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BEYOND GNOSTICISM
Copyright © 2008. Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
Dunderberg, Ismo. Beyond Gnosticism : Myth, Lifestyle, and Society in the School of Valentinus, Columbia University Press,
2/4/08 8:53:51 AM
Copyright © 2008. Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
Dunderberg, Ismo. Beyond Gnosticism : Myth, Lifestyle, and Society in the School of Valentinus, Columbia University Press,
2/4/08 8:53:51 AM
beyond gnosticism
Ismo Dunderberg
Copyright © 2008. Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
new york
Dunderberg, Ismo. Beyond Gnosticism : Myth, Lifestyle, and Society in the School of Valentinus, Columbia University Press,
2/4/08 8:53:51 AM
Columbia University Press
Dunderberg, Ismo.
Ismo O. Dunderberg.
p. cm.
bt1475.d86 2008
273'.1—dc22
Copyright © 2008. Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
2007037911
c 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Dunderberg, Ismo. Beyond Gnosticism : Myth, Lifestyle, and Society in the School of Valentinus, Columbia University Press,
2/4/08 8:53:52 AM
CONTENTS
List of Tables ix
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
introduction
1
1. Te School of Valentinus After Gnosticism
14
part i.
Copyright © 2008. Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
Dunderberg, Ismo. Beyond Gnosticism : Myth, Lifestyle, and Society in the School of Valentinus, Columbia University Press,
2/4/08 8:53:52 AM
vi contents
part ii.
valentinian cosmogony, lifestyle,
and other christians
part iii.
myth, society, and non-christians
174
conclusion
Abbreviations 203
Dunderberg, Ismo. Beyond Gnosticism : Myth, Lifestyle, and Society in the School of Valentinus, Columbia University Press,
2/4/08 8:53:52 AM
contents vii
Notes 207
Bibliography 273
Dunderberg, Ismo. Beyond Gnosticism : Myth, Lifestyle, and Society in the School of Valentinus, Columbia University Press,
2/4/08 8:53:52 AM
Copyright © 2008. Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
Dunderberg, Ismo. Beyond Gnosticism : Myth, Lifestyle, and Society in the School of Valentinus, Columbia University Press,
2/4/08 8:53:53 AM
TABLES
Dunderberg, Ismo. Beyond Gnosticism : Myth, Lifestyle, and Society in the School of Valentinus, Columbia University Press,
2/4/08 8:53:53 AM
Copyright © 2008. Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
Dunderberg, Ismo. Beyond Gnosticism : Myth, Lifestyle, and Society in the School of Valentinus, Columbia University Press,
2/4/08 8:53:53 AM
PREFACE
C
hoosing a topic for a scholarly work is not always the result of
thorough planning—it can be quite accidental. Tis study goes
back to a paper I was invited to give on an early Christian heretic—
the hosts indicated that any heretic would do—at a meeting of Finnish
scholars of late antiquity in 1994. In fact, the organizers first asked my col-
league Antti Marjanen to give that paper, but since he was not available, he
forwarded the request to me. When I wondered whom I should talk about,
Antti mentioned that a new book on Valentinus had just appeared. Since
it seemed very detailed, the preparation of the paper should be quite easy,
he said. Te book, of course, was Christoph Markschies’ Valentinus Gnos-
ticus? (1992), and it was this study that aroused my interest in Valentinian
Christianity and inspired me to pursue this line of research.
Copyright © 2008. Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
Dunderberg, Ismo. Beyond Gnosticism : Myth, Lifestyle, and Society in the School of Valentinus, Columbia University Press,
2/4/08 8:53:53 AM
xii preface
research over many years, and Karen King for always providing me with
something new to think about, especially concerning methodology. I do
not know how I can ever sufficiently thank Michael Williams, who read the
first draft of this study on very short notice, offered a large number of sug-
gestions, and saved me from many embarrassing mistakes. Antti Marjanen
and Philip Tite read the penultimate version of this study and made a num-
ber of important comments.
