2 Marks-

1) State different types of batteries used in solar PV cells.

2) Enlist the types of panels.
3) Write merits of PV cells.
4) State the merits and demerits of photovoltaic cells.
5) List various types of solar PV cell.
6) State four advantages of Ni-Cd batteries over lead acid batteries.
7) State the types of batteries used in solar photovoltaic systems.

4 Marks –

1) Describe maintenance procedure for solar roof top photovoltaic systems.

2) Draw layout of photovoltaic – micro grid system. Describe its principle of working.
3) Explain working principle of silicon solar cell with neat sketch.
4) List various industrial and commercial applications of solar photovoltaic system.
5) Define Battery rating and methods of selection of battery.
6) Explain standalone street light system.
7) Explain grid connected wind energy system.
8) State the types of Solar Photovoltaic system and explain with the help of schematic
diagram.
9) Explain with neat sketch, working principle of solar photovoltaic cell.
10) State various promotional schemes offered by Central and State Governments for solar
PV systems.

6 Marks

1) Describe various promotional schemes that are offered by central and state governments
for solar photovoltaic systems.
2) Explain Grid Connected and stand alone solar photovoltaic systems.
3) Write a note on installation, commissioning and maintenance of solar roof top system.
4) Explain the term Net metering. Describe in detail preventative maintenance of PV panel.
5) Explain the installation procedure for Solar roof Top system.
6) Define ‘Net Metering’ and ‘Battery Rating’ in solar PV system. State the benefits of Net
Metering.
1 State different types of batteries used in solar PV cells.
Ans A) Lead Acid Batteries B) Nickel Cadmium Batteries
-
2 List various types of solar PV cell.
Ans  Monocrystalline Silicon Cells
-  Polycrystalline Silicon Cells
 Thin-Film Solar Cells
 Organic Photovoltaic Cells
3 Enlist the types of panels.

Ans  Monocrystalline Silicon (Mono-Si) Panels

 Polycrystalline Silicon (Poly-Si) Panels
 Thin-Film Solar Panels
 Bifacial Solar Panels
 Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV) Panels

4 List various industrial and commercial applications of solar photovoltaic system.

Ans 1. Industrial Applications:
-
1. Power Generation for Manufacturing Plants – Reduces dependence on
grid electricity.
2. Solar-Powered Water Pumps – Used in agriculture, irrigation, and water
treatment plants.
3. Solar Rooftop Systems for Factories – Lowers operational energy costs.
4. Solar-Powered HVAC Systems – Used in warehouses and large industries
for heating & cooling.
5. Mining and Oil Industries – Provides off-grid power for remote mining
and drilling operations.
6. Telecommunication Towers – Ensures continuous power supply in remote
locations.
7. Solar Desalination Plants – Converts seawater into drinking water using
solar energy.
8. Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging Stations – Uses solar energy to power
charging stations.
9. Cold Storage Facilities – Provides sustainable refrigeration for food and
pharmaceuticals.
10. Street and Highway Lighting – Solar-powered LED lighting for roads and
highways.

2. Commercial Applications:

1. Solar Rooftop for Office Buildings – Reduces energy costs and carbon
footprint.
2. Shopping Malls & Commercial Centers – Provides backup power and
lowers grid dependence.
 3. Hotels & Resorts – Uses solar PV for water heating, lighting, and energy
efficiency.
4. Hospitals & Healthcare Facilities – Ensures uninterrupted power for
critical operations.
5. Schools & Universities – Reduces energy bills and promotes
sustainability.
6. Data Centers – Supports clean energy operations for cloud computing and
IT industries.
7. Banking & Financial Institutions – Ensures reliable energy supply for
ATMs and offices.
8. Solar Farms for Commercial Use – Large-scale solar PV installations for
selling power.
9. Airports & Railway Stations – Uses solar power for lighting, signaling,
and operations.
10. Smart Cities & Urban Infrastructure – Solar-powered surveillance,
traffic signals, and public transport.

5 Explain Grid Connected solar photovoltaic systems.

Ans Grid Connected solar photovoltaic systems –
- Grid-Connected Solar PV System is a solar power system that is directly
connected to the electricity grid.

 Components of a Grid-Connected Solar PV System:

1) Solar Panels – Convert sunlight into DC electricity.
2) Grid-Tied Inverter – Converts DC electricity into AC electricity for grid
compatibility.
3) Net Meter – Measures the energy supplied to and drawn from the grid.
4) Electric Grid – Acts as a backup power source when solar energy is
insufficient.
5) Monitoring System – Tracks energy generation and consumption.

 Working Principle:- Solar panels generate DC electricity from sunlight.

