5/1/2024

CHIEF
SAFETY NOTES- ENOUGH TO PASS
MATES
PHASE 1
SOLVED MMD QUESTION PAPERS (2024-2019)

by Keshav Shivhare
Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Q. 1 Describe maintenance and inspection requirements of life saving

equipments as per SOLAS Chapter 3.

Regulation 20 Operational readiness, maintenance and

inspections
Operational readiness
Before the ship leaves port and at all times during the voyage, all life-saving appliances shall be in
working order and ready for immediate use.

Maintenance

1) Maintenance, testing and inspections of life-saving appliances shall be carried out based on the
guidelines developed by the Organization* and in a manner having due regard to ensuring reliability
of such appliances.

2) Instructions for on-board maintenance of life-saving appliances shall be provided and

maintenance shall be carried out accordingly.

3) The Administration may accept, in lieu of the instructions required by paragraph 3.2, a shipboard
planned maintenance programme which includes the requirements.

Maintenance of falls
Falls used in launching shall be inspected periodically* with special regard for areas passing through
sheaves, and renewed when necessary due to deterioration of the falls or at intervals of not more
than 5 years, whichever is the earlier.

Spares and repair equipment

Spares and repair equipment shall be provided for lifesaving appliances and their components
which are subject to excessive wear or consumption and need to be replaced regularly.

Weekly inspection
The following tests and inspections shall be carried out weekly and a report of the inspection shall
be entered in the log-book:

1) All survival craft, rescue boats and launching appliances shall be visually inspected to ensure
that they are ready for use. The inspection shall include, but is not limited to, the condition
of hooks, their attachment to the lifeboat, and the on-load release gear being properly and
completely reset;

1|Page
Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

2) All engines in lifeboats and rescue boats shall be run for a total period of not less than 3
min. provided the ambient temperature is above the minimum temperature required for
starting and running the engine. During this period of time, it should be demonstrated that
the gear box and gear box train are engaging satisfactorily. If the special characteristics of an
outboard motor fitted to a rescue boat would not allow it to be run other than with its
propeller submerged for a period of 3 min, a suitable water supply may be provided.
3) lifeboats, except free-fall lifeboats, on cargo ships shall be moved from their stowed
position, without any persons on board, to the extent necessary to demonstrate satisfactory
operation of launching appliances, if weather and sea conditions so allow for; and
4) the general emergency alarm system shall be tested.

Monthly inspections
1) All lifeboats, except free-fall lifeboats, shall be turned out from their stowed position, without
any persons on board if weather and sea conditions so allow.

2) Inspection of the life-saving appliances, including lifeboat equipment, shall be carried out
monthly using the checklist required by regulation 36.1 to ensure that they are complete and in
good order. A report of the inspection shall be entered in the log-book.

Servicing of inflatable liferafts, inflatable lifejackets, and marine evacuation

systems, and maintenance and repair of inflated rescue boats
1) Every inflatable liferaft, inflatable lifejacket, and marine evacuation system shall be serviced:

 at intervals not exceeding 12 months, provided where in any case this is impracticable,
the Administration may extend this period to 17 months; and
 at an approved servicing station which is competent to service them, maintains proper
servicing facilities and uses only properly trained personnel.*

2) Rotational deployment of marine evacuation systems

each marine evacuation system should be deployed from the ship on a rotational basis at intervals
to be agreed by the Administration provided that each system is to be deployed at least once every
six years.

3) An Administration which approves new and novel inflatable liferaft arrangements may allow for
extended service intervals on the following conditions:

4) The new and novel liferaft arrangement has proved to maintain the same standard, as required
by testing procedure, during extended service intervals.

2|Page
Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

4.1.) The liferaft system shall be checked on board by certified personnel

4.2) Service at intervals not exceeding five years shall be carried out in accordance with the
recommendations of the Organization.

5) All repairs and maintenance of inflated rescue boats shall be carried out in accordance
with the manufacturer's instructions. Emergency repairs may be carried out on board the
ship; however, permanent repairs shall be effected at an approved servicing station.

6) An Administration which permits extension of liferaft service intervals however shall

notify the Organization.

Periodic servicing of hydrostatic release units

Hydrostatic release units, other than disposable hydrostatic release units, shall be serviced:

1) at intervals not exceeding 12 months, provided where in any case this is impracticable,
the Administration may extend this period to 17 months

2) at a servicing station which is competent to service them, maintains proper servicing

facilities and uses only properly trained personnel.

Marking of stowage locations

Containers, brackets, racks, and other similar stowage locations for life-saving equipment,
shall be marked with symbols in accordance with the recommendations of the Organization
indicating the devices stowed in that location for that purpose. If more than one device is
stowed in that location, the number of devices shall also be indicated.

Periodic servicing of launching appliances and on-load release gear

1) Launching appliances shall be:

 maintained in accordance with instructions for on-board maintenance
 subject to a thorough examination at the annual surveys is required
 upon completion of the examination subjected to a dynamic test of the
winch brake at maximum lowering speed.
 The load to be applied shall be the mass of the survival craft or rescue boat
without persons on board, except that, at intervals not exceeding five years, the test
shall be carried out with a proof load equal to 1.1 times the weight of the survival
craft or rescue boat and its full complement of persons and equipment.

3|Page
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

2) Lifeboat or rescue boat on-load release gear, including free-fall lifeboat release

systems, shall be:

1. maintained in accordance with instructions for on-board maintenance subject to a thorough

examination and operational test during the annual surveys by properly trained personnel
familiar with the system; and
2. operationally tested under a load of 1.1 times the total mass of the lifeboatwhen loaded
with its full complement of persons and equipment whenever the release gear is
overhauled. Such over-hauling and test shall be carried out at least once every five years.

3) Davit-launched liferaft automatic release hooks shall be:

1. maintained in accordance with instructions for on-board maintenance

2. subject to a thorough examination and operational test during the annual surveys by
properly trained personnel familiar with the system; and
3. operationally tested under a load of 1.1 times the total mass of the liferaft when loaded
with its full complement of persons and equipment whenever the automatic release
hook is overhauled. Such over-hauling and test shall be carried out at least once every five
years.

Regulation 36 Maintenance Plan

Instructions for on-board maintenance Instructions for on-board maintenance of life-saving

appliances shall be easily understood, illustrated wherever possible, and, as appropriate, shall
include the following for each appliance:

 a checklist for use when carrying out the inspections required by regulation 20.7;
 maintenance and repair instructions;
 schedule of periodic maintenance;
 diagram of lubrication points with the recommended lubricants;
 list of replaceable parts;
 list of sources of spare parts; and
 log for records of inspections and maintenance

Q.2 Prepare a list of life saving appliances required as per SOLAS Chapter
3 for a chemical tanker built 2010 engaged in international voyages.

1. Lifeboats:

 Adequate number of lifeboats as per the ship's passenger and crew capacity.
 Equipped with launching appliances and securing arrangements.
 Should be of a type approved by the flag administration or recognized organization.

4|Page
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

2. Rescue Boats:

 At least one rescue boat, capable of being launched and recovered quickly.
 Equipped with suitable launching and recovery arrangements.

3. Life Rafts:

 Sufficient life rafts to accommodate all persons onboard.

 Capacity and type approved by the flag administration or recognized organization.
 Equipped with inflation systems, painter lines, and other necessary accessories.

4. Lifebuoys:

 Adequate number of lifebuoys distributed throughout the ship.

 Each lifebuoy equipped with a buoyant lifeline and a self-igniting light.

5. Immersion Suits:

 Sufficient immersion suits for all persons onboard.

 Type approved by the flag administration or recognized organization.
 Suitable for use in cold water conditions.

6. Thermal Protective Aids:

 Sufficient thermal protective aids for all persons onboard.

 Designed to provide thermal insulation in cold water conditions.

7. Lifejackets:

 An appropriate number of lifejackets for all passengers and crew.

 Type approved by the flag administration or recognized organization.
 Suitable for adults and children, with reflective tape and a whistle.

8. Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRBs):

 At least one float-free EPIRB.

 Should be type approved and properly registered with the appropriate authorities.

5|Page
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

9. Search and Rescue Transponders (SARTs):

 At least two SARTs onboard.

 Should be in proper working condition and type approved.

10. Line-throwing Appliances:

 At least one line-throwing appliance capable of launching a buoyant line to a considerable

distance.

11. Portable Fire Extinguishers (considered life-saving appliances in certain situations):

 Adequate number and type of portable fire extinguishers as per SOLAS requirements.
 Should be readily accessible and properly maintained.

12. Emergency Escape Breathing Devices (EEBDs):

 Sufficient number of EEBDs for use in enclosed spaces or during fire emergencies.
 Type approved and properly maintained.

13. Emergency Communication Equipment:

 Adequate means of emergency communication such as VHF radios, satellite phones, or

other approved devices.

14. Navigation Equipment:

 Essential navigation equipment to assist in locating and navigating to safety in case of

emergencies.

Q3. How a ship security plan made and what is are its contents. Draw
procedure for its revision.

Creating a ship security plan (SSP) involves a systematic process to identify security risks and
vulnerabilities, establish procedures for mitigating those risks, and ensure compliance with
international regulations, particularly the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code.

6|Page
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Here's a general outline of the steps involved in creating a ship security plan and its contents, along
with a procedure for its revision:

Ship Security Plan Creation:

1. Risk Assessment:

 Conduct a thorough risk assessment to identify potential security threats to the ship, its cargo,
passengers, and crew.
 Consider factors such as the ship's route, ports of call, cargo type, and previous security incidents.

2. Security Measures:

 Based on the risk assessment, develop security measures to address identified threats.
 Include measures for access control, surveillance, communication, and response to security incidents.
 Determine the appropriate security levels and corresponding security measures based on the
Maritime Security (MARSEC) Levels.

3. Plan Development:

 Draft the ship security plan document, detailing all security measures and procedures.
 Ensure that the plan complies with the requirements of the ISPS Code and relevant regulations.
 Include clear instructions for implementing security measures, roles and responsibilities of crew
members, and procedures for coordination with shore-based authorities.

4. Approval and Certification:

 Submit the draft SSP to the ship's flag state or relevant authorities for review and approval.
 Once approved, the SSP will be certified and endorsed by the flag state or recognized security
organization.

5. Training and Familiarization:

 Conduct training sessions for the ship's crew to familiarize them with the SSP and their roles in
implementing security measures.
 Ensure that all personnel are aware of security procedures and know how to respond to security
threats.

Contents of a Ship Security Plan:

1. Introduction:

 Overview of the ship's security arrangements.

 Statement of compliance with ISPS Code requirements.

7|Page
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

2. Ship Security Assessment:

 Summary of the risk assessment process and findings.

3. Security Organization:

 Roles and responsibilities of personnel involved in security duties.

 Chain of command during security incidents.

4. Security Measures:

 Access control procedures.

 Surveillance and monitoring protocols.
 Security equipment and systems.
 Security communication procedures.

5. Security Drills and Exercises:

 Schedule for security drills and exercises.

 Objectives, scenarios, and evaluation criteria for drills.

6. Declaration of Security (DoS):

 Procedures for implementing DoS in cooperation with port facilities or other ships.

7. Security Incident Procedures:

 Response procedures for security incidents, including piracy, stowaways, and unauthorized access.

8. Security Training and Awareness:

 Training requirements for crew members.

 Awareness programs to promote a security-conscious culture onboard.

Procedure for Revision of Ship Security Plan:

1. Regular Review:

 Conduct regular reviews of the SSP to ensure its effectiveness and relevance.
 Schedule reviews at least annually or more frequently if significant changes occur.

2. Identification of Changes:

 Identify any changes in the ship's operations, routes, or security risks that may necessitate revisions
to the SSP.

8|Page
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

3. Drafting Revisions:

 Draft revisions to the SSP based on the identified changes and any feedback or lessons learned from
security incidents or exercises.

4. Approval and Certification:

 Submit the revised SSP to the flag state or relevant authorities for review and approval.
 Ensure that the revisions comply with the requirements of the ISPS Code and relevant regulations.

5. Implementation and Training:

 Communicate the revised SSP to all relevant personnel.

 Conduct training sessions to ensure that crew members understand the changes and their
responsibilities under the revised plan.

6. Record Keeping:

 Maintain records of the revisions made to the SSP and associated training activities.
 Ensure that the latest version of the SSP is readily accessible onboard the ship.

7. Verification and Audit:

 Verify the implementation of the revised SSP during internal audits or inspections.
 Address any deficiencies or non-conformities identified during the verification process.

8. Continuous Improvement:

 Continuously monitor the effectiveness of the SSP and make further revisions as necessary to
enhance security measures and address emerging threats.

Q. 4 List the items covered during the chief officer's weekly safety
inspection of ship as prescribed in COSWP.

1. Firefighting Equipment:

 Inspection of all firefighting equipment such as portable fire extinguishers, fire hoses, fire
hydrants, and fire blankets.
 Verification of the condition and expiration dates of fire extinguishers.
 Testing of fire pumps and fire suppression systems.

9|Page
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

2. Life-Saving Equipment:

 Inspection of lifeboats, rescue boats, and life rafts to ensure they are properly stowed,
secured, and equipped with required provisions.
 Checking the condition and accessibility of lifebuoys, lifejackets, immersion suits, and
thermal protective aids.
 Testing of launching appliances and davits for lifeboats and rescue boats.

3. Navigation and Communication Equipment:

 Verification of the operational status of navigation lights, signal lights, and sound signaling
appliances.
 Testing of communication equipment such as VHF radios, radar, EPIRBs, and SARTs.
 Inspection of navigational charts, publications, and electronic chart display systems (ECDIS).

4. Deck Safety:

 Inspection of deck areas for any hazards, including slippery surfaces, damaged railings, or
loose fittings.
 Verification of the condition and operation of mooring equipment, including ropes, wires,
and bollards.
 Checking the condition of gangways, ladders, and access points.

5. Cargo Safety:

 Inspection of cargo securing arrangements to ensure that cargo is properly lashed and
secured.
 Checking for leaks, spills, or damage in cargo holds, tanks, and pipelines.
 Verification of compliance with dangerous goods stowage and segregation requirements.

6. Safety Management System (SMS) Compliance:

 Reviewing records and documentation related to safety drills, training, and maintenance
activities.
 Verifying compliance with company policies, procedures, and regulatory requirements.
 Addressing any non-conformities or deficiencies identified during the inspection.

10 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

7. General Housekeeping:

 Checking the cleanliness and tidiness of accommodation areas, mess rooms, and common
spaces.
 Ensuring that waste disposal procedures are being followed and garbage is properly
segregated and stored.
 Addressing any housekeeping issues that may pose safety risks or impact crew welfare.

8. Environmental Compliance:

 Inspection of pollution prevention equipment such as oily water separators and sewage
treatment plants.
 Verification of compliance with MARPOL Annexes and other environmental regulations.
 Reporting any spills, leaks, or environmental incidents for prompt remediation.

9. Security Measures:

 Ensuring compliance with ship security plan requirements, including access control,
surveillance, and security drills.
 Verification of security equipment such as CCTV cameras, access control systems, and
security barriers.

10. Emergency Response Equipment:

 Inspection of emergency response equipment such as spill kits, first aid kits, and stretcher
arrangements.
 Verification of emergency escape routes, evacuation procedures, and muster station
signage.

11. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

 Checking the availability and condition of PPE such as safety helmets, safety shoes, gloves,
and protective clothing.
 Ensuring that crew members are using appropriate PPE for their assigned tasks.

11 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Q. What are the parts of ship's hull most liable for corrosion and how you
counteract this from getting corroded?

1. Waterline and Splash Zone:

 Areas just above and below the waterline are highly prone to corrosion due to frequent
exposure to seawater and atmospheric moisture.
 Counteraction: Regular cleaning and painting with anti-corrosive coatings. Use of sacrificial
anodes (zinc or aluminum) to protect against galvanic corrosion.

2. Ballast Tanks:

 Ballast tanks are often exposed to seawater and can become susceptible to corrosion,
especially if they contain ballast water with high chloride content.
 Counteraction: Coating the interior surfaces of ballast tanks with corrosion-resistant
coatings. Regular inspection and maintenance to detect and repair any corrosion damage.

3. Bilge Areas:

 Bilge areas can accumulate water and contaminants, leading to accelerated corrosion of
structural components.
 Counteraction: Regular pumping and cleaning of bilge areas to remove water and
contaminants. Application of protective coatings to bilge surfaces.

4. Tank Tops and Tank Bulkheads:

 Tank tops and bulkheads in cargo holds and ballast tanks are exposed to corrosive cargo
residues and ballast water.
 Counteraction: Thorough cleaning and coating of tank surfaces after cargo operations.
Regular inspections for corrosion and timely repairs.

5. Sea Chests and Suction Strainers:

 Sea chests and suction strainers provide intake openings for seawater systems, making
them vulnerable to corrosion.
 Counteraction: Installation of corrosion-resistant materials for sea chests and strainers.
Routine cleaning and maintenance to prevent blockages and corrosion buildup.

12 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

6. Propeller and Shaft:

 Propellers and shafts are exposed to seawater and can experience galvanic corrosion due to
dissimilar metals.
 Counteraction: Use of cathodic protection systems such as impressed current or sacrificial
anodes. Regular inspection and maintenance of propeller and shaft surfaces.

7. Keel:

 The keel is a critical structural component of the ship and can be prone to corrosion,
especially in areas where coatings may be damaged.
 Counteraction: Application of high-quality anti-corrosive coatings to the keel. Regular
inspection and maintenance to address any corrosion or coating damage.

8. Welded Joints and Structural Connections:

 Welded joints and structural connections are vulnerable to corrosion due to crevices and
trapped moisture.
 Counteraction: Inspection and maintenance of welded joints to ensure integrity and detect
corrosion. Coating of structural connections with anti-corrosive materials.
In addition to these specific areas, overall hull maintenance practices such as regular inspections,
cleaning, and painting with appropriate anti-corrosive coatings are essential for preventing and
mitigating corrosion throughout the ship's hull. Proper training of crew members in corrosion
prevention techniques and adherence to industry best practices also play a vital role in maintaining
the integrity of the hull and ensuring the safety and longevity of the vessel.

Q. Describe the inspection schedule for shipboard cargo handling crane.

1. Daily Visual Inspection:

 Conduct a visual inspection of the crane before each use.

 Check for any obvious signs of damage, such as cracks, corrosion, or loose bolts.
 Inspect wire ropes, sheaves, and blocks for wear or damage.
 Ensure that safety devices such as limit switches and emergency stop buttons are functional.

2. Weekly Inspection:

 Perform a more detailed inspection of the crane on a weekly basis.

 Check all structural components, including boom sections, jibs, and gantry frames, for signs
of fatigue or deformation.

13 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Inspect hydraulic hoses, fittings, and seals for leaks or damage.

 Test emergency lowering systems and emergency braking mechanisms.

3. Monthly Inspection:

 Conduct a comprehensive inspection of the crane's mechanical, hydraulic, and electrical

systems on a monthly basis.
 Check all lubrication points and grease fittings, and replenish lubricants as necessary.
 Inspect electrical components such as motors, switches, and wiring for signs of wear or
overheating.
 Test the operation of safety features such as overload protection devices and anti-two-
blocking systems.

4. Quarterly Inspection:

 Perform a thorough inspection of the crane's load-bearing components and structural

integrity on a quarterly basis.
 Inspect load hooks, lifting eyes, and other load-bearing attachments for wear or
deformation.
 Check boom hoist ropes and drum winding mechanisms for signs of wear or damage.
 Verify the alignment and condition of bearings, bushings, and pins in the crane's rotating
components.

5. Annual Inspection:

 Conduct a comprehensive annual inspection of the crane in accordance with manufacturer

guidelines and regulatory requirements.
 Inspect all load-bearing components and structural welds for cracks, corrosion, or other
defects.
 Perform non-destructive testing (NDT) as necessary to assess the integrity of critical
components.
 Verify the calibration and accuracy of load indicators, angle sensors, and other monitoring
devices.

6. Documentation and Record Keeping:

 Maintain detailed records of all inspections, including dates, findings, and any corrective
actions taken.

14 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Keep a log of maintenance activities, including lubrication, repairs, and component

replacements.
 Ensure that inspection reports are reviewed by qualified personnel and kept onboard the
vessel for reference.
Q. Draw a contingency plan and procedure for a ship having blackout condition. Restoration
of power is to be done.

Contingency Plan for Ship Blackout:

1. Immediate Response:

 Upon detection of a blackout, the Officer of the Watch (OOW) informs the Master and Chief
Engineer immediately.
 Activate emergency lighting to provide illumination in critical areas such as the bridge,
engine room, and accommodation spaces.

2. Assessment of Situation:

 Determine the cause of the blackout, such as a failure in the main power generation system,
electrical distribution system, or external factors.
 Evaluate the extent of the blackout and assess the impact on essential ship systems and
safety.

3. Communication and Coordination:

 Establish communication with all relevant personnel, including the engine room team,
electrical officers, and deck officers.
 Brief the crew on the situation and assign responsibilities for response actions as per the
ship's emergency procedures.

4. Isolation and Safety Measures:

 Isolate affected electrical circuits and systems to prevent further damage and ensure crew
safety.
 Implement safety measures to mitigate risks associated with the blackout, such as securing
machinery and equipment.

5. Restoration of Power Procedure:

15 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Procedure for Restoration of Power:

1. Identify and Rectify Cause:

 Conduct a systematic inspection of the electrical system to identify the root cause of the
blackout.
 Check main generators, switchboards, circuit breakers, and associated components for
faults or malfunctions.
 Rectify any identified faults or defects in consultation with the Chief Engineer and electrical
officers.

2. Emergency Power Activation:

 Initiate emergency power sources, such as emergency generators or battery backup

systems, to provide essential power to critical systems.
 Prioritize the restoration of power to essential services, including navigation,
communication, firefighting, and life-saving equipment.

3. Main Power System Restoration:

 Once the cause of the blackout is identified and rectified, initiate the process of restoring
the main power generation system.
 Start main generators sequentially, following manufacturer guidelines and safety
procedures.
 Gradually reconnect essential electrical loads to the main power system while monitoring
voltage and frequency levels.

4. System Testing and Verification:

 Conduct thorough testing of the restored power system to ensure proper functionality and
stability.
 Verify the operation of all electrical equipment, including propulsion systems, navigation
lights, communication systems, and cargo handling equipment.
 Perform load tests and voltage checks to confirm the integrity of the power supply.

5. Communication and Reporting:

 Maintain continuous communication with the bridge team, engine room personnel, and
other relevant departments throughout the restoration process.

16 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Report the status of power restoration efforts to the Master and shore-based authorities as
required.
 Document all actions taken, including the cause of the blackout, response actions, and
restoration procedures, for post-incident analysis and reporting.

6. Stand Down from Emergency Mode:

 Once power is fully restored and verified, stand down from emergency mode and resume
normal ship operations.
 Conduct debriefing sessions to review the incident, identify lessons learned, and
recommend any necessary corrective actions or procedural changes.

Q. What do you understand by Emergency preparedness as per ISM code.

Emergency preparedness, as per the International Safety Management (ISM) Code, refers to
the systematic approach and measures implemented by shipping companies and vessel
operators to effectively anticipate, prevent, and respond to emergency situations at sea. The
ISM Code sets forth requirements and guidelines for establishing and maintaining a Safety
Management System (SMS) to ensure the safety of ships, personnel, and the marine
environment.

Key aspects of emergency preparedness under the ISM Code include:

1. Risk Assessment and Hazard Identification:

 Conducting comprehensive risk assessments to identify potential emergency situations that

may arise during ship operations.
 Identifying hazards and evaluating their likelihood and consequences to determine the level
of risk associated with each scenario.

2. Emergency Procedures and Plans:

 Developing detailed emergency procedures and contingency plans to address various types
of emergencies, including fire, collision, grounding, pollution incidents, and personnel
injuries.
 Defining roles, responsibilities, and lines of communication for responding to emergencies
effectively.

3. Training and Drills:

 Providing comprehensive training to crew members on emergency procedures, including

the use of emergency equipment, communication protocols, and emergency response
techniques.

17 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Conducting regular emergency drills and exercises to ensure that crew members are
proficient in responding to different emergency scenarios and can perform their assigned
duties effectively under pressure.

4. Equipment and Resources:

 Ensuring that ships are equipped with appropriate emergency equipment, including life-
saving appliances, firefighting equipment, pollution control devices, and communication
systems.
 Maintaining emergency equipment in good working condition through regular inspection,
testing, and maintenance procedures.

5. Communication and Coordination:

 Establishing effective communication channels between the ship's crew, shore-based

management, and relevant authorities to facilitate timely reporting and coordination during
emergency situations.
 Designating emergency contact points and procedures for notifying appropriate parties in
the event of an emergency.

6. Continuous Improvement:

 Implementing a process of continuous improvement to review and evaluate the

effectiveness of emergency preparedness measures.
 Conducting post-incident analysis and debriefing sessions to identify lessons learned,
identify areas for improvement, and implement corrective actions to prevent recurrence.

Q. What do you understand by work permit on ships as per COSWP?

Using a shipboard example explain the importance of a hot work permit.

A work permit on ships, as outlined in the Code of Safe Working Practices for Merchant
Seamen (COSWP), is a formal authorization issued by designated personnel onboard to
control and manage potentially hazardous work activities. Work permits are used to ensure
that specific safety precautions are implemented before commencing work, particularly
tasks that involve significant risks to personnel, property, or the environment.

One crucial type of work permit is the hot work permit, which is required for any work
involving the use of heat-producing equipment or open flames, such as welding, cutting, or
grinding. The hot work permit serves to mitigate the risk of fire and explosion onboard
ships, where the presence of flammable materials and confined spaces can pose serious
hazards if proper precautions are not taken.

18 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Importance of a Hot Work Permit:

Example: Welding Repair in Cargo Hold

Imagine a ship that has arrived at port for cargo loading operations. During routine
inspection, a corroded section of the cargo hold's steel bulkhead is discovered, posing a
potential safety risk. To address the issue, the Chief Engineer decides to initiate a welding
repair to patch the corroded area.

1. Risk Assessment:

 Before commencing the welding repair, the Chief Engineer conducts a thorough risk
assessment to identify potential hazards, including the presence of flammable cargo
residues and confined space conditions in the cargo hold.

2. Hot Work Permit Application:

 The Chief Engineer submits a request for a hot work permit to the Ship's Safety Officer,
providing details of the proposed welding repair, the location, and the safety precautions to
be implemented.

3. Hot Work Permit Issuance:

 The Ship's Safety Officer reviews the hot work permit application and verifies that all
necessary safety precautions are in place, including gas-freeing of the cargo hold, fire watch
personnel, and fire-fighting equipment on standby.
 Upon approval, the hot work permit is issued, specifying the authorized work area, duration
of work, safety precautions, and responsible personnel.

4. Safety Precautions Implementation:

 Before commencing the welding repair, the designated crew members implement the safety
precautions outlined in the hot work permit, including gas-freeing procedures, installation
of fire blankets, and deployment of fire extinguishers.
 Fire watch personnel are stationed nearby to monitor the welding operation and respond
promptly to any signs of fire or smoke.

5. Welding Repair:

 With all safety precautions in place and the hot work permit authorized, the welding repair
proceeds under the supervision of qualified personnel.

19 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 The crew members conducting the welding operation adhere to safe work practices,
including wearing appropriate personal protective equipment and maintaining a safe
distance from combustible materials.

6. Post-Work Inspection:

 Upon completion of the welding repair, a post-work inspection is conducted to ensure that
the work area is free from fire hazards and that all safety precautions have been properly
implemented.
 The hot work permit is closed out, documenting the completion of the work and confirming
that safety requirements were met.

In this example, the hot work permit plays a critical role in ensuring the safety of personnel
and the ship during the welding repair in the cargo hold. By following established
procedures and implementing safety precautions, the risk of fire and explosion is effectively
mitigated, safeguarding the crew, the vessel, and the environment.

Q. Describe the precautions to be taken before switching on the welding machine

onboard ship.
Before switching on a welding machine onboard a ship, it's crucial to take several
precautions to ensure the safety of personnel, prevent accidents, and protect the integrity
of the vessel. Here are the key precautions to be taken before switching on the welding
machine:

1. Check the Work Area:

 Ensure that the work area is clear of flammable materials, combustible gases, and other
potential fire hazards.
 Remove any debris, oil, or grease from the vicinity of the welding operation to minimize the
risk of fire.

2. Gas-Free the Area:

 If welding is to be performed in enclosed spaces such as tanks or cargo holds, ensure that
the area is properly ventilated and gas-free.
 Conduct gas testing to detect the presence of flammable gases or vapors, and take
appropriate measures to eliminate or control them.

3. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

20 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Ensure that all personnel involved in the welding operation wear appropriate personal
protective equipment (PPE), including welding helmets with appropriate filters, welding
gloves, flame-resistant clothing, and safety goggles.
 Inspect PPE for damage or defects before use, and replace as necessary.

4. Inspect Welding Equipment:

 Conduct a visual inspection of the welding machine to ensure that it is in good working
condition and free from damage or defects.
 Check the cables, connectors, and electrodes for signs of wear, fraying, or damage, and
repair or replace as needed.
 Verify that the welding machine is properly grounded and that all connections are secure.

5. Secure Workpiece:

 Ensure that the workpiece is securely clamped or positioned to prevent movement during
welding.
 Use appropriate fixtures or jigs to hold the workpiece in place and maintain alignment
during welding.

6. Fire Prevention Measures:

 Place fire extinguishers and fire blankets in close proximity to the welding operation.
 Ensure that all personnel involved in the welding operation are trained in the use of fire-
fighting equipment and know the location of emergency exits.

7. Communication and Coordination:

 Communicate with other crew members and personnel onboard to notify them of the
welding operation and any associated hazards.
 Coordinate with the bridge and engine room to ensure that welding activities do not
interfere with essential ship operations or safety systems.

8. Warning Signs and Barricades:

 Erect warning signs and barricades around the welding area to alert personnel to the
presence of hazardous conditions and prevent unauthorized access.
 Use barriers or shields to protect nearby personnel and equipment from sparks, slag, and
other welding hazards.

21 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

9. Emergency Response Plan:

 Establish an emergency response plan and ensure that all personnel involved in the welding
operation are familiar with emergency procedures.
 Designate personnel to serve as fire watch and standby with fire-fighting equipment during
welding activities.
Q. Describe the objectives of ISM Code and explain how your company safety
management system attaining the ISM Objectives.

The objectives of the International Safety Management (ISM) Code are to ensure:

1. Safe operation of ships.

2. Prevention of accidents, injuries, and pollution at sea.
3. Establishment of a systematic framework for managing safety risks.
4. Promotion of a culture of continuous improvement in maritime safety and environmental
protection.

Attaining ISM Objectives through Company Safety Management System:

1. Development and Implementation of SMS:

 The company establishes a comprehensive Safety Management System (SMS) that aligns
with the requirements of the ISM Code and incorporates best practices for managing safety
and environmental risks.

2. Safety Policy and Objectives:

 The company develops a safety policy statement that articulates its commitment to safety,
outlines safety objectives, and communicates expectations for safety performance to all
personnel.

3. Risk Assessment and Management:

 The SMS includes procedures for conducting risk assessments, identifying hazards, and
implementing risk control measures to mitigate safety risks associated with ship operations.

4. Emergency Preparedness and Response:

 The SMS incorporates emergency response plans and procedures for various types of
emergencies, ensuring that personnel are trained and equipped to respond effectively to
emergency situations.

22 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

5. Training and Familiarization:

 The company provides comprehensive training programs for crew members and shore-
based personnel, covering safety procedures, emergency response protocols, and
regulatory requirements.

6. Continuous Improvement:

 The SMS includes mechanisms for monitoring safety performance, conducting internal
audits and inspections, and implementing corrective actions to address non-conformities
and improve safety management practices over time.
Q. As a Chief Officer of ship how you will motivate a subordinate onward in order
to get effective results.
As a Chief Officer onboard a ship, motivating subordinates is crucial for achieving effective results
and maintaining a positive work environment. Here are some strategies I would employ to motivate
my subordinates:

1. Lead by Example:

 Demonstrate professionalism, dedication, and a strong work ethic in my own actions.

 Serve as a role model for my subordinates, inspiring them to strive for excellence.

2. Clear Communication:

 Clearly communicate expectations, goals, and objectives to my subordinates.

 Foster open and transparent communication channels, encouraging feedback and suggestions from
the team.

3. Recognition and Appreciation:

 Recognize and acknowledge the efforts and contributions of my subordinates.

 Celebrate achievements and milestones, both individually and as a team.

4. Empowerment and Trust:

 Empower my subordinates by delegating responsibilities and providing them with opportunities to

take ownership of tasks.
 Trust my team members to perform their duties competently and support them in their decision-
making processes.

23 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

5. Professional Development:

 Invest in the professional development of my subordinates through training, mentoring, and

coaching.
 Provide opportunities for skill enhancement and career advancement within the organization.

6. Team Building:

 Foster a sense of camaraderie and teamwork among my subordinates.

 Encourage collaboration, cooperation, and mutual support within the team.

7. Set Realistic Goals:

 Set clear, achievable, and measurable goals for the team, ensuring that they understand the
importance of their contributions to the overall objectives.

8. Provide Feedback and Guidance:

 Offer constructive feedback and guidance to my subordinates to help them improve performance and
overcome challenges.
 Encourage a growth mindset and a willingness to learn from mistakes.

9. Create a Positive Work Environment:

 Cultivate a positive and inclusive work environment where everyone feels valued, respected, and
motivated to do their best.
 Foster a culture of collaboration, innovation, and continuous improvement.

10. Celebrate Successes:

 Celebrate successes and achievements as a team, reinforcing a sense of pride and accomplishment
among my subordinates.
 Use positive reinforcement to motivate continued excellence and encourage a culture of success.

By implementing these strategies, I would strive to create a motivating and empowering work
environment onboard the ship, where my subordinates feel inspired to give their best and achieve
effective results.

