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Ammeter Voltmeter Method

The document discusses the ammeter and voltmeter methods for measuring electrical values, highlighting their differences in connection, resistance, accuracy, and usage. It also covers the effects of inserting an ammeter and the loading effects of a voltmeter on circuit measurements, along with examples of calculating errors. Additionally, it introduces the substitution method for resistance measurement using standard resistors.

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Madhu mitha
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21 views31 pages

Ammeter Voltmeter Method

The document discusses the ammeter and voltmeter methods for measuring electrical values, highlighting their differences in connection, resistance, accuracy, and usage. It also covers the effects of inserting an ammeter and the loading effects of a voltmeter on circuit measurements, along with examples of calculating errors. Additionally, it introduces the substitution method for resistance measurement using standard resistors.

Uploaded by

Madhu mitha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ammeter Voltmeter method

&
Substitution method

Presented By

Mrs. LATHAMARY A
Assistant Professor
Dept of I&CE
PSG College of Technology
Electric Meters
• Electric meters are instruments used to measure
electrical values.
• Two common meters are the ammeter and the
voltmeter, both of which are variations of the
galvanometer.
• A small magnet inside a galvanometer sets up a
magnetic field, generating a measurable force when
current flows through a nearby coil
• The meter mechanisms are shown here
schematically
AMMETER :
• The ammeter diverts electricity through a coil via a shunt
measuring the amount of current flowing through the circuit in
amperes.
• It is connected in series, or directly in the line of the circuit.

VOLTMETER :
• The voltmeter is connected in parallel, to measure potential
differences.
• the voltage can be measured if the galvanometer is calibrated
appropriately.
• By using the proper values of series resistors, one galvanometer can
be used to measure a large range of voltages.
Difference between Ammeter and Voltmeter
Ammeter Voltmeter
Connection It is to be connected in series mode It is to be connected in parallel
mode
Resistance It has comparatively low resistance It has high resistance

Uses It is used to find the amount of current It is used to find the potential
flowing in the circuit difference in the circuit

Circuit Circuit must be disconnected in order Circuit does not need to be


to attach the ammeter disconnected

Accuracy Considered as less accurate Considered as more accurate


compared to ammeter
Design Ammeter were based on moving coil voltmeters were based on
galvanometers and were created by moving coil galvanometers and
inserting a resistor in parallel with the were created by inserting a
instrument. resistor in series with the
instrument. It uses a small coil
of fine wire suspended in a
strong magnetic field.
Multimeter
• Multimeters can also be utilized in
place of both ammeters and voltmeters.
• A multimeter is an instrument that
can be used to measure both, currents as
well as voltages.
• It can also perform as ohmmeters, a
device used to measure resistance.
Multimeters are available in analog or
digital format.
Ammeter insertion effects
• Inserting an ammeter in a circuit always increases the
resistance of the circuit and reduces the current in the
circuit.

• This error caused by the meter depends on the relationship


between the value of resistance in the original circuit and
the value of resistance in the ammeter.

• For high range ammeter, the internal resistance in the


ammeter is low.

• For low range ammeter, the internal resistance in the


ammeter is high
• % error = |(Measured – True)| /(true)
Problem: 1

A current meter that has an internal resistance


of 78 ohms is used to measure the current
through resistor Rc in Fig. 2.5. Determine the
percentage of error of the reading due to
ammeter insertion.
Solution:

The current meter will be connected into the circuit between points
X and Y in the schematic. When we look back into the circuit from
terminals X and Y, we can express Thevenin’s equivalent resistance
as

RTH  Rc 
Ra Rb 
Ra  Rb 
RTH = 1 k + 0.5 k = 1.5 k
11
Therefore, the ratio of meter current to expected current:

Im R1

I e R1  rm 
Im/Ie= 1.5 k/(1.5 k + 78) = 0.95

Solving for Im yields, Im = 0.95Ie

Insertion error = [1 – (Im/Ie)] x 100% = 5.0%


Voltmeter Loading Effects
• When a voltmeter is used to measure the voltage across a
circuit component, the voltmeter circuit itself is in parallel with
the circuit component.

• Since the parallel combination of two resistors is less than


either resistor alone, the resistance seen by the source is less
with the voltmeter connected than without. Therefore, the
voltage across the component is less whenever the voltmeter is
connected.

• The decrease in voltage may be negligible or it may be


appreciable, depending on the sensitivity of the voltmeter
being used.

• This effect is called voltmeter loading. The resulting error is


called a loading error.
Problem: 2
Solution:

(a) The voltage across resistor RB without either


meter connected is found Using the voltage
divider equation:
 RB 
VRB  E  

 A R  R 
B 

 5kΩ 
 30V  
 25k  5k 
 5V

15
(b) starting with meter A,
the total resistance it RTA  S  Range  1k/V 10V  10kΩ
presents to the circuit is

RB  RTA
The parallel combination Re1 
RB  RTA
of RB and meter A is
5kΩ 10kΩ

5kΩ  10kΩ
 3.33kΩ

Therefore, the voltage reading  Re1 


VRB  E 
obtained with meter A,  e1
R  R A
determined by the voltage 3.33kΩ
divider equation, is  30V 
3.33kΩ  25kΩ
 3.53V
(c) The total resistance that meter B presents to the circuit is

RTB = S x Range = 20k/V x 10 V = 200 k

The parallel combination of RB and meter B is

Re2 = (RB x RTB)/(RB + RTB) = (5kx200k)/(5k+200k) = 4.88 k

Therefore, the voltage reading obtained with meter B,


determined by use of the voltage divider equation, is

VRB = E(Re2)/(Re2+RA) = 30 V x (4.88k)/(4.88k+25k)


= 4.9 V

17
(d)
(Expected value - Measured value)
Voltmeter A error  100%
Expected value

Voltmeter A error = (5 V – 3.53 V)/5 V x (100%


= 29.4%
Voltmeter B error = (5 V – 4.9 V)/5 V x (100%)
=2%

18
Measurement of Resistance by
Ammeter Voltmeter method
Resistance Measurement by
Substitution method
R is the unknown resistance
S is a standard variable resistance
'r' is a regulating resistance
Example:
In a measurement of resistance by substitution method a
standard 0.5 MΩ resistor is used. The galvanometer has a
resistance of 10KΩ and gives deflections as follows :

(i) With standard resistor, 41 divisions,


(ii) With unknown resistance, 51 divisions.

Find the unknown resistance.


Solution:
let Ѳ1 be the deflection with standard resistor in circuit
and Ѳ2 with unknown resistor in circuit.
Thank You….

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