TOPIC 2: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES & WISHES

I. Conditional sentences
Type (Loại) If clause (Mệnh đề “If”) Main Clause (Mệnh đề chính)
1 Simple present will/shall + Vo
Đk có thật ở ht , can/may/might + Vo
có thể xảy ra ở must/ have to +Vo
tương lai should +Vo
would like + to Vo
Vo (mệnh lệnh)
Simple Present (khi nói đến thói
quen, sự thật hiển nhiên, chân lí)
Ex: 1. If it rains, I shall stay at home.
2. If I can choose, I would like to live in a city.
3. If you start jogging, you should ask your doctor for advice.
4. Come and see me this weekend if you have time.
5. If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.
Chú ý: If you should see Kim, please send my regards to her.
(ĐK “If you should see Kim” gần như sẽ không diễn ra.)

Đảo ngữ loại 1:SHOULD + S + V = If + S + present/ present perfect

Ex: Should you know everything about it, let me know.

2 Past subjunctive (Qk giả định)

Đk không thật ở Simple past (Qk đơn)
ht V2/-ed would
could + Vo could + Vo
Past Continuous (diễn tả 1 tình huống might
đang xảy ra)
Ex: 1. If I were you, I would learn French.
2. If we could save his life, his family would be very happy.
3. If he weren’t doing the test now, he would be here with us.

Đảo ngữ loại 2: WERE + S + ……. = If + S + were ………

WERE + S + to Vo = If + S + V2/ed ………
Ex 1: If the painting were genuine, it would cost a million dollars.
→ Were the painting genuine, it would cost a million dollars.
Ex2: If he failed the exam, his parents would be very angry.
→ Were he to fail the exam, his parents would be very angry.

3 Past perfect (Qkht) would

Đk không thật ở had + V3/-ed could + have + V3/-ed
qk might
Ex: If I had had free time, I would have come to your party last Sunday.

Đảo ngữ loại 3: HAD + S + V3/ed = If + S + had + V3/ed

= Had I had free time, I would have come to your party last Sunday.

Kết hợp loại Past perfect (Qkht) would

3 &2 had + V3/-ed could + Vo
Sự việc xảy ra might
trong qk, kết quả Ex: If I had had breakfast this morning, I wouln’t be hungry now.
ảnh hưởng đến ht
*OTHER WAYS OF EXPRESSING CONDITIONS. (Những cách diễn đạt khác của câu điều
kiện)
1.Unless + clause (If-Clause) = IF……not
Ex 1: Unless you start at once, you’ll be late = If you don’t start at once, you’ll be late
2: Unless he comes, I’ll bring this package to him = If he doesn’t come, I’ll bring this package to him.)
2. Suppose ( that) / supposing và “ Imagine (that)” + Clause ( giả sử như ) = IF
Ex 1: Supposing you saw a flying saucer, what would you do?
Ex 2: Supposing/ Suppose you are wrong, what will you do? (= If you are wrong...)
Ex 3: Imagine we lived on a desert island, what things would he really need? ( = If we lived...)

3. As long as/ So long as/ provided / providing (that) + Clause: (miễn là) = On condition that
Ex1: You can borrow my car as long as you drive carefully.
Ex2:You can play providing (that) you don’t make so much noise.
Ex3: I shall go on condition that you go with me.

4. “In case” : thường được dùng trước 1 mệnh đề phụ với ý nghĩa “ phòng khi điều gì có thể xảy ra.
Trong mệnh đề theo sau “ in case, ta thường dùng Simple present hoặc Simple past, không dùng “ will/
would”
Ex1: Take an umbrella with you in case it rains.
Ex2: She always left the door unlocked in case he came home late.

5. Otherwise ( nếu không thì) + Main clause = if this doesn’t happen/ didn’t happen/ hadn’t happened
Ex: We must return the books; otherwise we’ll be fined.
Ex2: I had taken the short cut; otherwise,I might have been late. (= If I hadn’t taken the short cut, I might
have been late.)

6. Cấu trúc với WITH ( Nếu có), WITHOUT ( nếu không có) và BUT FOR

WITH / WITHOUT + Noun/ Noun Phrase

BUT FOR + Noun/ Noun Phrase ( Chỉ được dùng thay thế cho mệnh đề IF loại 2 hoặc 3)
= If it were not/ had not been for

Ex1: If you help me, I can finish this assignment.

→ With your help, I can finish this assignment.
Ex2: If you don’t help me, I can’t finish this assignment.
→ Without your help, I can’t finish this assignment.
Ex3: If you hadn’t brought the map, we would have lost our way.
→ But for / Without your map, we would have lost our way.

7. Mệnh lệnh cách + and

Ex: Do that again and I’ll call a policeman! (=If you do that again, I’ll call a policeman!)