24 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Q. As a chief officer of an oil tanker ship how would you train your crew
towards safe working on deck. Consider fatigue also.

As Chief Officer of an oil tanker ship, ensuring the safety of the crew during deck
operations is paramount. Training crew members to work safely on deck,
especially considering the potential hazards associated with oil tanker operations,
requires a comprehensive approach that also addresses the issue of fatigue.
Here's how I would train my crew towards safe working on deck, taking into
account fatigue management:

1. Initial Safety Training:

 Conduct comprehensive safety induction training for all new crew members,
focusing on the specific hazards and risks associated with oil tanker operations.
 Cover topics such as proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE), safe
working practices, emergency procedures, and pollution prevention measures.

2. Task-Specific Training:

 Provide task-specific training for deck operations, including cargo handling,

mooring operations, tank cleaning, and maintenance tasks.
 Ensure that crew members are trained in the correct use of equipment and
machinery commonly used on deck, such as winches, cranes, and lifting gear.

3. Safety Briefings and Toolbox Talks:

 Conduct regular safety briefings and toolbox talks to reinforce key safety
messages and discuss specific safety issues relevant to upcoming tasks or
operations.
 Encourage crew members to actively participate in safety discussions and share
their experiences and insights.

4. Fatigue Management:

 Implement a fatigue management plan that includes provisions for adequate rest
periods, regular breaks, and rotation of duties to minimize the risk of fatigue-
related accidents.

25 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Educate crew members about the importance of proper sleep hygiene, nutrition,
and hydration to combat fatigue and maintain alertness while on duty.

5. Watchkeeping Practices:

 Establish watchkeeping practices that ensure adequate rest for all crew members,
including adherence to maximum hours of work and minimum hours of rest as
per international regulations.
 Implement a system of watch rotation that allows for sufficient downtime
between shifts to prevent cumulative fatigue.

6. Supervision and Monitoring:

 Provide close supervision and oversight of deck operations to ensure that safety
procedures are followed and that any unsafe practices are promptly corrected.
 Monitor crew members for signs of fatigue and intervene if necessary to prevent
fatigue-related errors or accidents.

7. Continuous Training and Improvement:

 Foster a culture of continuous learning and improvement by encouraging crew

members to participate in further training and certification programs related to
deck operations and safety.
 Conduct regular drills and exercises to test emergency response procedures and
identify areas for improvement.

8. Lead by Example:

 Lead by example by consistently adhering to safety protocols and demonstrating

a commitment to safety in all aspects of deck operations.
 Encourage a proactive approach to safety among crew members, empowering
them to speak up about safety concerns and suggest improvements.

By implementing these training measures and prioritizing fatigue management, I

would strive to ensure that my crew is well-prepared and capable of working
safely on deck during oil tanker operations, thereby minimizing the risk of
accidents and promoting a culture of safety onboard the ship.

26 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Q. Explain elements of STCW 2010 and discuss the new amendments & its effect.

The Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) is an

international convention established by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to
ensure that seafarers receive adequate training, certification, and proficiency to perform
their duties safely and effectively. The STCW Convention sets minimum standards for
training, certification, and watchkeeping for seafarers on an international level. The most
recent version of the convention is STCW 2010, which came into force on January 1, 2012.
Here are the key elements of STCW 2010:

1. Minimum Training Standards:

 STCW 2010 sets out minimum training standards for different categories of seafarers,
including deck officers, engineering officers, and ratings.
 It defines the competencies and skills required for each rank and specifies the training
courses and qualifications necessary to obtain certification.

2. Certification Requirements:

 The convention establishes requirements for the issuance of certificates of competency

(CoCs) and certificates of proficiency (CoPs) to seafarers, based on their training, experience,
and demonstrated competencies.
 Certificates issued under STCW 2010 are recognized internationally and enable seafarers to
work onboard ships flagged by any STCW-compliant country.

3. Watchkeeping Standards:

 STCW 2010 sets standards for watchkeeping arrangements, including the minimum number
of qualified personnel required for safe navigation, engineering operations, and cargo
handling.
 It mandates rest hours and rest periods for watchkeepers to prevent fatigue-related
accidents and ensure the safety of ship operations.

4. Seafarer Training Institutions:

 The convention outlines requirements for maritime training institutions, including

accreditation, monitoring, and periodic evaluation by flag states or recognized accrediting
bodies.
 It ensures that training programs offered by these institutions meet the standards set forth
in STCW 2010 and prepare seafarers for the demands of a maritime career.

27 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

5. Proficiency in Survival Craft and Rescue Boats:

 STCW 2010 includes requirements for proficiency in survival craft and rescue boats,
ensuring that seafarers are adequately trained to respond to emergencies at sea, including
abandon ship procedures and launching and handling of lifeboats and rescue boats.

6. Medical Fitness Standards:

 The convention establishes medical fitness standards for seafarers, including physical and
mental health requirements, to ensure that they are fit to perform their duties safely and
effectively.

7. Updating and Refresher Training:

 STCW 2010 requires seafarers to undergo updating and refresher training periodically to
maintain their competencies and keep abreast of technological advancements and
regulatory changes in the maritime industry.

Amendments to STCW 2010:

In recent years, several amendments have been made to STCW 2010 to address emerging
issues and improve the effectiveness of the convention. Some notable amendments include:

 Seafarer Mental Health and Well-being: Recognizing the importance of mental health
and well-being, new requirements have been added to address the psychological aspects of
seafaring and promote measures to support the mental health of seafarers.

 Electronic Record-keeping and Documentation: Amendments have been made to

facilitate the use of electronic record-keeping and documentation systems for training
records, certificates, and other relevant documents, improving efficiency and accessibility of
information.

 Training on Cyber Security Awareness: With the increasing threat of cyber attacks on
ships and maritime infrastructure, new requirements have been introduced for seafarers to
undergo training on cyber security awareness and best practices to prevent cyber incidents
onboard.

 Updates to Training Requirements: Periodic updates and revisions have been made to
training requirements and competencies to ensure that seafarers are adequately prepared
to meet the evolving demands of the maritime industry, including advancements in
technology and changes in regulatory frameworks.

28 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Effects of the Amendments:

These amendments to STCW 2010 have several effects on the maritime industry:

1. Enhanced Safety and Security: The amendments aim to enhance safety and security at sea
by addressing emerging threats and risks, such as cyber security vulnerabilities and mental
health issues among seafarers.

2. Improved Training Standards: By updating training requirements and competencies, the

amendments ensure that seafarers receive training that is relevant, up-to-date, and aligned
with industry best practices.

3. Streamlined Documentation Processes: The introduction of electronic record-keeping

systems streamlines administrative processes and improves the accessibility and reliability
of training records and certification documentation.

4. Greater Awareness and Preparedness: Training on cyber security awareness and other
emerging issues increases awareness among seafarers and ship operators, enabling them to
better identify and mitigate potential threats and risks.

Overall, the amendments to STCW 2010 aim to strengthen the effectiveness of the
convention in ensuring the safety, security, and proficiency of seafarers worldwide, while
also addressing the evolving challenges and demands of the maritime industry.

Paper – 2
Q. Briefly describe the LSA Code requirements related to onload release & retrieval system of
lifeboats.

The Life-Saving Appliances (LSA) Code sets forth requirements and standards for the
design, construction, and testing of life-saving equipment on ships. Regarding the onload
release and retrieval system of lifeboats, the LSA Code mandates the following
requirements:

1. Onload Release Mechanism:

 Lifeboats must be equipped with a reliable onload release mechanism that allows for the
safe launching and recovery of the lifeboat while the ship is afloat.
 The onload release mechanism should be designed to prevent accidental release or
premature activation during normal ship operations.

29 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

2. Remote Operation:

 The onload release mechanism should be operable from a remote location, typically from
the ship's deck or bridge, to allow for controlled launching and retrieval of the lifeboat by
trained personnel.

3. Fail-Safe Features:

 The onload release mechanism must incorporate fail-safe features to ensure that the
lifeboat remains securely attached to the ship until intentionally released.
 Emergency manual release mechanisms should be provided as backup in case of failure of
the primary release system.

4. Smooth and Controlled Descent:

 The onload release mechanism should facilitate a smooth and controlled descent of the
lifeboat into the water, minimizing the risk of injury to occupants and damage to the
lifeboat and ship structure.

5. Retrieval Arrangements:

 Arrangements for the retrieval of lifeboats back onto the ship should be provided, including
means for hoisting and securing the lifeboat once it has been recovered from the water.
 Retrieval systems should be designed to facilitate the safe and efficient recovery of the
lifeboat, even in adverse weather conditions or rough seas.

6. Testing and Maintenance:

 The onload release and retrieval system of lifeboats should be subjected to regular testing
and maintenance to ensure its continued reliability and effectiveness.
 Routine inspections, functional tests, and operational drills should be conducted to verify
the proper operation of the system and identify any deficiencies or malfunctions.

30 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Q. Prepare an annual drill planner with frequency for conducting all the drills as per SOLAS,
MARPOL & ISPS Codes

Annual Drill Planner:

SOLAS Code Drills:

1. Fire Drill:

 Frequency: Monthly
 Purpose: Practice firefighting techniques, evacuation procedures, and crew coordination during a fire
emergency with various scenarios.

2. Abandon Ship Drill:

 Frequency: Monthly
 Purpose: Simulate the evacuation of the ship and deployment of life-saving appliances in the event
of a maritime emergency.

3. Man Overboard Drill:

 Frequency: 6 monthly
 Purpose: Practice search and rescue procedures for recovering a person who has fallen overboard.

MARPOL Drills:

1. Oil Pollution Emergency Drill:

 Frequency: Monthly
 Purpose: Test the ship's response procedures and equipment for managing oil pollution incidents
and conducting oil spill cleanup operations.

2. Garbage Management Drill:

 Frequency: Quarterly
 Purpose: Review procedures for the segregation, storage, and disposal of garbage in compliance
with MARPOL Annex V regulations.

3. Ballast Water Management Drill:

 Frequency: Quaterly
 Purpose: Train crew members in the proper operation of ballast water management systems and
procedures for ballast water exchange.

31 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

ISPS Code Drills:

1. Security Drill (Drill for Ship Security Incident):

 Frequency: Quarterly
 Purpose: Test the ship's security measures, response procedures, and coordination with port facility
security in the event of a security threat or incident.

2. Security Training and Drills for Crew:

 Frequency: Quaterly
 Purpose: Provide crew members with training and practical exercises to enhance their awareness of
security threats and response capabilities.

3. Security Exercise (Full-Scale Exercise):

 Frequency: Annually
 Purpose: Conduct a comprehensive security exercise involving multiple agencies and stakeholders to
evaluate the effectiveness of the ship's security plan and response procedures.

General Safety Drills:

1. Medical Emergency Drill:

 Frequency: Quarterly
 Purpose: Practice medical emergency response procedures, including first aid treatment, casualty
evacuation, and coordination with onboard medical personnel.

2. Collision Drill:

 Frequency: Bi-annual
 Purpose: Simulate collision scenarios and practice emergency response procedures, including
damage control, communication with authorities, and passenger safety measures.

3. Storm Preparedness Drill:

 Frequency: Seasonal (e.g., before entering storm-prone areas)

 Purpose: Review storm preparedness procedures, secure loose equipment, reinforce watertight
integrity, and brief crew on emergency response measures for adverse weather conditions.

32 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Q. As a safety officer, list the various responsibilities and duties you are required to fulfil.
Enumerate some proactive measures you will take to enhance safety awareness and compliant
onboard ship.

As a safety officer onboard a ship, my responsibilities and duties would include:

1. Developing Safety Policies and Procedures:

 Establishing and implementing comprehensive safety policies, procedures, and protocols in

accordance with regulatory requirements and industry best practices.

2. Conducting Risk Assessments:

 Identifying potential hazards and conducting risk assessments to evaluate the risks
associated with shipboard operations, equipment, and working environments.

3. Training and Education:

 Providing safety training and education to crew members on various aspects of shipboard
safety, including emergency procedures, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and
safe working practices.

4. Safety Inspections and Audits:

 Conducting regular safety inspections and audits of the vessel, equipment, and facilities to
ensure compliance with safety regulations and identify areas for improvement.

5. Incident Investigation:

 Investigating accidents, incidents, and near misses to determine root causes, contributing
factors, and lessons learned, and implementing corrective actions to prevent recurrence.

6. Emergency Preparedness:

 Developing and maintaining emergency response plans and procedures for various
scenarios, including fire, collision, grounding, and pollution incidents, and conducting
emergency drills and exercises.

7. Safety Equipment and Maintenance:

 Ensuring that safety equipment, including life-saving appliances, fire-fighting equipment,

and personal protective gear, is properly maintained, inspected, and ready for use at all
times.

33 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

8. Promoting Safety Culture:

 Fostering a culture of safety onboard the ship by promoting safety awareness, encouraging
open communication about safety concerns, and recognizing and rewarding safe behavior.

9. Compliance with Regulations:

 Ensuring compliance with relevant maritime regulations, codes, and standards, including
SOLAS, MARPOL, ISM Code, and Flag State requirements, and maintaining documentation
and records as required.

10. Coordination with Authorities:

 Liaising with port authorities, classification societies, and regulatory agencies to ensure
compliance with safety regulations and facilitate inspections and audits.

To enhance safety awareness and compliance onboard the ship, I would take proactive
measures such as:

1. Regular Safety Meetings and Toolbox Talks:

 Conducting regular safety meetings and toolbox talks to discuss safety topics, share lessons
learned from incidents, and reinforce safe working practices.

2. Safety Campaigns and Awareness Programs:

 Organizing safety campaigns and awareness programs to highlight specific safety issues,
promote best practices, and engage crew members in safety initiatives.

3. Training and Drills:

 Providing ongoing training and conducting drills and exercises to enhance crew members'
proficiency in emergency response procedures and improve their readiness to handle
safety-related incidents.

4. Feedback and Reporting Systems:

 Implementing systems for crew members to provide feedback on safety concerns, near
misses, and potential hazards, and establishing mechanisms for reporting and addressing
safety issues promptly.

34 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

5. Safety Incentives and Recognition:

 Implementing safety incentives and recognition programs to reward individuals and teams
for demonstrating exemplary safety practices and contributing to a positive safety culture.
6. Continuous Improvement:
 Encouraging a culture of continuous improvement by regularly reviewing safety
performance, analyzing trends and data, and identifying opportunities for enhancing safety
processes and procedures.
Q. As a ship security officer how will you ensure the security of the vessel.

1. Develop and Implement a Ship Security Plan (SSP):

 Develop a comprehensive Ship Security Plan (SSP) in accordance with the requirements of
the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code.
 The SSP should outline security measures, procedures, and protocols to address various
security threats and vulnerabilities specific to the vessel and its operations.

2. Risk Assessment and Security Threat Analysis:

 Conduct regular risk assessments and security threat analyses to identify potential security
risks and vulnerabilities to the vessel, its crew, passengers, cargo, and facilities.
 Assess the likelihood and potential consequences of security threats such as piracy,
terrorism, stowaways, and unauthorized access.

3. Access Control Measures:

 Implement access control measures to regulate and monitor access to the vessel, restricted
areas, and sensitive facilities onboard.
 Utilize access control systems, identification badges, and visitor screening procedures to
prevent unauthorized individuals from boarding the vessel.

4. Security Personnel and Training:

 Ensure that security personnel are properly trained and qualified to perform their duties
effectively, including awareness of security threats, response procedures, and use of security
equipment.
 Conduct regular security training and drills for crew members to enhance their proficiency
in security-related tasks and emergency response procedures.

35 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

5. Surveillance and Monitoring:

 Utilize surveillance cameras, sensors, and monitoring systems to enhance situational

awareness and detect suspicious activities or security breaches onboard.
 Implement regular patrols and security rounds to visually inspect critical areas of the vessel
and monitor for any signs of security threats or unauthorized access.

6. Security Equipment and Technology:

 Ensure that security equipment and technology onboard the vessel are properly maintained,
tested, and operational, including CCTV cameras, alarm systems, security lighting, and
perimeter fencing.
 Stay abreast of advances in security technology and consider implementing additional
security measures as appropriate to enhance the vessel's security posture.

7. Security Communication and Coordination:

 Maintain effective communication and coordination with relevant authorities, port facilities,
and other vessels to share security-related information, intelligence, and threat assessments.
 Establish procedures for reporting security incidents, suspicious activities, and security
breaches to the appropriate authorities and stakeholders.

8. Emergency Response and Contingency Planning:

 Develop and maintain contingency plans and procedures for responding to security threats,
emergencies, and crisis situations onboard the vessel.
 Conduct regular drills and exercises to test the effectiveness of emergency response
procedures and ensure that crew members are prepared to respond to security incidents
effectively.

Q. What is planned maintenance system on ship and what are its advantages ? Is it mandatory
to have PMS and under which convention?

A Planned Maintenance System (PMS) is a structured program implemented onboard ships to

schedule and manage the maintenance and servicing of machinery, equipment, and systems
according to predetermined intervals or criteria. The primary goal of a PMS is to ensure that
shipboard equipment remains in good working condition, thereby enhancing operational reliability,
safety, and efficiency.

36 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Advantages of a Planned Maintenance System:

1. Improved Equipment Reliability:

 Regular maintenance and servicing help prevent breakdowns, failures, and unplanned
downtime, thereby improving the reliability and availability of shipboard equipment and
systems.

2. Enhanced Safety and Operational Efficiency:

 Well-maintained equipment operates more safely and efficiently, reducing the risk of
accidents, injuries, and operational disruptions during voyages.

3. Cost Savings:

 Proactive maintenance practices can help reduce repair costs, extend equipment lifespan,
and minimize the need for emergency repairs and replacements, resulting in long-term cost
savings.

4. Regulatory Compliance:

 A PMS helps ensure compliance with regulatory requirements, classification society rules,
and industry standards related to equipment maintenance and safety management onboard
ships.

5. Risk Mitigation:

 By identifying and addressing potential equipment failures and deficiencies before they
escalate into major issues, a PMS helps mitigate operational risks and liabilities for
shipowners and operators.

6. Optimized Maintenance Planning:

 Data-driven maintenance planning and analysis enable optimization of maintenance

schedules, resource allocation, and inventory management, leading to improved efficiency
and productivity.

Mandatory Requirement:

 The implementation of a Planned Maintenance System (PMS) is mandatory under the

International Safety Management (ISM) Code, which requires ships to establish and
maintain procedures for the safe operation and maintenance of shipboard equipment and
systems.

37 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Q. Prepare a contingency plan to deal with leakages and spills of dangerous cargoes inside a
hold of a ship.
Contingency Plan for Dealing with Leakages and Spills of Dangerous
Cargoes Inside a Ship's Hold:
Pre-incident Preparation:

1. Risk Assessment and Hazard Identification:

 Conduct regular risk assessments to identify potential hazards associated with dangerous cargoes
and evaluate the likelihood and consequences of leaks or spills inside the ship's hold.

2. Emergency Response Team:

 Designate and train an emergency response team comprising qualified personnel responsible for
managing spill incidents, including the Ship's Master, Chief Officer, Safety Officer, and trained crew
members.

3. Communication and Notification Procedures:

 Establish clear communication and notification procedures to alert relevant authorities, port
authorities, and emergency response agencies in the event of a spill incident, including designated
points of contact and emergency phone numbers.

4. Equipment and Resources:

 Ensure availability and readiness of specialized equipment and resources for spill response and
containment, including absorbent materials, booms, pumps, PPE, and firefighting equipment.

5. Training and Drills:

 Conduct regular training sessions and drills to familiarize crew members with spill response
procedures, equipment operation, and emergency protocols for managing leaks or spills effectively.

Incident Response Procedures:

1. Assessment and Evaluation:

 Immediately assess the extent and severity of the spill incident, including the type of cargo spilled,
volume involved, and potential environmental impact.

2. Containment and Control:

 Implement containment measures to prevent the spread of spilled cargo, such as deploying booms
and barriers to contain floating pollutants and sealing off affected areas to prevent further leakage.

38 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

3. Cleanup and Recovery:

 Initiate cleanup and recovery operations to remove spilled cargo from the ship's hold, using
absorbent materials, pumps, and specialized equipment to recover and contain the spilled material.

4. Disposal and Waste Management:

 Properly dispose of recovered cargo and contaminated materials in accordance with regulatory
requirements and environmental best practices, ensuring safe handling and disposal to minimize
environmental impact.

5. Monitoring and Surveillance:

 Continuously monitor the area affected by the spill for signs of recontamination or environmental
damage, conducting water quality testing and environmental sampling as necessary.

6. Documentation and Reporting:

 Maintain detailed records of the incident, including documentation of response activities, quantities
of spilled cargo, cleanup efforts, and any environmental monitoring data collected.
 Report the incident to relevant authorities, regulatory agencies, and stakeholders as required by
applicable regulations and reporting obligations.

Post-Incident Review and Improvement:

1. Debriefing and Evaluation:

 Conduct a post-incident debriefing session to evaluate the effectiveness of response efforts, identify
lessons learned, and discuss opportunities for improvement in spill response procedures and
contingency planning.

2. Corrective Actions and Recommendations:

 Implement corrective actions and recommendations arising from the post-incident review process,
addressing any deficiencies or shortcomings identified in spill response procedures, training,
equipment, or resources

3. Training and Preparedness Enhancement:

 Provide additional training and preparedness measures to enhance the response capabilities of the
emergency response team and ensure readiness to manage similar incidents in the future.

4. Documentation and Lessons Learned:

 Document lessons learned from the incident response and incorporate them into the ship's contingency plan,
updating procedures, protocols, and response strategies accordingly.

39 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Q. Enumerate the method to carry out situation and risk assessment on board ? Carry
out a risk assessment in proper format for lowering of lifeboats up to embarkation
decks at sea as a part of the routine.

Method to Carry Out Situation and Risk Assessment Onboard:

1. Identify Hazards:

 Identify potential hazards or sources of harm associated with the activity or operation under
consideration. This includes equipment, environmental factors, human factors, and external
influences.

2. Assess Risks:

 Evaluate the likelihood and consequences of each identified hazard, considering factors such as
frequency of exposure, severity of potential harm, and existing control measures.

3. Control Measures:

 Determine existing control measures in place to mitigate or manage identified risks, such as
engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment (PPE).

4. Risk Control Evaluation:

 Assess the effectiveness of existing control measures in reducing the identified risks to an
acceptable level. Identify any gaps or deficiencies in risk control measures.

5. Risk Prioritization:

 Prioritize risks based on their significance, considering factors such as severity, likelihood, and
potential consequences. Focus on addressing high-priority risks with immediate action.

6. Implement Risk Controls:

 Implement additional risk control measures as necessary to further reduce or eliminate identified
hazards and risks. This may include implementing new procedures, enhancing training, or upgrading
equipment.

7. Monitor and Review:

 Continuously monitor and review the effectiveness of risk control measures to ensure they remain
adequate and effective over time. Adjustments may be needed based on changing circumstances or
new information.

40 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Risk Assessment for Lowering of Lifeboats up to Embarkation Decks

at Sea:
Activity: Lowering of Lifeboats at Sea

Hazards Identified:

Risk
Hazard Likelihood Consequence Level Existing Controls Additional Controls Needed

Weather monitoring, Enhanced weather monitoring,

High wind and restricted operations in consideration of operational
sea conditions Moderate Major High adverse conditions limitations

Additional lookout,
Swinging or Clear communication, proper implementation of swing
collision Low Major Medium lookout prevention measures

Mechanical Regular maintenance, pre- Enhanced maintenance checks,

failure Low Major Medium deployment checks redundant safety mechanisms

Crew Enhanced training and

competency Low Moderate Medium Training and drills competency assessment

Equipment Enhanced inspection and

maintenance Low Moderate Medium Planned maintenance system maintenance schedule

1. High wind and sea conditions

2. Potential for swinging or collision with ship's structure
3. Mechanical failure of lowering mechanism
4. Inadequate training or competency of crew members
5. Improper maintenance of lifeboat and equipment

Risk Assessment:

Conclusion:

The risk assessment identifies several hazards associated with lowering lifeboats at sea, with
varying likelihoods and consequences. While existing controls mitigate some risks,
additional measures are needed to further reduce risks to an acceptable level. Enhanced
weather monitoring, training, maintenance, and operational limitations are recommended
to improve safety during this activity. Regular monitoring and review of risk controls are
essential to ensure ongoing effectiveness.

41 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Q. With the help of a suitable sketch enumerate the operating principle and maintenance
requirements of smoke detection system fitted in cargo holds.

Operating Principle of Smoke Detection System:

A smoke detection system in cargo holds typically consists of smoke detectors strategically
placed throughout the hold area. These detectors are usually optical or ionization type
sensors designed to detect the presence of smoke particles in the air.

1. Placement of Detectors:

 Detectors are installed at various locations within the cargo hold, considering factors such
as airflow patterns, potential fire sources, and obstruction-free coverage.

2. Detection Technology:

 Optical smoke detectors use a light source and photodetector to detect changes in light
intensity caused by smoke particles scattering light.
 Ionization smoke detectors use a small radioactive source to ionize air molecules, and when
smoke particles enter the detector, they disrupt the ionization process, triggering an alarm.

3. Alarm Activation:

 When smoke is detected by the sensors, the system activates an alarm, typically audible and
visual, to alert personnel onboard of a potential fire hazard.

42 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

4. Monitoring and Control:

 The smoke detection system is usually integrated into the ship's overall fire detection and
alarm system, allowing for centralized monitoring and control from the bridge or fire
control station.

Maintenance Requirements:

Proper maintenance of the smoke detection system is essential to ensure its reliability and
effectiveness in detecting and alerting personnel to potential fire hazards. Here are some
key maintenance requirements:

1. Regular Inspection:

 Conduct regular visual inspections of smoke detectors to ensure they are free from dust,
dirt, or other obstructions that may impair their operation.

2. Functional Testing:

 Perform functional testing of smoke detectors according to manufacturer recommendations

and regulatory requirements, typically through manual or automatic test procedures.

3. Cleaning and Calibration:

 Clean and calibrate smoke detectors as recommended by the manufacturer to ensure

accurate and reliable operation. This may involve using compressed air to remove debris
and adjusting sensitivity settings as needed.

4. Battery Replacement:

 If smoke detectors are battery-powered, replace batteries at recommended intervals to

ensure continuous operation during power outages or emergencies.

5. Documentation and Record-Keeping:

 Maintain detailed records of maintenance activities, including inspection dates, test results,
cleaning procedures, and any corrective actions taken.

43 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Q. Describe the onboard test procedure and interval for automatic sprinkler
system and hypermist water spray system.

Automatic Sprinkler System:

Test Procedure:
1. Visual Inspection:
 Conduct a visual inspection of all sprinkler heads and piping to ensure they are free from
obstructions, damage, or corrosion.
2. Functional Testing:
 Activate the system's control panel or test valve to simulate a fire condition and verify that water
flows through each sprinkler head as intended.
 Check for proper operation of alarm indicators, pressure gauges, and flow switches to ensure the
system is functioning correctly.
3. Water Flow Test:
 Measure and record the flow rate of water discharged from a sample sprinkler head to confirm that
it meets the design specifications.
4. Reset and Restoration:
 Reset the control panel or test valve to its normal operating position and restore the system to its
standby condition.
5. Documentation:
 Document the results of the test, including any observations or issues encountered, and maintain
records for regulatory compliance.

Interval:

 Automatic sprinkler systems are typically tested and inspected on a regular basis, with intervals
specified by regulatory requirements, classification societies, and manufacturer recommendations.
 Common intervals for testing may include quarterly, semi-annually, or annually, depending on
factors such as system complexity, vessel type, and operating conditions.

Hypermist Water Spray System:

Test Procedure:
1. Visual Inspection:
 Inspect all components of the hypermist water spray system, including nozzles, pipework, pumps,
and control valves, for signs of damage, corrosion, or leaks.
2. Functional Testing:
 Activate the system's control panel or test valve to initiate a test sequence and ensure that water is
discharged from all spray nozzles as intended.

44 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Monitor system pressure, flow rates, and activation times to verify that the system responds
promptly and effectively to simulated fire conditions.
3. System Integrity Check:
 Verify that all components of the system, including pumps, valves, and piping, are functioning
properly and that there are no leaks or blockages in the system.
4. Reset and Restoration:
 Reset the control panel or test valve to its normal operating position and restore the system to
readiness for further testing or emergency use.
5. Documentation:
 Record the results of the test, noting any discrepancies or issues identified during testing, and
maintain accurate records for compliance purposes.

Interval:

 The testing and inspection interval for hypermist water spray systems are determined by regulatory
requirements, classification society rules, and manufacturer recommendations.
 Typical intervals for testing may range from quarterly to annually, depending on system complexity,
vessel type, and operational considerations.
Q. List out some barriers to effective communication onboard ship. Explain with
onboard ship situation.

Barriers to effective communication onboard ships can hinder the flow of information and
coordination among crew members, potentially leading to misunderstandings, errors, and
safety hazards. Here are some common barriers to communication, along with explanations
using onboard ship situations:

Barriers to Effective Communication:

1. Language Barriers:

 Different native languages spoken by crew members can lead to misunderstandings and
misinterpretations of instructions or messages.
 Onboard Ship Situation: In an emergency situation, crew members from diverse linguistic
backgrounds may struggle to understand emergency instructions given in a common
language, leading to delays or incorrect responses.

2. Noise and Distractions:

 Loud machinery, equipment operation, and environmental noise onboard can interfere with
verbal communication and make it difficult for crew members to hear and understand each
other.

45 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Onboard Ship Situation: During cargo loading or unloading operations, noise from
machinery and equipment can make it challenging for the bridge team to communicate
effectively with the deck crew, increasing the risk of accidents or injuries.

3. Hierarchical Structure:

 Formal hierarchical structures and cultural norms onboard ships may inhibit open
communication and discourage lower-ranked crew members from speaking up or
expressing concerns to higher-ranking officers.
 Onboard Ship Situation: A junior officer noticing a potential safety hazard may hesitate to
report it to the captain or senior officers due to fear of reprimand or perceived lack of
authority, leading to missed opportunities for risk mitigation.

4. Physical Barriers:

 Limited visibility, confined spaces, and physical obstacles onboard ships can impede face-
to-face communication and hinder the transmission of messages between crew members.
 Onboard Ship Situation: Crew members working in different compartments or areas of the
ship may rely on radios or intercom systems to communicate, but these methods may be
ineffective if signal reception is poor or obstructed by structural barriers.

5. Cultural Differences:

 Varied cultural backgrounds and communication styles among crew members can result in
miscommunication, misunderstandings, and conflicts arising from differences in norms,
values, and expectations.
 Onboard Ship Situation: During team meetings or briefings, cultural differences in
communication styles (e.g., direct vs. indirect communication) may lead to confusion or
tension among crew members, impacting teamwork and decision-making.

6. Technological Limitations:

 Inadequate communication equipment, outdated technology, or malfunctioning

communication systems onboard ships can disrupt communication channels and hinder the
timely exchange of information.
 Onboard Ship Situation: A breakdown in the ship's communication system during an
emergency may delay distress calls or requests for assistance, hampering the ship's ability
to receive timely support from shore-based authorities or nearby vessels.

46 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Q. What is personal power and positional power? Explain how will you as a chief officer of a sgip,
motivate your crew keeping a balance between the two?

Personal power and positional power are two distinct forms of influence and authority
within an organization like a ship's crew:

1. Personal Power:

 Personal power originates from an individual's personal attributes, characteristics, expertise,

and relationships. It's not tied to a formal position but rather to the individual's qualities
and actions.
 Examples of personal power include charisma, expertise, communication skills, empathy,
and the ability to build rapport and trust with others.
 Personal power is based on respect, admiration, and influence earned through one's actions
and interpersonal relationships.

2. Positional Power:

 Positional power stems from an individual's formal position or role within the organizational
hierarchy. It is the authority and influence granted by virtue of the person's position.
 Examples of positional power include titles such as captain, chief officer, department head,
or supervisor, along with the associated rights, responsibilities, and decision-making
authority.
 Positional power is based on the authority vested in a specific role or position within the
organization's structure.

Motivating Crew as a Chief Officer:

As a chief officer, motivating the crew involves leveraging both personal power and
positional power effectively. Here's how to balance the two:

1. Leverage Personal Power:

 Build strong interpersonal relationships with the crew based on trust, respect, and empathy.
Take the time to understand their individual needs, concerns, and aspirations.
 Lead by example by demonstrating qualities such as integrity, professionalism, and
dedication to duty. Show genuine interest in the well-being and development of each crew
member.
 Provide mentorship and support to crew members, offering guidance, feedback, and
encouragement to help them grow personally and professionally.

47 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Recognize and celebrate the achievements and contributions of the crew publicly,
reinforcing a culture of appreciation and camaraderie onboard.

2. Utilize Positional Power:

 Clearly communicate the ship's goals, objectives, and expectations to the crew, aligning
their efforts with the broader organizational mission and vision.
 Set clear performance standards and expectations for the crew, providing direction and
guidance on tasks, responsibilities, and priorities.
 Delegate authority and empower crew members to take ownership of their roles and
responsibilities, giving them autonomy and accountability to make decisions within their
areas of expertise.
 Ensure fairness and consistency in decision-making processes, treating all crew members
with respect and impartiality.

3. Balance and Integration:

 Recognize that personal power and positional power are complementary and can reinforce
each other when used in harmony.
 Foster a collaborative and inclusive environment where crew members feel valued,
empowered, and motivated to contribute their best efforts.
 Lead with humility and humility, acknowledging that leadership is not about wielding
authority but about serving the needs of the team and facilitating their success.
 Continuously seek feedback from the crew and be open to learning and adapting your
leadership approach to meet their evolving needs and expectations.

By striking a balance between personal power and positional power, I would aim to create a
supportive and motivating environment onboard, where crew members feel empowered,
engaged, and inspired to excel in their roles and contribute to the overall success of the
ship's mission.

