the face. Of the others, about
two-thirds have a single rivet-hole on the face, and the other
third one on the side.
 A long blade, somewhat differing in
its details from Fig. 245, was found
between Lurgan and Moira, Co. Down,
and, it is stated, in company with the
bronze hilt or pommel shown in Fig.
246. These objects formed part of the
Wilshe Collection, and are now in the
Museum of the Royal Irish Academy.
Two objects, somewhat similar to Fig.
246, found with spear-heads in
Cambridgeshire, will subsequently be
mentioned. A piece of bronze of much
the same form, found with a hoard of
bronze objects at Marden,[739] in Kent,
seems to be a jet or waste piece from a
casting. It has, however, been regarded
as part of a fibula.
The socketed form of knife is hardly
known upon the Continent, though, as
will have been observed, it has
occasionally been found in the North of
France. Among the fragments of metal
forming part of the deposit of an
ancient bronze-founder, and discovered
at Dreuil, near Amiens, I have the
fragments of two such knives. I have
also a fine and entire specimen, 9¼
inches long, from the bed of the Seine
at Charenton, near Paris. There is a
Fig. 245.—Ireland. ½ transverse rib at each end and in the
middle of the socket, through the face
of which are two rivet-holes. A portion of the original wooden
handle is still in the socket, secured in its place by two pins,
also apparently of wood, which pass through the rivet-holes.
Another knife (6⅝ inches), like Fig. 241, but with only one
 rivet-hole, was also found in the Seine at Paris, and is now in
my collection.
Several socketed knives with curved blades have been
found in the Swiss Lake-dwellings, and one such, found with
the sickle already mentioned, is in the Amiens Museum.

There is another form of socketed knife which it

will be well here to mention. The blade is sharp on
both sides, but instead of being flat it is curved into a
semicircle. For a typical example I am obliged to
have recourse to a French specimen.
That shown in Fig. 247 is in my own collection, and was
found with a gold torque and bracelet, a bronze anvil (Fig.
217), and other objects, at Fresné la Mère, near Falaise,
Calvados. It seems well adapted for working out hollows in
wood. With it was found a small, tanged, single-edged knife,
the end of which is bent to a smaller curve.

Fig. 246.—Moira. ½ Fig. 247.—Fresné la Mère.

½
 An instrument of much the same character (4 inches) was
found, with a bronze sword, spear-heads, &c., in the Island of
Skye, and is now in the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh. As
Professor Daniel Wilson[740] observes, “in general appearance
it resembles a bent spear-head, but it has a raised central
ridge on the inside, while it is nearly plain and smooth on the
outer side.—The most probable use for which it has been
designed would seem to be for scraping out the interior of
canoes and other large vessels made from the trunk of the
oak.” It is shown as Fig. 248. Another instrument of the same
kind (4½ inches), found at Wester Ord, Invergordon, Ross-
shire, is engraved in the Proceedings of the Society of
Antiquaries of Scotland,[741] and is here by their permission
reproduced as Fig. 249.

Fig. 248.—Skye. ½ Fig. 249.—Wester Ord. ½

It seems by no means improbable that such instruments

may have been mistaken for bent spear-heads, and that they
are not quite so rare as would at present appear.
Two specimens of the socketed form have been found in
the Lake settlement of the Eaux Vives, near Geneva, and are
now in the museum of that town. Another, with a tang, is in
the collection of M. Forel, of Morges, and was found among
the pile-dwellings near that place.
A fragment of what appears to have been one of these
curved knives, but with a solid handle, and not a socket, was
found with gouges and various fragments at Hounslow, and is
now in the British Museum.
 Fig. 250.—Reach Fen. ½ Fig. 251.—Reach Fen. ½
What seems to be a tanged curved knife of this kind
formed part of the great Bologna hoard.

Another form of knife, which appears to be

intermediate between those with sockets and those
with merely a flat tang, is shown in Fig. 250. In this
there are loops extending across the blade on either
side, which would receive the ends of the two pieces
of wood or horn destined to form the handle, so that
a single rivet sufficed to bind them and the blade
between them firmly together.
The original was found in Reach Fen, Cambridgeshire, and
is now in my own collection. The blade has the appearance of
 having been originally longer, but of being now worn away by
use. I know of no other specimen of the kind. The power to
cast such loops upon the blade is a proof of no ordinary skill
in the founder.
A palstave with a loop of this kind instead of a stop or
side-flanges was found at Donsard,[742] Haute Savoie.