8. “IF SO/ IF NOT”: cách nói này thường được dùng sau dấu chấm và thay thế cho 1 ý tưởng đã
nói đến trong câu đi trước , với ý nghĩa “ Nếu thế/ nếu không như thế”
Ex 1: There is a possibilty that Jane refuses our offer. If so, we’ll have to find another person.
(= If Jane refuses our offer, we’ll have to find another person.)
Ex 2: Perhaps Tom won’t come. If not, I’ll take his place.
(= If Tom doesn’t come, I’ll take his place.)

9. “EVEN IF” : đôi khi ta cũng dùng “ even if” với ý nghĩa gần như “ even though/ although”
Ex: You must eat it even if you don’t like it. (= You must eat it although/ even though you don’t like it.)

10. AS IF / AS THOUGH (cứ như là, như thể là)

- Hai từ nói trên đứng trước một mệnh đề chỉ một điều ko thật hoặc trái với thật tế
- Cấu trúc :
Không có thật ở hiện tại as if/ as though + S + past subjunctive (quá khứ giả định)
Ex: He acts as if he were rich ( He is not rich )
Không có thật ở quá khứ as if / as though + S + past perfect
Ex: He looked as if he hadn’t taken a bath for months.
Không có thật ở tương lai as if / as though + S + would + Vo
Ex: They act as though they would come tomorrow
II.Wishes (Giá như, giá mà, ước rằng)
1. Future wish (Ao ước ở tương lai ). (Từ nhận dạng: someday, tomorrow, next, soon…)
S + wish
+ S + would / could + V ( bare-infinitive)
If only

Ex: 1. I wish I would be a doctor in the future.

2. If only I would take the trip with you next Sunday.
2. Present wish (Ao ước ở hiện tại ). (Từ nhận dạng: Now, at present, right now, today…)

S + wish
+ S + V (Past simple / Past Subjuntive )
If only
 • Past subjunctive (Quá khứ giả định ) : hình thức giống thì quá khứ nhưng
•

Ex: 1. I wish I were rich (But I am poor now. )

2. If only Tom were here. (Tom isn’t here .)
3. Past wish (Ao ước ở quá khứ) (Từ nhận dạng: last year, last night, yesterday, ago, in 2008 ..)