Q. What are the guidelines given in the STCW code regarding on board training for
cadets.

The STCW (Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers) Code
provides guidelines for on-board training for cadets to ensure they receive practical
experience and training that complements their theoretical education. Here are some of the
key guidelines outlined in the STCW Code regarding on-board training for cadets:

48 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

1. Structured Training Program:

 Cadets should participate in a structured training program that is approved by the

competent authority and is designed to provide them with the necessary skills, knowledge,
and experience required for their future careers as seafarers.

2. Rotation System:

 Cadets should be given the opportunity to gain experience across different departments
and functions of the ship through a rotation system. This allows them to develop a broad
understanding of shipboard operations and acquire practical skills in various areas.

3. Supervised Training:

 Cadets should undergo supervised training under the guidance of experienced and
qualified seafarers who can mentor and provide them with hands-on training in real-life
situations.

4. Competency-Based Training:

 Training for cadets should be competency-based, focusing on developing specific skills and
competencies required for their future roles as officers or ratings. This includes navigation,
engineering, safety procedures, emergency response, and other essential areas.

5. Documentation and Assessment:

 Progress and performance of cadets during on-board training should be documented and
assessed regularly to ensure that they are meeting the required standards and making
satisfactory progress towards obtaining their qualifications.

6. Integration with Formal Education:

 On-board training for cadets should be integrated with their formal education and shore-
based training programs to ensure continuity and coherence in their learning and
development.

7. Safety and Welfare:

 Measures should be in place to ensure the safety and welfare of cadets during on-board
training, including adequate supervision, provision of appropriate personal protective
equipment (PPE), and adherence to safety procedures and regulations.

49 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

8. Cultural Sensitivity and Diversity:

 Cadets should be exposed to diverse cultural environments and working conditions

onboard to promote understanding, tolerance, and respect for cultural differences among
crew members.
Q. How will you ensure the rest hours requirements for watch keepers and other crew
members being complied with as per STCW 2010 and MLC 2006 ?

Ensuring compliance with rest hours requirements for watchkeepers and other crew
members as per STCW 2010 (Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for
Seafarers) and MLC 2006 (Maritime Labour Convention) is essential for promoting safety,
preventing fatigue-related incidents, and protecting the well-being of seafarers. Here's how
I would ensure compliance:

1. Understanding Regulations: Familiarize myself and the crew with the rest hours
requirements outlined in STCW 2010 and MLC 2006, including maximum hours of work,
minimum hours of rest, and rest period exceptions.

2. Establishing Policies and Procedures: Develop and implement clear policies and
procedures onboard that align with STCW and MLC regulations regarding rest hours. Ensure
all crew members are aware of these policies and their obligations to comply with them.

3. Monitoring and Record-Keeping: Regularly monitor and record crew working hours, rest
periods, and rest hour exceptions to ensure compliance with regulations. Utilize electronic
logging systems or manual logbooks to accurately document crew schedules and rest
hours.

4. Training and Awareness: Provide training to crew members on the importance of

adequate rest, the risks associated with fatigue, and strategies for managing fatigue
effectively. Promote a culture of awareness and accountability regarding rest hours
compliance.

5. Rotation and Scheduling: Implement watchkeeping schedules and duty rotations that
allow for adequate rest periods between shifts. Consider factors such as workload, voyage
duration, and operational demands when scheduling crew duties.

6. Risk Assessment and Mitigation: Conduct regular risk assessments to identify potential
fatigue-related hazards and implement measures to mitigate these risks. Adjust crew
schedules or duties as needed to address any identified concerns.

7. Communication and Reporting: Encourage open communication among crew members

regarding rest hours concerns or fatigue-related issues. Establish procedures for reporting
violations or instances of non-compliance with rest hours regulations.

50 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

8. Auditing and Review: Conduct periodic audits and reviews of rest hours records to assess
compliance with regulations and identify areas for improvement. Use feedback from audits
to refine policies, procedures, and training programs as necessary.

9. Collaboration with Authorities: Work collaboratively with flag state authorities, port state
control, and relevant regulatory bodies to ensure adherence to STCW and MLC regulations
regarding rest hours. Seek guidance and support as needed to address any compliance
challenges.

PAPER- 3

Q. What are the LSA Code requirements regarding marking of inflatable lifeboat and life-
rafts?

1. Nameplate or Label:

 Each inflatable lifeboat and life raft must be marked with a durable nameplate or label
securely affixed to the structure. This nameplate should contain essential information about
the equipment, including:
 Manufacturer's name or identification
 Model or type designation
 Serial number or unique identifier
 Date of manufacture
 Capacity (number of persons or total weight capacity)

2. Emergency Instructions:

 The nameplate or label should include clear and legible emergency instructions for
launching, boarding, and operating the inflatable lifeboat or life raft. This may include
diagrams or illustrations demonstrating proper procedures for inflation, deployment, and
use during emergencies.

3. Service and Inspection Information:

 Information regarding the service history, inspection schedule, and maintenance

requirements for the inflatable lifeboat or life raft should be provided on the nameplate or
label. This may include:
 Date of last inspection and service
 Next inspection due date
 Recommended service intervals

51 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Authorized service providers or facilities

4. Compliance with Standards:

 The nameplate or label should indicate compliance with applicable standards and
regulations, such as the requirements of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and
the SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea) Convention.

5. Visibility and Durability:

 The nameplate or label must be clearly visible and legible under normal lighting conditions
and must remain durable and intact throughout the service life of the inflatable lifeboat or
life raft. It should be resistant to corrosion, fading, and damage from environmental factors.

6. Location of Marking:

 The nameplate or label should be located in a prominent and easily accessible position on
the inflatable lifeboat or life raft, where it can be readily inspected by crew members and
regulatory authorities during routine inspections or emergency situations.

Q. Briefly discuss weekly and monthly inspection routine of lifeboat and liferafts.

Weekly Inspection Routine:

1. Visual Inspection:

 Check the exterior condition of the lifeboat or liferaft, including hull integrity, buoyancy
tubes (if applicable), and inflation chambers.
 Inspect for any signs of damage, wear, or deterioration, such as tears, punctures, or
abrasions.
 Verify the condition of securing arrangements, lashings, and painter lines.

2. Operational Checks:

 Test the release and retrieval system of the lifeboat or liferaft, ensuring that all mechanisms
operate smoothly and correctly.
 Check the condition and operation of launching equipment, such as davits, winches, and
hooks.
 Verify the functionality of safety devices, including hydrostatic releases, painter lines, and
inflation systems.

52 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

3. Equipment Inspection:

 Inspect the contents of the lifeboat or liferaft equipment pack, ensuring that all required
items are present, properly stowed, and in good condition.
 Check the condition and expiration dates of emergency supplies, such as food rations,
water, first aid kits, and signaling devices.

4. Documentation:

 Record the results of the weekly inspection in the ship's logbook or maintenance records,
documenting any findings, deficiencies, or corrective actions taken.
 Sign and date the inspection report, indicating that the inspection has been completed.

Monthly Inspection Routine:

1. Functional Testing:

 Conduct functional tests of critical systems and equipment, such as inflation systems,
automatic release mechanisms, and battery-operated lights or beacons.
 Verify the operation of onboard communication devices, such as VHF radios or satellite
phones.

2. Safety Equipment Inspection:

 Inspect and test the operation of lifeboat or liferaft safety equipment, including life jackets,
immersion suits, thermal protective aids, and pyrotechnic distress signals.
 Check the condition and integrity of lifeboat or liferaft canopy or cover, ensuring it is free
from tears, holes, or degradation.

3. Emergency Procedures Drill:

 Conduct a simulated launching and boarding drill to ensure crew familiarity with emergency
procedures and proper use of lifeboat or liferaft equipment.
 Practice deploying and boarding the lifeboat or liferaft from both shipboard and
waterborne positions.

4. Documentation and Reporting:

 Document the results of the monthly inspection, including any findings, deficiencies, or
corrective actions taken, in the ship's logbook or maintenance records.
 Ensure that all inspection reports are signed and dated, with appropriate records maintained for regulatory compliance
and audit purposes.

53 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Q. What are the contents of a work permit onboard ship ?

A work permit onboard ship typically contains essential information and authorizations
required before commencing specific tasks or activities that may pose safety hazards or
impact ship operations. The contents of a work permit may vary depending on the nature of
the work and the policies of the shipping company, but generally include the following key
elements:

1. Work Description:

 A detailed description of the work to be performed, including the scope, location, and
duration of the task.

2. Hazard Identification:

 Identification of potential hazards associated with the work, such as confined spaces, hot
work, electrical work, lifting operations, or work at height.

3. Risk Assessment:

 Assessment of the risks involved in the work, including potential consequences and
likelihood of occurrence, to determine appropriate control measures.

4. Safety Precautions:

 Specific safety precautions and measures to be implemented to mitigate identified risks and
ensure the safety of personnel and the ship.

5. Permit Issuer and Authorizations:

 Name and signature of the person issuing the permit, along with any required
authorizations or approvals from relevant authorities or supervisors.

6. Work Crew and Responsibilities:

 List of personnel authorized to carry out the work, including their roles, responsibilities, and
qualifications.

7. Equipment and Tools:

 Identification of equipment, tools, and materials required for the work, along with any
special instructions or precautions for their use.

54 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

8. Communication Procedures:

 Procedures for communicating with other crew members, supervisors, or control centers
during the work, including emergency contact information.

9. Emergency Procedures:

 Emergency procedures to be followed in case of incidents, accidents, or unforeseen events

during the work, including evacuation procedures and emergency response protocols.

10. Completion and Sign-off:

 Verification that all necessary preparations, safety measures, and inspections have been
completed before commencing the work.
 Signatures of personnel involved in issuing, authorizing, and carrying out the work,
indicating their acknowledgement and acceptance of the permit conditions.

By documenting and following the contents of a work permit, ship operators can ensure
that work activities are conducted safely, efficiently, and in compliance with relevant
regulations and industry best practices, minimizing risks to personnel, the ship, and the
environment.

Q. Prepare a check list for enclosed space entry and explain importance of same onboard ship.

Enclosed Space Entry Checklist:

1. Pre-Entry Checks:

 Verify that entry into the enclosed space is necessary and authorized.
 Confirm that all required permits and authorizations have been obtained.
 Check that the space has been properly ventilated and tested for atmospheric hazards.
 Ensure that appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) is available and in good condition.

2. Communication Equipment:

 Ensure that reliable communication equipment, such as radios or portable phones, is available and
functioning.
 Verify that communication procedures have been established, including designated personnel to
maintain contact with entrants.

55 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

3. Gas Detection Equipment:

 Inspect gas detection equipment to ensure it is calibrated, functioning correctly, and suitable for
detecting atmospheric hazards in the enclosed space.
 Check that gas detectors are properly positioned to provide accurate readings.

4. Ventilation Systems:

 Test ventilation systems to ensure they are operational and capable of maintaining safe atmospheric
conditions within the enclosed space.
 Verify that ventilation ducts are clear and unobstructed.

5. Emergency Equipment:

 Confirm that emergency equipment, such as breathing apparatus, rescue harnesses, lifelines, and first
aid kits, is readily accessible and in good working order.
 Ensure that personnel are trained in the proper use of emergency equipment and procedures.

6. Entry Procedures:

 Review entry procedures with all personnel involved, including entry and standby personnel.
 Establish communication and emergency response protocols, including signals for entry, evacuation,
and rescue.

7. Monitoring and Surveillance:

 Assign dedicated personnel to monitor the entry process and continuously observe conditions inside
the enclosed space.
 Implement a system for periodic checks and updates on the status of personnel working in the
enclosed space.

8. Entry Permit:

 Issue a formal entry permit specifying the authorized personnel, entry conditions, and duration of
work.
 Ensure that all personnel involved in the entry process are familiar with the permit requirements and
conditions.

9. Post-Entry Checks:

 Conduct post-entry checks to verify that work has been completed, and all personnel have safely
exited the enclosed space.
 Inspect the space for any signs of damage, leaks, or residual hazards before closing and securing
access points.

56 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

10. Documentation and Reporting:

 Document all entry activities, including pre-entry checks, atmospheric testing results, entry permits,
and post-entry checks.
 Report any incidents, near misses, or deviations from procedures to the appropriate authorities for
investigation and corrective action.

Importance of Enclosed Space Entry Checklist:

 Safety Assurance: The checklist ensures that all necessary precautions and safety measures are in
place before entering enclosed spaces, reducing the risk of accidents, injuries, or fatalities.
 Compliance: It helps ensure compliance with regulatory requirements and industry best practices for
enclosed space entry procedures.
 Risk Management: By systematically assessing hazards and implementing control measures, the
checklist helps mitigate the risks associated with working in confined and potentially hazardous
environments.
 Communication and Coordination: The checklist facilitates effective communication and
coordination among personnel involved in the entry process, ensuring clear roles, responsibilities,
and procedures are established.
 Documentation and Accountability: Proper documentation of entry activities and conditions
provides a record of compliance, accountability, and lessons learned for future reference and
improvement.
 Emergency Preparedness: The checklist includes provisions for emergency response, equipment
availability, and communication protocols, enhancing preparedness for unforeseen incidents or
emergencies during enclosed space entry operations.

By adhering to an enclosed space entry checklist, ship operators can enhance safety, mitigate risks,
and ensure compliance with regulations, promoting a safe working environment for crew members
onboard ships.

Q. List out maintenance requirements for lifting appliances over a period of 5 years
onboard ship.

Year 1:

1. Visual Inspection:

 Conduct a thorough visual inspection of all lifting appliances, including cranes, winches,
hoists, and davits.
 Inspect for signs of corrosion, wear, damage, or deformation in structural components.
 Check for proper alignment, lubrication, and operation of moving parts.

57 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

2. Functional Testing:

 Perform functional testing of lifting appliances to verify proper operation and load-bearing
capacity.
 Test safety devices, limit switches, brakes, and emergency stop mechanisms.
 Conduct load tests as per regulatory requirements and manufacturer recommendations.

3. Hydraulic System Maintenance:

 Inspect hydraulic systems for leaks, damage, or contamination.

 Check hydraulic fluid levels, filters, hoses, and seals for signs of wear or deterioration.
 Flush and replace hydraulic fluid if necessary and perform system pressure tests.

4. Electrical System Inspection:

 Inspect electrical components, wiring, connectors, and control panels for signs of damage,
corrosion, or loose connections.
 Test electrical circuits, switches, relays, and overload protection devices.
 Ensure proper grounding and insulation integrity.

5. Safety Device Calibration:

 Calibrate safety devices such as overload indicators, load cells, and anti-collision systems to
ensure accurate operation.
 Verify settings and adjustments for compliance with regulatory requirements and
manufacturer specifications.

Year 2-4 (Annual Inspections):

1. Repeat Visual Inspection:

 Conduct annual visual inspections of lifting appliances to identify any changes or

deterioration since the previous inspection.
 Address any issues or discrepancies found during inspections promptly.

2. Routine Maintenance:

 Perform routine maintenance tasks such as lubrication of moving parts, cleaning of

components, and adjustment of tension or alignment as needed.
 Replace worn or damaged parts, including cables, ropes, sheaves, bearings, and bushings.

58 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

3. Load Testing:

 Repeat load testing of lifting appliances annually to verify continued compliance with load-
bearing capacity requirements.
 Document load test results and compare them to previous tests for trend analysis and
assessment of equipment degradation.

4. Documentation and Record-Keeping:

 Maintain comprehensive records of all maintenance activities, inspections, tests, and repairs
performed on lifting appliances.
 Ensure that records are up-to-date, accurate, and readily accessible for regulatory
compliance and audit purposes.

Year 5:

1. Major Overhaul or Refurbishment:

 Plan and schedule a major overhaul or refurbishment of lifting appliances as needed based
on equipment condition, usage, and manufacturer recommendations.
 Disassemble, inspect, and overhaul critical components such as gearboxes, bearings,
hydraulic cylinders, and wire ropes.
 Perform non-destructive testing (NDT) and structural inspections of load-bearing
components to assess integrity and fatigue.

2. Certification Renewal:

 Renew certification and classification of lifting appliances with relevant authorities or

classification societies after completion of major overhaul or refurbishment.
 Ensure compliance with regulatory requirements and standards for continued operation of
lifting appliances onboard ships.
Q. Prepare a maintenance schedule of hydraulic hatch covers onboard ship.

Daily Maintenance:

1. Visual Inspection:
 Check hydraulic hoses, fittings, and cylinders for leaks, damage, or corrosion.
 Ensure proper alignment and operation of hydraulic mechanisms.
 Verify that hatch covers are securely closed and latched.

59 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Weekly Maintenance:

1. Operational Checks:

 Operate hydraulic cargo hold hatch covers through full cycles to check for smooth and
uniform operation.
 Listen for unusual noises or vibrations during operation.
 Verify that controls and safety devices are functioning properly.

2. Lubrication:

 Apply lubricant to hydraulic cylinders, hinges, and moving parts as recommended by the
manufacturer.
 Ensure adequate lubrication to prevent friction and wear.

Monthly Maintenance:

1. Cleaning and Inspection:

 Clean hydraulic components, including cylinders, hoses, and valves, to remove dirt and
debris.
 Inspect hydraulic hoses and fittings for signs of wear, cracks, or leaks.
 Check hydraulic fluid levels and condition, and top up or replace as necessary.
 Inspect seals and gaskets for wear or damage, and replace if needed.

Quarterly Maintenance:

1. Pressure Testing:

 Conduct pressure testing of hydraulic systems to ensure integrity and performance.

 Check for leaks and pressure drops during testing, and repair as necessary.
 Verify that pressure relief valves are operating correctly.

2. Functional Testing:

 Test emergency release mechanisms and safety interlocks to ensure they function as
intended.
 Verify operation of alarm systems and warning indicators.

60 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Semi-Annual Maintenance:

1. Component Inspection:

 Inspect hydraulic pumps, motors, and valves for signs of wear or damage.
 Check for corrosion or deterioration on hydraulic cylinders and structural components.
 Test hydraulic filters and replace if clogged or contaminated.

2. Alignment Check:

 Check alignment of hydraulic cylinders and hatch covers to ensure proper sealing and
operation.
 Adjust as necessary to maintain alignment and prevent binding.

Annual Maintenance:

1. Full Inspection:

 Perform a comprehensive inspection of all hydraulic cargo hold hatch cover components,
including structural elements, hydraulic systems, and controls.
 Conduct non-destructive testing (NDT) of critical components as required.
 Inspect electrical connections and wiring for signs of damage or deterioration.

2. Overhaul and Maintenance:

 Overhaul hydraulic cylinders, pumps, and motors as per manufacturer's recommendations.

 Replace worn or damaged hydraulic hoses, fittings, and seals.
 Clean and flush hydraulic systems, and replace hydraulic fluid as needed.

3. Documentation:

 Maintain detailed records of all maintenance activities, inspections, and repairs performed
on hydraulic cargo hold hatch covers.
 Keep records up-to-date and accessible for regulatory compliance and audit purposes.

61 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Q. Explain the working of CO2 systems onboard a ship ?

Fixed CO2 (carbon dioxide) fire suppression systems are commonly used onboard
ships to extinguish fires in enclosed spaces such as machinery rooms, cargo
holds, and engine rooms. Here's how these systems typically work:

1. Detection and Activation:

 Fixed CO2 systems are usually activated automatically upon detection of a fire by
heat or flame detectors installed in protected spaces.
 When a fire is detected, the system initiates an alarm to alert personnel and
activates the release of CO2 into the protected space.

2. CO2 Storage and Distribution:

 CO2 is stored in high-pressure cylinders or bulk storage tanks located in

designated areas onboard the ship.
 These storage containers are securely mounted and equipped with pressure
gauges and valves to control the flow of CO2.
 The storage containers are connected to a network of distribution piping or hoses
that deliver the CO2 to discharge nozzles strategically located throughout the
protected space.

3. Discharge and Suppression:

 Upon activation, valves controlling the flow of CO2 are opened, allowing the
pressurized CO2 to flow through the distribution piping to the discharge nozzles.
 The released CO2 floods the protected space, displacing oxygen and reducing the
concentration of oxygen below the level required to sustain combustion.
 The rapid displacement of oxygen suffocates the fire, effectively extinguishing it
within seconds.

4. Monitoring and Safety:

 During discharge, the system may be equipped with pressure gauges, flow
meters, or other monitoring devices to ensure proper operation and distribution
of CO2.

62 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Safety interlocks and alarms are incorporated into the system to prevent
accidental discharge and to provide warnings to personnel before CO2 release.

5. Post-Fire Ventilation:

 After the fire has been extinguished, the space should be ventilated to remove
any remaining CO2 and restore normal oxygen levels.
 Proper ventilation helps prevent asphyxiation and allows for safe entry into the
space for inspection, repair, or maintenance.

6. Maintenance and Inspection:

 Fixed CO2 fire suppression systems require regular maintenance, inspection, and
testing to ensure their readiness and effectiveness.
 This includes routine checks of system components, pressure testing of cylinders,
and functional testing of detection and release mechanisms.

Fixed CO2 systems provide an effective means of extinguishing fires in enclosed

spaces onboard ships, helping to protect personnel, equipment, and the vessel
from the devastating effects of fire. Proper installation, maintenance, and
operation of these systems are essential to ensuring their reliability and
performance in emergency situations.

63 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Q. Prepare a emergency muster list for crew of 21 of a cargo ship. Ensure all the information
shown as per SOLAS.

Emergency Muster List

Vessel Name: [Insert Vessel Name]

Date: [Insert Date]

Total Number of Crew: 21

Muster Station Locations:

1. Bridge (Master and Officers)

 Location: Bridge Deck

 Responsibilities: Coordination of emergency response, communication with crew, and vessel
operations.

2. Engine Control Room (Engineers)

 Location: Engine Room

 Responsibilities: Monitoring and controlling engine operations, machinery, and propulsion
systems.

3. Lifeboat 1 (Port Side)

 Location: Port Side, Aft

 Responsibilities: Launching and boarding of lifeboat, ensuring safety of occupants.

4. Lifeboat 2 (Starboard Side)

 Location: Starboard Side, Aft

 Responsibilities: Launching and boarding of lifeboat, ensuring safety of occupants.

5. Lifeboat 3 (Aft)

 Location: Aft, Centerline

 Responsibilities: Launching and boarding of lifeboat, ensuring safety of occupants.

64 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

6. Lifeboat 4 (Forward)

 Location: Forward, Centerline

 Responsibilities: Launching and boarding of lifeboat, ensuring safety of occupants.

Muster Responsibilities:

 All crew members are required to proceed immediately to their assigned muster stations
upon hearing the emergency alarm.
 Crew members must report to their designated muster station with their assigned life jacket
and immersion suit.
 Upon arrival at muster stations, crew members must check in with muster station leaders
and await further instructions.
 Muster station leaders are responsible for conducting head counts, ensuring all crew
members are present, and reporting any missing persons to the Bridge.
 Crew members should remain calm, follow instructions from muster station leaders and
officers, and assist in emergency response as directed.

Emergency Contact Information:

 Master: [Insert Master's Name] - Bridge

 Chief Engineer: [Insert Chief Engineer's Name] - Engine Control Room
 Chief Officer: [Insert Chief Officer's Name] - Lifeboat 1 (Port Side)
 Second Officer: [Insert Second Officer's Name] - Lifeboat 2 (Starboard Side)
 Third Officer: [Insert Third Officer's Name] - Lifeboat 3 (Aft)
 Fourth Officer: [Insert Fourth Officer's Name] - Lifeboat 4 (Forward)

Additional Instructions:

 Crew members should familiarize themselves with the location of emergency equipment,
escape routes, and muster stations during regular drills and training sessions.
 It is essential to maintain communication and cooperation among crew members and
officers during emergency situations to ensure a swift and effective response.
 Crew members should report any safety concerns, hazards, or maintenance issues to their
immediate supervisors or the vessel's Safety Officer

65 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Q. As a chief officer of a container ship how will you prepare a training schedule for a new junior
deck officer.

1. Orientation Phase (First Week):

 Introduction to the vessel: Familiarize the junior deck officer with the layout, compartments,
and key areas of the ship.
 Safety briefing: Provide a comprehensive safety briefing covering emergency procedures,
muster stations, firefighting equipment, life-saving appliances, and personal protective
equipment (PPE).
 Introduction to bridge equipment: Familiarize the junior deck officer with the navigation
and communication equipment on the bridge, including radars, GPS, ECDIS, VHF radios, and
AIS.

2. Ship Operations Training (Second Week):

 Watchkeeping duties: Train the junior deck officer in watchkeeping responsibilities,

including navigation, collision avoidance, and maintaining the ship's logbook.
 Cargo operations: Provide training on container handling operations, including stowage,
lashing, and securing of cargo. Emphasize safety procedures and proper use of lifting
equipment.
 Mooring and unmooring: Teach proper techniques for mooring and unmooring the vessel,
including handling of mooring lines, winches, and capstans.

3. Navigation and Seamanship Skills (Third Week):

 Chartwork and navigation: Provide instruction on chart reading, plotting courses, and using
navigational aids. Conduct practical exercises to develop navigation skills.
 Seamanship skills: Train the junior deck officer in basic seamanship tasks such as rope work,
knot tying, splicing, and use of deck equipment.

4. Emergency Response Training (Fourth Week):

 Firefighting training: Conduct hands-on firefighting drills, including use of firefighting

equipment, fire extinguishers, hoses, and firefighting teams.
 Abandon ship procedures: Train the junior deck officer in abandon ship procedures,
including donning immersion suits, life jackets, and boarding lifeboats or liferafts.

66 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

5. On-the-Job Training (Ongoing):

 Assignments and projects: Provide the junior deck officer with opportunities to apply their
training and skills in real-world scenarios. Assign tasks related to navigation, cargo
operations, and ship handling under supervision.
 Mentorship: Pair the junior deck officer with experienced officers for mentorship and
guidance. Encourage open communication and feedback to facilitate learning and
development.

6. Continuing Education and Development:

 Encourage the junior deck officer to pursue further education and certifications relevant to
their career goals, such as additional STCW endorsements or specialized training courses.
 Conduct regular performance reviews and feedback sessions to identify areas for
improvement and set goals for professional development.

PAPER- 4

With reference to LSA code, enumerate the requirements for consruction, stability and markings
of inflatable life rafts ?

1. Construction Requirements:

 Material: Life rafts must be constructed of materials that are resistant to deterioration by
seawater, sunlight, oil, and other environmental factors.
 Buoyancy: The life raft must have sufficient buoyancy to support its rated capacity,
including occupants and equipment, when fully inflated.
 Inflation System: The life raft must be equipped with a reliable inflation system, such as a
CO2 cylinder or manual inflation pump, capable of rapidly inflating the raft when activated.
 Flooring: The life raft must have a non-slip floor surface to prevent occupants from slipping
or falling during boarding or use.
 Entrances: Adequate entrances, including boarding ramps or steps, must be provided to
facilitate easy access to the life raft from the water or from the ship.

2. Stability Requirements:

 Initial Stability: The life raft must demonstrate sufficient initial stability to prevent capsizing
or overturning when occupied and subjected to wind and waves.
 Inverted Stability: The life raft must maintain stability when inverted in the water to ensure
occupants can right the raft and re-enter safely if overturned.

67 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Freeboard: The freeboard, or distance between the waterline and the top of the life raft,
must be adequate to prevent swamping and flooding in rough seas.

3. Marking Requirements:

 Name and Manufacturer: The name of the manufacturer and the serial number of the life
raft must be permanently marked on the raft for identification purposes.
 Capacity: The rated capacity of the life raft, in terms of the maximum number of occupants,
must be clearly marked on the exterior of the raft.
 Inflation Instructions: Instructions for inflating the life raft, including diagrams and
illustrations, must be prominently displayed on the exterior of the raft for easy reference in
an emergency.
 Service and Inspection: The date of last service and inspection, as well as the next required
service date, must be marked on the life raft to ensure compliance with maintenance
requirements.
Q. For a bulk carrier built in 2012 and engaged on international voyages, prepare a list and
quantity required of LSA as per SOLAS Chapter 3.

For a bulk carrier built in 2012 and engaged in international voyages, the Life-Saving Appliances
(LSA) required as per SOLAS Chapter III would include equipment necessary for ensuring the safety
of personnel onboard in case of emergencies. Here's a list of LSA along with the required quantities:

1. Lifeboats:

 Totally enclosed lifeboats: 2

 Open lifeboats: 2

2. Rescue Boats:

 Fast rescue boats: 1

3. Lifebuoys:

 Lifebuoys with self-igniting lights: 10

 Lifebuoy self-igniting lights: 10

4. Lifejackets:

 Lifejackets: Sufficient for the total number of persons onboard (at least equal to the total number of
persons on board).

68 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

5. Immersion Suits:

 Immersion suits: Sufficient for the total number of persons onboard (at least equal to the total
number of persons on board).

6. Buoyant Apparatus:

 Buoyant apparatus (e.g., buoyant liferafts): Sufficient to accommodate 125% of the total number of
persons onboard.

7. Line-Throwing Appliances:

 Line-throwing appliances: 2

8. Pyrotechnics (Visual Distress Signals):

 Rocket parachute flares: 12

 Hand flares: 12
 Buoyant smoke signals: 12

9. Searchlights:

 Searchlights: 2

10. Public Address System:

 Public address system: 1

11. Embarkation Ladders and Pilot Ladders:

 Embarkation ladders and pilot ladders: 1 each

12. Miscellaneous Equipment:

 Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRBs): 1

 Search and rescue transponder (SART): 2
 Two-way VHF radiotelephone apparatus: 1
 Satellite EPIRB: 1
 Line-throwing appliance: 1

Please note that the quantities mentioned above are based on the minimum requirements set by
SOLAS Chapter III for a bulk carrier engaged in international voyages. Actual requirements may
vary depending on factors such as the size of the vessel, the number of persons onboard, and flag
state regulations. Additionally, it's essential to ensure that all LSA are properly maintained, serviced,
and readily accessible in case of emergencies.

69 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Q. As per ISPS Code describe, ship security assessment.

The Ship Security Assessment (SSA) is a crucial component of the International Ship and
Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code, aimed at identifying and evaluating security threats and
vulnerabilities onboard ships. Here's a description of the Ship Security Assessment process:

1. Purpose:

 The primary purpose of the Ship Security Assessment is to identify and evaluate security
risks and vulnerabilities specific to the ship, its operations, and its trading routes.
 It provides the basis for developing and implementing ship security plans tailored to
address identified security threats effectively.

2. Scope:

 The SSA encompasses all aspects of shipboard operations, infrastructure, and personnel
that may be vulnerable to security threats, including terrorism, piracy, and unauthorized
access.
 It considers various factors such as the ship's design, construction, equipment, crew training,
operating procedures, and routes.

3. Conducting the Assessment:

 The SSA is typically conducted by the ship operator or a designated security officer, often in
collaboration with security experts or consultants.
 It involves a systematic and comprehensive examination of the ship's security measures,
protocols, and vulnerabilities through documentation review, interviews, observations, and
risk analysis techniques.

4. Key Elements:

 Identification of Security Threats: Assessment includes identifying potential security threats

relevant to the ship's operations, trading routes, and geographical areas.
 Evaluation of Vulnerabilities: It involves identifying weaknesses or vulnerabilities in the ship's
physical infrastructure, equipment, procedures, and personnel that could be exploited by
security threats.
 Risk Analysis: Assessment includes evaluating the likelihood and potential consequences of
security threats and vulnerabilities to determine their risk levels.

70 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Mitigation Measures: Based on the identified risks, appropriate security measures and
countermeasures are proposed to mitigate or reduce the likelihood and impact of security
incidents.
 Documentation: The findings of the assessment, along with proposed security measures, are
documented in the Ship Security Assessment Report (SSAR), which serves as the basis for
developing the ship security plan.

5. Ship Security Assessment Report (SSAR):

 The SSAR provides a detailed summary of the assessment findings, including identified
security threats, vulnerabilities, risk levels, and recommended security measures.
 It serves as a reference document for shipowners, operators, and relevant authorities to
understand the security risks and measures specific to the ship.

6. Review and Updates:

 The Ship Security Assessment should be periodically reviewed and updated to reflect
changes in the ship's operations, trading routes, security regulations, or emerging security
threats.
 Regular reviews ensure that the ship's security measures remain effective and aligned with
evolving security risks and regulatory requirements.
Q. As per ISPS Code, describe ship security plan.

The Ship Security Plan (SSP) is a comprehensive document developed in accordance with
the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code to ensure the security of ships
and prevent security incidents. Here's a description of the Ship Security Plan:

1. Purpose:

 The primary purpose of the Ship Security Plan is to establish a structured framework for
implementing security measures and procedures to safeguard the ship, its personnel, cargo,
and operations against security threats, including terrorism, piracy, and unlawful acts.

2. Scope:

 The SSP applies to all aspects of shipboard operations, including navigation, cargo handling,
crew management, and communication, as well as interactions with port facilities and
authorities.
 It addresses security measures and protocols specific to the ship's design, construction,
equipment, and trading routes.

71 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

3. Contents:

 Risk Assessment: The SSP includes an overview of the Ship Security Assessment (SSA)
findings, including identified security threats, vulnerabilities, and risk levels.
 Security Measures: It outlines a range of security measures, procedures, and protocols to
address identified risks and mitigate security threats effectively.
 Access Control: The SSP defines access control procedures to regulate entry and exit to the
ship, including screening of personnel, visitors, and cargo, as well as monitoring of access
points.
 Security Equipment: It specifies the use and maintenance of security equipment onboard,
such as surveillance cameras, alarms, barriers, and lighting.
 Communication Protocols: The SSP establishes communication protocols and procedures
for reporting security incidents, coordinating response efforts, and liaising with shore-based
authorities and security agencies.
 Training and Drills: It outlines training requirements for shipboard personnel to enhance
security awareness and response capabilities. It also includes provisions for conducting
security drills and exercises to test the effectiveness of security measures and response
procedures.
 Emergency Response: The SSP delineates procedures for responding to security threats,
including hijacking, sabotage, or armed attacks, as well as procedures for emergency
evacuation, muster drills, and coordination with external security forces.
 Compliance and Review: The SSP includes provisions for monitoring and auditing
compliance with security measures, conducting regular reviews and updates of the plan,
and addressing deficiencies or emerging security threats promptly.