Moreover, my work has greatly benefited from my discussions with a
number of other scholars, including Harold Attridge, Michel Desjardins,
Jean-Daniel Dubois, Stephen Emmel, Troels Engberg-Pedersen, Christoph
Markschies, Anne McQuire, Marvin Meyer, Birger Pearson, John Turner,
Michael White, and all of the junior and senior scholars involved in the
work of the Nordic Nag Hammadi and Gnosticism Network. In addition,
I am grateful to Harold Attridge for making possible my brief visit to Yale
Divinity School in 2002 and to Einar Tomassen and Louis Painchaud
for providing me with a draft of the Laval edition of the Interpretation of
Knowledge and other materials I needed for my research. I also wish to
thank Wendy Lochner at Columbia University Press for showing interest in
this work and taking such good care of everything related to its publication,
Margot Stout Whiting for revising, once again, my writing, Robert Fellman
for careful copyediting, and Päivi Vähäkangas for compiling the indices.
A church historian and medievalist, my wife, Päivi Salmesvuori, has not
only constantly supported me on the home front (together with our three
children, Fanni, Linus, and Olga), but she has also kept me updated regard-
ing methodological discussions among historians after the linguistic turn.
It was she who, after a number of discussions in our kitchen, finally per-
suaded me to drop the term “Church Fathers,” which, as I now think and
Copyright © 2008. Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
Dunderberg, Ismo. Beyond Gnosticism : Myth, Lifestyle, and Society in the School of Valentinus, Columbia University Press,
2/4/08 8:53:53 AM
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
E
arlier versions of the following chapters in this study have
been previously published as articles. All republished materials
are used with due permission from the publishers of the original
publications.
Chapter 2: Ismo Dunderberg, “From Tomas to Valentinus: Genesis Ex-
egesis in the Fragment 4 of Valentinus and Its Relationship to Tomas,” in
Tomasine Traditions in Antiquity: Te Social and Cultural World of the
Gospel of Tomas, ed. Jon Ma. Asgeirsson, April D. De Conick, and Risto
Uro, 221–237. Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies 59. Leiden: Brill,
2006.
Chapter 3: Ismo Dunderberg, “Valentinian Views About Adam’s Creation:
Valentinus and the Gospel of Philip,” in Lux Humana, Lux Aeterna: Essays
Copyright © 2008. Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
Dunderberg, Ismo. Beyond Gnosticism : Myth, Lifestyle, and Society in the School of Valentinus, Columbia University Press,
2/4/08 8:53:53 AM
xiv acknowledgments
Dunderberg, Ismo. Beyond Gnosticism : Myth, Lifestyle, and Society in the School of Valentinus, Columbia University Press,
2/4/08 8:53:53 AM
BEYOND GNOSTICISM
Copyright © 2008. Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
Dunderberg, Ismo. Beyond Gnosticism : Myth, Lifestyle, and Society in the School of Valentinus, Columbia University Press,
2/4/08 8:53:54 AM
Copyright © 2008. Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
Dunderberg, Ismo. Beyond Gnosticism : Myth, Lifestyle, and Society in the School of Valentinus, Columbia University Press,
2/4/08 8:53:54 AM
INTRODUCTION
T
he school of Valentinus, known for its keen interest in mythmak-
ing, was one of the most significant factions denounced as heretical
in nascent Christianity. Its influence in the early church is revealed
not only in the surviving literary remnants of Valentinian teachers them-
selves, but also in the attacks leveled against them in the texts of other early
Christians. Entire treatises were composed against Valentinians; the most
prominent among these works was the five-volume Against Heresies, writ-
ten c. 180 by Irenaeus, the bishop of Lyons. In later centuries, Valentinus’s
reputation was established as one of the three archheretics in the early
church—the other two being Marcion and, variably, Basilides or Arius.
Te discourse of orthodoxy and heresy, implemented by the ancient op-
ponents of the Valentinians, still characterizes much of the research done
Copyright © 2008. Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
Dunderberg, Ismo. Beyond Gnosticism : Myth, Lifestyle, and Society in the School of Valentinus, Columbia University Press,
2/4/08 8:53:54 AM
2 introduction
Dunderberg, Ismo. Beyond Gnosticism : Myth, Lifestyle, and Society in the School of Valentinus, Columbia University Press,
2/4/08 8:53:54 AM
introduction 3
there were two branches within ancient Valentinianism, one tending to-
ward a separate cult movement and one tending toward a school move-
ment. Irenaeus designated one Valentinian faction, which I think mainly
consisted of Marcus and his followers, as a cult society (thiasos). In de-
scribing other Valentinians, however, Irenaeus prefers school terminology.