S + wish
+ S + Past perfect
If only

Ex: 1. I wish I had met her last night. (I didn’t meet her. )
2. She wishes she hadn’t failed her exam last year. (She failed her exam.)
3. If only I had had enough money to buy a new car. (I didn’t have enough money to buy it .)
Exercise 1. Choose the best option:
1. “Would you mind if we ___you by your first name?” -“Not at all. Please call me Tom.”
A. called B. call C. calling D. want to call
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2. She can t get home ___ she has no money.
A. unless B. if C. until D. without
3. If I had known your new address, we ___to see you.
A. came B. will come
C. would come D. would have come
4. If we took the 10:30 train, ___.
A. we would arrive too early B. we should arrive too early
C. we will arrive too early D. we may arrive too early
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5. It s very crowded here. I wish there ___ so many people.
A. aren’t B. weren’t C. haven’t been D. isn’t
6. I wouldn’t go there at night if I ___ you.
A. am B. are C. were D. had been
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7. If I ___ get a pole, I ll go fishing.
A. can B. could C. may D. might
8. If they had enough time, they ___ head south.
A. will B. can C. must D. might
9. If you ___ a choice, which country would you visit?
A. have B. had C. have had D. will have
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10. Trees won t grow ___ there is enough water.
A. if B. when C. unless D. as
11. ___ she agreed, you would have done it.
A. If B. Had C. Should D. Would
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12. If you ___ to be chosen for the job, you ll have to be experienced in the field.
A. want B. wanted C. had wanted D. wants
13. If the doctor had arrived sooner, the boy ___.
A. might be saved B. have been saved
C. was saved D. might have been saved
14. If there ___, the rice fields could have been more productive.
A. had been enough water B. were enough water
C. would be enough water D. are enough water
15. The patient could not recover unless he ___ an operation.
A. had undergone B. would undergo
C. underwent D.was undergoing
16. If she ___ him, she would be very happy.
A. would meet B. met
C. is meeting D. should meet
17. If he ___ a thorough knowledge of English, he could have applied for this post.
A. had had B. had C. has D. has had
18. If I had enough money, I ___ abroad to improve my English.
A. will go B. would go
C. should go D. should have to go
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19. If it ___ convenient, let s go out for a drink tonight.
A. be B. is C. was D. were
20. If you ___ time, please write to me.
A. have B. had C. have had D. has
21. If it ___ tomorrow, we may postpone going on a picnic.
A. rains B. will rain C. shall rain D. raining
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22. If you hadn t watched that late movie last night, you ___ sleepy now.
A. wouldn’t have been B. wouldn’t be
C. might have not been D. wouldn’t have been being
23. If you ___ as I told you, you ___ sorry now.
A. did- would not be B. had done- would not have been
C. do – would not be D. had done – would not be
24. If only I ___ him now.
A. would see B. saw C. had seen D. seen
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25. If I ___, I ll let you know.
A. was staying B. will stay C. stay D. would stay
26. If only I ___ you wanted to invest money in business.
A. had known B. knew C. have known D. know
27. Linda wishes she ___her car and now she regrets doing this.
A. hasn’t sold B. hadn’t sold C. sold D. would sell
28. He looked frightened as if he___a ghost.
A. had seen B. saw C. would see D. was seeing
29. I wish it ___ a holiday today.
A. were B. will be C. is D. had been
30. “My car broke down when I was leaving Detroit and I had to take the bus.”
“___, we would have picked you up.”
A. Had we known B. If we have known
C. We had known D. If we knew
31. If I ___ as young as you are, I ___ in a boat round the world last year.
A. were- would sail B. would be – would sail
C. were- would have sailed D. would- would sail
32. If he___tickets yesterday, he ___ on the beach now.
A. had booked- would be lying B. had booked- would have lied
C. booked – would lie D. books- will lie
33. If you ___ less last night, you ___ so bad today.
A. had drunk- would not have felt B. drank- would not feel
C. had drunk- would not feel D. would have drunk- would not feel
34. It seemed as if he ___ of it before.
A. would never hear B. has never heard C. never heard D. had never heard
35. ___ today, she would get home by Friday.
A. Would she leave B. Was she leaving
C. Were she to leave D. Were she
36. “He’s a very brave man.” “Yes, I wish I ___ his courage.”
A. have B. had C. will have D. would have
37. ___he___ hard last year, he would have lost the first prize.
A. Hadn’t – studied B. Had- not studied
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C. Didn t study D. If – studied
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38. We re going to be late if ___.
A. we not leave right now B. we didn’t leave right now
C. we won’t leave right now D. we don’t leave right now
39. “I wish this city___ so noisy.” “I know. I wish we ___ in the countryside.”
A. isn’t – live B. wasn’t – live
C. weren’t- live D. weren’t – lived
40. He acted as though he___ for days.
A. not eat B. hasn’t eaten C. hadn’t eaten D. didn’t eat
41. We ___ the game if we’d had a few more minutes.
A. might have won B. won C. had won D. will win
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42. I ___ William with me if I had known you and he didn t get along with each other.
A. hadn’t brought B. didn’t bring
C. wouldn’t have brought D. won’t bring
43. I ___ you sooner had someone told me you were in the hospital.
A. would have visited B. visited C. had visited D. would visit
44. ___ then what I know today, I would have saved myself a lot of time and trouble over the years.
A. Had I known B. Did I know
C. If I know D. If I would know
45. She’d look nicer__________she didn’t wear so much make-up.
A. if B. as if C. unless D. so that
46. Supposing you ___________as the Prime Minister for one week, what would you do then?
A. are B. were C.would be D. had been
47. People insure their houses___________they catch fire.
A. in case B. if C. when D. unless