4. Approval and Implementation:

 The SSP is subject to approval by the ship's administration or relevant flag state authority,
as well as classification societies and port state control authorities.
 Once approved, the SSP is implemented onboard the ship and communicated to all
personnel through training, briefings, and drills.

5. Review and Updates:

 The SSP should be reviewed and updated regularly to reflect changes in security
regulations, ship's operations, trading routes, and emerging security threats.
 Regular drills, exercises, and security audits are conducted to assess the effectiveness of
security measures and response capabilities.

72 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Q. Procedure for amendment of ship security plan.

he procedure for amending a Ship Security Plan (SSP) involves several steps to ensure that
changes are made in accordance with the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS)
Code and that the updated plan remains effective in addressing security threats. Here's a
general procedure for amending a ship security plan:

1. Identify the Need for Amendment:

 The need for amending the SSP may arise due to changes in the ship's operations, trading
routes, security regulations, or emerging security threats.
 Regular reviews and security assessments may also reveal areas where the SSP requires
updates or enhancements.

2. Assessment of Amendments:

 Conduct a thorough assessment to identify the specific amendments required in the SSP.
 Consider factors such as changes in security threats, operational procedures, equipment,
personnel, or regulatory requirements that necessitate updates to the plan.

3. Draft Amendments:

 Prepare a draft of the proposed amendments to the SSP based on the assessment findings.
 Clearly document the changes, including additions, deletions, or modifications to existing
security measures, procedures, and protocols.

4. Consultation and Approval:

 Consult relevant stakeholders, including the ship's security officer, management, flag state
authority, classification society, and port state control authority, as necessary.
 Seek approval for the proposed amendments from the appropriate authorities, such as the
flag state administration or recognized security organization (RSO).

5. Incorporate Feedback:

 Consider any feedback or recommendations provided by stakeholders during the

consultation process.
 Address concerns, clarify ambiguities, and make necessary revisions to the draft
amendments to ensure clarity, effectiveness, and compliance with regulatory requirements.

73 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

6. Finalize Amendments:

 Finalize the amendments to the SSP based on the approved draft and feedback received.
 Ensure that the updated SSP reflects all approved changes accurately and comprehensively.

7. Distribution and Implementation:

 Distribute copies of the amended SSP to all relevant personnel onboard the ship, including
the master, officers, and crew.
 Provide training and guidance to personnel on the updated security measures, procedures,
and protocols outlined in the amended SSP.
 Implement the amended SSP effectively, ensuring that all personnel are aware of their roles
and responsibilities in maintaining ship security.

8. Recordkeeping:

 Maintain records of the amendments made to the SSP, including documentation of the
assessment process, consultation, approvals, and distribution of the amended plan.
 Keep records of training sessions conducted to familiarize personnel with the updated SSP
and ensure compliance with security requirements.

9. Review and Monitoring:

 Regularly review and monitor the effectiveness of the amended SSP in addressing security
threats and vulnerabilities.
 Conduct periodic drills, exercises, and security audits to test the implementation of security
measures and response capabilities.
Q. As a chief officer of a ship, prepare a plan to implement Planned maintenance system onboard
a newly built yard deliver vessel.

Implementing a Planned Maintenance System (PMS) onboard a newly built yard-delivered

vessel is crucial for ensuring the efficient and effective maintenance of equipment and
systems to prevent breakdowns and ensure the vessel's operational readiness. Here's a plan
to implement a PMS:

1. Assessment and Familiarization:

 Conduct a comprehensive assessment of all onboard equipment, machinery, systems, and

structures to establish a baseline for maintenance requirements.
 Familiarize yourself and the engineering team with the vessel's specifications, equipment
manuals, and maintenance history provided by the shipyard.

74 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

2. Selection of PMS Software:

 Research and select a suitable PMS software system that meets the vessel's requirements,
considering factors such as user-friendliness, functionality, compatibility with existing
systems, and regulatory compliance.
 Train designated personnel, including engineers and maintenance crew, on the proper use
of the selected PMS software.

3. Equipment Database Creation:

 Create a comprehensive database of all onboard equipment, machinery, and systems to be

included in the PMS.
 Include details such as equipment name, serial number, manufacturer, maintenance
schedule, criticality, and spare parts inventory.

4. Development of Maintenance Schedule:

 Develop a maintenance schedule based on equipment manufacturer recommendations,

classification society requirements, and industry best practices.
 Prioritize maintenance tasks according to criticality, operational impact, and safety
considerations.
 Establish frequency and intervals for preventive maintenance tasks, including inspections,
lubrication, calibration, and overhauls.

5. Allocation of Responsibilities:

 Assign responsibilities to designated personnel for the execution of planned maintenance

tasks.
 Ensure clear communication and coordination between the engineering team, deck officers,
and other relevant departments.

6. Implementation of Maintenance Procedures:

 Implement standardized maintenance procedures and checklists for each type of equipment
and system onboard.
 Ensure that maintenance tasks are carried out according to established schedules and
procedures, with appropriate documentation and record-keeping.

75 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

7. Training and Awareness:

 Provide comprehensive training to the engineering team and relevant crew members on the
importance of planned maintenance, as well as the procedures for executing maintenance
tasks safely and efficiently.
 Promote a culture of maintenance awareness and accountability among crew members
through regular briefings, workshops, and drills.

8. Monitoring and Evaluation:

 Monitor the implementation of the PMS regularly to ensure compliance with maintenance
schedules and procedures.
 Conduct periodic audits and inspections to assess the effectiveness of planned maintenance
activities and identify areas for improvement.
 Review maintenance records, performance indicators, and feedback from crew members to
evaluate the overall effectiveness of the PMS.

9. Continuous Improvement:

 Continuously review and refine the PMS based on feedback, lessons learned, and changes in
operational requirements.
 Stay updated on industry best practices, technological advancements, and regulatory
changes to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of planned maintenance processes.

By following this plan, you can establish and implement a robust Planned Maintenance
System onboard the newly built yard-delivered vessel, ensuring the reliability, safety, and
operational readiness of the vessel's equipment and systems.

Q. What is preventive and incidental maintenance? Explain with shipboard examples.

Preventive maintenance and incidental maintenance are two essential approaches to

managing maintenance activities onboard ships. Here's an explanation of each with
shipboard examples:

1. Preventive Maintenance:

 Definition: Preventive maintenance involves regularly scheduled inspections, servicing, and

repairs of equipment and systems to prevent potential issues before they occur.
 Purpose: The goal is to identify and address potential problems proactively, minimizing the
risk of unexpected breakdowns and optimizing the reliability and performance of
equipment.

76 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Shipboard Examples:
 Main Engine Overhaul: Conducting periodic overhauls of the main engine at
predetermined intervals, such as every 10,000 running hours, to replace worn parts, inspect
components, and ensure optimal performance.
 Hull Inspections: Performing regular inspections of the hull for corrosion, cracks, or other
damage, typically during dry-docking or scheduled maintenance periods, to identify and
address potential structural issues.
 Fire System Testing: Conducting monthly tests of the fire detection and suppression
systems, including fire alarms, sprinklers, and extinguishers, to ensure they are operational
and ready for use in case of fire emergencies.
 Lubrication of Machinery: Regularly lubricating machinery and rotating equipment, such
as pumps, motors, and bearings, according to manufacturer recommendations and
lubrication schedules to reduce friction, wear, and potential failures.

2. Incidental Maintenance:

 Definition: Incidental maintenance, also known as corrective maintenance or breakdown

maintenance, involves repairing equipment and systems in response to unexpected failures
or malfunctions.
 Purpose: The goal is to address immediate issues or failures as they occur, restoring
functionality and minimizing disruption to operations.
 Shipboard Examples:
 Repairing a Leaking Valve: Responding to a sudden leak in a valve by isolating the
affected system, identifying the source of the leak, and repairing or replacing the faulty
valve to prevent further leakage.
 Replacing a Faulty Electrical Component: Troubleshooting and replacing a
malfunctioning circuit breaker or switchboard component in response to an electrical
system failure or power outage to restore electrical supply and ensure safety.
 Clearing a Blocked Pipeline: Clearing a blocked pipeline or filter in the fuel or cooling
water system causing reduced flow or overheating, leading to potential equipment damage
or shutdowns.
 Addressing Navigation System Failure: Diagnosing and repairing a malfunctioning
navigation instrument or GPS system affecting vessel positioning and navigation accuracy,
ensuring safe and efficient navigation.

In summary, preventive maintenance involves proactive, scheduled maintenance to prevent equipment

failures, while incidental maintenance addresses reactive, unplanned repairs in response to unexpected issues
or malfunctions. Both approaches are essential for maintaining the reliability, safety, and operational readiness
of equipment and systems onboard ships.

77 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Q. As a chief officer of a ship prepare a contingency plan for rescue of survivors from another ship
and rescuing an unconscious person from pump room bottom platform.

Contingency Plan for Rescue Operations:

1. Assessment and Preparation:

 Assess the situation and gather relevant information, including the location of the distressed
vessel, the number of survivors, their condition, and any hazards or obstacles that may
affect the rescue operation.
 Brief the rescue team on the situation, roles, responsibilities, and safety procedures to
ensure a coordinated and effective response.
 Ensure that appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), life-saving equipment, and
rescue tools are readily available and in good working condition.

2. Rescue from Another Ship:

 Deploy the ship's rescue boat or lifeboat, equipped with rescue gear such as lifebuoys, life
rafts, throw bags, and rescue lines.
 Establish communication with the distressed vessel to coordinate the rescue operation and
obtain necessary information about the survivors' location and condition.
 Approach the distressed vessel cautiously, taking into account sea conditions, weather, and
potential hazards such as fire or structural instability.
 Execute a safe and swift rescue operation, prioritizing the transfer of survivors to the rescue
boat or lifeboat using appropriate rescue techniques and equipment.
 Provide immediate medical assistance and triage to survivors as needed, ensuring their
safety and well-being during transfer to the rescuing vessel.

3. Rescue from Pump Room Bottom Platform:

 Assess the situation and assess potential hazards in the pump room, such as confined
spaces, toxic gases, or mechanical hazards.
 Activate the emergency response team and initiate rescue protocols, including notifying the
master, engine room personnel, and medical staff.
 Equip rescue team members with appropriate PPE, including gas detectors, breathing
apparatus, safety harnesses, and rescue lines.
 Lower a rescue team member equipped with a harness and breathing apparatus into the
pump room using a suitable lowering device or rope system.
 Locate and assess the unconscious person, ensuring their airway is clear and providing
immediate medical assistance as necessary.

78 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Secure the unconscious person onto a stretcher or rescue device and carefully lift them out
of the pump room using the lifting device or rope system.
 Transfer the unconscious person to a safe location onboard for further medical evaluation
and treatment by qualified medical personnel.

4. Post-Rescue Procedures:

 Conduct debriefing sessions with the rescue team to review the rescue operation, identify
lessons learned, and make recommendations for improvement.
 Document the rescue operation, including incident details, actions taken, and outcomes, for
regulatory compliance and future reference.
 Provide support and counseling to crew members involved in the rescue operation,
particularly those who may have experienced trauma or stress.
 Conduct a thorough review of the ship's contingency plan and emergency response
procedures to identify areas for enhancement and ensure readiness for future rescue
operations.

By following this contingency plan, the ship's crew can effectively respond to emergencies
and conduct rescue operations in a safe, coordinated, and efficient manner, minimizing risks
and ensuring the safety and well-being of all involved.

Q. Explain why Co2 is used for fixed fire extinguishing systems onboard ?

CO2 is used for fixed fire extinguishing systems onboard ships due to its effectiveness in
suppressing fires by displacing oxygen, versatility in extinguishing various types of fires, non-
conductive and non-corrosive properties, rapid discharge and penetration capabilities, minimal
residue and cleanup requirements, environmental friendliness, and regulatory compliance.

Q. What are the most important values one must demonstrate as a leader? how can a leader fail?
Give an example of an onboard ship situation in which a leader failed.

1. Integrity: A good leader acts with honesty, fairness, and ethical behavior, earning the trust and
respect of their team.

2. Vision: A good leader has a clear vision for the future and inspires others to work towards common
goals.

3. Communication: Effective communication skills are essential for a good leader to articulate goals,
provide feedback, and foster collaboration among team members.

4. Empathy: A good leader understands and empathizes with the needs and concerns of their team
members, fostering a supportive and inclusive work environment.

79 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

5. Decisiveness: A good leader makes timely and well-informed decisions, even in challenging
situations, to keep projects and teams moving forward.

6. Accountability: A good leader takes responsibility for their actions and decisions, holding
themselves and others accountable for their performance.

7. Resilience: A good leader demonstrates resilience in the face of adversity, remaining calm and
composed under pressure and bouncing back from setbacks.

8. Adaptability: A good leader is flexible and adaptable, able to navigate change and uncertainty while
maintaining focus on goals and objectives.

9. Empowerment: A good leader empowers and delegates authority to their team members, fostering
autonomy, creativity, and innovation.

10. Continuous Learning: A good leader is committed to self-improvement and lifelong learning,
seeking feedback, and staying updated on industry trends and best practices.

Leaders can fail in various ways, such as through lack of integrity, poor decision-
making, ineffective communication, and failure to foster a positive and inclusive work
environment. For example, a leader's failure to prioritize safety over productivity can
lead to disastrous consequences onboard a ship.

For example: While crane operation by a crew, a leader was not able to properly communicate to
the operater leading to mishandling of crane.

During mooring operation leader was not able to communicate effectively to his crew leading to
mooring rope got struck in fender.

Q. Develop a training plan for all ship staff upon takeover of a new ship at the yard, and to be
implemented before the vessel sails for her first voyage.

Developing a comprehensive training plan for all ship staff upon takeover of a new ship at the yard is
essential to ensure that the crew is adequately prepared and competent to operate the vessel safely
and efficiently before sailing for her first voyage. Here's a suggested training plan:

1. Orientation Session:

 Conduct an orientation session for all ship staff to introduce them to the vessel, its layout, key
equipment, and safety features.
 Provide an overview of the ship's systems, including propulsion, navigation, communication,
firefighting, lifesaving, and pollution prevention equipment.

80 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

2. Safety Briefing and Emergency Procedures:

 Conduct safety briefings covering emergency procedures, muster stations, evacuation routes, and the
use of lifesaving and firefighting equipment.
 Review the Shipboard Safety Management System (SMS), including safety policies, procedures, and
reporting requirements.

3. Regulatory Compliance Training:

 Provide training on relevant international regulations and conventions, including SOLAS, MARPOL,
STCW, ISM Code, and Flag State requirements.
 Ensure crew understanding of their responsibilities for compliance with regulatory standards and
reporting obligations.

4. Operational Procedures and Watchkeeping Duties:

 Train crew members on their specific duties and responsibilities during different phases of ship
operations, including mooring, anchoring, navigation, cargo handling, and watchkeeping.
 Review operational procedures, standard operating practices, and Bridge Procedures Manuals (BPM)
to ensure adherence to safe navigation and operational practices.

5. Technical Training:

 Provide technical training on the operation and maintenance of critical shipboard systems and
equipment, including propulsion systems, machinery, electrical systems, navigation aids, and
communication systems.
 Conduct hands-on training sessions and familiarization drills in engine rooms, cargo spaces, bridge,
and other key areas of the vessel.

6. Security Awareness Training:

 Conduct security awareness training in accordance with the International Ship and Port Facility
Security (ISPS) Code, covering security threats, measures, access control, and reporting procedures.
 Ensure crew understanding of their roles and responsibilities in maintaining ship security and
responding to security incidents.

7. Environmental Protection Training:

 Provide training on pollution prevention measures, environmental regulations, and best practices for
minimizing environmental impact during ship operations, including ballast water management, waste
management, and fuel conservation.

81 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

8. Crew Resource Management (CRM):

 Conduct CRM training to enhance crew communication, teamwork, decision-making, and situational
awareness skills, emphasizing the importance of effective collaboration and leadership in enhancing
safety and operational efficiency.

9. Documentation and Record-Keeping:

 Ensure crew understanding of documentation requirements, including logbooks, records of drills,

maintenance logs, and compliance certificates.
 Provide training on proper record-keeping practices and procedures for maintaining accurate and up-
to-date documentation.

10. Assessment and Evaluation:

 Conduct assessments and evaluations throughout the training program to measure crew competency,
identify areas for improvement, and ensure that training objectives are met.
 Provide feedback to crew members and address any gaps in knowledge or skills through additional
training or coaching as needed.

11. Drills and Exercises:

 Conduct onboard drills and exercises to practice emergency response procedures, including fire
drills, abandon ship drills, man overboard drills, and pollution response drills.
 Evaluate crew performance during drills and provide feedback for continuous improvement.

12. Follow-Up and Refresher Training:

 Schedule follow-up sessions and refresher training periodically to reinforce key concepts, update
crew on regulatory changes, and address emerging safety or operational issues.
 Encourage crew participation in ongoing professional development opportunities to enhance skills
and knowledge relevant to their roles onboard.

By implementing this training plan before the vessel sails for her first voyage, ship staff will be
better equipped to operate the ship safely, efficiently, and in compliance with regulatory
requirements, contributing to the overall success of the voyage and the safety of the crew,
passengers, and the environment.

82 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Q. What are SOPs ( Standard oporation procedures) and why they are needed onboard ship ?
Prepare a SOP for refilling of SCBA bottles using a shipboard SCBA compressor.

Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) are documented guidelines or instructions that

outline the standardized steps, processes, and protocols to be followed for specific tasks,
activities, or operations onboard ship. SOPs are needed to ensure consistency, efficiency,
safety, and regulatory compliance in shipboard operations. They provide clear guidance to
crew members, minimize the risk of errors or accidents, and facilitate effective training and
knowledge transfer.

Here's a suggested SOP for refilling SCBA (Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus) bottles
using a shipboard SCBA compressor:

Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for Refilling SCBA Bottles

1. Purpose:

 The purpose of this SOP is to outline the procedure for safely refilling SCBA bottles using
the shipboard SCBA compressor.

2. Scope:

 This SOP applies to all crew members involved in the refilling of SCBA bottles onboard the
vessel.

3. Equipment and Materials:

 Shipboard SCBA compressor

 SCBA bottles
 Pressure gauge
 Bleed valve
 Safety goggles
 Hearing protection
 Gloves
 SCBA bottle inspection checklist

4. Preparation:

 Ensure that the shipboard SCBA compressor is properly maintained, calibrated, and in good
working condition.

83 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Inspect SCBA bottles for damage, corrosion, or signs of wear using the SCBA bottle
inspection checklist. Replace or repair any defective bottles.
 Ensure that the refill area is well-ventilated and free from flammable materials or sources of
ignition.

5. Safety Precautions:

 Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including safety goggles, hearing
protection, and gloves, when handling SCBA bottles and operating the compressor.
 Follow all safety procedures and regulations pertaining to compressed air systems and
SCBA equipment.

6. Refilling Procedure:

 Connect the SCBA bottle securely to the compressor filling hose, ensuring that all
connections are tight and leak-free.
 Open the compressor valve and adjust the pressure to the recommended level specified for
the SCBA bottle.
 Monitor the pressure gauge and fill the SCBA bottle until the desired pressure is reached.
 Close the compressor valve and bleed any excess air from the hose using the bleed valve.
 Disconnect the SCBA bottle from the compressor filling hose and inspect it for leaks or
damage.
 Record the refill details, including the date, time, pressure level, and any observations, in the
appropriate logbook or maintenance records.

7. Post-Refilling Checks:

 Conduct a visual inspection of the SCBA bottle to ensure that it is properly filled, labeled,
and securely capped.
 Test the integrity of the SCBA bottle seal by applying soapy water to the valve area and
checking for bubbles, indicating leaks.
 Store refilled SCBA bottles in a designated location away from heat sources, direct sunlight,
or other hazards.

8. Documentation:

 Maintain accurate records of all SCBA bottle refills, including dates, times, pressures, and
any maintenance or inspection findings.

84 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Report any abnormalities, deviations, or incidents related to SCBA bottle refilling to the
designated safety officer or supervisor.

9. Training and Competency:

 Ensure that all personnel involved in SCBA bottle refilling are trained, competent, and
authorized to perform the task safely and effectively.
 Provide refresher training as necessary to reinforce proper procedures and address any
changes or updates.

10. References:

 Refer to manufacturer's instructions, industry standards, and regulatory requirements for

additional guidance on SCBA bottle refilling procedures.
PAPER- 5

Q. How will you organize and conduct the fire drill and abandon ship drill as per SOLAS.

Organizing and conducting fire drills and abandon ship drills onboard a vessel in
accordance with SOLAS (International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea) requires
careful planning, coordination, and adherence to regulatory requirements. Here's how to
organize and conduct these drills effectively:

1. Planning and Preparation:

 Designate a qualified person, such as the Safety Officer or Chief Mate, to oversee the
planning and execution of fire drills and abandon ship drills.
 Refer to SOLAS regulations, Flag State requirements, and the Shipboard Safety
Management System (SMS) for guidance on drill procedures, frequency, and
documentation.
 Develop a drill schedule indicating the date, time, and location of each drill, ensuring that
drills are conducted at regular intervals as required by SOLAS.
 Notify all crew members of the upcoming drills and provide clear instructions on their roles
and responsibilities during the drills.

2. Fire Drill:

 Identify suitable locations onboard for conducting fire drills, including muster stations,
firefighting equipment, and emergency exits.
 Brief crew members on the objectives, procedures, and safety precautions for the fire drill,
emphasizing the importance of quick response, effective communication, and teamwork.

85 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Activate the fire alarm to simulate a fire emergency, triggering the crew's response
according to established procedures.
 Conduct a simulated fire response, including raising the alarm, donning personal protective
equipment (PPE), deploying firefighting equipment, and executing evacuation procedures.
 Evaluate crew performance during the drill, identifying strengths, areas for improvement,
and opportunities for further training.
 Debrief crew members after the drill to review key takeaways, lessons learned, and any
issues or concerns raised during the exercise.

3. Abandon Ship Drill:

 Choose a suitable time and location for conducting abandon ship drills, such as during
daylight hours and in calm weather conditions.
 Brief crew members on the objectives, procedures, and safety precautions for the abandon
ship drill, emphasizing the importance of orderly evacuation and survival techniques.
 Sound the abandon ship alarm to initiate the drill, signaling crew members to proceed to
their assigned muster stations with their life jackets and immersion suits.
 Conduct a simulated evacuation of the vessel using lifeboats, life rafts, or other survival
craft, following established procedures for launching and boarding.
 Ensure that crew members are accounted for at their muster stations and that all necessary
equipment and supplies are properly stowed in the survival craft.
 Practice deploying distress signals, such as flares or radio calls, to signal for assistance and
communicate the vessel's distress status.
 Evaluate crew performance during the drill, including response times, communication
effectiveness, and adherence to safety procedures.
 Debrief crew members after the drill to discuss observations, address any concerns or
questions, and reinforce key safety messages.

4. Documentation and Reporting:

 Maintain accurate records of all fire drills and abandon ship drills, including dates, times,
participants, observations, and any issues or deficiencies identified.
 Document drill findings and recommendations in the ship's logbook, SMS, or other relevant
records, and report any significant incidents or non-compliances to the appropriate
authorities as required.

86 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

5. Training and Continual Improvement:

 Provide regular training and refresher courses to ensure that crew members remain
proficient in fire response and abandon ship procedures.
 Use feedback from drills, audits, and inspections to identify areas for improvement in
emergency preparedness and response, and implement corrective actions as necessary.
 Encourage crew participation and engagement in safety drills and training activities to
foster a culture of safety awareness and readiness onboard the vessel.

By organizing and conducting fire drills and abandon ship drills in accordance with SOLAS
requirements, ship operators can enhance the preparedness, competency, and effectiveness
of crew members in responding to emergencies at sea, thereby contributing to the safety
and security of the vessel, its crew, and the marine environment.

Q. Why do you train crew on board ship ? Explain in brief the process you would follow to initiate
the training of a new deck officer joining an oil tanker in port before taking over his duties and
why is it important to follow this process.

Training crew onboard ship is essential to ensure that they possess the necessary
knowledge, skills, and competencies to perform their duties safely, efficiently, and in
compliance with regulatory requirements. Here's why training crew onboard ship is
important:

1. Safety: Proper training helps crew members understand safety procedures, emergency
protocols, and risk mitigation strategies, reducing the likelihood of accidents, injuries, and
incidents onboard.

2. Operational Efficiency: Training enhances crew competency in operating equipment,

machinery, and systems onboard, leading to improved operational efficiency, productivity,
and performance.

3. Regulatory Compliance: Crew training ensures compliance with international regulations,

industry standards, and company policies, minimizing the risk of non-compliance and
associated penalties or sanctions.

4. Risk Management: Training equips crew members with the knowledge and skills to identify
and mitigate operational risks, environmental hazards, and security threats, safeguarding
the vessel, crew, and cargo.

87 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

5. Professional Development: Training provides opportunities for career advancement, skill

enhancement, and personal growth, fostering a culture of continuous learning and
development among crew members.

To initiate the training of a new deck officer joining an oil tanker in port before taking over
their duties, the following process can be followed:

1. Pre-Arrival Preparation:

 Review the deck officer's qualifications, experience, and training records to assess their level
of competency and familiarity with tanker operations.
 Identify any specific training needs or areas requiring reinforcement based on the deck
officer's background and the vessel's requirements.

2. Welcome and Orientation:

 Welcome the new deck officer onboard and introduce them to the vessel's command
structure, crew members, and key personnel, including the Master, Chief Officer, and Safety
Officer.
 Conduct an orientation session to familiarize the deck officer with the vessel's layout, safety
features, emergency equipment, and operational procedures.

3. Training Program Development:

 Develop a customized training program for the deck officer based on their role,
responsibilities, and level of experience, focusing on key areas such as cargo operations,
navigation, safety procedures, and regulatory compliance.

4. On-the-Job Training (OJT):

 Assign the deck officer to work closely with experienced officers and crew members to
observe, learn, and practice essential tasks and procedures related to their duties onboard.
 Provide hands-on training opportunities in cargo handling, mooring operations,
watchkeeping duties, navigation procedures, and emergency response drills.

5. Formal Training Sessions:

 Conduct formal training sessions or workshops covering specific topics relevant to the deck
officer's role, such as tanker operations, pollution prevention measures, bridge resource
management, and security awareness.

88 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Use multimedia presentations, training manuals, and practical demonstrations to

supplement classroom instruction and reinforce key concepts.

6. Assessment and Feedback:

 Evaluate the deck officer's progress and performance throughout the training period,
providing constructive feedback, coaching, and guidance to address any areas of
improvement.
 Administer assessments or quizzes to assess knowledge retention and competency in
critical areas, adjusting the training program as needed based on the results.

7. Documentation and Certification:

 Maintain detailed records of the deck officer's training activities, including dates, topics
covered, training hours, assessments, and feedback provided.
 Issue certificates or endorsements upon successful completion of training requirements,
documenting the deck officer's readiness to assume their duties onboard.

Following this process is important to ensure that the new deck officer receives
comprehensive and effective training that prepares them to perform their duties safely and
competently onboard the oil tanker. By investing in proper training and orientation for crew
members, ship operators can enhance operational readiness, mitigate risks, and maintain a
high standard of safety and performance onboard their vessels.

Q. State the criteria for appointing a ship safety officer ?

The criteria for appointing a Ship Safety Officer may vary depending on the specific requirements of the
company, vessel type, and applicable regulations. However, here are common criteria considered when
appointing a Ship Safety Officer:

1. Qualifications: The Safety Officer should have relevant qualifications and certifications in maritime
safety, occupational health and safety (OHS), or a related field. This may include degrees, diplomas, or
certificates from recognized institutions or maritime academies.

2. Experience: Ideally, the Safety Officer should have practical experience working onboard ships,
preferably in a supervisory or managerial role. Experience in safety management systems (SMS), incident
investigation, risk assessment, and regulatory compliance is valuable.

3. Knowledge: The Safety Officer should possess a comprehensive understanding of international maritime
regulations, industry standards, and best practices related to safety, security, environmental protection,
and occupational health onboard ships.

89 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

4. Communication Skills: Effective communication skills are essential for the Safety Officer to convey
safety policies, procedures, and expectations to crew members, facilitate training sessions, conduct safety
meetings, and interact with regulatory authorities or external stakeholders.

5. Leadership Abilities: The Safety Officer should demonstrate leadership qualities, including the ability to
motivate, inspire, and influence others to prioritize safety, adhere to procedures, and actively participate
in safety initiatives onboard.

6. Problem-Solving Skills: The Safety Officer should be capable of identifying safety hazards, analyzing
root causes of incidents, and developing practical solutions to mitigate risks and prevent recurrence.

7. Attention to Detail: The Safety Officer should have a keen eye for detail and a proactive approach to
identifying potential safety concerns or deficiencies in equipment, procedures, or operations onboard.

8. Commitment to Safety Culture: The Safety Officer should be committed to fostering a strong safety
culture onboard, promoting safety awareness, encouraging reporting of near misses or hazards, and
continuously improving safety performance.

9. Regulatory Knowledge: Familiarity with relevant international regulations, codes, and conventions such
as SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea), MARPOL (Maritime Pollution Prevention), STCW (Standards of Training,
Certification, and Watchkeeping), and ISM Code (International Safety Management Code) is essential.

10. Training and Certification: The Safety Officer should undergo specialized training in safety
management systems, incident investigation, risk assessment, and emergency response procedures.
Certification from recognized institutions or professional bodies may be required.

11. Cultural Fit: The Safety Officer should align with the company's safety culture and values, demonstrating
a commitment to promoting safety as a core organizational priority.

Q. Draw up a checklist in brief for conducting routine safety inspection onboard by safety officer.

1. General Safety Conditions:

 Check for any obvious hazards or unsafe conditions such as slippery surfaces, loose fittings, or obstructed
walkways.
 Verify that emergency exits, escape routes, and access pathways are clear and unobstructed.
 Ensure that safety signage, markings, and labels are visible and legible.

2. Fire Safety Equipment:

 Inspect fire extinguishers, hoses, and hydrants for accessibility, condition, and pressure levels.
 Check that fire detection and alarm systems are operational and free from faults or tampering.
 Verify the availability and condition of firefighting protective gear such as suits, helmets, gloves, and
boots.

90 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

3. Lifesaving Appliances:

 Inspect lifeboats, life rafts, and rescue boats for readiness, secure stowage, and operational condition.
 Check lifebuoys, life jackets, and immersion suits for accessibility, condition, and proper storage.
 Verify the functionality of launching arrangements, davits, winches, and release mechanisms for lifesaving
appliances.

4. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

 Ensure that crew members are wearing appropriate PPE for their assigned tasks and duties.
 Inspect PPE such as safety helmets, goggles, gloves, and hearing protection for suitability and condition.

5. Machinery and Equipment Safety:

 Check machinery spaces, engine rooms, and workshops for compliance with safety procedures and
equipment guarding.
 Verify the condition and operation of machinery safety devices, alarms, and emergency shutdown
systems.
 Inspect lifting equipment, cranes, and winches for proper operation, load capacity, and safety features.

6. Electrical Safety:

 Inspect electrical panels, distribution boards, and wiring for signs of damage, overheating, or insulation
deterioration.
 Check that electrical circuits are properly labeled, fused, and isolated as necessary.
 Verify the functionality of residual current devices (RCDs), circuit breakers, and grounding systems.

7. Chemical and Hazardous Materials Handling:

 Review procedures and protocols for handling, storage, and disposal of hazardous materials and
chemicals.
 Inspect storage areas, lockers, and containers for proper labeling, segregation, and containment of
hazardous substances.
 Ensure that crew members are trained in the safe handling and use of hazardous materials, and that
appropriate protective measures are in place.

8. Security Measures:

 Check access control measures, security barriers, and surveillance systems for effectiveness and integrity.
 Review security plans, procedures, and drills for compliance with international security requirements (ISPS
Code).
 Verify that crew members are aware of their security responsibilities and reporting procedures for
suspicious activities or security incidents.

91 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

9. Documentation and Recordkeeping:

 Review safety inspection records, logs, and reports to ensure completeness, accuracy, and compliance
with regulatory requirements.
 Document any findings, observations, or corrective actions taken during the safety inspection.
 Communicate safety concerns, recommendations, and follow-up actions to relevant personnel and
management.

10. Training and Awareness:

 Assess crew members' knowledge, understanding, and adherence to safety procedures and practices.
 Provide guidance, coaching, and feedback to crew members on safety-related issues identified during
the inspection.
 Conduct safety briefings, toolbox talks, or training sessions to reinforce key safety messages and
promote a culture of safety onboard.

By conducting routine safety inspections using this checklist, the Safety Officer can identify potential
hazards, assess compliance with safety regulations and standards, and implement corrective actions to
mitigate risks and improve safety onboard the vessel.
Q. What are the precautions in brief would you take before and while painting steel deck plates
onboard cargo ship ?
Before painting steel deck plates onboard a cargo ship, it's essential to take several precautions to ensure
safety and achieve a quality finish. Here's a brief overview of the precautions:

Before Painting:

1. Risk Assessment: Identify potential hazards and risks associated with painting activities.
2. Safety Equipment: Ensure all crew members wear appropriate PPE such as gloves, goggles, respirators,
and coveralls.
3. Ventilation: Provide adequate ventilation to minimize exposure to paint fumes.
4. Isolation: Isolate the painting area from other work areas and living quarters.
5. Surface Preparation: Clean and prepare the steel surfaces by removing rust, dirt, and contaminants.
6. Priming: Apply a suitable primer to promote paint adhesion and corrosion resistance.

