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Textile

The document outlines the wet processing stages in textiles, detailing steps like sizing, desizing, bleaching, dyeing, and finishing, along with the chemicals used. It describes specific processes such as singeing, scouring, and mercerization, including their objectives, advantages, and standard requirements. Each process is explained with procedures and conditions necessary for effective treatment of fabrics, particularly cotton.

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sapnillkoch
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6 views

Textile

The document outlines the wet processing stages in textiles, detailing steps like sizing, desizing, bleaching, dyeing, and finishing, along with the chemicals used. It describes specific processes such as singeing, scouring, and mercerization, including their objectives, advantages, and standard requirements. Each process is explained with procedures and conditions necessary for effective treatment of fabrics, particularly cotton.

Uploaded by

sapnillkoch
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Group 6

Group Assignment
Alivia Chatterjee
Sapnill koch
Shrijan shikriwal
Wet Processing
Wet processing in textiles is the stage where fabrics are treated with chemicals and colorants.
Wet processing steps
Sizing: Strengthens yarn so it can withstand friction from looms
Desizing: Removes sizing materials from fabric
Bleaching: Removes unwanted colors from fibers, yarns, or cloth
Dyeing: Adds color to fabric
Printing: Adds designs to fabric
Finishing: Prepares fabric for additional processes
Chemicals used in wet processing
Detergents to remove fats, oil, and wax
Emulsifiers
Fabric pretreatment

A process that prepares fabric for dyeing, printing, and other finishing processes.

Steps in the process


1. Desizing: Removes starch coatings from yarns
2. Scouring: Removes natural oils and impurities
3. Bleaching: Removes natural colorants to whiten the fabric
4. Singeing: Burns off protruding fibers to smooth the surface
5. Mercerizing: Improves luster, strength, and dye uptake of cotton fabrics
Singeing
Singeing is a textile process that removes loose fibers from fabric or yarn surfaces. It's also known as gassing.
It is a part of pretreatment process carried out in textile processing , is usually the first step carried out after weaving.
•Improve reflection, no frosty appearance
•A smoother surface, improve visibility of fabric structure
•Less pilling

How it works?

The fabric or yarn passes over a heated plate, cylinder, or open flame.
The flame burns off loose fibers, yarn ends, and fuzz.
The fabric is then passed through water to extinguish any sparks.

ObjectIves & Advantages


Singeing of a fabric is done in order to obtain a clean fabric surface which allows the structure of the fabric to be clearly seen.
Fabrics, which have been singed, soil less easily than un-singed fabrics.
The risk of pilling, especially with synthetics and their blends, is reduced in case of singed fabrics.
Singed fabrics allow printing of fine intricate patterns with high clarity and detail.
Desizing on cotton material
Introduction – It is the process of removal/elimination of size material (starch, glue etc.) present on the fabric which was added during the warp preparation prior to weaving (called sizing). Thus, it improves the
absorbency property of the fabric. Mostly used for cotton and its blends.
Different methods of desizing
Enzyme Desizing
Acid Desizing
Standard Requirement (for Enzyme Desizing): -
Desizing Enzyme
3-5 gp

Acetic Acid
2-3 gpl

Temp
50°C 55°C

Time
1½ hour

MLR
1 : 40

pH
5.5 (mild acidic)

Procedure
Take the required calculated amount of chemicals and water as per MLR in the bath. Dip the material.
Temp to set at 50°C 55°C & start the process.
Continue the process with constant stirring for 1½ hour.
Then material to take out, wash and dry.
Scouring on cotton material
Introduction – It is the process of removal all natural and added impurity like dirt, dust, oil, stain, grease, vegetable matter, grasses etc. Thus it improves the absorbency property of the fabric and makes it clean. Cotton
scouring & wool scouring are widely known.
Standard Requirement : -
Caustic Soda
2-3 % (on material)

Soda Ash
5-6 % (on material)

Temp
100°C

Time
1½ hour

MLR
1 : 30

pH
Alkaline

Procedure
Take the required calculated amount of chemical and water as per MLR in the bath. Dip the material.
Temp to set at 100°C & start the process.
Continue the process for 1½ hour.
Then material to take out, wash and dry.
Bleaching with hydrogen peroxide
Introduction It is the process of removal all natural colouring matter from the fabric / yarn and makes the fabric uniform white which facilitates the subsequent dyeing or printing. It also simultaneously improves the absorbency
property of the fabric. Popular bleaching agents are Hydrogen Peroxide (Known as peroxide bleaching) and Sodium Hypochlorite (Hypochlorite bleaching or chlorine bleaching). Hydrogen Peroxide bleaching is widely used in the
industry. It is safe & eco-friendly.
The extent of bleaching may be semi-bleach, half-bleach, full bleach.
Standard Requirement : -
Hydrogen Peroxide
4-8 % (on material)

Sodium Silicate
1 -2 % (on material)

Soda Ash
2-3 % (on material)

Temp
80°C - 85°C

Time
1 - 1½ hour

MLR
1 : 30

pH
10.0 10.5 (Alkaline)

Procedure
Take the required calculated amount of chemical and water as per MLR in the bath. Dip the material.
Temp to set at 80°C - 85°C & start the process.
Continue the process with for 1 - 1½ hour.
Then material to take out, wash and dry.
Bleaching with sodium hypochlorite
Introduction It is another process of removal all natural colouring matter from the fabric / yarn and makes the fabric white. It also simultaneously improves the absorbency property of the fabric. Sodium Hypochlorite
(Hypochlorite bleaching or chlorine bleaching) is the bleaching agent. This is not recommended in all cases, as chlorine has certain restriction in use.
Standard Requirement : -
Sodium Hypochlorite
4-5 % (on material)

Soda Ash
1-2 % (on material)

Temp
30°C (Room Temp)

Time
2 - 2½ hour

MLR
1 : 30

pH
9.5 10.5 (Alkaline)

Procedure
Take the required calculated amount of chemical and water as per MLR in the bath. Dip the material.
Temp to set at room temp.
Continue the process with for 2 - 2½ hour.
Then material to take out, wash and dry.
Antichlor & souring are the standard steps to be done after.
Mercerization
Introduction – It is the process of treatment of cotton material with 20-22% Caustic Soda and thus the cotton material becomes lustrous, more absorbent, soft, bulky, more dye-
able & smooth. It can be done on both fabric & yarn stage. It is a value addition process.
Standard Requirement : -

Caustic Soda
17.5 -20 %

Temp
30°C (Room Temp)

Time
3-5 mins

MLE
1 : 30

Procedure
Take the required calculated amount of chemical and water as per MLR in the bath. Dip the material.
Temp to set at room temp.
Continue the process with time mentioned..
Then material to take out, wash and dry.
Thank You

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