48. If only you____________how I feel about you.
A. understand B. understood
C. can understand D. would be understood
49. _____________I had been nicer to my brother when we were kids.
A. If B. Only if C. If only D. Unless
50. If Joe hadn’t tried to murder that millionaire, he__________in prison now.
A. wouldn’t be B. hadn’t been
C. weren’t D. wouldn’t have been
51. Tom has never been to Marid, but he talks as if he________there himself.
A. were B. is C. has been D. had been
52.I wish I________money when I was earning a good salary.
A. saved B.could save C. would have saved D. had saved
53. I wrote down her address__________I forgot it.
A. unless B. if C. in case D. when
54. ________________, we would have been here much earlier.
A. Had we got stuck in the traffic jam B. If it were not for the traffic jam
C. If it had not been for the traffic jam D. If we had been delayed by the traffic jam
55. If I were you, I ___________for that intensive English course.
A. will apply B. would apply C. applied D. apply
56. You won’t have a seat unless you book in advance.
A. You won’t have a seat if you don’t book in advance.
B. You can’t have a seat although you book in advance.
C. You will have a seat if you don’t book in advance.
D. You didn’t have a seat because you didn’t book in advance.
57. Peter would not have been late for the interview if he________the bus.
A. hasn’t missed B. hadn’t missed C. doesn’t miss D. didn’t miss
58. Students will not be allowed into the exam room if they________their student card.
A. produced B. hadn’t produced C. didn’t produce D. don’t produce
59. _______, I will go on safari in Africa.
A. If I had enough money and time B. Should I have enough money and time.
C. Were I to have enough money and time D. Had I had enough money and time
60. _______, many people would have a chance to live longer.
A. If a cure for cancer had been found now B. Were a cure for cancer be found now
C. Should a cure for cancer be found now D. Were a cure for cancer found now
61. _______, people’s lives wouldn’t be as easy as they are today.
A. Had computers not been invented B. Had not computers been invented
C. Were computers not to be invented D. Were computers to not be invented
62. _______, many of them wouldn’t have died out.
A. Should we stopped destroying the animals’ habitat
B. Should we stop destroying the animals’ habitat
C. Had we stopped destroying the animals’ habitat
D. Were we stop destroying the animals’ habitat
63. _______, my mother’s housework would have been a lot easier.
A. Had we a vacuum cleaner B. Had have we a vacuum cleaner
C. Had we had a vacuum cleaner D. Had had we have a vacuum cleaner
64. _______, I would get an A for this subject.
A. If I would pass the exam last week B. Were I to pass the exam last week
C. Had I passed the exam last week D.If I should pass the exam last week
65. He would have been accepted for the job _______.
A. but for he had studied Arabic B. unless he had studied Arabic
C. that providing he had studied Arabic D. if he had studied Arabic
66. ________, you would still doubt me, right?
A. Supposing does he not tell you the truth B. Suppose he hadn’t told you the truth
C. Supposed he didn’t tell you the truth D. Supposed he that wouldn’t tell you the truth
67. You need to phone the hotel to confirm your reservation _______.
A. in case there are some last-minute changes B. as long as there are some last-minute changes
C. if there are some last-minute changes D. but for some last-minute changes
68. _______, we couldn’t have found the way out of that forest.
A. For the scout leader’s directions.
B. If it hadn’t been for the scout leader’s directions
C. If it were not for the scout leader’s directions
D. Without for the scout leader’s directions
69. My friends and I talked about my childhood ________.
A. as if it had just happened yesterday B. as though it happened yesterday
C. as though it would happen yesterday D. as if it happened yesterday
70. He is just a normal student but he acts _______.
A. as if he would be the best one in class
B. as if he had been an excellent one in class
C. as though he is the one who is in charge of the whole class
D. as though he were the monitor of the class
71. There’s flood on the streets because of the rain an hour ago.
A. Unless it had rained an hour ago, the streets wouldn’t have been flooded.
B. If it hadn’t rained an hour ago, the streets wouldn’t be flooded.
C. If the streets were flooded, it had rained an hour ago
D. Supposing it had rained, the streets would have been flooded.
72. Thanks to the successful operation last month, she is able to walk now.
A. If she have a successful operation last month, she will be able to walk now
B. Provided she didn’t have a successful operation last month, she wouldn’t be able to walk now
C. Had she not had a successful operation last month, she wouldn’t be able to walk now.
D. In case she had a successful operation last month, she would be able to walk now
73. As a girl, she couldn’t play in the school soccer team.
A. She couldn’t play in the school soccer team as if she were a boy
B. She could have played in the school soccer team if she were a boy.
C. They could have accepted her to play in the school soccer team if she is a boy
D. She could play in the school soccer team if she were a boy.
74. Murray has never been to Canada, but he keeps talking about it.
A. Murray just keeps talking about Canada as if he had been there already.
B. As though Murray has never been to Canada, he just keeps talking about it.
C. Murray just keeps talking about Canada in case he will be there.
D. Providing that Murray has never been to Canada, he just keeps talking about it.
75. Tom’s company will almost certainly fire him ______ he improves his attitude.
A. unless B. or C. otherwise D. if
76. I couldn’t join your party this morning because I had to stay at home. My parents are on vacation.
A. If my parents weren’t on vacation, I could heave joined your party this morning
B. I could join your party this morning if my parents were at home.
C. Supposing my parents were at home, I couldn’t join your party this morning
D. Provided that I could join your party this morning, my parents were at home.
77. The fact that Barry doesn’t get married to Silvia will shock us.
A. If Barry gets married to Silvia, we will be shocked.