During Painting:

1. Paint Selection: Choose a high-quality marine-grade paint suitable for steel surfaces.
2. Application Method: Apply paint evenly using brush, roller, or spray application.
3. Thin Coats: Apply paint in thin, even coats to prevent runs and drips.
4. Safety Precautions: Take precautions to minimize the risk of accidents and injuries.
5. Cleanup: Clean up spills and excess paint promptly to prevent slips and falls.
6. Monitoring: Monitor weather conditions and surface temperature for optimal painting conditions.

By following these precautions, crew members can ensure safe and effective painting of steel deck plates
onboard a cargo ship.

92 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Q. Forepeak water ballast tank on a cargo ship is showing signs of corrosion. How
would you treat it ? Explain in brief.
Treating corrosion in the forepeak water ballast tank of a cargo ship requires a systematic approach to
remove rust, inhibit further corrosion, and restore the structural integrity of the tank. Here's a brief
overview of the treatment process:

1. Assessment: Conduct a thorough inspection of the forepeak water ballast tank to assess the extent of
corrosion damage and identify areas needing repair or treatment.

2. Surface Preparation: Prepare the tank surface by removing loose rust, scale, and contaminants using
mechanical methods such as wire brushing, sanding, or abrasive blasting. Ensure the surface is clean and
dry before proceeding.

3. Rust Removal: Use rust converters or chemical treatments to convert remaining rust into a stable
compound that can be painted over. Follow manufacturer's instructions for application and drying times.

4. Priming: Apply a suitable primer specifically formulated for marine environments to the prepared tank
surface. The primer should provide corrosion protection and promote adhesion of the topcoat.

5. Topcoat Application: Apply a high-quality marine-grade paint to the primed tank surface using suitable
application methods such as brush, roller, or spray. Ensure the paint provides long-lasting protection
against corrosion and environmental conditions.

6. Multiple Coats: Apply multiple coats of paint as necessary to achieve the desired thickness and
coverage. Allow sufficient drying time between coats as per manufacturer's instructions.

7. Inspection and Maintenance: Regularly inspect the treated forepeak water ballast tank for signs of
corrosion, damage, or coating degradation. Implement a proactive maintenance program to address any
issues promptly and prevent recurrence of corrosion.

8. Cathodic Protection: Consider installing sacrificial anodes or impressed current cathodic protection
systems to provide additional corrosion protection to the tank structure, particularly in areas prone to
corrosion.

9. Documentation: Maintain detailed records of the corrosion treatment process, including surface
preparation, primer and paint application, and any additional protective measures implemented.
Document inspection findings and maintenance activities for future reference.

By following these steps, crew members can effectively treat corrosion in the forepeak water ballast tank
of a cargo ship, prolonging the life of the tank structure and ensuring the continued safe operation of the
vessel.

93 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Q. A coaster has collided with your anchored ship, a loaded crude oil tanker, on which
you are serving as chief officer. cargo is escaping from above the waterline. List the
initial and subsequent actions that you will take.
In the event of a collision between a coaster and an anchored crude oil tanker, resulting in cargo
escaping from above the waterline, the Chief Officer should take immediate and decisive actions to
ensure the safety of the vessel, crew, and environment. Here are the initial and subsequent actions that
the Chief Officer should take:

Initial Actions:

1. Assess the Situation: Quickly assess the extent of the damage and the severity of the spill. Determine
the location of the collision, the amount of cargo escaping, and any immediate threats to the vessel's
stability or safety.

2. Sound Alarm: Activate the ship's general alarm to alert the crew to the emergency situation and initiate
emergency response procedures. Ensure all crew members are aware of the collision and are prepared to
respond as per their assigned roles.

3. Report to the Master: Inform the Master immediately about the collision and provide a detailed briefing
on the situation, including the extent of damage, potential hazards, and initial assessment of the spill.

4. Initiate Emergency Response: Activate the vessel's oil spill response plan and emergency procedures
for containing and mitigating the spill. Deploy spill containment booms, skimmers, and other available
equipment to contain the spreading oil slick and minimize environmental impact.

5. Communicate with Authorities: Notify the relevant authorities, including the coast guard, port
authorities, and pollution response agencies, about the collision and spill. Provide accurate and timely
information to facilitate coordination of response efforts and assistance.

Subsequent Actions:

1. Assessment and Monitoring: Continuously monitor the situation and assess the effectiveness of spill
response efforts. Evaluate the trajectory and spread of the oil slick, as well as any potential changes in
weather conditions or sea state that could impact containment and cleanup operations.

2. Containment and Recovery: Implement additional measures to contain and recover spilled cargo, such
as deploying additional booms, skimmers, and absorbent materials. Coordinate with response vessels
and shore-based resources to maximize recovery efforts.

3. Documentation and Reporting: Maintain detailed records of the collision, spill response activities, and
environmental impact assessments. Document the quantity of spilled cargo, cleanup efforts, and any
damage to the vessel or environment for reporting purposes and insurance claims.

4. Safety and Security: Ensure the safety of all personnel involved in spill response operations by
implementing appropriate safety measures and personal protective equipment. Maintain security around
the vessel to prevent unauthorized access and protect response assets.

94 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

5. Coordination with Authorities: Continue to collaborate with relevant authorities and stakeholders
throughout the spill response process. Provide regular updates on response progress, cooperate with
investigations, and comply with regulatory requirements and directives.

6. Post-Incident Review: Conduct a thorough post-incident review and debriefing to evaluate the
effectiveness of response actions, identify lessons learned, and recommend improvements to prevent
similar incidents in the future.

By taking prompt and decisive actions, coordinating response efforts effectively, and prioritizing safety
and environmental protection, the Chief Officer can mitigate the impact of the collision and spill,
minimize damage to the vessel and environment, and ensure a coordinated and effective response to the
emergency situation.
Q. Your ship has undergone blackout and have collided to a bridge. You are serving as chief officer
on this ship. Describe a contigency plan, explain initial and subsequent actions you will take.
Experiencing a blackout and subsequently colliding with a bridge presents a serious emergency situation
for the vessel and its crew. As the Chief Officer onboard, it's crucial to have a well-prepared contingency
plan in place to respond effectively. Here's a description of a contingency plan along with initial and
subsequent actions:

Contingency Plan:

1. Preparation: Develop a comprehensive contingency plan that outlines procedures and protocols for
responding to emergencies such as blackouts and collisions. Ensure all crew members are familiar with
their roles and responsibilities outlined in the plan through regular training and drills.

2. Communication: Establish clear lines of communication within the crew and with external parties such as
the bridge operators, port authorities, and emergency response services. Ensure that communication
equipment, including radios and satellite phones, are operational and accessible.

3. Emergency Equipment: Maintain emergency equipment such as flashlights, emergency lighting, life
jackets, and fire extinguishers in accessible locations throughout the vessel. Conduct regular inspections
and ensure equipment is in good working condition.

Initial Actions:

1. Assess the Situation: Quickly assess the extent of the blackout, the vessel's position, and any immediate
threats such as proximity to other vessels, structures, or navigational hazards. Determine the severity of
the collision and potential damage to the vessel.

2. Sound Alarm: Activate the ship's general alarm to alert the crew to the emergency situation and initiate
emergency response procedures. Ensure all crew members are aware of the blackout and collision and
are prepared to respond as per their assigned roles.

3. Report to the Master: Inform the Master immediately about the blackout, collision, and any resulting
damage or injuries. Provide a detailed briefing on the situation, including the vessel's status, location, and
potential risks.

95 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

4. Stabilize the Situation: Take immediate actions to stabilize the vessel and prevent further damage or
hazards. Deploy anchors if necessary to hold the vessel in position and minimize drift. Monitor the
vessel's position and communicate with bridge operators to coordinate response efforts.

Subsequent Actions:

1. Ensure Safety: Prioritize the safety of all personnel onboard by implementing appropriate safety
measures and evacuation procedures if required. Conduct a headcount to ensure all crew members are
accounted for and provide medical assistance to any injured individuals.

2. Assess Damage: Conduct a thorough assessment of the vessel's condition, including hull integrity,
propulsion systems, and navigation equipment. Evaluate the extent of damage from the collision and
blackout and determine if any immediate repairs are necessary to ensure the vessel's seaworthiness.

3. Communicate with Authorities: Notify the relevant authorities, including port authorities, coast guard,
and bridge operators, about the blackout, collision, and any resulting damage or environmental
concerns. Provide accurate and timely information to facilitate coordination of response efforts and
assistance.

4. Implement Response Plan: Activate the appropriate sections of the contingency plan to address the
blackout, collision, and any resulting emergencies. Coordinate response efforts with onboard personnel,
shore-based resources, and external agencies to mitigate risks and minimize impact.

5. Document and Report: Maintain detailed records of the blackout, collision, response actions, and any
resulting damage or injuries. Document communication logs, incident reports, and photographic
evidence for reporting purposes and insurance claims.

6. Follow-up and Review: Conduct a thorough post-incident review to evaluate the effectiveness of
response actions, identify lessons learned, and recommend improvements to the contingency plan.
Implement corrective measures as necessary to prevent similar incidents in the future.

By following the contingency plan and taking prompt and decisive actions, the Chief Officer can
effectively manage the emergency situation, ensure the safety of the vessel and its crew, and minimize
the impact of the blackout and collision.
Q. Describe the requirements of chapter 2 of SOLAS relating to protective coating of dedicated sea
water ballast tanks and double side skin space.
Chapter 2 of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) primarily focuses on the
requirements for protective coatings of dedicated seawater ballast tanks and double-side skin spaces.
These requirements are aimed at ensuring the structural integrity of the ship's hull and preventing
corrosion, particularly in critical areas exposed to seawater. Here are the key aspects of SOLAS Chapter 2
related to protective coatings:

1. General Requirements: SOLAS Chapter 2 mandates that all ships should be constructed and maintained
in compliance with recognized standards of shipbuilding practice, including the application of protective
coatings in specified areas prone to corrosion.

96 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

2. Dedicated Seawater Ballast Tanks: The chapter specifies requirements for the protective coating of
dedicated seawater ballast tanks, which are essential for the safe operation and stability of the vessel.
These tanks are primarily used for the storage of ballast water to maintain stability and trim during
various phases of the voyage.

3. Double-Side Skin Spaces: SOLAS Chapter 2 also addresses the protective coating requirements for
double-side skin spaces, which are enclosed spaces between the ship's hull and the double bottom
structure. These spaces provide additional protection against hull damage and serve as an important
structural component of the vessel.

4. Corrosion Protection: The protective coatings applied to dedicated seawater ballast tanks and double-
side skin spaces are designed to provide effective corrosion protection against the corrosive effects of
seawater, chemicals, and other environmental factors. The coatings help to prevent rust, degradation,
and structural weakening of the ship's hull.

5. Application Standards: SOLAS Chapter 2 requires that protective coatings be applied in accordance
with recognized industry standards and best practices. This includes proper surface preparation,
application methods, and quality control measures to ensure the integrity and durability of the coatings.

6. Inspection and Maintenance: The chapter emphasizes the importance of regular inspection and
maintenance of protective coatings to ensure their effectiveness over time. Ship operators are required
to implement a proactive maintenance program to monitor the condition of coatings, identify any signs
of deterioration or damage, and take corrective actions as necessary.

7. Compliance and Certification: Ships must undergo periodic surveys and inspections to verify
compliance with SOLAS Chapter 2 requirements related to protective coatings. Certificates of compliance
may be issued upon satisfactory completion of surveys, demonstrating that the ship's protective coatings
meet the prescribed standards.

Overall, SOLAS Chapter 2 establishes comprehensive requirements for the protective coating of
dedicated seawater ballast tanks and double-side skin spaces, reflecting the importance of corrosion
prevention and structural integrity in ensuring the safety of ships and their occupants at sea. Compliance
with these requirements is essential for maintaining the seaworthiness and reliability of the vessel
throughout its service life.
Q. Explain in brief how prevention of fire and explosion on an oil tanker is achieved in cargo tanks,
accommodation and machinery spaces and in cargo pump room ?
Prevention of fire and explosion on an oil tanker is achieved through a combination of proactive
measures, safety protocols, and equipment designed to mitigate the risks associated with the
transportation and handling of flammable cargo. Here's a brief overview of how fire and explosion
prevention is achieved in various areas of an oil tanker:

1. Cargo Tanks:

 Method of cargo tank fire protection:;

 Fixed deck foam fire-extinguishing systems
 For tankers of 20,000 tonnes deadweight and upwards, a fixed deck foam fire-
extinguishing system shall be provided In accordance with the requirements of FSS Code,

97 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

except that’ll lieu of the above, the Administration, after having given consideration for
the ship’s arrangement and equipment may accept other fixed installations if they
allowed protection equivalent to the above in accordance with regulation V/5.The
requirements for alternatives fed installations shall comply with the following
requirements:
 The equivalent fixed Installation in lieu of the fixed deck foam fire extinguishing system
shall:
 1) be capable of extinguishing spill fires and also preclude ignition of spilled oil not yet
ignited; and
 2) be capable of combating fires In ruptured tanks
 Tankers of less than 20.000 tonnes deadweight shall be provided with a deck foam fire-
extinguishing system complying with the requirements of the fire Safety Systems code.

2. Accommodation Spaces:

Methods of fire protection in accommodation area:

One of the following methods of protection shall be adopted in accommodation and service spaces and
control stations:

1. Method IC- The construction of internal divisional bulkheads of non-combustible "B" or "C" class
divisions generally without the installation of an automatic sprinkler, fire detection and fire alarm system
in the accommodation and service spaces; or

2. Method IIC - The fitting of an automatic sprinkler, fire detection and fire alarm system for the
detection and extinction of fire in a/f spaces in which fire might be expected to originate, generally with
no restriction on the type of internal divisional bulkheads; or

3. Method IlIC - The fitting of a fixed fire detection and fire alarm system, in spaces in which a fire might
be expected to originate, generally with no restriction on the type of internal divisional bulkheads, except
that in no case must the area of any accommodation space or spaces bounded by an "A" or "B" class
division exceed 50 m².

For tankers, only method IC shall be used.

3. Machinery Spaces:

 Fire prevention in machinery spaces focuses on controlling ignition sources, managing fuel and
lubricating oil systems, and implementing effective fire detection and suppression systems.
 Machinery spaces are equipped with automatic fire detection systems, including smoke and heat
detectors, to provide early warning of fire hazards.
 Fixed fire suppression systems such as CO2 flooding systems or water mist systems are installed to
quickly extinguish fires in machinery spaces.
 Good housekeeping practices are maintained to minimize the accumulation of flammable materials and
ensure clear access to firefighting equipment and emergency exits.

98 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

4. Cargo Pump Room:

 Fire prevention in the cargo pump room involves similar measures as those implemented in cargo tanks,
including inert gas systems, gas detection systems, and strict control of ignition sources.
 Pump room ventilation systems are designed to prevent the buildup of flammable vapors and maintain
safe working conditions for personnel.
 Emergency shutdown systems are installed to isolate the pump room in the event of a fire or gas
detection alarm, preventing the spread of fire to other areas of the vessel.

Overall, fire and explosion prevention on an oil tanker require a multi-layered approach encompassing
engineering controls, operational procedures, crew training, and continuous monitoring to minimize the
risk of incidents and ensure the safety of the vessel, crew, and environment.

Q. Explain maslow's theory of motivation with examples onboard a ship. explain intrinsic and
extrinsic motivation with shipboard examples.
Maslow's theory of motivation, often represented as Maslow's hierarchy of needs, proposes that
individuals are motivated to fulfill certain basic needs before they can advance to higher levels of
motivation and personal growth. The hierarchy consists of five levels of needs, arranged in a pyramid
from the most basic to the highest level:

1. Physiological Needs: These are the most basic needs for survival, including food, water, shelter, and
sleep.
2. Safety Needs: Once physiological needs are met, individuals seek safety and security, including physical
safety, financial stability, health, and employment security.
3. Love and Belongingness Needs: After safety needs are fulfilled, individuals crave social connections,
relationships, love, and a sense of belonging within a community or group.
4. Esteem Needs: Once social needs are satisfied, individuals seek recognition, respect, self-esteem, and a
sense of accomplishment in their personal and professional lives.
5. Self-Actualization Needs: At the highest level of the hierarchy, individuals strive for self-actualization,
which involves realizing one's full potential, personal growth, creativity, and self-fulfillment.

Examples of Maslow's theory of motivation onboard a ship:

1. Physiological Needs: Crew members onboard a ship require access to sufficient food, clean drinking
water, adequate rest periods, and comfortable living quarters to maintain their physical well-being and
performance.

2. Safety Needs: Ensuring the safety and security of crew members is paramount onboard a ship. This
includes implementing safety protocols, providing training in emergency procedures, maintaining safety
equipment, and complying with regulatory requirements to prevent accidents and injuries.

3. Love and Belongingness Needs: Crew members form close-knit communities onboard a ship, fostering
camaraderie, teamwork, and a sense of belonging. Social interactions, shared experiences, and mutual
support among crew members contribute to their overall well-being and job satisfaction.

99 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

4. Esteem Needs: Recognition and appreciation of crew members' contributions are essential for fostering
a positive work environment onboard a ship. Acknowledging achievements, providing opportunities for
professional development, and empowering crew members to take on leadership roles can enhance their
self-esteem and motivation.

5. Self-Actualization Needs: Providing opportunities for personal and professional growth enables crew
members to fulfill their potential and pursue their aspirations onboard a ship. This may involve offering
training programs, career advancement opportunities, and encouraging innovation and creativity in
problem-solving

Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation:

1. Intrinsic Motivation: This type of motivation arises from internal factors, such as personal
interests, values, and enjoyment derived from the task itself. Crew members may be
intrinsically motivated to excel in their roles onboard a ship because they find the work
challenging, rewarding, or aligned with their passions and goals. For example, a deck officer
may derive intrinsic satisfaction from navigating the ship safely through challenging
weather conditions.

2. Extrinsic Motivation: Extrinsic motivation stems from external rewards or incentives, such as financial
bonuses, promotions, or recognition from others. Crew members may be extrinsically motivated to
perform well onboard a ship because of the potential for career advancement, monetary incentives, or
praise from superiors. For example, a seafarer may work diligently to earn a promotion to a higher rank
with increased responsibilities and benefits.

Q. Briefly explain salient features of the ISM Code.

The International Safety Management (ISM) Code is a comprehensive set of guidelines and regulations
developed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to ensure the safe operation of ships and
the prevention of marine pollution. The salient features of the ISM Code include:

1. Objective: The primary objective of the ISM Code is to establish an international standard for the safe
management and operation of ships and for pollution prevention.

2. Applicability: The ISM Code applies to all types of ships engaged in international voyages, including
passenger ships, oil tankers, bulk carriers, and cargo vessels, as well as mobile offshore drilling units.

3. Safety Management System (SMS): The cornerstone of the ISM Code is the requirement for shipping
companies to develop and implement a Safety Management System (SMS) tailored to their specific
operations. The SMS encompasses policies, procedures, and practices for managing safety and
environmental protection.

100 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

4. Company Responsibility: The ISM Code places responsibility on shipping companies, owners, and
operators to establish and maintain a safety management system that complies with the requirements of
the Code. Companies are required to designate a Designated Person Ashore (DPA) to oversee
implementation of the SMS.

5. Certification and Verification: Ships subject to the ISM Code must obtain a Document of Compliance
(DOC) issued to the shipping company and a Safety Management Certificate (SMC) issued to each
individual ship. These certificates are verified by recognized organizations (Classification Societies or Flag
Administrations) to ensure compliance with the ISM Code.

6. Training and Familiarization: The ISM Code emphasizes the importance of training and familiarization
for all personnel involved in the operation of the ship, including officers, crew members, and shore-based
personnel. Training programs cover topics such as emergency procedures, safety awareness, pollution
prevention, and operational practices.

7. Continuous Improvement: The ISM Code requires shipping companies to conduct regular internal
audits and reviews of their safety management systems to identify areas for improvement and ensure
ongoing compliance with the Code. Companies are also required to report incidents, accidents, and non-
conformities to relevant authorities.

8. International Cooperation: The ISM Code promotes international cooperation and information sharing
among maritime administrations, classification societies, and other stakeholders to enhance safety and
environmental protection in the shipping industry.

Overall, the ISM Code plays a crucial role in promoting a safety culture within the maritime industry,
reducing the risk of accidents, protecting the marine environment, and safeguarding the lives of seafarers
and passengers onboard ships.
Q. What are the essential elements of risk assessment and the relevance of every element ?
Prepare a risk assessment in proper format for carrying out a hotwork inside the cargo hold of a
chemical tanker.
Risk assessment is a systematic process used to identify, evaluate, and mitigate potential hazards and
risks associated with a specific activity or operation. The essential elements of risk assessment typically
include:

1. Identification of Hazards: This involves identifying all potential hazards and risks associated with the
activity or operation. Hazards can include physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, and environmental
factors that may pose a threat to safety or health.

2. Risk Analysis: Risk analysis involves evaluating the likelihood and severity of each identified hazard,
taking into account factors such as frequency of exposure, potential consequences, and existing control
measures. This step helps prioritize risks based on their level of significance.

3. Risk Evaluation: Risk evaluation involves determining the level of risk posed by each identified hazard
and assessing whether the existing control measures are adequate to mitigate these risks to an
acceptable level. This step helps identify gaps in control measures and prioritize risk mitigation efforts.

101 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

4. Risk Control: Risk control involves implementing appropriate control measures to eliminate or minimize
the identified hazards and reduce the associated risks to an acceptable level. Control measures may
include engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment (PPE).

5. Monitoring and Review: Monitoring and review involve regularly monitoring the effectiveness of
implemented control measures and conducting periodic reviews of the risk assessment process to ensure
its ongoing relevance and effectiveness. This step helps identify emerging hazards and update control
measures as necessary.

6. Documentation and Communication: Documentation and communication involve maintaining records

of the risk assessment process, including identified hazards, risk analysis results, control measures, and
monitoring activities. Effective communication of risks and control measures to relevant stakeholders is
essential to ensure awareness and compliance.

Risk Assessment for Hot Work Inside Cargo Tank of a Chemical Tanker

1. Hazard Identification:

a. Fire and Explosion: Potential ignition of flammable vapors or residues present in the cargo tank.

b. Chemical Exposure: Exposure to hazardous chemicals or fumes released during hot work.

c. Structural Damage: Risk of damaging tank structure due to excessive heat or sparks.

2. Risk Analysis:

a. Likelihood: High likelihood of fire or explosion due to the presence of flammable cargo residues.

b. Severity: Severe consequences, including injury to personnel, structural damage to the vessel, and
environmental pollution.

3. Risk Evaluation:

a. Risk Level: High risk due to the potential for catastrophic consequences.

b. Existing Control Measures: Limited control measures currently in place, such as hot work permits and
fire detection systems.

4. Risk Control:

a. Gas-Freeing Operation: Conduct a thorough gas-freeing operation to remove flammable or

hazardous vapors from the cargo tank.

102 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

b. Hot Work Permit: Obtain a hot work permit from the vessel's safety management system, specifying
safety precautions and control measures.

c. Fire Prevention Measures: Implement fire prevention measures, such as fire watches, fire blankets,
and fire extinguishers, in the vicinity of hot work.

5. Monitoring and Review:

a. Continuous Gas Monitoring: Continuously monitor gas levels inside the cargo tank during hot work
activities to ensure a safe working environment.

b. Fire Watch Supervision: Assign dedicated personnel as fire watches to monitor the area for signs of
fire or ignition.

c. Post-Work Inspection: Conduct a post-work inspection to assess the integrity of the cargo tank
structure and verify the effectiveness of control measures.

6. Documentation and Communication:

a. Hot Work Permit: Document all hot work activities and associated control measures in the hot work
permit, including hazard identification, risk assessment, and safety precautions.

b. Safety Briefing: Provide a safety briefing to all personnel involved in the hot work operation,
emphasizing the importance of following safety procedures and control measures.

By following this risk assessment process and implementing appropriate control measures, the risk
associated with carrying out hot work inside the cargo tank of a chemical tanker can be effectively
managed to ensure the safety of personnel and the integrity of the vessel.
PAPER- 6

Q. How the operational readiness of LSA equipment is ensured onboard ships ?

The operational readiness of Life-Saving Appliances (LSA) equipment onboard ships is ensured through a
combination of regular inspections, maintenance, testing, and crew training. Here's how each aspect
contributes to ensuring the operational readiness of LSA equipment:

1. Inspections:

 Regular inspections of LSA equipment are conducted according to statutory requirements,

manufacturer's guidelines, and the ship's Safety Management System (SMS).
 Inspections cover visual checks for signs of damage, corrosion, wear, or deterioration that may affect the
functionality of the equipment.
 Inspection records are maintained onboard to document the condition of LSA equipment and any
corrective actions taken.

103 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

2. Maintenance:

 Scheduled maintenance activities are performed on LSA equipment to ensure it remains in good working
condition.
 Maintenance tasks may include lubrication, cleaning, adjustment, and replacement of worn or damaged
parts.
 Maintenance is carried out by trained personnel following manufacturer's instructions and recommended
procedures.

3. Testing:

 Periodic testing and verification of LSA equipment are conducted to ensure it functions as intended in an
emergency.
 Tests may include the deployment and operation of lifeboats, liferafts, rescue boats, lifebuoys, and other
LSA equipment.
 Testing procedures are documented and may be supervised by designated personnel or external
inspectors.

4. Crew Training:

 Crew members receive training in the proper operation, maintenance, and inspection of LSA equipment
during initial familiarization and recurrent training sessions.
 Training covers emergency procedures, launching and recovery techniques, use of survival craft, and the
operation of associated equipment such as davits and winches.
 Crew members are familiarized with the location, function, and use of LSA equipment through drills and
exercises conducted regularly onboard.

5. Record-Keeping:

 Detailed records of inspections, maintenance, testing, and crew training related to LSA equipment are
maintained onboard.
 Records include dates of inspections and tests, findings, corrective actions taken, maintenance history,
training records, and certification documents.
 Documentation ensures compliance with regulatory requirements and provides a record of the
operational readiness of LSA equipment.

By implementing a comprehensive program of inspections, maintenance, testing, crew training, and

record-keeping, shipowners and operators can ensure the operational readiness of LSA equipment
onboard ships, thereby enhancing the safety and survival capabilities of crew members and passengers in
the event of an emergency at sea.
Q. What are the salient features of the ISPS code to ensure the security of the ship's
crew and passengers ?
The International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code is a comprehensive set of measures
developed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to enhance the security of ships and port

104 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

facilities. The salient features of the ISPS Code to ensure the security of a ship's crew and passengers
include:

1. Risk Assessment: Conducting risk assessments to identify potential security threats and vulnerabilities
specific to the ship and its operations. This helps in developing appropriate security measures tailored to
the ship's needs.

2. Ship Security Plan (SSP): Developing and implementing a Ship Security Plan (SSP) for each ship, which
outlines procedures, measures, and responsibilities for ensuring the security of the ship, its crew,
passengers, and cargo. The SSP includes measures to address security threats such as unauthorized
access, stowaways, sabotage, and terrorism.

3. Designated Security Officer (DSO): Appointing a Designated Security Officer (DSO) onboard each ship,
who is responsible for implementing and maintaining the Ship Security Plan and coordinating security-
related activities.

4. Access Control Measures: Implementing access control measures to prevent unauthorized individuals
from boarding the ship or accessing restricted areas. This may include identity verification, screening of
personnel, and monitoring of access points.

5. Security Training and Drills: Providing security training to ship's personnel to raise awareness of
security threats and procedures for responding to security incidents. Conducting regular security drills
and exercises to test the effectiveness of security measures and enhance preparedness.

6. Security Equipment and Systems: Installing and maintaining security equipment and systems onboard
ships, such as surveillance cameras, intrusion detection systems, alarms, and communication equipment,
to enhance situational awareness and facilitate response to security incidents.

7. Security Communication: Establishing procedures for communication and coordination with relevant
authorities, other ships, and port facilities to exchange security-related information, report security
incidents, and request assistance when needed.

8. Security Cooperation: Promoting cooperation and collaboration among shipowners, port authorities,
government agencies, and international organizations to enhance maritime security through information
sharing, joint exercises, and mutual assistance agreements.

9. Port Facility Security: Ensuring that port facilities comply with security requirements under the ISPS
Code to prevent security threats from originating or being introduced through port operations. Port
Facility Security Plans (PFSPs) are developed and implemented to address security risks at port facilities.

10. Continuous Improvement: Regularly reviewing and updating security measures and procedures based
on changing security threats, technological advancements, and lessons learned from security incidents to
maintain the effectiveness of security arrangements over time.

By adhering to the provisions of the ISPS Code, ships can enhance the security of their crew and
passengers, mitigate security risks, and contribute to the overall safety and security of the maritime
transport sector.

105 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Q. How corrosion prevention onboard ship is important to ensure safety

of life and marine environment?
Corrosion prevention onboard ships is crucial for ensuring the safety of life and the marine environment
due to the following reasons:

1. Structural Integrity: Corrosion can weaken the structural components of a ship, including the hull,
bulkheads, decks, and superstructure. This compromises the overall structural integrity of the vessel,
increasing the risk of structural failure, hull breaches, and water ingress, which can lead to accidents such
as grounding, capsizing, or sinking.

2. Safety of Personnel: Corrosion-related failures can pose significant risks to the safety of the ship's crew
and passengers. Structural weaknesses caused by corrosion may result in accidents, injuries, or fatalities
onboard. For example, a corroded ladder, gangway, or railing may collapse, leading to slips, trips, falls, or
man-overboard incidents.

3. Environmental Protection: Corrosion-related incidents can also have adverse environmental

consequences, especially in the case of maritime accidents involving oil spills, chemical leaks, or
hazardous cargo releases. Corroded pipelines, tanks, or valves may rupture, leading to the release of
pollutants into the marine environment, causing ecological damage, contamination of water bodies, and
harm to marine life.

4. Operational Reliability: Corrosion can affect the reliability and performance of critical shipboard
systems and equipment, such as propulsion machinery, navigation systems, firefighting equipment, and
safety systems. Corrosion-induced failures or malfunctions can disrupt ship operations, compromise
navigational safety, and impede emergency response capabilities.

5. Preventive Maintenance: Implementing effective corrosion prevention measures is essential for

maintaining the operational readiness and longevity of ships. Regular inspection, cleaning, coating, and
corrosion control treatments help identify and mitigate corrosion risks before they escalate into safety or
environmental hazards.

6. Regulatory Compliance: Maritime regulations, including classification society rules, flag state
requirements, and international conventions such as the International Maritime Organization (IMO)
conventions, mandate corrosion prevention measures to ensure the safety of ships, protection of the
marine environment, and compliance with applicable standards and guidelines.

7. Risk Management: Corrosion prevention is a key aspect of risk management in the maritime industry. By
proactively addressing corrosion risks through proper design, construction, maintenance, and monitoring
practices, shipowners and operators can minimize the likelihood and consequences of corrosion-related
incidents, thereby enhancing safety and environmental protection.

Overall, corrosion prevention onboard ships is essential for safeguarding the safety of life at sea,
protecting the marine environment, ensuring operational reliability, and complying with regulatory
requirements. By prioritizing corrosion prevention efforts, shipowners, operators, and maritime
stakeholders can mitigate risks, promote sustainability, and contribute to safer and more environmentally
responsible maritime operations.

106 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Q. How in brief PMS helps in achieving the safety of the crew onboard
the ship ?
A Planned Maintenance System (PMS) helps achieve the safety of the crew onboard the ship through the
following ways:

1. Regular Inspections and Maintenance: PMS schedules regular inspections and maintenance tasks for
critical shipboard equipment, machinery, and systems. By ensuring that essential safety equipment such
as lifeboats, fire-fighting appliances, navigation lights, and communication systems are properly
maintained and in good working condition, PMS minimizes the risk of equipment failure or malfunction
during emergencies, thereby enhancing the safety of the crew.

2. Preventive Maintenance: PMS incorporates preventive maintenance practices aimed at identifying and
addressing potential issues before they escalate into safety hazards. By proactively addressing wear,
corrosion, and deterioration of shipboard equipment, PMS reduces the likelihood of accidents, injuries, or
operational disruptions caused by equipment failures, thus safeguarding the safety of the crew.

3. Compliance with Regulations: PMS helps ensure compliance with regulatory requirements and industry
standards related to the maintenance and operation of ships. By adhering to classification society rules,
flag state regulations, and international conventions such as the International Safety Management (ISM)
Code and SOLAS, PMS contributes to maintaining a high level of safety onboard ships and protecting the
welfare of the crew.

4. Emergency Preparedness: PMS includes provisions for emergency preparedness and contingency
planning to effectively respond to emergencies and crisis situations. By conducting drills, exercises, and
scenario-based training, PMS enhances the crew's readiness to handle emergencies such as fires,
abandon ship procedures, medical emergencies, and environmental incidents, thereby minimizing the
risks to crew safety.

5. Documentation and Record-Keeping: PMS maintains detailed records of maintenance activities,

inspections, and equipment history onboard the ship. By documenting maintenance procedures,
findings, and corrective actions, PMS provides valuable information for assessing the condition of
shipboard equipment, tracking maintenance trends, and identifying areas for improvement to enhance
crew safety.

6. Continuous Improvement: PMS facilitates a culture of continuous improvement by promoting

feedback, evaluation, and optimization of maintenance practices and procedures. By reviewing
performance metrics, analyzing maintenance data, and implementing lessons learned from incidents or
near misses, PMS helps identify opportunities for enhancing crew safety and operational effectiveness
over time.

Overall, a well-implemented PMS plays a critical role in ensuring the safety of the crew onboard the ship
by promoting proactive maintenance, compliance with regulations, emergency preparedness,
documentation, and continuous improvement in maintenance practices and procedures.