Then grid-tied inverter converts DC power into AC power. The AC power is used
to run electrical appliances. Surplus energy is fed back to the grid. When solar
generation is insufficient (e.g., at night), electricity is drawn from the grid.
1 State limitations of solar energy
1) Intermittent and Weather Dependent
2) High Initial Cost
3) Need Energy Storage facility
4) Efficiency Limitations
5) Manufacturing and Environmental Concerns
2 Classify energy sources.
A. Based on Availability
 Primary Energy Sources - Directly obtained from nature.
Example: Solar energy, wind energy, coal, crude oil, natural gas.
 Secondary Energy Sources-Derived from primary energy sources through
conversion.
Example: Electricity (from coal, solar, hydro), hydrogen fuel.

B. Based on Renewability -
 Renewable Energy Sources - Naturally replenished within a short period.
Example: Solar Energy ,Wind Energy ,Hydropower, Ocean Energy
 Non-Renewable Energy Sources - Exist in limited quantities and take
millions of years to form.
Example: Fossil Fuels (Coal, oil, natural gas) Nuclear

C. Based on Traditional vs. Alternative Sources

 Conventional Energy Sources - Commonly used and widely adopted energy
 sources.
Example: Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), hydropower, nuclear energy.
 Non-Conventional Energy Sources - Emerging, innovative, or less
commonly used sources.
Example: Solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, tidal energy,

D. Based on Usage Type

 Commercial Energy Sources - Used for large-scale production, industries,
and economic activities.
Example: Electricity, coal, petroleum, natural gas, nuclear energy.
 Non-Commercial Energy Sources - Locally available, used for domestic or
small-scale needs.
Example: Firewood, agricultural waste, animal dung, charcoal.

3 Enlist any four solar thermal collectors

Ans Solar thermal collectors –
1) Flat plate collector
2) Parabolic trough reflector
3) Mirror strip reflector
4) Fresnel lens collector
5) Paraboloid dish collector
6) Compound parabolic concentrator
4 Classify solar dryers.

Ans A. Based on Mode of Operation

 Direct Solar Dryers
The product is directly exposed to sunlight through a transparent cover.
Example: Box-type solar dryers, greenhouse solar dryers.
 Indirect Solar Dryers
Sunlight heats air, which is then passed over the product to remove moisture.
Example: Cabinet solar dryers, tunnel solar dryers.
 Mixed-Mode Solar Dryers
Combination of direct and indirect drying methods.
Example: Hybrid solar dryers with both solar and auxiliary heating sources.

B. Based on Air Movement Mechanism

 Natural Convection Solar Dryers
Air moves naturally due to temperature differences.
Example: Traditional sun-drying, chimney-effect dryers.
 Forced Convection Solar Dryers
Fans or blowers circulate air to enhance drying efficiency.
Example: Active solar dryers used in commercial applications.

5 Explain working of solar dryer with neat sketch.

Ans Working of solar dryer ( Cabinet type)

 Solar Radiation Enters – Sunlight passes through the transparent cover,

heating the inside of the box.
 Heat Absorption – The black absorber plate absorbs heat and warms the
air inside.
 Moisture Evaporation – The warm air causes moisture from the food to
evaporate.
 Air Circulation – Ventilation openings allow humid air to escape while
fresh air enters, maintaining drying efficiency.

6 Draw neat sketch and explain any one water heating system.
Ans Natural Circulation solar water heating system –

1. The main components of this system are - Flat plate collector, Hot water
storage tank, overhead tank, Supporting structure
2. As the water is heated in flat plate collector due to incident solar radiations,
the hot water rises up & flows naturally to the storage tank due to decrease
in its density.
3. The colder water from the bottom of storage tank having higher density
replaces the hot water.
4. Thus the density difference of hot & cold water provides a driving force to
set up the natural convection for circulation of water.
5. This is passive system.
6. Hot water for use is withdrawn from top of storage tank.
7. In long cloudy periods, electrical heating system is provided as the backup
system.
8. Explain in brief flat plate collector with neat sketch.

1. A Flat plate collector is a solar panel device that uses solar energy to
generate thermal energy. It converts solar power into thermal energy, i.e.,
cheaper energy utilizing water as an operating
2. The working of a flat plate collector (FPC) involves the transfer of heat or
thermal energy. The operating medium exchanges heat from the sun’s rays.
3. The heat-absorbing plate of the collector is exposed to sunlight. As the sun
rays hit the flat plate surface, a portion of their energy is transformed into
heat. This leads to a rise in the temperature of the flat plate solar collector.
4. When a fluid is passed inside the collector, the temperature of the fluid
increases as the heat from the absorbing plate heat is transmitted to the
fluid.
5. Eventually, the fluid transmits the thermal energy from collectors to the
functioning energy systems for different uses.