B. We would be shocked as though Barry doesn’t get married to Silvia
C. Providing Barry didn’t get married to Silvia, we would be shocked.
D. We will be shocked if Barry doesn’t get married to Silvia
78. ______ she does not want to have more children, she does not know how to use a birth control method.
A. If B. Although C.So that D. Because
79.If anyone _____, ______ him I ______ back at 9o’clock.
A. calls/ tell/ will be B. called/ telling/ would be
C. is calling/ tells/ am D. will call/ to tell/ am
80. He had spent his money carelessly and became broke.
A If he does not spend his money carelessly, he will not become broke.
B. If he did not spend his money carelessly, he would not become broke.
C. If he had not spent his money carelessly, he would not have become broke.
D. If he did not spend his money carelessly, he would not have become broke.
81. You will be sorry ______ you take the opportunity
A. provided that B. if C. although D. unless
82. The sight was beautiful. If only we ______ our camera.
A. take B. took C. had taken D. would have taken
83. “Don’t press the alarm button ______ there is a real emergency”, the nurse said to the patient’s
relatives.
A. if B. provided that C. even if D. unless
84. Women can delay having children due to effective birth control methods.
A. If there are not effective birth control methods, woman cannot delay having children.
B. Unless woman could delay having children there were not effective birth control methods
C. If there were not effective birth control methods, woman could not delay having children
D. If there had not had effective birth control methods, woman could not have delayed having children
85. She wants to be properly dressed for her photographs _______ she is a little shy.
A. although B. as if C. if D. provided that
86. _______ going out, she stayed at home and read some magazines.
A. Although B. If C. Instead of D. Even if
87. He cannot find a good job because he doesn’t know how to use a computer.
A. If he knows how to use a computer, he can find a good job.
B. If he knew how to use a computer, he could find a good job.
C. If he had known how to use a computer, he could have found a good job.
D. If he had known how to use a computer, he could find a good job.
88. The coffee was too hot for us to drink.
A. The coffee was so hot that we could drink it.
B. If the coffee were not hot, we could drink it.
C. If the coffee had not been too hot, we would have drunk it.
D. Because the coffee was too hot, we drank it.
89. Thank you very much for your help. Without your help, we ______ our project in time.
A. cannot complete B. could not complete C. will not complete D.would not have completed
90. _______ the local authorities have held some educational programs on population, the birth rates in
those areas do not decline.
A.But B. If C. Although D. If only
91. Go away soon ______ I will punish you.
A. if B. or C. but D. although
92. I could not afford to buy that interesting book. _____ I had brought enough money.
A. If B. If only C. Instead D. Otherwise
93. She uses a birth control method ______ she does not have children any more.
A. so that B. if C. whether D. although
94. It would have been a much more serious accident ______ fast at that time.
A. was she driving B. she had driven
C. had she been driving D. if she drove
95. We ______ the game if we’d had a few more minutes.
A. could have won B.won C. had won D. would win
96. Page 12 of the manual that came with the appliance says, “ _______ any problem with the merchandise,
contact your local dealer.”
A. Do you have B. Had you C. Should you have D. You have
97. “ Why didn’t Bill get the promotion he was expecting?” ‘he is not qualified. If he were, he ______ that
promotion.’
A. would have been given B. was given
C. would be given D. had been given
98. Hurry! We’ve got to leave the house immediately. Otherwise, _______ the opening ceremony.
A. we’d miss B. we’d have missed C. we miss D. we’re going to miss
99. If everyone _______, how would we control air traffic? Surely, we’d all be crashed into each other.
A. can fly B. will fly C. flies D. could fly
100. We’ll need more staff ______ we start the new project.
A. unless B. whether C. in case D. or
101. The minister has a talent for talking to ordinary people as if they ______ her equals.
A. are B. were C. be D. had been
102. I wish Mark ______ a little better when we have visitors.
A. will behave B. would behave C. behaves D. had behaved
103. _______ a point guard, he would be in the game now.
A. Were Brandon not B. Was Brandon not
C. Weren’t Brandon D. If Brandon not be
104. The house was in such a mess- it looked as though a bomb ______ on it.
A. dropped B. had been dropped C. was dropped D. had dropped
105. The floor in the room was so dirty as if it ______ for months.
A. hadn’t swept B. wouldn’t have swept C. haven’t been swept D. hadn’t been swept
106. I didn’t get home until well after midnight last night. Otherwise, I ______ your call.
A. returned B. had returned C. would return D. would have returned
107. If I were taller, I could reach the top shelf.
A. I am not tall enough to reach the top shelf
B. I am too tall to reach the top shelf.
C. I cannot reach the top shelf because I am very tall.
D. In spite of being tall, I cannot reach the top shelf.
108. If only I had studied hard enough to pass the final exam.
A. I regret not studying hard enough to pass the final exam.
B. I had studied hard enough and I passed the final exam.
C. I studied too hard to pass the final exam.
D. I regret to study hard otherwise I would fail the final exam
109. John speaks Chinese fluently because he used to live in China for ten years.
A. Suppose John has lived in China for ten years, he can speak Chinese fluently.
B. Provided that John lived in China for ten years, he could speak Chinese fluently.
C. Unless John had lived in China for ten years, he could not have spoken Chinese fluently.
D. John could not speak Chinese fluently if he had not lived in China for ten years.
110. I will agree to these conditions provided that they increase my salary.
A. They did not increase my salary so I quit the job.
B. I will only agree these conditions if they give me more money
C. They give me more money or I will only agree these conditions.
D. Unless they give me more money, I will only agree these conditions.