Q. Carry out risk assessment for entry into a water ballast tank for inspection on a ship in proper
format.

107 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Risk Assessment for Entry into Water Ballast Tank for Inspection on a Ship

1. Hazard Identification:

a. Confined Space: Entry into a water ballast tank involves working in a confined space with limited entry
and exit points, increasing the risk of entrapment or asphyxiation.

b. Atmospheric Hazards: Potential presence of hazardous gases, such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S),
methane (CH4), or oxygen deficiency, due to decomposing organic matter or cargo residues.

c. Physical Hazards: Risks of slips, trips, falls, or injuries due to uneven surfaces, protruding structures, or
moving equipment inside the tank.

d. Environmental Hazards: Exposure to extremes of temperature, humidity, or noise levels within the
tank environment.

2. Risk Analysis:

a. Likelihood: Moderate likelihood of atmospheric hazards due to the potential presence of cargo
residues or biological growth in the tank. Low likelihood of physical hazards if the tank has been properly
cleaned and prepared for entry.

b. Severity: High severity of consequences in case of atmospheric hazards, including loss of

consciousness, asphyxiation, or death. Moderate severity of consequences for physical hazards, such as
injuries or falls.

3. Risk Evaluation:

a. Risk Level: Moderate to high risk due to the potential for atmospheric hazards and confined space-
related dangers.

b. Existing Control Measures: Limited control measures currently in place, such as confined space entry
procedures, gas detection equipment, and personal protective equipment (PPE).

4. Risk Control:

a. Gas Testing: Conduct comprehensive gas testing to assess the atmospheric conditions inside the
water ballast tank before entry. Ensure the presence of adequate oxygen levels and monitor for the
presence of toxic or flammable gases.

b. Ventilation: Implement effective ventilation measures to remove stagnant air, reduce the
concentration of hazardous gases, and improve the overall air quality inside the tank.

c. Isolation: Isolate the water ballast tank from other systems and sources of potential contamination to
prevent the ingress of hazardous substances or gases.

108 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

d. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Provide appropriate PPE, including respiratory protection,
harnesses, safety lines, and protective clothing, to personnel entering the tank.

e. Entry Permit: Issue a confined space entry permit and conduct a pre-entry briefing to ensure all
personnel are aware of the hazards, control measures, and emergency procedures.

5. Monitoring and Review:

a. Continuous Monitoring: Continuously monitor atmospheric conditions, gas levels, and environmental
factors during entry operations using gas detection equipment and environmental monitoring devices.

b. Supervision: Assign a competent person to supervise entry operations and maintain communication
with personnel inside the water ballast tank at all times.

c. Emergency Response: Establish procedures for emergency response, rescue operations, and
evacuation in case of incidents or emergencies during tank entry.

6. Documentation and Communication:

a. Record Keeping: Document all aspects of the risk assessment, including hazard identification, risk
analysis, control measures, and entry permits.

b. Communication: Communicate the findings of the risk assessment, control measures, and entry
procedures to all personnel involved in the tank entry operation.

By following this risk assessment process and implementing appropriate control measures, the risks
associated with entry into a water ballast tank for inspection on a ship can be effectively managed,
thereby ensuring the safety of personnel and preventing accidents or incidents.
Q. Who is Port State Control Officer ? How are ships selected for inspection by PSC ? What are
clear grounds for detailed inspection during PSC inspection ?
A Port State Control (PSC) Officer is a maritime authority official responsible for conducting inspections
of foreign ships visiting ports within their jurisdiction to verify compliance with international maritime
regulations and standards. These officers are empowered to enforce maritime regulations, detain non-
compliant vessels, and take corrective actions to ensure the safety of ships, crew, passengers, and the
marine environment.

Ships are selected for inspection by PSC based on a risk-based targeting system, which takes into
account various factors such as the ship's flag, type, age, previous inspection history, and classification
society performance. High-risk ships, identified based on factors such as flag state performance, ship
type, age, and casualty history, are more likely to be selected for inspection.

Clear grounds for detailed inspection during a PSC inspection include:

1. Detention History: If the ship has a history of detention or repeated deficiencies during previous
inspections, it may be subjected to a detailed inspection to verify compliance with regulations and
address underlying safety concerns.

109 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

2. Observations During Initial Inspection: If the PSC Officer observes any deficiencies or non-compliance
issues during the initial inspection, they may decide to conduct a more thorough examination of specific
areas or systems onboard the ship.

3. Flag State Performance: If the ship's flag state has a poor track record of implementing and enforcing
international maritime regulations, the ship may be subject to more extensive scrutiny to ensure
compliance with safety, security, and environmental standards.

4. Information from Classification Societies: If there are indications of substandard maintenance,

inadequate surveys, or non-compliance with classification society requirements, the ship may be targeted
for a detailed inspection to verify the condition of critical shipboard systems and equipment.

5. Reports of Incidents or Accidents: If the ship has been involved in incidents, accidents, or
environmental pollution incidents, it may be subjected to a detailed inspection to assess the root causes
of the incidents and verify compliance with relevant regulations.

6. Specific Areas of Concern: If there are specific areas or systems onboard the ship that are known to
pose safety or environmental risks, such as cargo handling equipment, navigation equipment, pollution
prevention systems, or crew living conditions, the PSC Officer may focus on inspecting those areas in
detail.

Overall, clear grounds for detailed inspection during a PSC inspection are based on a combination of risk
factors, previous performance, observations during initial inspections, and specific areas of concern
related to ship safety, security, and environmental protection. The goal of detailed inspections is to
ensure that ships visiting port facilities comply with international maritime regulations and standards,
thereby enhancing maritime safety and environmental protection.
Q. Personal power and situational awareness helps in maintaiing cordial encironment onboard for
routine jobs. Justify the statement with onboard ship situations and examples.
Personal power and situational awareness are indeed crucial for maintaining a cordial environment
onboard ships, especially during routine operations. Let's explore how these attributes contribute to
fostering a positive atmosphere through onboard ship situations:

1. Personal Power:

a. Leadership: A chief officer who exhibits strong leadership qualities commands respect and
cooperation from the crew. By setting a positive example and effectively communicating expectations,
they motivate the crew to perform their duties efficiently. For instance, during routine maintenance tasks
such as deck painting, a chief officer who leads by example and actively participates in the work
alongside the crew fosters a sense of teamwork and camaraderie.

b. Communication Skills: Effective communication is essential for ensuring smooth coordination among
crew members. A senior officer who communicates clearly and respectfully with the team fosters an
atmosphere of mutual respect and trust. In situations like cargo operations, clear communication about
tasks, procedures, and safety protocols helps prevent misunderstandings and promotes a collaborative
working environment.

c. Problem-Solving Abilities: Crew members appreciate leaders who can effectively address challenges
and resolve issues. A chief engineer who demonstrates problem-solving skills and resourcefulness gains

110 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

the trust and confidence of the engineering team. For example, when troubleshooting equipment
malfunctions during machinery maintenance, an engineer who remains calm and methodically assesses
the situation inspires confidence in their ability to resolve the issue promptly.

2. Situational Awareness:

a. Safety Consciousness: Maintaining awareness of potential safety hazards and risks is vital for
preventing accidents onboard. A watchkeeping officer who remains vigilant and alert while monitoring
the vessel's surroundings during navigation ensures the safety of the ship and crew. In scenarios such as
navigating through congested waterways or adverse weather conditions, heightened situational
awareness enables the officer to make informed decisions and take timely evasive actions to avoid
collisions or groundings.

b. Environmental Awareness: Being mindful of environmental factors such as weather conditions, sea
state, and currents is essential for safe and efficient ship operations. A deck officer who stays informed
about weather forecasts and sea conditions ensures the vessel's stability and seaworthiness. For instance,
when conducting cargo loading or discharge operations, awareness of tidal currents and wind direction
helps optimize the ship's position and minimize the risk of mooring incidents or cargo damage.

c. Cultural Sensitivity: In a diverse multicultural environment onboard, situational awareness includes

understanding and respecting cultural differences among crew members. A captain who promotes
inclusivity and cultural sensitivity fosters a harmonious work environment where all crew members feel
valued and appreciated. During social interactions or team meetings, acknowledging and celebrating
cultural diversity contributes to a positive onboard atmosphere and enhances crew morale.

In summary, personal power and situational awareness are integral aspects of effective leadership and
crew management onboard ships. By cultivating these attributes, maritime professionals can create a
cordial and productive environment conducive to safe and efficient shipboard operations.

PAPER- 7

Q. 1 Briefly explain How an abandon ship drill organized on a ship having

free fall lifeboat ?
Organizing an abandon ship drill on a ship equipped with a free-fall lifeboat involves several key steps to
ensure the safe and effective evacuation of crew and passengers in the event of an emergency. Here's a
brief overview of how the drill may be organized:

1. Notification and Briefing:

 The ship's master or designated safety officer announces the abandon ship drill well in advance to alert
all crew members and passengers.
 A pre-drill briefing is conducted to explain the objectives, procedures, and safety precautions of the drill.
This includes instructions on muster stations, donning life jackets, and the location and operation of free-
fall lifeboats.

111 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

2. Muster Stations Assignment:

 Crew members and passengers are assigned specific muster stations based on their respective areas of
responsibility or accommodation.
 Each muster station is equipped with life-saving appliances, including life jackets, immersion suits, and
emergency communication equipment.

3. Donning of Life Jackets:

 All crew members and passengers proceed to their designated muster stations and don life jackets as per
instructions.
 Crew members assist passengers, especially those requiring assistance or with limited mobility, in
donning their life jackets properly.

4. Assembly and Accountability:

 Once everyone has donned their life jackets, crew members conduct a headcount to ensure all personnel
are present and accounted for at their assigned muster stations.
 Any discrepancies or missing individuals are reported to the designated safety officer or muster station
coordinator for further action.

5. Lifeboat Drills:

 Crew members receive instructions on the proper procedure for boarding and launching the free-fall
lifeboats.
 Practice drills may include lowering the lifeboats from their stowed position, securing passengers inside,
and simulating launching into the water.

6. Evacuation Exercise:

 Upon command, crew members and passengers proceed to their assigned free-fall lifeboats and board
them in an orderly manner.
 The lifeboat launch procedure is followed, including securing the lifeboat, releasing the falls, and
initiating the free-fall descent into the water.

7. Recovery and Debriefing:

 After the lifeboat has been launched and retrieved, crew members and passengers return to their
designated assembly areas for debriefing.
 The drill is reviewed and evaluated to identify any areas for improvement or lessons learned. Feedback is
provided to enhance future drill performance.

8. Documentation and Record-Keeping:

 Details of the abandon ship drill, including attendance, actions taken, and observations, are documented
in the ship's logbook or drill record.

112 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Any deficiencies or corrective actions identified during the drill are recorded and addressed accordingly.

By following this organized approach, crews onboard ships equipped with free-fall lifeboats can
effectively conduct abandon ship drills to ensure readiness and proficiency in responding to emergency
situations at sea.

Q. 2 Give a detailed briefing of ship abandonship drill conducted with

suggestions for improvement.
Detailed Briefing of Ship Abandon Ship Drill with Suggestions for Improvement:

1. Objective of the Drill:

 The primary objective of the abandon ship drill is to familiarize all crew members and passengers with
the procedures and equipment necessary for a safe and orderly evacuation in the event of an emergency.

2. Pre-Drill Preparation:

 Prior to the drill, ensure that all life-saving appliances, including life jackets, immersion suits, and free-fall
lifeboats, are in good working condition and readily accessible.
 Conduct a thorough inspection of muster stations, ensuring they are properly equipped with emergency
communication devices and clearly marked with signage.

3. Notification and Briefing:

 Notify all crew members and passengers well in advance of the drill to ensure their participation.
 Conduct a comprehensive pre-drill briefing, explaining the objectives, procedures, and safety precautions
of the drill.
 Emphasize the importance of following instructions from crew members and remaining calm and orderly
throughout the evacuation process.

4. Muster Stations Assignment:

 Assign specific muster stations to crew members and passengers based on their assigned areas of
responsibility or accommodation.
 Ensure that muster stations are strategically located throughout the ship and easily accessible to all
occupants.

5. Donning of Life Jackets:

 Instruct all participants to don their life jackets properly, ensuring a snug and secure fit.
 Provide assistance to passengers who require help with donning their life jackets, especially those with
limited mobility or special needs.

6. Assembly and Accountability:

 Conduct a headcount at each muster station to ensure that all personnel are present and accounted for.

113 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Use a checklist or electronic tracking system to record attendance and identify any missing individuals.

7. Lifeboat Drills:

 Provide detailed instructions on the proper procedure for boarding and launching the free-fall lifeboats.
 Conduct practice drills for lowering the lifeboats from their stowed position, securing passengers inside,
and initiating the free-fall descent into the water.

8. Evacuation Exercise:

 Upon command, proceed to the designated free-fall lifeboats and board them in an orderly manner.
 Practice the lifeboat launch procedure, including releasing the falls and initiating the free-fall descent.
 Simulate emergency scenarios, such as engine failure or crew incapacitation, to test the response and
decision-making capabilities of the crew.

9. Recovery and Debriefing:

 After the drill, return to the designated assembly areas for debriefing and feedback.
 Review the drill performance, identifying strengths, weaknesses, and areas for improvement.
 Encourage open discussion and feedback from participants to gather insights and suggestions for
enhancing future drill effectiveness.

10. Documentation and Record-Keeping:

 Document all aspects of the abandon ship drill, including attendance, actions taken, and observations, in
the ship's logbook or drill record.
 Review and analyze drill records to identify trends, recurring deficiencies, and opportunities for training
and improvement.

Suggestions for Improvement:

 Conduct regular refresher training sessions and drills to reinforce emergency procedures and enhance
crew readiness.
 Utilize innovative technologies, such as virtual reality simulations or interactive training modules, to
simulate realistic emergency scenarios and improve crew response capabilities.
 Incorporate feedback from drill participants and lessons learned from real-life incidents to continually
refine and enhance abandon ship procedures.
 Encourage a culture of safety and preparedness onboard by promoting proactive risk management
practices and fostering a collaborative approach to emergency response.

By implementing these suggestions and conducting thorough abandon ship drills, ships can enhance
their readiness and proficiency in responding to emergency situations, thereby ensuring the safety and
well-being of crew members and passengers at sea.

114 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Q. Checklist for carrying out safety inspection on an oil tanker.

Safety Inspection Checklist for Oil Tanker:

1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

 Ensure availability and condition of PPE, including hard hats, safety shoes, gloves, goggles, and hearing
protection.

2. Fire Fighting Equipment:

 Inspect fire extinguishers, ensuring they are fully charged and in proper working condition.
 Check the condition of fire hoses, nozzles, and hydrants, verifying accessibility and operability.

3. Emergency Escape Routes:

 Verify the accessibility and condition of emergency escape routes, including stairways, ladders, and
escape trunks.
 Ensure that emergency exits are clearly marked and unobstructed.

4. Life-saving Appliances:

 Inspect lifeboats, rescue boats, and life rafts, ensuring they are properly secured, equipped, and
maintained.
 Check the condition of life jackets, immersion suits, and buoyant apparatus, verifying serviceability and
stowage.

5. Navigational Equipment:

 Verify the operational status of navigation lights, signaling devices, and radar systems.
 Check the condition of compasses, charts, and electronic navigation aids, ensuring accuracy and
reliability.

6. Cargo Handling Equipment:

 Inspect cargo pumps, pipelines, and valves for leaks, corrosion, and proper operation.
 Check cargo tank vents, pressure relief valves, and inert gas systems for compliance with safety
regulations.

7. Deck Safety:

 Ensure the integrity of deck structures, including railings, bulwarks, and hatch covers.
 Inspect mooring and anchoring equipment for wear, damage, and proper securing.

115 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

8. Pollution Prevention Measures:

 Verify the condition of oil pollution prevention equipment, including oil spill response kits and
containment booms.
 Check bilge pumping systems and oily water separators for compliance with environmental regulations.

9. Machinery Spaces:

 Inspect engine room machinery, including main engines, generators, pumps, and boilers, for leaks,
abnormalities, and proper operation.
 Check fuel oil and lubricating oil systems for contamination, leaks, and adequate levels.

10. Safety Management System (SMS) Compliance:

 Review documentation related to the vessel's Safety Management System (SMS) implementation,
including safety procedures, records, and maintenance logs.
 Ensure compliance with relevant international conventions, regulations, and industry standards.

11. Training and Drills:

 Verify the completion of crew training and familiarization with emergency procedures, including abandon
ship drills, fire drills, and oil spill response exercises.
 Review documentation of training records and drill performance evaluations.

12. Emergency Communication:

 Test communication systems, including VHF radios, satellite phones, and distress signaling devices.
 Ensure that crew members are familiar with emergency communication procedures and protocols.

13. Documentation and Records:

 Review and update safety inspection records, including deficiencies identified, corrective actions taken,
and follow-up measures implemented.
 Maintain a logbook or electronic record of safety inspections for regulatory compliance and audit
purposes.

By conducting thorough safety inspections using this checklist, oil tankers can identify and address
potential hazards, ensure compliance with safety regulations, and promote a culture of safety onboard.
Regular inspections contribute to the prevention of accidents, protection of the environment, and
preservation of the well-being of crew members and the vessel.

116 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Q. Describe the Dock labour regulations & operation, inspection and

testing of lifting appliances onboard a ship.
The Dock Labour Regulations (DLR) govern the employment and working conditions of dock workers
involved in cargo handling operations at ports. These regulations aim to ensure the safety, health, and
welfare of dock workers and promote fair labor practices in the maritime industry. Here's an overview of
the DLR and the operation, inspection, and testing of lifting appliances onboard a ship:

1. Dock Labour Regulations (DLR):

 The DLR set out provisions regarding the registration, licensing, and welfare of dock workers engaged in
cargo handling activities at ports.
 These regulations prescribe working hours, rest periods, and safety measures to protect dock workers
from occupational hazards and ensure their well-being.
 The DLR also address issues related to employment contracts, wages, and disciplinary procedures for
dock workers.

2. Operation of Lifting Appliances Onboard Ship:

 Lifting appliances onboard ships include cranes, derricks, winches, and other mechanical devices used for
cargo handling operations.
 Before operating lifting appliances, personnel must be trained and certified to handle and operate the
equipment safely.
 Prior to use, conduct a pre-operational inspection of the lifting appliance to check for any defects,
damage, or malfunctioning components.
 Follow established procedures and safety protocols for rigging, hoisting, and lowering cargo using the
lifting appliance.
 Ensure that the load does not exceed the safe working load (SWL) capacity of the lifting appliance and
that proper rigging techniques are employed to prevent accidents or injuries.

3. Inspection of Lifting Appliances Onboard Ship:

 Regular inspections of lifting appliances onboard ships are essential to ensure their safe and efficient
operation.
 Inspections should be conducted by qualified personnel, such as marine engineers or certified crane
operators, in accordance with regulatory requirements and manufacturer's recommendations.
 Inspect lifting appliances for signs of wear, corrosion, or damage to structural components, mechanical
parts, and safety devices.
 Verify the condition and functionality of load-bearing components, such as wire ropes, chains, hooks, and
sheaves, to ensure they are free from defects and deformation.
 Check hydraulic systems, electrical circuits, and control mechanisms for leaks, malfunctions, or loose
connections that may compromise the safe operation of the lifting appliance.

117 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

4. Testing of Lifting Appliances Onboard Ship:

 Periodic testing of lifting appliances is necessary to verify their load-bearing capacity, structural integrity,
and compliance with regulatory standards.
 Conduct load tests at specified intervals using calibrated weights or test loads to verify the safe working
load (SWL) capacity of the lifting appliance.
 Follow established procedures and safety precautions during load testing to prevent overloading,
equipment failure, or accidents.
 Document the results of load tests, including the applied load, duration of the test, and any observations
or findings, in the ship's maintenance records or equipment logbook.

By adhering to the Dock Labour Regulations and implementing proper procedures for the operation,
inspection, and testing of lifting appliances onboard ships, maritime operators can ensure the safety of
dock workers and crew members involved in cargo handling operations and maintain the integrity and
reliability of lifting equipment.

Q. List some disadvantages of PMS onboard ship.

While Planned Maintenance Systems (PMS) offer numerous benefits in ensuring the proper upkeep of
equipment and machinery onboard ships, there are also some disadvantages associated with their
implementation. Here are some common drawbacks of PMS onboard ship:

1. Initial Setup Complexity: Implementing a PMS requires significant initial setup and configuration,
including the creation of maintenance schedules, task lists, and equipment databases. This setup process
can be time-consuming and may require specialized training for personnel responsible for managing the
system.

2. Resource Intensive: Maintaining an effective PMS requires dedicated resources, including personnel,
time, and financial investment. This includes manpower for carrying out inspections, conducting
maintenance tasks, and updating system records regularly.

3. Data Entry and Management: Keeping the PMS database up-to-date with accurate information on
equipment status, maintenance history, and compliance records can be challenging. Data entry errors or
incomplete information can compromise the effectiveness of the system and lead to inaccuracies in
maintenance planning.

4. Risk of Over-Reliance: Depending too heavily on the PMS for maintenance planning and decision-
making can lead to a false sense of security. Relying solely on scheduled maintenance intervals may
overlook emerging issues or unexpected failures that require immediate attention.

5. Limited Flexibility: PMSs typically follow predefined maintenance schedules and task lists based on
manufacturer recommendations or regulatory requirements. This lack of flexibility may not account for
specific operational conditions, equipment usage patterns, or emerging maintenance needs, leading to
suboptimal maintenance practices.

6. Cost Considerations: While PMS can help optimize maintenance activities and prolong equipment
lifespan, there are associated costs with implementing and maintaining the system. This includes the

118 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

initial investment in software, hardware, and training, as well as ongoing expenses for software updates,
technical support, and system maintenance.

7. Potential for Over-Maintenance: Strict adherence to scheduled maintenance tasks as prescribed by the
PMS may result in over-maintenance, where equipment is serviced more frequently than necessary. This
can lead to increased downtime, unnecessary wear and tear on components, and higher maintenance
costs without corresponding benefits in reliability or performance.

8. Complexity of Integration: Integrating the PMS with other onboard systems, such as asset
management software, inventory control systems, and condition monitoring tools, can be complex and
may require custom interfaces or data exchange protocols. Compatibility issues or data interoperability
challenges may arise during integration efforts.

9. Training Requirements: Personnel responsible for using and managing the PMS require adequate
training to ensure effective utilization of the system. Training programs may need to be regularly
updated to accommodate changes in system functionality, maintenance procedures, or regulatory
requirements.

10. Potential for System Failure: Like any software-based system, PMSs are susceptible to technical
glitches, software bugs, or hardware malfunctions that can disrupt operations and compromise data
integrity. Regular backups, system monitoring, and contingency plans are essential to mitigate the risk of
system failure.

Despite these disadvantages, the benefits of implementing a well-designed and properly maintained
PMS typically outweigh the drawbacks, as it contributes to enhanced safety, reliability, and efficiency of
shipboard operations.
Q. Prepare PMS schedule for mooring winches on a ship.
Creating a Planned Maintenance System (PMS) schedule for mooring winches on a ship involves
establishing a routine maintenance plan to ensure the reliability and safety of these critical equipment.
Below is a sample PMS schedule for mooring winches:

Monthly Maintenance:

1. Visual Inspection:

 Check for any signs of corrosion, wear, or damage on the winch components, including drum, brake
system, gears, and bearings.
 Inspect wire ropes or synthetic ropes for fraying, kinks, or signs of deterioration.
 Verify the condition of control panels, switches, and electrical connections for any abnormalities.

2. Lubrication:

 Apply lubricant to moving parts such as bearings, gears, shafts, and wire rope drums.
 Ensure proper lubrication of brake system components to maintain smooth operation and prevent
overheating.

119 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

3. Operational Test:

 Conduct a functional test of the mooring winches under load conditions to verify proper operation and
responsiveness.
 Check the performance of braking systems and emergency stop mechanisms to ensure effectiveness and
reliability.

Quarterly Maintenance:

1. Tensioning and Alignment:

 Check and adjust the tension of wire ropes or synthetic ropes as per manufacturer recommendations.
 Verify the alignment of wire rope drums and guide rollers to prevent uneven wear and reduce friction.

2. Brake Inspection:

 Inspect brake linings, pads, or discs for wear and tear, and replace if necessary.
 Check brake hydraulic systems for leaks, air bubbles, or fluid contamination, and rectify any issues found.

Semi-Annual Maintenance:

1. Load Testing:

 Conduct load testing of mooring winches to ensure they can safely handle their rated loads.
 Use calibrated test weights or simulate loads to verify the performance and stability of the winches under
operational conditions.

2. Electrical Inspection:

 Inspect electrical components, such as motors, switches, relays, and wiring harnesses, for signs of wear,
overheating, or damage.
 Test the functionality of control panels, limit switches, and emergency shutdown systems to ensure
proper operation.

Annual Maintenance:

1. Full Inspection and Overhaul:

 Disassemble mooring winches for a comprehensive inspection of internal components, including

bearings, seals, shafts, and gearboxes.
 Clean, lubricate, and replace worn or damaged parts as necessary.

120 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Perform calibration of load monitoring systems and safety devices to maintain accuracy and reliability.

2. Certification and Documentation:

 Ensure that all maintenance activities are documented in the ship's maintenance records or PMS
database.
 Obtain relevant certifications, inspections, or surveys from classification societies or regulatory authorities
as required.

Q. Describe the procedure for rigging and effective use to tackle refloat
of a grounded ship.
The procedure for rigging and effectively using tackle to refloat a grounded ship involves a series of
coordinated steps to leverage the forces of tugboats, winches, and buoyancy to free the vessel from the
grounding. Here's a general overview of the process:

1. Assessment of Grounding Situation:

 Before attempting to refloat the grounded ship, assess the extent of the grounding, including the type of
seabed, tidal conditions, and potential damage to the vessel's hull.
 Evaluate the ship's stability, draft, and trim to determine the best approach for refloating without causing
further damage or endangering the vessel.

2. Positioning of Tugboats:

 Deploy tugboats strategically around the grounded ship to provide pulling and pushing forces in the
desired direction of refloating.
 Ensure that tugboats are adequately powered and equipped with towing lines of sufficient strength to
handle the load.

3. Preparation of Rigging Equipment:

 Rig heavy-duty steel cables or synthetic ropes to secure the grounded ship to the tugboats and shore-
based anchor points.
 Use multiple lines to distribute the pulling forces evenly and prevent localized stress on the ship's hull.

4. Application of Towing Forces:

 Coordinate the efforts of tugboat crews to apply gradual, steady pulling forces to the grounded ship
from multiple directions.
 Monitor the tension on the towing lines to avoid excessive strain on the ship's structure and minimize the
risk of line snapback or equipment failure.

5. Utilization of Winches and Capstans:

121 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Deploy onboard winches, capstans, or windlasses to assist in pulling the ship off the grounding by
tensioning the rigging lines.
 Coordinate winch operations with the movements of the tugboats to maintain synchronized pulling
forces and prevent sudden surges or jerks

6. Ballasting and Deballasting:

 Adjust the ship's ballast tanks to optimize buoyancy and trim, shifting weight to facilitate the refloating
process.
 Pump out ballast water from flooded compartments to reduce draft and increase the vessel's buoyancy
as it rises off the seabed.

7. Monitoring and Adjustments:

 Continuously monitor the progress of the refloating operation, including the movement of the ship,
tension on rigging lines, and response of tugboats.
 Make adjustments to the rigging configuration, towing angles, and ballasting as necessary to overcome
obstacles or changing conditions.

8. Assistance from Salvage Experts:

 Seek assistance from professional salvage companies or maritime experts with specialized equipment
and experience in ship refloating operations if needed.
 Follow established salvage procedures and safety protocols to mitigate risks and ensure the successful
outcome of the refloating effort.

9. Post-Refloating Assessment:

 Conduct a thorough inspection of the ship's hull, propulsion systems, and vital equipment following the
refloating operation to assess any damage or vulnerabilities.
 Make necessary repairs and modifications before returning the vessel to service to ensure its
seaworthiness and compliance with regulatory requirements.

By following this procedure and leveraging the combined efforts of tugboats, rigging equipment, and
careful planning, a grounded ship can be successfully refloated and returned to navigable waters with
minimal damage or disruption. Collaboration among ship's crew, salvage experts, and maritime
authorities is essential to ensure the safe and efficient execution of the refloating operation.

Q. Explain the procedure to try out all fire alarms as per routine checks
onboard ship.
Testing all fire alarms onboard a ship as part of routine checks is crucial to ensure their proper
functioning and readiness in case of an emergency. Here's a general procedure to conduct such tests:

122 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

1. Preparation:

 Notify the bridge, engine room, and other relevant personnel about the fire alarm testing to prevent any
misunderstanding or panic.
 Inform the crew about the scheduled test and instruct them to remain vigilant but not to take any action
unless an actual emergency is confirmed.

2. Coordination:

 Assign personnel to different areas of the ship where fire alarm systems are installed to conduct
simultaneous tests across the vessel.
 Designate a team leader or officer in charge to oversee the testing process and coordinate
communication between testing teams.

3. Testing Procedure:

 Begin the test by activating the fire alarm manually at the main control panel or designated alarm
activation points located throughout the ship.
 Test each type of fire alarm system installed onboard, including smoke detectors, heat detectors, flame
detectors, manual call points (break glass), and audible/visual alarm devices.
 Activate each alarm device individually and verify that it triggers the alarm signal effectively.
 Confirm that audible alarms produce a loud and distinctive sound audible throughout the designated
area or compartment.
 Ensure that visual alarm indicators, such as flashing lights or strobes, are clearly visible and functioning
correctly, especially in areas with high ambient noise levels or low visibility.

4. Verification:

 Once all fire alarms have been tested, verify that alarm signals are received and acknowledged at the
main fire control station or bridge.
 Confirm that the alarm panel displays the location of the activated alarm and provides relevant
information to assist response teams in locating the incident.

5. Resetting and Reporting:

 After completing the test, reset all fire alarm systems to their normal operational mode and clear any
alarms from the control panel.
 Record the details of the fire alarm test, including the date, time, locations tested, and results, in the
ship's logbook or maintenance records.
 Report any discrepancies, malfunctions, or issues identified during the test to the designated safety
officer or responsible personnel for further investigation and corrective action.

6. Follow-Up Actions:

123 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Address any deficiencies or failures identified during the fire alarm test promptly to ensure that all alarm
systems are fully operational and compliant with regulatory requirements.
 Schedule follow-up inspections, maintenance, or repairs as necessary to rectify any issues and maintain
the integrity of the ship's fire detection and alarm systems.

By following this procedure, shipboard personnel can systematically test and verify the functionality of all
fire alarms onboard, contributing to the safety and preparedness of the vessel in the event of a fire
emergency. Regular testing and maintenance of fire alarm systems are essential to ensure their reliability
and effectiveness in protecting lives and property at sea.

Q. Explain the maintenance carried out on fixed CO2 system onboard

ship.
Maintenance of fixed CO2 systems onboard ships is critical to ensure their effectiveness in extinguishing
fires and protecting personnel and property in the event of a fire emergency. Here's an overview of the
maintenance activities typically carried out on fixed CO2 systems:

1. Visual Inspection:

 Conduct regular visual inspections of all components of the fixed CO2 system, including cylinders, piping,
nozzles, release valves, and control mechanisms.
 Check for signs of corrosion, physical damage, or deterioration that may affect the integrity or
functionality of the system.
 Ensure that all components are properly secured, labeled, and accessible for maintenance and
emergency operations.

2. Pressure Testing:

 Perform periodic pressure testing of CO2 cylinders to verify their structural integrity and leak-tightness.
 Use calibrated pressure gauges or testing equipment to measure and record the pressure levels within
the cylinders and associated piping.
 Verify that pressure relief devices and safety valves are functioning correctly and set to the appropriate
pressure thresholds.

3. Functional Testing:

 Conduct regular functional tests of the fixed CO2 system to ensure its readiness for emergency
deployment.
 Activate the release mechanism or control panel to initiate a simulated discharge of CO2 into the
protected spaces.
 Verify that all release valves, solenoid valves, and actuating devices operate smoothly and promptly in
response to the activation signal.
 Monitor the distribution of CO2 flow through the piping network and confirm that all discharge nozzles
or diffusers function as intended.

4. Inspection of Nozzles and Diffusers:

124 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Inspect discharge nozzles, diffusers, and distribution piping for obstructions, blockages, or damage that
may impede the uniform distribution of CO2 within the protected spaces.
 Clean or replace nozzles and diffusers as necessary to ensure proper discharge patterns and coverage of
the protected area.

5. Control Panel and Alarms:

 Check the functionality of the control panel, alarm indicators, and monitoring devices associated with the
fixed CO2 system.
 Test alarm signals, annunciators, and visual indicators to ensure they activate correctly during a simulated
discharge or fault condition.
 Verify that manual override switches, emergency stop buttons, and other control features are operational
and easily accessible to authorized personnel.

6. Documentation and Record-keeping:

 Maintain accurate records of all maintenance activities, inspections, tests, and repairs performed on the
fixed CO2 system.
 Document the results of pressure tests, functional tests, and any corrective actions taken to address
deficiencies or discrepancies.
 Keep a logbook or maintenance database containing detailed records of CO2 cylinder inspections, refills,
hydrostatic tests, and expiration dates.

7. Training and Familiarization:

 Ensure that shipboard personnel responsible for operating, maintaining, or responding to fire
emergencies are trained and familiarized with the fixed CO2 system.
 Conduct regular training drills and exercises to familiarize crew members with the proper procedures for
activating, monitoring, and controlling the CO2 system during a fire incident.

Q. Explain motivation and discuss its sources with shipboard examples.

Motivation refers to the internal and external factors that drive individuals to take action, persist in their
efforts, and achieve their goals. It plays a crucial role in influencing behavior, performance, and
satisfaction in various contexts, including onboard ships. Motivation can stem from multiple sources,
both intrinsic (internal) and extrinsic (external), which interact to shape individuals' attitudes, beliefs, and
actions. Here's a discussion of motivation sources with shipboard examples:

1. Intrinsic Motivation:

 Sense of Achievement: Crew members may feel motivated by the sense of accomplishment and pride
that comes from successfully completing tasks or overcoming challenges onboard. For example, a deck
officer who successfully navigates the ship through difficult weather conditions may experience a sense
of personal satisfaction and fulfillment.