He mentions people who claimed to be “students of Valentinus,” considers
Valentinus the founder of a school (didaskaleion), and speaks about “the
school of Valentinus” (Oualentinou scholē, Valentini schola). Given that
the term didaskaleion often denotes a philosophical school, it seems clear
that Valentinians bore some resemblance to ancient schools of thought.
Te school terminology Irenaeus uses for Valentinians corresponds with
the strong emphasis they placed on education. In Valentinian texts, the
world is described as a place of instruction that needs to be visited by those
Dunderberg, Ismo. Beyond Gnosticism : Myth, Lifestyle, and Society in the School of Valentinus, Columbia University Press,
2/4/08 8:53:54 AM
4 introduction
“was no ordinary man” and that his views “will not be open to contradic-
tion.” Moreover, Droserius pays homage to Valentinus’s literary works: at
his insistence, a passage from a work of Valentinus is read aloud before the
closer scrutiny of Valentinian theology. Although the whole scene is likely
fictitious, it confirms Valentinus’s reputation as the founder of an early
Christian group and as the author of works admired by his followers.
Yet another sign of the use of Valentinus’s hymns by his followers is the
allegorical commentary to his poem Harvest . Te commentary is second-
ary, but it was most likely added by the followers of Valentinus, not by his
opponents. Te commentary shows that Valentinus’s compositions were
also subject to interpretation among Valentinians. Tus, even the scanty
evidence for Valentinus’s own views allows the conclusion that there were
Dunderberg, Ismo. Beyond Gnosticism : Myth, Lifestyle, and Society in the School of Valentinus, Columbia University Press,
2/4/08 8:53:54 AM
introduction 5
Dunderberg, Ismo. Beyond Gnosticism : Myth, Lifestyle, and Society in the School of Valentinus, Columbia University Press,
2/4/08 8:53:55 AM
6 introduction
Dunderberg, Ismo. Beyond Gnosticism : Myth, Lifestyle, and Society in the School of Valentinus, Columbia University Press,
2/4/08 8:53:55 AM
introduction 7
sources
Although the school of Valentinus was an influential current in the early
church, the literary remnants surviving from the texts written by its mem-
bers were meager until the discovery of the Nag Hammadi Library. Tis
collection shows that copies of Valentinian works were still in circulation
in Egypt in the middle of the fourth century. On the other hand, the burial
of this library indicates that Valentinian writings belonged to those not tol-
erated by representatives of the nascent state church.
Before the Nag Hammadi codices were found in Upper Egypt in 1945,
the only sources on Valentinian teachers were the texts written by their op-
ponents. Tese texts contain (1) a limited number of direct quotations from
the works of Valentinian teachers (including two entire compositions) and
Copyright © 2008. Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
(2) the opponents’ summaries of their theology and lifestyle. Te first group
includes the following texts:
Dunderberg, Ismo. Beyond Gnosticism : Myth, Lifestyle, and Society in the School of Valentinus, Columbia University Press,
2/4/08 8:53:55 AM
8 introduction
Irenaeus and other early opponents also wanted to make the social
boundary between the faithful and the Valentinians as clear as possible.
Tis accounts for the fact that the opponents’ accounts of the Valentinians,
especially those by Irenaeus, Tertullian, and Epiphanius, involve consider-
able amounts of harsh irony and mudslinging. Tese aspects in their works
are based upon the conventional rhetorical strategies of their time. It can-
not be known whether any of these opponents knew of Valentinian moral
exhortation, for which we now have plenty of evidence in the Valentinian
texts of the Nag Hammadi Library. If they did, they would not have had
much use for it anyway, since it would not have suited their portrait of Val-
entinians as prone to everything evil.
In consequence, when using the opponents’ texts as sources, their bias
against Valentinians must constantly be kept in mind. Tese texts do pro-
vide us with essential information about Valentinian theology, but they are
Dunderberg, Ismo. Beyond Gnosticism : Myth, Lifestyle, and Society in the School of Valentinus, Columbia University Press,
2/4/08 8:53:55 AM
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