TOPIC 3: REPORTED SPEECH

Type Form Examples

1. Statements - say, hope + (that) + S + V 1. She said, “I want to go to the
Câu kể - tell, ask + O + (that) + S + V University of Cantho.”
→ She said (that) she wanted to go to
the University of Cantho.
2. He said to Lan: “ I am learning
English now.”
→ He told Lan (that) he was learning
English then.
3. “I will be successful in Ho Chi
Minh City”, Thuan hoped.
→ Thuan hoped (that) he would be
successful in Ho Chi Minh City.
2. Yes/ No - ask + O + if / whether + S + V 1. “Do you like to live in Paris?”, he
Questions - wonder/ want to know + if / whether + S + V asked me.
→ He asked me if / whether I liked to
live in Paris.
2. Tam said, “Are you hungry, Mai?”
→ Tam asked Mai if / whether she
was hungry.
3. Wh- - ask + O + Wh- + S + V 1.“Where do you live, Mai?, I asked.
questions - wonder/ want to know + Wh- + S + V → I asked Mai where she lived.
 2. “What time is it?”, he asked me.
→ He asked me what time it was.
4. Orders/ 1. Peter said to Susan, “Hurry up.”
Commands → Peter told Susan to hurry up.
Câu mệnh 2. “Remember to post the letter” my
lệnh mother said to me.
* Positive - tell, ask, warn (cảnh báo), encourage (khuyến → My mother reminded me to post
commands: khích), remind (nhắc nhở),…+ O + to + Vo the letter.
Câu mệnh 3. “Don’t forget to do your
lệnh khẳng homework” the teacher said.
định
→ The teacher reminded his students
* Negative to do their homework.
commands: - tell, ask, warn, encourage, remind,…+ O +
NOT + to + Vo 4. “Please, please, don’t talk much in
Câu class.”, said the teacher.
mệnh
lệnh → The teacher told her students not to
phủ talk much in class.
định
5. Invitations - invite + O + to Vo/a place - “Would you like to drink coffee?”
Lời mời she said.
→ She invited me to drink coffee.
6. Advice - advise + O + (NOT) + to Vo 1. “You should stop smoking”, the
Lời khuyên doctor said.
→ The doctor advised me to stop
smoking.
2. “You had better not stay up late”,
my parents said.
→ My parents advised me not to stay
up late.
3. “Why don’t you take a taxi to the
airport?”, Lan said to me.
→ Lan advised me to take a taxi to the
airport.
4. “If I were you, I would apply for a
job”, my sister said.
→ My sister advised me to apply for a
job.
7. - suggest + V-ing 1. Let’s eat out,” she said.
Suggestions - suggest +(that)+S+ (should) +Vo → She suggested eating out.
Lời đề nghị → She suggested that they should eat
out.
2. Why don’t we go to the cinema at
weekend.?, Minh said.
→ Minh suggested going to the
cinema at weekend.
8. Apology - apologize + (to O) + for + (NOT) + V-ing/ - “I’m sorry. I’m late for school”, the
Lời xin lỗi Noun student said.
→ The student apologized (to the
teacher) for being late for school.
9. Promise - promise + ( NOT )+ to + Vo 1. “We will come back again,” they
Lời hứa said.
→ They promised to come back again.
2. “I will never do it again.”, he said.
→ He promised not to do it again.
3. “I’ll give it to him tomorrow,” Lan
said.
→ Lan promised to give it to him the
next day.
10. Các dạng
khác
* Sự đồng ý - agree + to Vo 1. “All right, I’ll wait for you”, my
friend said.
→ My friend agreed to wait for me.
* Lời cảm - thank + O + for + V-ing/ N 2. “Thanks for helping me, Minh.”,
ơn Mary said.
→ Mary thanked Minh for helping
her.
* Lời cảnh 3. “Don’t play with the knife!”, I said
- warn + O + against + V- ing = warn + O + to Jack.
báo NOT + to Vo
→ I warned Jack against playing with
the knife.
→ I warned Jack NOT to play with
the knife.
* Sự ngăn -prevent /stop+ O + from + V- ing 4. “Stay here. You mustn’t leave the
cản shop,” the policeman said to the
customer.
→ The policeman stopped/ prevented
the customer from leaving the shop.
* Sự mơ 5. “I always wants to be rich”, Bob
tưởng - dream of/ about + V- ing said.
→ Bob always dreams of being rich.

* Sự mong - look forward to + V- ing 6. “ I feel like meeting my children

đợi soon,” Mr Smith said.
→ Mr Smith looked forward to
meeting her children soon.
7. “I’ll certainly buy the house. It’s
* Nghĩ về ai/ - think of/ about + V- ing /N very nice.”, John said.
điều gì
→ John were thinking of/ about
buying the house.
* Lời thú -confess to doing 8. “It was me who stole the money,”
nhận - admit Ving said Jack.
→Jack confessed to stealing the
money
→Jack admitted stealing the money
* Lời đổ lỗi - blame s.b for doing / having done s.th 9. “ You’re responsible for this
failure,” said the director.
→ The director blamed his deputy for
that failure.
*Lời phủ - deny doing/ having done s.th 10. “ I didn’t break the vase,” said
nhận Tom.
→ Tom denied breaking/ having
broken that vase.
*Ngỏ ý giúp -.offer + to Vo 11. “ I’ll do the cooking,” he offered
ai: -Let me +
Vo / Shall I + → He offered to do the cooking
Vo …?
*Trách mắng -reproach sb. for sth. 12.His mother reproached him for not
eating all his dinner
-boast about sth. /
* Lời khoác boast that + Clause 13.Parents enjoy boasting about their
lác chidren’s achievement.
They boasted that they had never lost
a single game.
-wish+ to Vo / wish for/ wish sb sth.
14. I wish to make a complaint
* Lời ao ước