125 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Interest and Enjoyment: Some crew members are motivated by their inherent interest in maritime
activities and enjoy the unique experiences and adventures associated with life at sea. For instance,
sailors who are passionate about sailing may find joy in the process of maneuvering the ship and
exploring new destinations.
 Personal Growth: Individuals onboard may be motivated by opportunities for learning, skill
development, and career advancement. For example, a cadet undergoing training onboard may be
driven by the desire to gain valuable knowledge, experience, and qualifications to progress in their
maritime career.

2. Extrinsic Motivation:

 Financial Incentives: Monetary rewards, such as salary, bonuses, and incentives, serve as significant
extrinsic motivators for many crew members. For instance, seafarers may be motivated to work diligently
and efficiently to earn competitive wages and additional financial benefits.
 Recognition and Appreciation: Crew members may be motivated by the recognition and appreciation
they receive from peers, superiors, or the company for their contributions and achievements onboard.
For example, a crew member who receives praise or awards for exceptional performance may feel valued
and motivated to continue delivering high-quality work.
 Career Advancement Opportunities: The prospect of career advancement, promotion, or future job
opportunities can serve as powerful motivators for crew members to excel in their roles and pursue
professional growth. For instance, a ratings seafarer may be motivated to acquire additional certifications
or qualifications to qualify for higher-ranking positions onboard or ashore.

3. Social Motivation:

 Team Dynamics: The camaraderie, teamwork, and social bonds formed among crew members onboard
can serve as motivational factors. For example, sailors may feel motivated to perform well and contribute
to the team's success to maintain a positive working environment and foster strong relationships with
colleagues.
 Sense of Belonging: Crew members may be motivated by the sense of belonging and connection to the
ship's community and maritime industry. For instance, seafarers may derive motivation from the shared
experiences, traditions, and culture that unite them with fellow sailors and seafaring communities
worldwide.

In summary, motivation onboard ships can arise from a combination of intrinsic, extrinsic, and social
factors, which interact to influence crew members' attitudes, behaviors, and performance. By
understanding and leveraging these motivation sources effectively, ship operators and managers can
cultivate a positive work environment, enhance crew satisfaction and well-being, and optimize
performance and productivity onboard.
Q. Explain Team Work, Team building and interpersonal relationship with shipboard examples in
achieving team's goal.
Teamwork, team building, and interpersonal relationships are essential aspects of shipboard life,
contributing to the effective functioning of maritime teams and the achievement of common goals. Let's
delve into each concept and provide shipboard examples to illustrate their significance:

1. Teamwork:

126 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Definition: Teamwork refers to the collaborative effort of individuals working together towards a shared
objective, leveraging their complementary skills, knowledge, and resources to achieve success.
 Shipboard Example: During a cargo loading operation, the deck crew, engine room personnel, and
shore-based stevedores collaborate closely to ensure the safe and efficient handling of cargo. Each team
member plays a specific role, such as securing cargo, operating cranes, or monitoring stability, and
communicates effectively to coordinate their actions and prevent accidents or delays.

2. Team Building:

 Definition: Team building involves activities and initiatives aimed at fostering mutual trust, cooperation,
and synergy among team members, enhancing communication, morale, and cohesion within the team.
 Shipboard Example: The ship's captain organizes a team-building workshop for the entire crew during a
port stay. Activities may include problem-solving exercises, role-playing scenarios, and group discussions
designed to improve communication skills, resolve conflicts, and build camaraderie among crew
members. Through these activities, the crew develops a stronger sense of unity and purpose, leading to
improved teamwork and performance.

3. Interpersonal Relationships:

 Definition: Interpersonal relationships refer to the connections and interactions between individuals
within a team, characterized by mutual respect, empathy, and understanding, which contribute to a
positive and supportive work environment.
 Shipboard Example: The chief engineer regularly conducts one-on-one meetings with engine room
personnel to discuss their professional development, address concerns, and provide feedback. By
fostering open communication and building trust-based relationships, the chief engineer strengthens the
bond between team members and promotes a culture of collaboration and mutual support within the
engine department.

In achieving the team's goals, these concepts are interconnected and mutually reinforcing. Effective
teamwork relies on strong interpersonal relationships and effective communication, while team-building
activities help nurture these relationships and enhance collaboration. By fostering a culture of teamwork,
team building, and positive interpersonal relationships onboard, maritime teams can overcome
challenges, adapt to changing circumstances, and achieve their objectives with greater efficiency and
resilience.

Q. What is risk assessment? Why risk assessment is important and how do

you carry out risk assessment in, enumerate with an shipboard example.
Risk assessment is a systematic process of identifying, evaluating, and prioritizing potential hazards, risks,
and uncertainties associated with specific activities, processes, or environments. It involves analyzing the
likelihood and consequences of various hazards occurring and implementing measures to mitigate or
manage those risks effectively. Risk assessment is important because it helps organizations, including
those operating onboard ships, to:

1. Identify Hazards: By conducting risk assessments, potential hazards and risks can be identified
proactively, allowing for preventive measures to be implemented to minimize the likelihood of accidents
or incidents occurring.

127 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

2. Prioritize Risks: Risk assessments enable organizations to prioritize risks based on their severity and
likelihood, focusing resources and attention on addressing the most significant threats to safety, health,
and the environment.

3. Mitigate Risks: By understanding the nature and magnitude of risks, appropriate control measures and
mitigation strategies can be implemented to reduce the likelihood and impact of adverse events.

4. Comply with Regulations: Many maritime regulations, such as the International Safety Management
(ISM) Code and the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code, require ship operators to
conduct risk assessments to ensure compliance with safety and security standards.

5. Improve Decision-Making: Risk assessments provide valuable information and insights that can inform
decision-making processes, helping organizations make informed choices about resource allocation,
operational planning, and risk management strategies.

To carry out a risk assessment onboard a ship, the following steps are typically involved:

1. Identify Hazards: Identify potential hazards and risks associated with specific shipboard activities,
operations, or conditions. This may include hazards related to navigation, cargo handling, machinery
operation, fire safety, and security.

2. Assess Risks: Evaluate the likelihood and consequences of each identified hazard occurring. Consider
factors such as the frequency of exposure, severity of potential harm, and the effectiveness of existing
control measures.

3. Determine Risk Levels: Determine the overall risk level associated with each hazard by combining the
likelihood and consequence assessments. Classify risks as low, medium, or high based on predetermined
criteria.

4. Implement Control Measures: Develop and implement control measures to mitigate or manage
identified risks. This may involve engineering controls, administrative controls, personal protective
equipment (PPE), or procedural changes.

5. Monitor and Review: Monitor the effectiveness of implemented control measures and periodically
review the risk assessment to ensure its currency and relevance. Update the assessment as necessary to
reflect changes in operations, regulations, or environmental conditions.

Here's a shipboard example of risk assessment:

Example: Risk Assessment for Cargo Handling Operations

 Identify Hazards: Potential hazards associated with cargo handling operations include manual lifting
injuries, slips, trips, and falls, cargo shifting or falling during loading/unloading, and hazardous cargo
spills or leaks.
 Assess Risks: Evaluate the likelihood and consequences of each hazard. For instance, the risk of manual
lifting injuries may be high due to frequent lifting tasks, while the consequences of a hazardous cargo
spill may be severe, leading to environmental pollution or fire/explosion.

128 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Determine Risk Levels: Classify risks based on their severity and likelihood. Risks related to manual
lifting injuries may be classified as medium to high, while risks associated with hazardous cargo spills
may be classified as high.
 Implement Control Measures: Implement control measures to mitigate identified risks, such as
providing mechanical lifting aids, conducting regular safety briefings, securing cargo properly, and
implementing spill containment and cleanup procedures.
 Monitor and Review: Monitor the effectiveness of control measures and conduct periodic reviews of the
risk assessment to ensure ongoing safety and compliance with regulations.

By conducting risk assessments and implementing appropriate control measures, ship operators can
minimize the likelihood of accidents, protect the health and safety of personnel, and safeguard the
marine environment.

PAPER- 8

Q. 1 Prepare immediate action plan in event of fire in engine room and cargo oil
spillage onboard a ship.
Immediate Action Plan in the Event of Fire in the Engine Room:

1. Alerting the Crew:

 Activate the fire alarm system to alert all personnel onboard about the emergency.
 Use the ship's communication system to notify the bridge, engine room, and other relevant personnel
about the fire.

2. Fire Suppression:

 Immediately activate the fixed firefighting system in the engine room, such as the CO2 system, to
suppress the fire.
 Deploy portable fire extinguishers as necessary to extinguish small fires or control flames until the fixed
system takes effect.

3. Isolation and Containment:

 Close all watertight doors and fire dampers to isolate the engine room from other compartments to
prevent the spread of fire and smoke.
 Shut down ventilation systems to reduce the supply of oxygen to the fire and prevent the spread of
smoke to other areas of the ship.

129 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

4. Evacuation:

 Initiate an orderly evacuation of personnel from the engine room and adjacent spaces to safe assembly
areas using predetermined escape routes.
 Ensure that all personnel wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and follow established
emergency procedures.

5. Communication and Assistance:

 Maintain communication with the bridge and other key personnel to provide updates on the situation
and coordinate response efforts.
 Request assistance from neighboring vessels, shore-based authorities, or emergency response services as
needed.

6. Monitoring and Damage Assessment:

 Continuously monitor the situation in the engine room using remote monitoring systems, CCTV cameras,
and visual observation to assess the progress of firefighting efforts.
 Conduct periodic damage assessments to evaluate the extent of fire damage and identify any structural
or equipment failures.

Immediate Action Plan in the Event of Cargo Oil Spillage:

1. Containment and Isolation:

 Immediately stop the cargo transfer operations and isolate the affected cargo tank or compartment to
prevent further spillage.
 Deploy oil spill containment booms or barriers around the spill area to contain the spread of oil and
prevent it from reaching the surrounding water.

2. Notification and Reporting:

 Notify the bridge, cargo control room, and appropriate authorities about the oil spill incident using the
ship's communication systems.
 Initiate the ship's oil spill response plan and notify the company's designated personnel or emergency
response coordinator.

3. Assessment and Evaluation:

 Assess the size and extent of the oil spill, taking into account factors such as weather conditions, sea
state, and environmental sensitivity.
 Determine the potential impact of the spill on the marine environment, nearby vessels, and coastal areas.

4. Containment and Recovery:

130 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Deploy oil spill response equipment and resources, such as skimmers, absorbent pads, and vacuum
trucks, to recover spilled oil from the water surface.
 Implement appropriate techniques, such as in-situ burning or dispersant application, to mitigate the
environmental impact of the oil spill.

5. Documentation and Reporting:

 Document all relevant details of the oil spill incident, including the location, time, weather conditions,
and response actions taken.
 Prepare and submit timely reports to the appropriate authorities, regulatory agencies, and the ship's flag
state as required by international conventions and regulations.

6. Post-Incident Evaluation:

 Conduct a thorough post-incident evaluation to identify the root causes of the oil spill and implement
corrective actions to prevent similar incidents in the future.
 Review and update the ship's oil spill response plan and emergency procedures based on lessons learned
from the incident.

By following these immediate action plans in the event of a fire in the engine room or cargo oil spillage
onboard a ship, crew members can effectively respond to emergencies, mitigate risks, and protect the
safety of personnel, the environment, and the vessel.
Q. As a chief officer, how will you improve safety awareness of crew and officers
onboard ? what various methods will you use ? explain in brief
Improving safety awareness among crew and officers onboard is crucial for maintaining a safe working
environment and preventing accidents or incidents. As a chief officer, here are several methods I would
use to enhance safety awareness:

1. Training and Education:

 Conduct regular safety training sessions and drills covering various aspects of onboard safety, including
firefighting, personal protective equipment (PPE) usage, emergency procedures, and hazard
identification.
 Provide specialized training on specific safety topics relevant to the vessel's operations, such as cargo
handling safety, enclosed space entry, and navigation safety.

2. Safety Meetings and Toolbox Talks:

 Organize regular safety meetings or toolbox talks to discuss safety-related issues, share lessons learned
from incidents or near misses, and reinforce safe work practices.
 Encourage open communication and participation from all crew members to raise safety concerns, share
ideas for improvement, and promote a safety-conscious culture onboard.

3. Promotion of Safety Culture:

131 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Lead by example and demonstrate a strong commitment to safety in all aspects of shipboard operations.
 Foster a positive safety culture onboard by recognizing and rewarding safe behaviors, encouraging
proactive safety initiatives, and addressing safety concerns promptly and effectively.

4. Safety Campaigns and Awareness Programs:

 Launch safety campaigns or awareness programs focused on specific safety themes or initiatives to raise
awareness and promote behavioral change.
 Use posters, signage, newsletters, and other visual aids to communicate key safety messages and
reinforce safety principles throughout the vessel.

5. Risk Assessments and Safety Inspections:

 Conduct regular risk assessments and safety inspections to identify potential hazards, assess risks, and
implement appropriate control measures to mitigate risks.
 Involve the entire crew in the risk assessment process to increase awareness of potential safety hazards
and encourage proactive hazard reporting.

6. Continuous Improvement and Feedback:

 Continuously evaluate and improve safety procedures, equipment, and systems based on feedback from
crew members, incident investigations, and safety audits.
 Encourage a culture of continuous learning and improvement by seeking input from crew members on
safety-related matters and implementing corrective actions to address identified deficiencies.

7. Utilization of Technology:

 Leverage technology and digital tools to enhance safety awareness and training effectiveness, such as
computer-based training modules, virtual reality simulations, and interactive safety apps.
 Implement electronic safety management systems (SMS) to streamline safety reporting, record-keeping,
and compliance monitoring processes.

By employing these methods, a chief officer can actively engage crew members and officers in safety
promotion efforts, empower them to take ownership of their safety responsibilities, and cultivate a
culture of safety excellence onboard the vessel.
Q. Describe structured shipboard training program as per STCW code
A structured shipboard training program, as per the International Convention on Standards of Training,
Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) Code, is designed to provide comprehensive
training and practical experience to seafarers to meet the competency requirements for their respective
roles onboard. Here's an outline of a typical structured shipboard training program:

1. Orientation and Familiarization:

132 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Upon joining the ship, new seafarers undergo an orientation and familiarization process to acquaint them
with the vessel's layout, facilities, safety equipment, emergency procedures, and operational protocols.

2. Basic Safety Training:

 All seafarers receive basic safety training in accordance with STCW requirements, covering areas such as
personal survival techniques, fire prevention and firefighting, elementary first aid, and personal safety
and social responsibilities.

3. Departmental Training:

 Seafarers undergo department-specific training tailored to their assigned roles and responsibilities
onboard. This includes training in navigation and ship handling for deck officers, machinery operation
and maintenance for engineering officers, and catering and hospitality for catering staff.

4. On-the-Job Training (OJT):

 Seafarers participate in structured on-the-job training programs under the supervision of experienced
senior officers or mentors. OJT allows trainees to apply theoretical knowledge in real-world scenarios and
develop practical skills related to their duties.

5. Competency Assessments:

 Throughout the training program, seafarers undergo regular competency assessments to evaluate their
proficiency and competence in performing assigned tasks and duties. Assessments may include written
exams, practical demonstrations, and oral interviews.

6. Advanced Training Programs:

 Seafarers pursuing career progression or specialization may undergo advanced training programs to
enhance their skills and qualifications. This may include advanced firefighting, medical care, bridge
resource management, engine room resource management, and other specialized courses.

7. Safety Management and Familiarization:

 Seafarers receive training on the ship's safety management system (SMS) and familiarization with
relevant company policies, procedures, and regulatory requirements to ensure compliance with safety
and environmental standards.

8. Simulator Training:

 Where available, seafarers may undergo simulator-based training to simulate various shipboard scenarios
and emergency situations, allowing them to practice decision-making, problem-solving, and teamwork in
a realistic virtual environment.

9. Recordkeeping and Documentation:

133 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Training records, including certificates of competency, course completion certificates, and competency
assessments, are maintained for each seafarer as evidence of training and competence in accordance
with STCW requirements.

10. Continuous Professional Development (CPD):

 Seafarers are encouraged to engage in continuous professional development activities to stay updated
on industry best practices, technological advancements, and regulatory changes relevant to their
profession.

By implementing a structured shipboard training program in accordance with STCW requirements, ship
operators can ensure that seafarers receive the necessary knowledge, skills, and experience to perform
their duties safely, efficiently, and competently while onboard.
Q. Using different situational leadership styles contributes to effective bridge team work.
Justify this statement with shipboard examples and situations
Situational leadership emphasizes the importance of adapting leadership styles based on the specific
situation and the needs of the team members. In the context of bridge teamwork onboard a ship,
employing different situational leadership styles can contribute to effective collaboration,
communication, and decision-making. Here's how:

1. Directive Leadership in Emergency Situations:

 In emergency situations such as a collision or grounding, the captain or officer in charge may need to
adopt a directive leadership style to provide clear instructions and assertive guidance to the bridge team.
 Example: During a sudden loss of propulsion, the captain swiftly takes charge, directing the officer of the
watch (OOW) to execute emergency procedures while communicating with the engine room and issuing
commands to the helmsman.

2. Coaching Leadership during Training and Skill Development:

 When training new or less experienced bridge crew members, a coaching leadership style can be
beneficial to provide guidance, support, and constructive feedback to facilitate their learning and skill
development.
 Example: The senior officer mentors a junior navigation officer on passage planning techniques, offering
explanations, demonstrations, and opportunities for hands-on practice to enhance the junior officer's
competency.

3. Supportive Leadership in Routine Operations:

 During routine navigation tasks or standard operating procedures, a supportive leadership approach can
foster a positive and collaborative atmosphere on the bridge, encouraging teamwork, initiative, and
problem-solving.
 Example: The captain encourages open communication and active participation among bridge team
members during routine navigation watchkeeping, providing encouragement and recognition for their
contributions.

134 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

4. Participative Leadership in Decision-Making Processes:

 In situations requiring complex decision-making or problem-solving, a participative leadership style

involves engaging the entire bridge team in collaborative discussions and brainstorming to generate
innovative solutions.
 Example: When navigating through congested waters or adverse weather conditions, the OOW consults
with the lookout, helmsman, and other watchkeeping officers to gather input and jointly formulate
navigational decisions.

5. Delegative Leadership for Empowering Competent Team Members:

 In scenarios where team members demonstrate high levels of competence and autonomy, a delegative
leadership approach involves delegating authority and decision-making responsibilities to empower
individuals to take ownership of their tasks.
 Example: The captain delegates responsibility for conducting routine bridge checks and monitoring
navigational equipment to the officer of the watch, trusting in their competence and judgment to ensure
safe navigation.

By flexibly applying different situational leadership styles based on the context and requirements of bridge operations,
shipboard leaders can effectively leverage the strengths and capabilities of their team members, promote collaboration
and adaptability, and enhance overall bridge teamwork and performance.

PAPER- 9

Q. 1 Briefly describe the LSA Code requirements and technical

specifications relating to Lifesaving appliances namely marine evacuation
systems, line throwing apparatus, embarkation ladders and buoyant
smoke signals.
The International Life-Saving Appliance (LSA) Code establishes requirements and technical specifications
for various lifesaving appliances onboard ships to ensure the safety of passengers and crew. Here's a
brief overview of LSA Code requirements for each of the mentioned lifesaving appliances:

1. Marine Evacuation Systems (MES):

 MES are required on passenger ships and large cargo vessels for the rapid evacuation of personnel
during emergencies.
 LSA Code specifies standards for the design, construction, testing, and maintenance of MES, including
capacity, stability, launching arrangements, and operational reliability.
 MES must be capable of evacuating all persons on board within a specified time frame, with provisions
for accessibility, ease of deployment, and survivability in adverse conditions.

2. Line-Throwing Apparatus:

 Line-throwing apparatus, such as rocket-propelled or hand-held devices, are essential for establishing
communication or transferring lines between vessels or to shore during emergencies.

135 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 LSA Code requirements include specifications for the design, construction, performance, and stowage of
line-throwing apparatus to ensure their effectiveness and reliability.
 Line-throwing apparatus must be capable of projecting a line accurately and safely over a significant
distance, with considerations for ease of operation, accuracy, and durability.

3. Embarkation Ladders:

 Embarkation ladders provide a means of safe access for personnel embarking or disembarking from
lifeboats or liferafts, particularly in emergency situations.
 LSA Code specifies requirements for the design, construction, material, strength, stability, and stowage
arrangements of embarkation ladders.
 Embarkation ladders must be securely attached to the ship's structure, capable of supporting the weight
of personnel, and designed to prevent slippage or entanglement during use.

4. Buoyant Smoke Signals:

 Buoyant smoke signals are used to provide visual distress signals to aid in the location and rescue of
distressed vessels or personnel.
 LSA Code sets forth requirements and technical specifications for the design, construction, marking, and
performance testing of buoyant smoke signals.
 Buoyant smoke signals must produce a dense and highly visible smoke cloud for an extended duration,
with provisions for buoyancy, stability, ignition, and combustion characteristics.

Compliance with LSA Code requirements and technical specifications for marine evacuation systems,
line-throwing apparatus, embarkation ladders, and buoyant smoke signals is essential to ensure the
readiness, reliability, and effectiveness of lifesaving equipment in emergency situations at sea, thereby
enhancing the safety of ships and their occupants.

Q. List down fuctional requirement of ISM Code

The International Safety Management (ISM) Code sets out functional requirements for establishing,
implementing, and maintaining a safety management system (SMS) onboard ships and ashore. Here are
the key functional requirements of the ISM Code:

1. Safety and Environmental Protection Policy:

 The company must establish a safety and environmental protection policy that outlines its commitment
to ensuring the safety of personnel, the ship, and the marine environment.

2. Designated Person(s):

 The company must designate a shore-based management representative(s) who has direct access to the
highest level of management and is responsible for monitoring the safety and pollution prevention
aspects of ship operations.

3. Safety Management System (SMS):

136 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 The company must develop, implement, and maintain a documented SMS that provides a systematic
approach to identifying hazards, assessing risks, and implementing measures to ensure safety at sea and
prevent pollution.

4. Company Responsibilities and Authority:

 The company must define and document the responsibilities, authority, and interrelation of all personnel
responsible for implementing the SMS, both onboard and ashore.

5. Resources and Personnel:

 The company must provide the necessary resources, including personnel, training, equipment, and
support services, to ensure the effective implementation of the SMS and compliance with safety and
environmental requirements.

6. Documentation and Records:

 The company must establish procedures for creating, maintaining, and updating documentation and
records related to the SMS, including policies, procedures, instructions, plans, and records of training and
drills.

7. Emergency Preparedness:

 The company must develop and implement procedures for identifying potential emergency situations,
preparing for emergency response, and responding effectively to emergencies, including drills and
exercises.

8. Hazard Identification and Risk Management:

 The company must establish procedures for identifying hazards, assessing risks, and implementing
measures to mitigate risks to the safety of personnel, the ship, and the environment.

9. Monitoring and Continuous Improvement:

 The company must establish procedures for monitoring, measuring, and evaluating the effectiveness of
the SMS, including conducting internal audits, management reviews, and taking corrective and
preventive actions as necessary.

10. Communication and Reporting:

 The company must establish procedures for ensuring effective communication and reporting at all levels
of the organization, both internally and externally, regarding safety, environmental, and operational
matters.

11. Non-Conformities and Corrective Actions:

137 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 The company must establish procedures for identifying and reporting non-conformities, taking corrective
actions to address deficiencies, and preventing recurrence of non-conformities.

12. Documentation of Incidents and Accidents:

 The company must establish procedures for documenting and investigating incidents, accidents, and
near misses to identify root causes, implement corrective actions, and prevent recurrence.

By fulfilling these functional requirements of the ISM Code, companies can effectively manage risks,
enhance safety performance, and promote a culture of continuous improvement in maritime operations.

Q. Prepare a painting scheme for cargo and other pipelines on main deck
of a ship.
Creating a painting scheme for cargo and other pipelines on the main deck of a ship involves several
steps to ensure effective protection against corrosion and maintain a visually appealing appearance.
Here's a general outline for a painting scheme:

1. Surface Preparation:

 Inspect the pipelines for any corrosion, rust, or damage. Remove any existing paint, rust, or contaminants
using appropriate methods such as wire brushing, sanding, or power tool cleaning.
 Clean the surface thoroughly to remove dirt, grease, oil, and other residues using a suitable solvent or
detergent. Rinse with clean water and allow to dry completely.

2. Priming:

 Apply a suitable primer to the cleaned and prepared surface to provide adhesion and corrosion
protection. Choose a primer compatible with the substrate material and the subsequent topcoat.
 Select a high-quality marine-grade primer designed for use in the marine environment. Apply the primer
evenly using a brush, roller, or spray equipment according to the manufacturer's recommendations.

3. Intermediate Coat:

 Apply an intermediate coat over the primer to further enhance corrosion protection and build up the
paint system. The intermediate coat acts as a barrier against moisture and environmental exposure.
 Choose an intermediate coat that is compatible with both the primer and the topcoat. Apply the
intermediate coat evenly and allow sufficient drying time between coats.

4. Topcoat:

 Apply a durable topcoat to the surface to provide color, gloss, and additional protection against UV
radiation, abrasion, and chemical exposure.
 Select a high-quality marine-grade topcoat suitable for the marine environment and compatible with the
primer and intermediate coat. Choose a color that meets safety and visibility requirements.
 Apply the topcoat evenly in multiple thin layers to achieve the desired coverage and finish. Follow the
manufacturer's instructions regarding drying times, temperature, and application methods.

138 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

5. Labeling and Marking:

 After painting, label the pipelines with appropriate markings to indicate their contents, flow direction,
and any relevant safety information. Use stencils, decals, or paint markers for clear and durable labeling.
 Ensure that the labeling complies with relevant regulations, standards, and company procedures to
facilitate safe handling and operation of the pipelines.

6. Final Inspection:

 Inspect the painted pipelines for uniformity, adhesion, coverage, and any defects such as runs, sags, or
dry spots. Touch up any imperfections as necessary to ensure a high-quality finish.
 Conduct a final inspection to verify that the painting scheme meets the specified requirements and
standards for corrosion protection, aesthetics, and safety.

By following this painting scheme for cargo and other pipelines on the main deck of a ship, you can
ensure effective protection against corrosion and maintain a professional and durable finish that meets
regulatory requirements and enhances the overall appearance of the vessel.

Q.Describe the maintenance work to be carried out in a dry dock of a ship

for anchor cables, sea chests, storm valves and under water portion of
ship' s hull.
Maintenance work carried out in dry dock for anchor cables, sea chests, storm valves, and the underwater
portion of the ship's hull is crucial for ensuring the vessel's structural integrity, seaworthiness, and
operational safety. Here's a description of the maintenance tasks typically performed for each
component:

1. Anchor Cables:

 Inspection: Thoroughly inspect anchor cables for signs of wear, corrosion, or damage. Check for broken
strands, excessive rust, or distortion.
 Cleaning: Remove marine growth, rust, and contaminants from the anchor cables using wire brushes,
scrapers, or water jetting.
 Testing: Conduct non-destructive testing (NDT) such as magnetic particle inspection (MPI) or ultrasonic
testing (UT) to detect hidden flaws or defects.
 Repair or Replacement: Repair or replace damaged or worn sections of the anchor cables as necessary.
Ensure proper splicing and securing of cable ends.
 Coating: Apply corrosion-resistant coatings or marine-grade paint to protect the anchor cables from
corrosion and extend their service life.

2. Sea Chests:

 Cleaning: Clean and remove marine fouling, debris, and sediment from the sea chests, strainers, and
gratings. Use water jetting, brushes, or scraping tools as needed.

139 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Inspection: Inspect sea chests for corrosion, erosion, cracks, or damage. Check valves, screens, and
strainers for proper operation and integrity.
 Testing: Test sea chest valves, including remote operation systems, for functionality, tightness, and
smooth operation.
 Repair or Replacement: Repair or replace damaged or worn components such as valves, gaskets, seals, or
gratings. Ensure proper alignment and sealing.
 Coating: Apply protective coatings or antifouling paint to the sea chests and associated components to
prevent corrosion and marine growth.

3. Storm Valves:

 Inspection: Inspect storm valves and associated piping for corrosion, erosion, leakage, or mechanical
damage. Check valve seats, discs, stems, and seals for wear or deterioration.
 Testing: Test storm valves for tightness, operability, and response to control signals. Ensure that remote
operation systems are functional and properly calibrated.
 Repair or Replacement: Repair or replace defective or malfunctioning storm valves, including seals,
gaskets, packing, or internal components. Verify proper seating and sealing.
 Lubrication: Lubricate valve stems, glands, and moving parts with marine-grade grease or lubricants to
ensure smooth operation and prevent corrosion.

4. Underwater Portion of Ship's Hull:

 Cleaning: Clean and remove marine fouling, biofouling, barnacles, algae, and sediment from the
underwater hull using high-pressure water jetting or abrasive blasting.
 Inspection: Conduct a thorough inspection of the underwater hull for signs of corrosion, pitting, cracks,
deformation, or coating degradation. Use underwater cameras or diving teams for detailed inspections.
 Repair or Maintenance: Repair or replace damaged or deteriorated hull plates, weld seams, anodes, or
protective coatings. Ensure proper welding, caulking, or sealing of seams and joints.
 Coating: Apply antifouling paint or protective coatings to the underwater hull to inhibit marine growth,
reduce frictional resistance, and protect against corrosion and erosion.

By performing these maintenance tasks in dry dock, shipowners and operators can ensure the continued
seaworthiness, operational reliability, and regulatory compliance of their vessels, thereby enhancing
safety and minimizing environmental risks.

Q. Enumerate contingency plans in respect to grounding of a passenger

ship on reef and ice navigation off grand banks of new foundland.
Contingency plans for grounding of a passenger ship on a reef and ice navigation off the Grand Banks of
Newfoundland are critical for ensuring the safety of passengers, crew, and the vessel itself. Here are some
key elements of contingency plans for each scenario:

1. Grounding of a Passenger Ship on a Reef:

 Immediate Response:

140 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Activate the ship's emergency response procedures and muster all passengers and crew to their assigned
stations.
 Assess the extent of damage and stability of the vessel. Determine if there's any immediate danger to
passengers and crew.
 Initiate communication with shore authorities, nearby vessels, and search and rescue (SAR) services to
request assistance.
 Passenger Management:
 Implement evacuation procedures if necessary, prioritizing the safe evacuation of passengers and crew.
 Ensure passengers are provided with life jackets and emergency instructions, and assist them in boarding
lifeboats or deploying life rafts.
 Assign crew members to supervise evacuation routes, assist passengers with mobility impairments, and
maintain order.
 Salvage and Recovery:
 Coordinate with salvage experts and authorities to develop a salvage plan to refloat the vessel and
minimize environmental impact.
 Implement measures to prevent or mitigate pollution, including deploying oil spill containment booms
and recovering spilled oil.
 Conduct regular assessments of the vessel's stability, hull integrity, and environmental impact throughout
the salvage operation.

2. Ice Navigation off the Grand Banks of Newfoundland:

 Ice Management:
 Monitor ice conditions and weather forecasts using onboard radar, satellite imagery, and ice charts to
anticipate ice hazards.
 Deploy ice reconnaissance teams or aerial surveys to assess ice conditions and identify safe navigation
routes.
 Maintain communication with icebreaker assistance services, if available, to request icebreaking support
or guidance.
 Emergency Response:
 Implement ice navigation procedures, including reducing speed, altering course, and using ice-
strengthened areas of the hull to minimize the risk of damage.
 Prepare emergency response teams and equipment for potential ice-related incidents, such as hull
damage or loss of propulsion.
 Coordinate with nearby vessels, shore authorities, and SAR services to provide assistance in case of
emergencies or distress situations.
 Passenger Safety:
 Brief passengers on the ship's ice navigation procedures and safety precautions, including the possibility
of encountering ice and the need to remain vigilant.
 Ensure that crew members are trained in ice navigation techniques and emergency procedures to
respond effectively to ice-related incidents.

141 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Maintain regular communication with passengers to provide updates on ice conditions, weather
forecasts, and any changes to the ship's itinerary.

These contingency plans should be regularly reviewed, updated, and practiced through drills and
exercises to ensure their effectiveness in real-life situations. Additionally, close cooperation with relevant
authorities, ice management services, and SAR organizations is essential for a coordinated and successful
response to emergencies at sea.

Q. What is a standard fire test? describe the class divisions for structural
fire protection on ships.
A standard fire test is a controlled experiment conducted to evaluate the fire resistance and performance
of materials, components, or structural elements under simulated fire conditions. These tests are typically
conducted in accordance with recognized standards and guidelines, such as those established by
classification societies, international organizations, or regulatory authorities.

The class divisions for structural fire protection on ships are specified by regulations and standards to
ensure the safety of personnel, prevent the spread of fire, and minimize damage to the vessel. These
class divisions categorize different areas of the ship based on their fire risk and level of fire protection
required. The specific requirements for class divisions may vary depending on the type, size, and
intended use of the vessel, as well as applicable regulations and standards.

Typically, the class divisions for structural fire protection on ships are as follows:

1. Class A Divisions:

 These divisions are designed to prevent the spread of fire and smoke between compartments and limit
the fire hazard within individual spaces.
 Class A divisions are constructed of non-combustible materials and have fire-resistant properties to
withstand the effects of fire for a specified duration.
 Examples of spaces requiring Class A divisions include machinery spaces, accommodation areas, control
rooms, and cargo compartments.