Another form of knife or dagger has merely a flat

tang, in some cases provided with rivets by which it
could be fastened to a handle, in others without
rivets, as if it had been simply driven into a handle.
The blade shown in Fig. 251 was found in the same hoard
as that engraved as Fig. 241. The rivets are fast attached to
the blade, and the handle through which they passed was
probably of some perishable material, such as wood, horn, or
bone.
Another blade (5¼ inches), with a broad tang and two
rivet-holes, was found in the Thames.[743]
In the British Museum is a knife much like the figure, 8
inches long, and showing three facets on the blade, found in
the Thames at Kingston.

The knife-blades with broad tangs, which were

not riveted to their handles, were in some instances
provided with a central ridge upon the tang, which
served to steady them in their handles, and in others
the stem or tang was left plain.
One of the former class, from the Heathery Burn Cave, is
shown in Fig. 252. It is in the collection of Canon Greenwell,
F.R.S.
 An imperfect knife of the same kind, found in Yorkshire, is
in the Scarborough Museum.
Another, with the edges more ogival, like Fig. 241, was
found in the neighbourhood of Nottingham,[744] with
socketed celts and numerous other objects in bronze.
Another, broader at the base and more like a dagger in
character, was found with various other articles at Marden,
[745] Kent.

More leaf-shaped and sharply pointed blades of this kind,

probably daggers rather than knives, have been often found
in Ireland. One[746] (10½ inches) has been figured by Wilde.
Another was in the Dowris hoard.
In the Isle of Harty hoard, already more than once cited,
was a knife with a plain tang, shown in Fig. 253. It has rather
the appearance of having been made from the point of a
broken sword, as the edges of the tang have been “upset” by
hammering. The blade itself is now narrower than the tang,
the result probably of much wear and use.
The end of a broken sword in the Dowris hoard has been
converted into a knife in a similar manner. In the collection of
the late Lord Braybrooke is what appears to be part of a
tanged knife, sharpened at the broken end so as to form a
chisel.
In the Reach Fen hoard was a knife (4⅛ inches) of much
the same character, but not so broad in the tang.
A flat blade with a tang for insertion in a haft must have
been a very early form of metal tool. Among the Assyrian
relics from Tel Sifr, in South Babylonia, such blades were
found, of which there are examples in the British Museum.
Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., has two leaf-shaped blades of
copper, with tangs set in handles of bone rather longer than
the blades, which were lately in use among the Esquimaux. In
form they resemble Fig. 257.
 It will now be well to mention some of the other
Irish specimens of this class.
The knives with the projecting rib upon the tang are by no
means uncommon, and there are several in the Museum of
the Royal Irish Academy and elsewhere. Canon Greenwell has
one (6⅜ inches) from Ballynascreen, Co. Tyrone, much like
that from the Heathery Burn Cave (Fig. 252).

Fig. 252.—Heathery Burn Cave. ½ Fig. 253.—Harty. ½ Fig.

254.—Ireland. ½

The knife or dagger with a plain tang and an ornamented

blade engraved as Fig. 254 is in the Museum of the Royal
Irish Academy. Another, simply ridged and with a single rivet-
hole in the tang, found at Craigs,[747] Co. Antrim, is in the
collection of Mr. R. Day, F.S.A. It is less round-ended than the
blade with a central rib along it and one rivet-hole in the tang,
shown in Fig. 255. This is in my own collection, and was
found at Ballyclare, Co. Antrim.
A mould for blades of this character will subsequently be
mentioned.
Another form of knife, unless possibly it was intended for
a lance-head, is shown in Fig. 256. This specimen is also from
the Reach Fen hoard, but is of yellower metal and differently
patinated from the objects found with it. Canon Greenwell has
a knife of the same form (4¾ inches), found at Seamer Carr,
Yorkshire. Another, smaller (3⅜ inches), is in the British
Museum, but its place of finding is not known. A nearly
similar blade, found near Ballycastle, Co. Antrim, is shown in
Fig. 257.
Another example of this form (5⅜ inches) is in the British
Museum.
Sir W. Wilde[748] has figured some other examples of the
same kind, from 3 to 4 inches long, which he regarded as
arrow-heads. They appear to me, however, too large for such
a purpose.
In the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy is yet another
variety, with the blade pierced in the centre (Fig. 258).
 Fig. 255.— Fig. 256.— Fig. 257.— Fig. 258.—
Ballyclare. ½ Reach Fen. Ballycastle. ½ Ireland. ½
½

Before proceeding to describe some other

symmetrical double-edged blades, it will be well to
notice such, few examples as have been found of
single-edged blades, like the ordinary knives of the
present day. Abundant as these are, not only in the
Lake-dwellings of Switzerland, but in France and
other continental countries, they are of extremely
rare occurrence in the British Isles.
In Fig. 259 I have engraved a small instrument of this
kind, found at Wigginton, near Tring, Herts, the handle of
which terminates in the head of an animal. It was therefore
not intended for insertion into a haft of some other material.
I have another bronze knife, rather longer and narrower,
and with a pointed tang, which is said to have been found in
London; but of this I am by no means certain.
 Fig. 259.—Wigginton. 1/1

The rude knife found with the Isle of Harty hoard, and
shown full size as Fig. 260, is the only other English specimen
with which I am acquainted, but no doubt more exist.