**Notes: NHỮNG THAY ĐỔI CHUNG

1. Changes in pronouns: Thay đổi đại từ
2. Changes in verb tenses: Thay đổi thì
3. Other changes: Những thay đổi khác
Direct speech Indirect speech
this that
these those
here there
now then
today that day
ago before
tomorrow the next day/ the following day
the day after tomorrow (ngày mốt) in two days’ time
yesterday the previous day/ the day before
the day before yesterday (ngày hôm kia) two days’ before
next week the following week/ the next week
next year the following year/ the next year
last week the previous week/ the week before
last year the previous year/ the year before
CÁC TRƯỜNG HỢP KHÔNG ĐỔI THÌ
a) khi động từ tường thuật ở hiện tại
Ex: My mother says to me, “you are my little pet.”
→ My mother tells me that I am her little pet.
b) Sự thật hiển nhiên
Ex: Galileo said, “ The earth goes around the sun.”
→ Galileo said (that) the earth goes around the sun.
c) Thì quá khứ đơn nêu rõ thời gian cụ thể.
Ex: Tom said to me, “ My grandfather died in 1990.”
→ Tom told me that his grandfather died in 1990.
d) Câu điều kiện loại 2,3 và cấu trúc “used to”:
Ex: “ If I had much money, I would have travel around the world.” Said the boy.
→ The boy said if he had much money he would travel around the world.
EXCERCISE
I. Choose the best option:
1. Julia said that she ___________ there at noon.
A. is going to be B. was going to be C. will be D. can be
2. He _______ that he was leaving way that afternoon.
A. told me B. told to me C. said me D. says to me
3. She said to me that she __________ to me the Sunday before.
A. wrote B. has written C. was writing D. had written
4. I _________ him to sell that old motorbike.
A. said to B. suggested
C. advised D. recommended
5. My parents reminded me ________ the flowers.
A. remember to plant B. not to plant to plant C. to plant D. planting
6. I asked Martha ______ to enter law school.
A. are you planning B. is she planning
C. was she planning Dif she was planning
7. Nam wanted to know what time ________.
A. does the movie begin B. did the movie begin
C. the movie begins D. the movie began
8. I wondered_______ the right thing.
A. whether I was doing B. if I am doing C. was I doing D. am I doing
9. The scientist said the earth ________ the sun.
A. goes around B. is going around
C. went around D. was going around
10. Peter said that if he ________rich, he _________ a lot.
A. is – will travel B. were – would travel
C. had been – would have travelled D. was – will travel
11. They said that they had been driving through the desert__________.
A. the previous day B. yesterday C. the last day D. Sunday previously
12. He asked the children _________too much noise.
A. not to make B. not making
C. don’t make D. if they don’t make
13. The man said that the days _________longer in summer.
A. will be B are C. were D. can be
14. The teacher said Columbus _________America in 1942.
A discovered B. had discovered
C. was discovering D. would discover
16. The woman asked __________get lunch at school.
A. can the children B whether the chidren could
C. if the children can D. could the children
17. Laura said that when she_________ to school, she saw an accident.
A. was walking B. has walked
C. will be walking D. has been walking
18. He asked, “Why didn’t she take the final exam?” - He asked why __________ the final exam.
A. she took B. did she take
C. she hadn’t taken D. she had taken
19. The detective _________Colin of murdering Lord Digby.
A. said B. suggested C. accused D. threatened
20. They told their parents that they___________ their best to do the test.
A. try B. will try C. are trying D would try
21. She asked me where I___________ from.
A. come B. coming C. to come D. came
22. She_________ me whether I liked classical music or not.
A. ask B. asks C asked D. asking
24. He wants to know whether I ___________ back tomorrow.
A. come B. came C. will come D.would come
25. I wonder why he___________ love his family.
A doesn’t B. don’t C. didn’t D. hasn’t
26. They asked me how many children___________.
A. I had B. had I C. I have D. have I
27. Thu said she had been___________ the day before.
A. here B. there C. in this place D. where
28. The student said that the English test_______ the most difficult.
A. is B was C. will be D. have been
29. He wanted to know _______ shopping during the previous morning.
A. if we had been going B. that if had we been going C. we were going D. that we were going
30. He asked me _______ Robert and I said I did not know _______.
A. that did I know / who were Robert B. that I knew / who Robert were
C.If I knew / who Robert was D. whether I knew / who was Robert
31. The mother asked her son _______.
A. where he has been B. where he had been
C. where has he been D. where had he been
32. Martin asked me _______.
A. how is my father B. how my father is
C. how was my father D.how my father was
33. The host asked Peter _______ tea or coffee.
A. whether he preferred B. that he preferred
C. did he prefer D. if he prefers
34. She asked me _______ my holidays _______.
A. where I spent / the previous year C.where I had spent / the previous year
C. where I spent / last year D. where did I spend / last year
35. He advised _______ too far.
A. her did not go B. her do not go
C. her not to go D. she did not go

