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Genetics Spring 2025 Exam 3 Review (1)

The document is a comprehensive review guide for a Genetics Exam covering topics from DNA replication in eukaryotes, transcription processes, RNA types and functions, to translation stages. It includes detailed questions and explanations about molecular mechanisms, enzyme functions, and genetic concepts such as the genetic code and splicing. The review is structured by weeks, indicating a progression through various genetic topics essential for understanding eukaryotic genetics.

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august2005fall2023
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49 views2 pages

Genetics Spring 2025 Exam 3 Review (1)

The document is a comprehensive review guide for a Genetics Exam covering topics from DNA replication in eukaryotes, transcription processes, RNA types and functions, to translation stages. It includes detailed questions and explanations about molecular mechanisms, enzyme functions, and genetic concepts such as the genetic code and splicing. The review is structured by weeks, indicating a progression through various genetic topics essential for understanding eukaryotic genetics.

Uploaded by

august2005fall2023
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Genetics Exam 3 Review

Week 8

1. What is required for replication in eukaryotes?


2. Compare and contrast leading and lagging strand replication (image, description,
drawing, etc.)
3. Explain why DNA is semiconservative.
4. Describe Eukaryotic Initiation or Licensing includes parts of the orc, helicase, ssbs, and
topoisomerases.
5. In elongation, what DNA polymerases are used in eukaryotes (alpha, epsilon and delta)
and what are their functions, that they all move in the 5’ to 3’ direction.
6. Be able to give DNA complement given strands of DNA.
7. Explain helicase, ligase, RNAase H/Fen1/DNA2, Primase, DNA polymerases (3),
okazaki fragments, ssbs, topoisomerase and orc do in replication.
8. How are nucleosomes reassembled after replication using CAF and new/old histones?
9. How does eukaryotic replication terminate (i.e. What chemical is added)?
10. What is the sequence for telomeres in humans? What does the enzyme telomerase do
and what cell types contain this enzyme? What happens to cells that do not contain
telomerase? How is telomerase, aging (Progeria), and cancers linked?

Week 10

1. Compare and contrast transcription versus replication by starting location, movement


direction of polymerases, speed of duplication, and during which cell cycle stage.
2. Explain the structure and base pairing of RNA and why it is more easily degraded than
DNA.
3. For the traditional forms of RNA (rRNA, mRNA, pre-mRNA, and tRNA) be able to explain
their functions, locations, and images.
4. Explain how snRNAs and snRNPs are used in pre-mRNA processing.
5. Describe the general purpose of snoRNAs, miRNAs/siRNAs, crRNAs, lncRNAs, and
piRNAs.
6. Describe dsDNA naming used in transcription (template vs nontemplate).
7. Match the functions of the different RNA polymerases in eukaryotes–I, II, and III.
8. Be able to label a transcriptional unit.
9. Explain the initiation stage of transcription (chromatin, promoters–core and regulatory,
pre-initiation complex with transcriptional factors (focus on TFIID and TBP site), open
complex and abortive initiation).
10. Define HATs and what they do to chromatin during transcription.
11. Demonstrate how new rNTPs would be matched to DNA in elongation (i.e. give
complementary RNA to a strand of DNA).
12. Label the christmas tree model of transcription.
13. Explain and draw pre-mRNA components (intron, exon, UTR 5’ and UTR)
14. Define colinear vs noncolinear DNA in central dogma and introns vs exons.
15. Describe the 4 types of introns and separate them based on self-splicing, splicesome,
outside enzyme, and product/location (eukaryote/organelles, pre-mRNA, tRNA).
16. Explain why processing of pre-mRNA is essential.
a. How is the 5’ end of pre-mRNA altered? How does this aid in function of the
mRNA, and unique trait with which polymerase?
Genetics Exam 3 Review

b. How is the 3’ end of the pre-mRNA altered? How does this aid in function of the
mRNA?
17. What happens during pre-mRNA splicing?
18. What is the purpose of alternative splicing (recursive and trans-splicing) and RNA
editing?
19. Understand the purpose of tRNA processing?
20. How is rRNA processed? Distinguish between how 18S, 5.8S, 28S, and 5S are
modified.

Week 11

21. Explain how the genetic code is degenerate, abides by the wobble hypothesis, and is
universal.
22. Explain open reading frames and codons. What codon starts a reading frame and which
codon(s) end the reading frames? Are the reading frames overlapping or non-
overlapping?
23. Be able to go from DNA to RNA (using correct 5’ and 3’ ends and template vs
nontemplate strands).
24. Be able to go from mRNA to protein (using the genetic code).
25. Be able to go from mRNA to tRNA (and vice versa–i.e. Given a tRNA sequence code
you tell me the mRNA sequence and then the amino acid).
26. Describe the stages of translation (tRNA charging, initiation, elongation, termination).
a. For tRNA charging, understand where the amino acid would attach and what
enzyme does this.
b. For initiation, explain the main components (met-tRNAmet, CBC, Kozak with
AUG, small and large ribosomal subunits, and polyA tail).
c. For elongation, be able to understand the movement of A to P to E and what
happens at each site on the ribosome (28S rRNA, translocation).
d. For termination, understand what happens when a stop codon is released with
release factors.
27. What are polyribosomes?
28. What is mRNA surveillance and why is it important?
29. What are some post translational modifications (chaperones and ubiquitin)?

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