Fig. 260.—Isle of Harty. 1/1

The only specimen mentioned in the Catalogue of the

Museum of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland is in all 14
inches long, with a thick back and notched tang, and of this
the place of finding is unknown. Professor Daniel Wilson[749]
speaks of it as having been found in Ayrshire, and regards it
as a reaping instrument. He also figures a socketed knife of
much the same size from the collection of Sir John Clerk at
Penicuick House, in which are also some tanged specimens. I
cannot help suspecting that these are of foreign origin.
In Ireland the form appears to be at present unknown.

In Fig. 261 is shown a knife of a form which is of

extremely rare occurrence in this country; though, as
will be seen, it has frequently been found in France.
 The specimen here
figured has been kindly lent
me by Mr. Humphrey
Wickham, of Strood, and was
found with a hoard of bronze
objects at Allhallows, Hoo,
Fig. 261.—Allhallows, Hoo. ½
[750] Kent. The hoard
contained socketed celts, gouges, a spear-head, fragments of
swords, and the object engraved as Fig. 286. One more
crescent-like in form was found with a hoard of bronze
objects near Meldreth, Cambridgeshire, and is in the British
Museum.
Knives of this kind were associated with celts, gouges, &c.,
in the hoard of Notre-Dame d’Or, now in the museum at
Poitiers. Two also were present in the Alderney hoard found
near the Pierre du Villain.[751]
Some knives of this character were found with a hoard of
bronze tools and weapons at Questembert, Brittany, and are
now in the museum at Vannes. A broken one was in the
hoard of the Jardin des Plantes, Nantes.[752] One from La
Manche is engraved in the Memoirs of the Society of
Antiquaries of Normandy, 1827-8, pl. xvi. 20. A knife of this
character of rectangular form, each side being brought to an
edge, was found with other bronze relics at Plonéour, Brittany,
and is engraved in the Archæologia Cambrensis.[753] In
character this knife closely resembles some of those in flint.
[754] A kind of triangular knife of the same character was

found at Briatexte[755] (Tarn). One from the station of Eaux

Vives, in the Lake of Geneva, has the face ornamented at the
blunt margin with a vandyke of hatched triangles. In some
French varieties there are rings at the top of the blade instead
of holes through it. In a curious specimen from St. Jullien,
Chapleuil, in the collection of M. Aymard, at Le Puy, the edge
is nearly semicircular, and there are eight round holes through
the blade as well as two rings at the back. Some of the razors
from the Lake-dwellings of Savoy and Switzerland are of
much the same character as these knives. I have a knife of
this class with a rather large triangular opening in it and two
circular loops, found at Bernissart, Hainault.[756] Another
somewhat different was found at Lavène[757] (Tarn).

Fig. 262.—Cottle.

A Danish[758] knife of this character has five circular loops

along the hollowed back. A Mecklenburg[759] knife has three
such loops and corded festoons of bronze between.
The bronze knife or razor, shown full size in Fig. 262, was
found at Cottle,[760] near Abingdon, and is now in the British
Museum. It is of a peculiar and distinct type, but somewhat
resembles in character the oblong bronze cutting instrument
found at Plonéour, Brittany, already mentioned. It is thinner
and flatter than would appear from the figure. A
Mecklenburg[761] knife or razor figured by Lisch is analogous
in form.
I have a rough and imperfect blade of somewhat the same
character as that from Cottle, but thinner and more curved. It
has no hole through it, but thickens out at one end into a
short boat-shaped projection about ½ inch long. It was found
near Londonderry.
A diminutive pointed blade which appears to be too small
to have been in use as a dagger, and which from the rivet-
hole through the tang can hardly have served as an arrow or
 lance head, is shown in Fig. 263. This specimen formed part
of the Reach Fen hoard. A very small example of this kind of
blade, from a barrow near Robin Hood’s Ball, Wilts, has been
figured by the late Dr. Thurnam, F.S.A., in his second
exhaustive paper on “Ancient British Barrows,” published in
the Archæologia,[762] from which I have derived much useful
information.
A small blade with the sides more curved is shown in Fig.
264, which I have copied from Dr. Thurnam’s engraving.[763]
The original was found in Lady Low, Staffordshire.
A smaller example, with a longer and imperforated tang,
found in an urn at Broughton,[764] Lincolnshire, and now in
the British Museum, has been thought to be an arrow-head;
but I agree with Dr. Thurnam in regarding both it and the
small blades described by Hoare[765] as arrow-heads, as
being more probably small double-edged knives.