36. John often says he _______ boxing because it _______ a cruel sport.
A.does not like /is B. did not like / were
C. not liked / had been D. had not liked / was
37. Nancy asked me why I had not gone to New York the summer _______.
A. before B. ago C. last D. previous
38. He asked _______ him some money.
A. her to lend B. she to lend C. she has lent D. she lends
39. Andrew told me that they _______ fish two _______ days.
A. have not eaten / ago B. had not eaten / previous
C. did not eat / before D. would not eat / last
40. Jason told me that he _______ his best in the exam the _______ day.
A. had done / following B. will do / previous
C.would do / following D. was going / previous
41. John asked me _______ in English.
A. what does this word mean B. what that word means
C. what did this word mean D .what that word meant
42. The mother told her son _______ so impolitely.
A. not behave B. not to behave C. not behaving D. did not behave
43. Did Jeff________breaking the ancient plate?
A. agree B. admit C. accuse D. refuse
44. She said I _______ an angel.
A. am B.was C. were D. have been
45. I have ever told you he _______ unreliable.
A. is B. were C. had been D. would be
46. John asked me _______ interested in any kind of sports.
A. if I were B. if were I C. if was I D. If I was
47. John asked me _______ that film the night before.
A. that I saw B. had I seen C. If I had seen D. if had I seen
48 “ If I were you, I would take a break.”, Tom said to Daisy.
A. Tom told Daisy he would have taken a break if he had been her.
B. Tom advised Daisy to take a break
C. Tom advised Daisy he would take a break if he were her.
D. Tom advised Daisy to take a break if he were her.
49. “Don’t forget to ring me, David”
A. I advised David to ring me B. I reminded David to ring me
C. I’d like to be rung D. You promised to ring me
50. “Mary, please come to dinner tonight”, Henry said.
A. Henry invited Mary to come to dinner tonight. B. Henry invited Mary to come to dinner that night.
C. Henry warned Mary to come to dinner tonight. D. Henry told Mary come to dinner that night.
51. “I will phone you tonight?, Peter said to Kate.
A. Peter dreamed of phoning Kate tonight. B. Peter told Kate to phone you.
C. Peter asked Kate phoning him D. Peter promised to phone Kate that night.
52. “Why don’t you take a day off?”, said Jim.
A. Jim suggested I should take a day off.
B. Jim wondered why I didn’t take a day off
C. Jim didn’t believe that I didn’t have a day off
D. I regretted not having a day off as Jim suggested
53. The doctor said, “You really ought to rest for a few days, Jasmine”.
A. Jasmine’s doctor insisted that she should rest for a few days
B. The doctor suggested that Jasmine should take a short rest.
C. It’s doctor’s recommendation that Jasmine rested shortly.
D. The doctor strongly advised Jasmine to take a few days’ rest.
54. He apologized………………able to finished the project on time.
A. his colleagues not being B. his colleagues for not being
C. his colleagues not to be D. to his colleagues for not being.
55. “ Go on, Susan! Apply for the job,” the father.
A. The father invited Susan to apply for the job.
B. The father denied applying for the job.
C. The father encouraged Susan to apply for the job.
D. The father wanted Susan not to apply for the job.
56.The boss……………………because he was too lazy.
A. threatened to dismiss him B. threatened him to dismiss.
C. suggested him to dismiss D. promissed him to dismiss
57.“ Don’t talk in class”, the teacher said.
A.The teacher told his students do not talk in class.
B.The teacher told his students did not talk in class.
C.The teacher told his students not to talk in class.
D.The teacher told his students not talking in class
58. John………………………..him my phone number.
A. invited me to give B. suggested me giving
C. said to me to give D. told me to give
59. “ What a beautiful dress you have, Mary!” Peter said.
A. Peter complimented Mary on her beautiful dress.
B. Peter said what did Mary have a beautiful dress.
C. Peter asked Mary to have a beautiful dress.
D. Peter advised Mary to have a beautiful dress.
60. Peter said, “ How beautiful your dress is!”
A. Peter exclaimed my dress was beautiful. B. Peter told me my dress was beautiful.
C. Peter asked me my dress was beautiful. D. Peter suggested my dress was beautiful.
61. Peter said, “ Hello, Mary. How are you?”
A. Peter greeted Mary and asked how she was. B. Peter said hello Mary and asked how she was.
C. Peter told Mary hello and asked how she was. D. Peter said Mary hello and asked how was she.
62. “ You are an accountant, aren’t you, Daisy?” said John.
A. John asked Daisy was she an accountant.
B. John asked Daisy if she wasn’t an accountant.
C. John asked Daisy whether she was an accountant or not.
D. John said that Daisy was an accountant.
63. “ No, I am sorry, I won’t work on Sunday. Definitely not!”means____________________
A. Janet told that she wouldn’t work on Sunday. B. Janet said that she won’t work on Sunday.
C. Janet refused to work on Sunday. D. Janet warned us not to work on Sunday.
64. “ Would you like to come to my birthday party, Mary?”said Mike.
A. Mike didn’t know that Mary had come to his birthday party.
B. Mike was told to come to Mary ‘s birthday party.
C. Mike invited Mary to come to his birthday party.
D. Mike asked Mary if she didn’t like to come to his birthday party.
65. My students promised that they would hand in their assignments____________
A. the previous day B. yesterday C. the following day D. tomorrow