Fig. 263. Fig. 264. Fig. 265. Fig. 266.

Reach Fen. Lady Low. ½ Winterslow. ½ Priddy. ½
½

Some remarks as to the almost if not absolutely

entire absence of bronze arrow-heads in this country
will be found in a subsequent page.
 The larger specimens of these tanged blades of
somewhat triangular outline I have described as
daggers, but I must confess that the distinction
between knives and daggers is in such cases purely
arbitrary. The more rounded forms which now follow
seem rather of the nature of tools or toilet
instruments than weapons.
Fig. 265, copied from Dr. Thurnam’s plate,[766] represents
what has been regarded as a razor blade. It was found in a
barrow at Winterslow, Wilts, and is now in the Ashmolean
Museum at Oxford. Its resemblance to the leaf of rib-wort
(Plantago media) has been pointed out by Dr. Thurnam, who
records that it was found in an urn with burnt bones and a
set of beautiful amber buttons or studs. He has also figured
one of nearly the same size, but with fewer ribs, from a
barrow at Priddy, Somerset. This also has been regarded as
an arrow-head, though it is 3 inches long and 1½ inches
broad. It has a small rivet-hole through the tang. The original
is now in the Bristol Museum, and its edge is described as
sharp enough to mend a pen.[767] I have reproduced it in Fig.
266. A blade of much the same kind was found in an urn,
with an axe-hammer of stone and a whetstone, at Broughton-
in-Craven,[768] in 1675.
 Fig. 267.—Balblair. Fig. 268.—
Rogart. 1/1

Canon Greenwell records the finding of an oval knife (2⅞

inches) with burnt bones in an urn at Nether Swell,[769]
Gloucestershire.
A flat blade, almost circular, with a somewhat longer tang
than any here figured, formed part of the great Bologna
hoard.

These instruments are occasionally found in

Scotland. Some of them are of rather larger size, and
ornamented in a different manner upon the face.
 A small plain oval blade, which has possibly lost its tang,
was found in a tumulus at Lieraboll,[770] Kildonan,
Sutherland, and has been figured. Two oval blades were
found with burnt bones in urns near St. Andrews.[771]
Another, found in a large cinerary urn at Balblair,[772]
Sutherlandshire, is shown full size in Fig. 267. The edges are
very thin and sharp, and the central rib shown in the section
is ornamented with incised lines.
Another blade of the same character, but ornamented with
a lozenge pattern, and with the midrib less pronounced, is
shown in Fig. 268, also of the actual size. It was found in a
tumulus at Rogart,[773] Sutherland.

Fig. 269.—Wallingford. ½ Fig. 270.—

Heathery Burn Cave. ½

Another, apparently more perfect, and with many more

lozenges in the pattern, is engraved in Gordon’s “Itinerarium
Septentrionale.”[774] He describes it as “the end of a spear or
Hasta Pura of old mixt brass, finely chequered.” It was in
Baron Clerk’s collection.
The only English example which I can adduce was found
with some sickles, a torque, and numerous other objects at
 Taunton. It is of nearly the same size and shape as Fig. 267,
but the centre plate is fluted with a slight ridge along the
middle and one on either side, and is not ornamented. It is
described as a lance-head in the Archæological Journal.[775]
I am not aware of any such blades having ever been
found in Ireland, in which country the plainer forms of oval
razors also seem to be extremely rare.
In Canon Greenwell’s Collection is an oval blade (4 inches)
with a flat central rib, tapering to a point, running along it. It
has no tang, but there is a rivet-hole through the broad end
of the rib. It was found in an urn with burnt bones at Killyless,
Co. Antrim.

The form most commonly known under the name

of razor is that shown in Fig. 269, from a specimen in
my own collection, found in the Thames, with a
socketed knife and other objects, near Wallingford.
One of almost identical character was found at
Llangwyllog,[776] Anglesea.

Fig. 271.—Dunbar. ½ Fig. 272.

—Dunbar. ½