2. Class B Divisions:

 These divisions are intended to provide additional protection in areas where a higher risk of fire is
present, such as machinery spaces containing flammable or combustible materials.
 Class B divisions are constructed of materials with enhanced fire-resistant properties, such as steel
bulkheads and decks with fire insulation or fire-retardant coatings.
 Spaces requiring Class B divisions may include engine rooms, boiler rooms, pump rooms, and fuel
storage areas.

3. Class C Divisions:

 Class C divisions are primarily used in passenger ships and other vessels carrying large numbers of
people to ensure the safety of passengers and crew during emergencies.

142 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 These divisions are designed to prevent the spread of fire and smoke in public spaces, corridors,
stairways, and other areas of passenger accommodation.
 Class C divisions are constructed of fire-resistant materials and may incorporate features such as fire
doors, fire-rated glazing, and smoke barriers to maintain compartmentation and egress routes.

4. Class D Divisions:

 Class D divisions are specific to cargo ships and other vessels carrying hazardous or flammable cargoes,
where additional fire protection measures are required to mitigate the risk of cargo-related fires.
 These divisions are designed to isolate cargo compartments and prevent the spread of fire and smoke to
adjacent spaces or cargo holds.
 Class D divisions may incorporate features such as fire-rated bulkheads, ventilation systems, and inert gas
or foam fire suppression systems to control and extinguish fires in cargo areas.

By classifying different areas of the ship according to their fire risk and providing appropriate structural
fire protection measures, vessel operators can enhance the safety and survivability of the ship and its
occupants in the event of a fire emergency.
Q. With the help of a diagram briefly explain the working principle, maintenance requirements
and operating procedures of sprinkler systems and water spraying systems onboard passengers
ships.
Sure, here's a brief explanation of the working principle, maintenance requirements, and operating
procedures of sprinkler systems and water spraying systems onboard passenger ships, along with a
diagram:

1. Working Principle:

 Sprinkler System: A sprinkler system consists of a network of pipes, valves, and sprinkler heads installed
throughout the ship's compartments. In the event of a fire, heat from the fire activates the sprinkler
heads, causing them to open and release water onto the fire below. The water flow from the sprinkler
heads helps to suppress the fire and prevent its spread to other areas.
 Water Spraying System: A water spraying system consists of fixed nozzles or spray heads strategically
located in specific compartments or areas of the ship. These nozzles release a continuous spray of water
when activated, providing cooling and firefighting capabilities to protect against fire hazards.

2. Maintenance Requirements:

 Regular Inspection: Conduct routine visual inspections of the sprinkler system and water spraying system
to ensure that all components are in good condition and free from damage or obstruction.
 Functional Testing: Periodically test the operation of the sprinkler heads and water spray nozzles to verify
their functionality and effectiveness in case of a fire emergency.
 Maintenance of Components: Maintain the valves, pipes, and fittings of the sprinkler system and water
spraying system to prevent leaks, corrosion, or blockages that could impair their performance.
 Cleaning: Keep the sprinkler heads and water spray nozzles clean and free from dirt, dust, or debris that
could interfere with their operation.

143 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

3. Operating Procedures:

 Activation: The sprinkler system and water spraying system are typically activated automatically in
response to a fire detection signal from the ship's fire detection and alarm system. The activation may
also be manual, initiated by crew members or firefighting personnel in case of an emergency.
 Response: Upon activation, water is discharged from the sprinkler heads and water spray nozzles onto
the fire or into the affected area to suppress the flames and cool the surrounding surfaces.
 Crew Actions: Crew members should be trained to respond promptly to the activation of the sprinkler
system or water spraying system, including taking appropriate firefighting measures, evacuating
passengers to safe areas, and providing assistance to firefighting teams as needed.

Here's a simple diagram illustrating the components and operation of a sprinkler system and water
spraying system onboard a passenger ship:

+ ---------------------------------------------+ | Sprinkler Head | | | | | | | | | | | | | + ---------------------------------------------+ | | | | | |

| | | | | | + ---------------------------------------------+ | Water Spray Nozzle | | | | | | | | | | | | | + -----------------------------------------
----+ Pipe Network and Valves

In the diagram, the sprinkler heads and water spray nozzles are connected to a network of pipes and
valves that distribute water throughout the ship's compartments. When activated, water is released from
the sprinkler heads and water spray nozzles to suppress the fire and protect the passengers and crew.
Regular maintenance and testing are essential to ensure the reliability and effectiveness of these
firefighting systems onboard passenger ships.

144 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Q. List out some of the areas you as chief officer will focus on to be an effective leader. Explain
with the help of onboard ship examples and situations.
As a Chief Officer onboard a ship, being an effective leader involves focusing on various areas to ensure
the smooth operation of the vessel, the safety of the crew, and the successful completion of tasks. Here
are some key areas I would focus on:

1. Safety Culture:

 Example: Conducting regular safety briefings and drills to instill a safety-first mindset among the crew.
 Situation: Before a cargo operation, I ensure that all crew members are briefed on the safety procedures,
wearing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), and following safe working practices.

2. Communication:

 Example: Maintaining open and transparent communication channels with the crew, encouraging
feedback, and addressing concerns promptly.
 Situation: During navigational watch, I communicate effectively with the bridge team, providing clear
instructions and updates on navigation plans, weather conditions, and any potential hazards.

3. Team Building:

 Example: Promoting teamwork and collaboration among the crew through team-building activities and
fostering a supportive work environment.
 Situation: Organizing a team-building exercise on deck during downtime, such as a safety drill or a group
task, to strengthen team cohesion and morale.

4. Training and Development:

 Example: Identifying training needs and providing opportunities for skill development and career
advancement.
 Situation: Conducting onboard training sessions for junior officers on navigation techniques, cargo
handling procedures, and emergency response protocols to enhance their competency and confidence.

5. Decision Making:

 Example: Making informed decisions based on risk assessment, operational requirements, and regulatory
compliance.
 Situation: Assessing weather forecasts and sea conditions to determine the safest route for the vessel and
deciding on appropriate speed adjustments or course alterations accordingly.

6. Crisis Management:

 Example: Preparing contingency plans and leading emergency response efforts in crisis situations, such
as medical emergencies or onboard incidents.

145 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Situation: Coordinating with the bridge team and shore authorities to respond to a distress call from a
nearby vessel, mobilizing resources, and implementing search and rescue procedures as required.

7. Resource Management:

 Example: Efficiently managing onboard resources, including manpower, fuel, provisions, and maintenance
supplies.
 Situation: Planning and prioritizing maintenance tasks to optimize the use of available resources and
minimize downtime, ensuring that essential equipment and spare parts are adequately stocked onboard.

By focusing on these areas and demonstrating effective leadership qualities, I strive to foster a positive
and productive work environment onboard the ship, empower the crew to perform their duties
efficiently, and contribute to the overall success of the vessel's operations.
Q. State the purpose of a port state control inspection. How does PSC MOU select ships for
inspection.
The purpose of a port state control (PSC) inspection is to verify that foreign ships visiting a port comply
with international maritime regulations and standards related to safety, security, and environmental
protection. PSC inspections are conducted by the maritime authorities of the port state (the country
where the port is located) to ensure that ships meet minimum safety and operational requirements as
prescribed by international conventions and regulations, such as the International Maritime Organization
(IMO) conventions, including the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), the
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), and the International Ship
and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code.

The selection of ships for PSC inspection is based on various factors, including:

1. Risk Assessment:

 PSC authorities conduct risk assessments to identify ships that pose a higher risk of safety, security, or
environmental deficiencies based on factors such as age, flag state performance, ship type, past
inspection history, and classification society records.

2. Targeting Criteria:

 PSC authorities use specific targeting criteria and inspection priorities to select ships for inspection. These
criteria may include targeting ships with a history of deficiencies, ships belonging to high-risk flag states,
or ships carrying certain types of cargoes.

3. Random Selection:

 In addition to targeted inspections, PSC authorities may conduct random inspections to ensure a
comprehensive coverage of all ships visiting the port. Random selection helps to deter non-compliance
and ensures that all ships are subject to inspection regardless of their risk profile.

4. Information Sharing:

146 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 PSC authorities may exchange information and intelligence with other port state control authorities,
regional PSC organizations, or relevant international organizations through Memoranda of
Understanding (MOUs) to enhance targeting and coordination efforts.

5. Compliance Monitoring:

 PSC authorities continuously monitor compliance levels and inspection results to identify trends, areas of
concern, and emerging risks. This information is used to adjust targeting strategies and improve the
effectiveness of PSC activities over time.

Overall, the goal of PSC inspections is to promote maritime safety, protect the marine environment, and
ensure a level playing field for all ships operating in international waters by enforcing compliance with
applicable international regulations and standards
PAPER- 10

Q. Describe the operational readiness, maintenance and inspection

requirement of LSA as per SOLAS Chapter 3?
Operational readiness, maintenance, and inspection requirements for Life-Saving
Appliances (LSA) are crucial aspects regulated under SOLAS Chapter 3. Here's an
overview:

1. Operational Readiness:

 Life-saving appliances must be readily available and fully operational at all times
to ensure the safety of the ship, its crew, and passengers in case of emergencies.
 Crew members must be familiar with the operation of life-saving appliances and
trained to use them effectively during drills and actual emergencies.
 Regular inspections and maintenance are essential to ensure that life-saving
appliances remain in a state of operational readiness.

2. Maintenance Requirements:

 Life-saving appliances must be maintained in accordance with manufacturer's

instructions, SOLAS requirements, and flag state regulations.
 Maintenance tasks may include inspection, testing, servicing, repair, and
replacement of components as necessary to ensure the reliability and
effectiveness of life-saving appliances.
 Maintenance records must be kept onboard the ship to document all
maintenance activities, inspections, tests, and any deficiencies identified and
rectified.

147 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

3. Inspection Requirements:

 Life-saving appliances are subject to periodic inspections by the ship's crew,

classification societies, flag state authorities, and port state control officers to
verify compliance with SOLAS requirements.
 Inspections may include visual inspections, functional tests, load tests, and other
checks to assess the condition and performance of life-saving appliances.
 Statutory surveys are conducted at regular intervals by authorized surveyors to
verify the condition and adequacy of life-saving appliances and issue relevant
certificates of compliance.

Overall, ensuring the operational readiness, maintenance, and inspection of life-

saving appliances is essential for the safety of the ship and its occupants.
Compliance with SOLAS Chapter 3 requirements helps to mitigate the risks
associated with emergencies at sea and enhances the ship's preparedness to
respond effectively to distress situations.
Q. List the various elements of ISM Code.
The International Safety Management (ISM) Code outlines a framework for the
safe management and operation of ships and for pollution prevention. It is
divided into various elements that provide guidelines for the implementation of
safety management systems (SMS) onboard ships and ashore. Here are the main
elements of the ISM Code:

1. Safety Management Objectives: Establishing safety and environmental

protection objectives and ensuring their implementation.

2. Company Responsibilities and Authority: Defining the responsibilities,

authority, and accountability of the company's management for implementing
and maintaining the safety management system.

3. Designated Person(s): Appointing one or more designated persons ashore to

ensure the effective implementation and maintenance of the safety management
system.

4. Shipboard Operations: Ensuring that shipboard operations are conducted safely

and in accordance with relevant regulations and the company's policies and
procedures.

148 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

5. Emergency Preparedness: Establishing procedures for responding to

emergencies, including drills, exercises, and the coordination of emergency
response efforts.

6. Reporting and Investigation of Non-Conformities, Accidents, and Hazardous

Occurrences: Implementing procedures for reporting, investigating, and
analyzing non-conformities, accidents, and hazardous occurrences to prevent
recurrence.

7. Documentation and Record Keeping: Maintaining up-to-date documentation

and records related to the safety management system, including manuals,
procedures, instructions, and records of inspections and audits.

8. Company Verification, Review, and Evaluation: Conducting regular internal

audits and management reviews to verify the effectiveness of the safety
management system and identify areas for improvement.

9. Training and Familiarization: Providing training and familiarization to

personnel, including shipboard and shore-based personnel, to ensure their
competence in performing their assigned duties safely.

10. Certification and Verification: Obtaining certification from recognized

organizations to verify compliance with the ISM Code and undergoing external
verification audits to assess the effectiveness of the safety management system.

These elements collectively form the foundation of the ISM Code, which aims to
enhance maritime safety, prevent pollution, and promote a culture of continuous
improvement in the management and operation of ships worldwide.

Q. Briefly explain the advantages of computerized PMS over conventional

maintenance scheme on ships.
Computerized Planned Maintenance Systems (PMS) offer several advantages over
conventional maintenance schemes on ships, including:

1. Efficiency: Computerized PMS automates many maintenance tasks, such as

scheduling, tracking, and generating work orders. This streamlines the
maintenance process and reduces the time and effort required to manage
maintenance activities.

149 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

2. Accuracy: Computerized PMS ensures accuracy in maintenance scheduling and

data management. It eliminates the risk of human error associated with manual
record-keeping and helps to maintain up-to-date maintenance records.

3. Cost-Effectiveness: By optimizing maintenance scheduling and reducing

downtime, computerized PMS helps to minimize operational costs associated
with maintenance activities. It also allows for better planning of spare parts
inventory, reducing the risk of stockouts and unnecessary purchases.

4. Data Analysis: Computerized PMS provides valuable data for analysis, allowing
for trend monitoring, performance evaluation, and decision-making based on
historical maintenance data. This enables proactive maintenance planning and
optimization of maintenance strategies.

5. Integration: Computerized PMS can be integrated with other shipboard systems,

such as inventory management, purchasing, and accounting systems, for
seamless data exchange and improved operational efficiency.

6. Remote Access: Many computerized PMS systems offer remote access

capabilities, allowing shore-based personnel to monitor maintenance activities,
access maintenance records, and provide support to onboard personnel as
needed.

7. Compliance: Computerized PMS helps to ensure compliance with regulatory

requirements and classification society rules by providing documentation and
evidence of maintenance activities and inspections.

Overall, computerized PMS enhances maintenance management onboard ships

by improving efficiency, accuracy, cost-effectiveness, data analysis capabilities,
integration with other systems, remote access, and compliance with regulatory
requirements. These advantages contribute to the overall safety, reliability, and
operational efficiency of the vessel.
Q. When designing a ship, list the basic principles to be followed to control
the damage caused by fire.
When designing a ship, several basic principles should be followed to control the
damage caused by fire. These principles aim to prevent the spread of fire, limit its
growth, and ensure the safety of the vessel and its occupants. Here are some key
principles:

150 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

1. Compartmentalization: Design the ship with compartmentalized spaces

separated by fire-resistant bulkheads and decks. This helps to contain the spread
of fire within a limited area, preventing it from spreading to other parts of the
ship.

2. Fire-resistant Materials: Use fire-resistant materials for construction, including

bulkheads, decks, insulation, furnishings, and fittings. These materials should be
capable of withstanding high temperatures and preventing the spread of flames
and smoke.

3. Fire Detection and Alarm Systems: Install reliable fire detection and alarm
systems throughout the ship to provide early warning of fire incidents. These
systems should include smoke detectors, heat detectors, flame detectors, and
manual call points, interconnected to sound alarms and alert the crew.

4. Fire Suppression Systems: Install effective fire suppression systems, such as

fixed firefighting systems (e.g., CO2, water mist, foam) and portable firefighting
equipment (e.g., fire extinguishers, hoses), in critical areas of the ship to suppress
fires quickly and prevent their escalation.

5. Escape Routes: Design the ship with clearly marked escape routes, including
stairways, corridors, and emergency exits, to facilitate the evacuation of
occupants in the event of a fire. Escape routes should be easily accessible, well-lit,
and free from obstructions.

6. Ventilation Control: Incorporate ventilation systems that can be controlled to

prevent the spread of smoke and fire gases throughout the ship. Dampers, fire
dampers, and smoke extraction systems can be used to isolate affected areas and
maintain a clear escape route.

7. Emergency Power Supply: Ensure the availability of emergency power supply

systems, such as backup generators and batteries, to power essential fire safety
equipment, lighting, communication systems, and navigation equipment during a
fire emergency.

8. Training and Drills: Provide comprehensive training to the crew on fire

prevention, firefighting techniques, emergency procedures, and the operation of
fire safety equipment. Conduct regular fire drills and exercises to ensure that crew
members are prepared to respond effectively to fire emergencies.

151 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

By following these basic principles during the design phase, ship designers can
mitigate the risks associated with fire incidents and enhance the overall safety
and survivability of the vessel and its occupants.

Q. Carry out risk assessment in proper format for carrying out inspection of
a cargo tank in an oil tanker.

Risk Assessment for Cargo Tank Inspection in an Oil Tanker

Date: [Insert Date]

Location: [Insert Name of Tank]

Assessment Team: [Insert Names of Team Members]

Assessment Objective: To identify and mitigate risks associated with the

inspection of the cargo tank in accordance with safety protocols and regulatory
requirements.

1. Hazard Identification:

 Chemical Hazards: Presence of residual cargo, hydrocarbons, and chemical

residues.
 Physical Hazards: Confined space, potential for slips, trips, and falls.
 Mechanical Hazards: Moving machinery, equipment, and fixtures.
 Environmental Hazards: Exposure to hazardous gases, lack of ventilation.
 Biological Hazards: Presence of bacteria or contaminants.

2. Risk Analysis:

 Likelihood: Moderate to high due to potential exposure to hazardous substances

and confined space conditions.

152 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Consequence: Moderate to severe, including injuries, environmental damage,

and operational disruptions.
 Risk Level: Medium to high, requiring mitigation measures to minimize potential
harm.

3. Risk Control Measures:

 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Provide appropriate PPE, including

respiratory protection, gloves, safety glasses, and protective clothing.
 Gas Detection Equipment: Use gas detectors to monitor oxygen levels,
flammable gases, and toxic vapors in the tank atmosphere.
 Confined Space Entry Procedures: Implement confined space entry procedures,
including permits, atmospheric testing, ventilation, and communication protocols.
 Emergency Response Plan: Establish an emergency response plan outlining
procedures for rescue, evacuation, and medical assistance in case of incidents or
injuries.
 Training and Competency: Ensure personnel are trained and competent in
confined space entry, gas detection, emergency response, and first aid
procedures.

4. Risk Assessment Review:

 Regularly review and reassess the risk assessment based on changing conditions,
operational requirements, and lessons learned from previous inspections.
 Update risk control measures as necessary to address new hazards, improve
safety practices, and enhance risk mitigation strategies.

5. Sign-off and Approval:

 This risk assessment is approved by [Insert Name and Position] and

communicated to all personnel involved in the cargo tank inspection.

Assessment Team:

 [Insert Name], [Insert Position]

 [Insert Name], [Insert Position]
 [Insert Name], [Insert Position]

153 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

This risk assessment serves as a guide for identifying and mitigating potential
risks associated with the inspection of cargo tanks in oil tankers, ensuring the
safety of personnel and the environment. Adjustments may be made based on
specific vessel requirements, regulatory guidelines, and industry best practices.

Q. Define authority, assertiveness and delegation with the help of shipboard

examples and situations.

1. Authority:

 Definition: Authority refers to the power or right to give orders, make decisions,
and enforce compliance.
 Shipboard Example: The captain of a ship holds the highest authority onboard.
They have the ultimate responsibility for the safety, navigation, and overall
operation of the vessel. For example, the captain has the authority to make
decisions regarding course changes, emergency procedures, and crew
assignments based on their experience, expertise, and knowledge of maritime
regulations.

2. Assertiveness:

 Definition: Assertiveness is the ability to express one's opinions, needs, and

intentions confidently and respectfully.
 Shipboard Example: A chief officer demonstrates assertiveness when addressing
safety concerns with the crew during routine operations. For instance, if the chief
officer observes unsafe practices during cargo loading, they assertively intervene
by instructing the crew to follow proper procedures and use safety equipment.
Assertiveness helps maintain a safe working environment and ensures compliance
with safety protocols.

3. Delegation:

 Definition: Delegation is the process of assigning tasks or responsibilities to

others while retaining accountability for the outcomes.
154 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Shipboard Example: The chief engineer delegates routine maintenance tasks to

the engineering crew. For example, the chief engineer may delegate the
inspection and lubrication of machinery to a junior engineer. By delegating tasks
effectively, the chief engineer optimizes the use of resources, empowers team
members, and ensures that maintenance activities are completed efficiently while
maintaining quality standards.

In summary, authority, assertiveness, and delegation are essential aspects of

leadership and management onboard ships. Captains and officers exercise
authority to ensure the safe and efficient operation of the vessel, assertiveness to
communicate effectively with the crew, and delegation to empower and involve
team members in various tasks and responsibilities.
Q. Teamwork helps in better productivity. As a chief mate discuss this
statement in context of operation onboard ship.
Teamwork indeed plays a crucial role in enhancing productivity onboard ships,
especially in the context of day-to-day operations led by the chief mate. Here's
how teamwork contributes to better productivity:

1. Efficient Task Execution: Onboard ships, various tasks, such as cargo handling,
navigation, maintenance, and safety drills, require coordinated efforts from the
entire crew. By fostering teamwork, the chief mate ensures that each team
member understands their role and collaborates effectively to execute tasks
efficiently.

2. Effective Communication: Teamwork promotes open communication channels

among crew members, enabling the chief mate to convey instructions clearly and
receive feedback promptly. Clear communication ensures that everyone
understands their responsibilities, deadlines, and safety protocols, leading to
smoother operations and reduced chances of errors or misunderstandings.

3. Resource Optimization: In a team-oriented environment, crew members pool

their skills, knowledge, and experience to tackle challenges collectively. The chief
mate can leverage the diverse expertise of the crew to optimize resource
utilization, address operational issues creatively, and identify opportunities for
process improvements.

4. Adaptability and Flexibility: On ships, unforeseen circumstances such as

adverse weather conditions, equipment failures, or emergencies require quick

155 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

decision-making and adaptability. A cohesive team led by the chief mate can
adapt to changing situations swiftly, devise effective solutions collaboratively, and
mitigate risks effectively, thereby maintaining operational continuity and
minimizing disruptions.

5. Safety Culture: Teamwork fosters a culture of safety onboard ships, where crew
members look out for each other's well-being and actively participate in safety
drills, inspections, and hazard identification. The chief mate plays a pivotal role in
promoting this safety culture by encouraging crew members to report hazards,
follow safety procedures rigorously, and intervene when necessary to prevent
accidents or injuries.

6. Training and Development: Through teamwork, experienced crew members

mentor junior sailors, facilitating knowledge transfer and skill development. The
chief mate can organize training sessions, cross-training opportunities, and
onboard drills to enhance the competencies of the crew, improving overall
performance and readiness to handle various operational scenarios.

In conclusion, teamwork under the guidance of the chief mate enhances

productivity onboard ships by facilitating efficient task execution, effective
communication, resource optimization, adaptability, safety culture, and crew
training and development. By fostering a collaborative work environment, the
chief mate ensures that the ship operates smoothly, safely, and efficiently, even in
challenging maritime conditions.

Q. Explain how to develop and method to implement the standard operating

procedure for onboard ship.
Developing and implementing Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for
onboard ship involves several steps to ensure effectiveness and compliance with
safety standards. Here's a structured approach to develop and implement SOPs:

1. Identify Areas Requiring SOPs:

 Conduct a comprehensive risk assessment to identify critical tasks, operations,

and emergency procedures that require SOPs.
 Consider regulatory requirements, industry best practices, and specific
operational challenges unique to the vessel.

156 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

2. Gather Input and Expertise:

 Involve key stakeholders, including ship management, department heads, safety

officers, and experienced crew members, in the development process.
 Seek input from subject matter experts (SMEs) who possess relevant knowledge
and experience in the areas covered by the SOPs.

3. Draft SOP Documents:

 Develop clear, concise, and easy-to-understand SOP documents that outline step-
by-step procedures for each identified task or operation.
 Ensure that SOPs are written in a standardized format, with headings,
subheadings, numbered steps, and diagrams or illustrations as needed for clarity.

4. Review and Validation:

 Review draft SOPs with the involvement of stakeholders and SMEs to ensure
accuracy, completeness, and practicality.
 Seek feedback from end-users to validate the clarity, feasibility, and relevance of
the proposed procedures.

5. Approval and Authorization:

 Obtain formal approval from relevant authorities, such as the ship's management,
flag state, classification society, and regulatory bodies, for the finalized SOP
documents.
 Ensure that SOPs comply with applicable international conventions, regulations,
and industry standards.

6. Training and Familiarization:

 Conduct training sessions or familiarization programs to introduce crew members

to the SOPs relevant to their roles and responsibilities.
 Provide hands-on training, practical demonstrations, and simulations to ensure
understanding and competency in executing SOPs.

7. Implementation Plan:

157 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Develop a phased implementation plan to roll out the SOPs across the ship,
taking into account operational priorities, crew availability, and resource
constraints.
 Assign responsibilities for enforcing adherence to SOPs, monitoring compliance,
and providing ongoing support and guidance to crew members.

8. Documentation and Record-Keeping:

 Maintain accurate records of SOP documents, revisions, training sessions, and

compliance checks in a centralized document management system.
 Establish procedures for updating SOPs as needed based on feedback, lessons
learned, or changes in regulations or operational requirements.

9. Evaluation and Continuous Improvement:

 Regularly evaluate the effectiveness of SOPs through audits, inspections, and

feedback mechanisms.
 Identify areas for improvement and make necessary revisions to SOPs to enhance
safety, efficiency, and compliance over time.

By following these steps, ship operators can develop and implement SOPs
effectively, fostering a culture of safety, professionalism, and operational
excellence onboard ship.

Q. Explain in brief the basic principles of effective resource management

with shipboard examples..
Effective resource management onboard ship involves optimizing the allocation
and utilization of resources to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance with
operational requirements. Here are the basic principles of effective resource
management with shipboard examples:

1. Planning and Coordination:

 Principle: Develop comprehensive plans and schedules to coordinate the use of

resources efficiently.

158 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Example: Before a voyage, the chief officer plans the loading and stowage of
cargo, fuel, and provisions to ensure optimal distribution of weight and space,
maximizing stability and minimizing fuel consumption.

2. Risk Assessment and Mitigation:

 Principle: Identify potential risks and implement measures to mitigate them to

protect personnel, assets, and the environment.
 Example: The master conducts a risk assessment before entering a congested
port, considering factors such as traffic density, weather conditions, and
navigational hazards, and implements measures such as enhanced lookout,
reduced speed, and close communication with port authorities to minimize the
risk of collision or grounding.

3. Human Factors and Crew Competency:

 Principle: Ensure that crew members are adequately trained, competent, and
supported to perform their duties safely and effectively.
 Example: The chief engineer provides regular training and competency
assessments for engine room personnel, covering procedures for machinery
operation, maintenance tasks, and emergency responses, to enhance crew skills
and confidence in handling engine room operations.

4. Equipment Maintenance and Reliability:

 Principle: Maintain equipment and machinery in optimal condition through

regular inspections, preventive maintenance, and timely repairs.
 Example: The second engineer implements a preventive maintenance program
for main propulsion engines, auxiliary machinery, and safety systems, conducting
routine checks, lubrication, and component replacements to minimize the risk of
breakdowns or failures during voyages.

5. Communication and Collaboration:

 Principle: Foster open communication and collaboration among crew members,

departments, and shore-based personnel to share information, coordinate
activities, and address challenges effectively.

159 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Example: The bridge team conducts regular meetings to discuss voyage plans,
weather updates, navigational hazards, and operational procedures, ensuring that
all members are informed and aligned in their actions to achieve safe and
efficient navigation.

6. Adaptability and Continuous Improvement:

 Principle: Embrace adaptability and continuous improvement by learning from experiences,

evaluating performance, and implementing enhancements to operational processes.
 Example: Following a near-miss incident during cargo operations, the safety
committee conducts a thorough investigation, identifies root causes, and
implements corrective actions, such as revising cargo handling procedures,
providing additional training, and enhancing communication protocols, to
prevent similar incidents in the future.

By adhering to these principles of effective resource management, ship operators

can optimize the use of resources, enhance safety and operational efficiency, and
maintain compliance with regulatory requirements onboard ship.

LIFE SAVING APPLIANCES CODE

General Requirements for LSA:

 Constructed with proper workmanship and materials.

 Not to be damaged from -30 to 65 deg air temp.
 Should be of a distinctive colour such that it is easy to detect.
 Should be rot proof, corrosion resistant etc.
 Should operate in seawater temp -1 to 30 deg.
 Resistant to deterioration from exposure to sunlight.
 Fitted with retro reflective materials to facilitate detection.
 Short circuit protection to prevent damage or injury.
 Clearly marked with approval info and any operational info.
 Batteries with no expiration dates should be replaced annually.

Lifebuoys.

 Outer dia not more than 800mm and inner not less than 400mm.
 Constructed from inherently buoyant material.
160 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Support 14.5kg of iron in FW for 24hrs.

 Min mass 2.5kgs.
 Resistant to flame up to 2s.
 Able to sustain a drop of 30m or the height of stowage, whichever is greater.
 Fitted with grab line of 9.5mm in dia and 4times the outer dia in length.

 Readily available on both sides of the ship on all open decks.

 1 in the vicinity of the stern.
 At least 1 on each side with a buoyant lifeline. Length not less than twice the
distance from the stowage position to the waterline or 30m, whichever is
greater.
 At least 50% lifebuoys to be fitted with self igniting lights.
 2 buoys with lights to have smokes and be able to be released from the
bridge.
 All types to be evenly distributed on both sides.
 Marked with the ship’s name and port of registry.
 For passenger ships

Under 60m
8
60 – 120
12
120 – 180
18
180 – 240
24
240 above
36

 For cargo ships

Under 100
8
100 – 150
10
150 – 200
12
200 above
14

Lifebuoy self igniting lights:

161 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Cannot be extinguished by water.

 White colour.
 Burn continuously for at least 2hrs.
 Intensity of 2cd.
 50-70 flashes per minute.
 Able to withstand the drop test.

Lifebuoy smoke signals:

 Emit smoke of a highly visible colour at a uniform rate for at least 15min when
floating in calm water.
 Not ignite, explode or emit any flame during the smoke period.
 Not be swamped in a seaway.
 Continue to emit smoke when fully submerged for at least 10s.
 Able to withstand drop test.

Buoyant lifelines:

 Non kinking.
 Min dia 8mm.
 Min breaking strength 5kN.

Life jackets.

Shall not sustain burning or melt after an exposure of 2s.

Buoyancy not to be reduced by 5% after 24hrs of immersion in FW.
Fitted with a whistle firmly secured by a cord.

 Provided for every person onboard.

 Child life jackets – 10% of the passengers on board or one for each child,
whichever is greater.
 Sufficient number for the watch keepers kept on the bridge, ECR and other
manned stations.
 Sufficient number at remotely located survival craft stations.
 Should not interfere with the entry into any survival craft or in seating.
 All lifejackets to be fitted with lights.
 On passenger vessels, in addition 5% o the total number of persons onboard.

162 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Adult lifejacket:

 75% of people who are completely unfamiliar with it can don within a period
of 1min without guidance or assistance.
 After demonstration every1 can don within 1min.
 Capable of being worn in 1 way only.
 Comfortable to wear.
 Allows the wearer to jump at least 4.5m into the water without injury, damage
or dislodging the lifejacket.
 Sufficient buoyancy and stability in FW to lift the mouth at least 120mm from
the water with the body inclined backwards by at least 20deg from the
vertical. Time period to bring the body in this position is max 5s.
 Allow the person to swim and board a boat.

Child lifejacket:

 Assistance permitted for small children.

 Lift the mouth clear of the water only by a distance appropriate to the size of
the wearer.
 Wearer mobility not to be restricted. Assistance in boarding permitted.
 Marked with child symbol.
 Marked with height and weight range for which the jacket is designed.

Inflatable lifejackets:

 Min 2 separate compartments for inflation.

 Inflate automatically upon immersion.
 Provision to inflate by a single manual motion.
 Capable of being inflated by mouth.
 Rest requirements same as adult and child.

Lifejacket lights:

 Luminous intensity min 0.75cd.

 Capable source of energy for 8 hrs.
 White colour.
 Manual switch.
 Flash rate 50-70 per min.

163 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Immersion suits.

 Constructed with waterproof material.

 Unpacked and donned without assistance within 2min along with a life jacket
etc.
 Resist burning or melting for 2s.
 Cover the entire body except for the face.
 Arrangement to minimize or reduce the free air in legs.
 No undue ingress of water after a jump of at least 4.5m.
 Classified as a life jacket if complies with all the life jacket requirements.
 Shall permit the wearer to climb up and down a vertical ladder of min 5m.
 Normal duties for abandonment.
 Swim and board a boat.
 Buoyant immersion suit to be fitted with a lifejacket type light.
 If lifejacket is required, then it should be worn over the suit. No assistance
allowed.

 One for every crew.

 On passenger vessels – 3 immersion and 1 TPA per person per lifeboat.

Thermal requirements:

 If the suit does not have insulation, then it should be marked accordingly.
 When worn with warm clothing, body temp does not fall more than 2deg on
an immersion of 1hr in calm circulating water of 5deg.
 When warm clothing is not required, body temp not to fall more than 2 deg on
an immersion of 6hrs in calm circulating water of 0 to 2 deg.

Buoyancy requirement:

 Turn body from face down to face up position in not more than 5s.

TPA.

 Made of waterproof material.

 Max thermal conductivity of 7800w/m2k.

164 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Reduce conductive and evaporative heat loss.

 Cover the whole body along with a lifejacket with the exception of the face.
 Unpacked and donned easily without assistance in a survival craft.
 Can be removed within 2mins.
 Function between -30 to 20deg.

Pyrotechnics.

12 rockets on the bridge.

6 flares, 4 rockets and 2 smokes in lifeboats and liferafts.

Rocket parachute flares:

 Contained in a water resistant casing.

 Operational instructions on the casing.
 Integral means of ignition.
 Comfortable to use.
 When fired vertically, reach an altitude of at least 300m
 At or near the top of trajectory, eject a parachute.
 Parachute flare to burn with bright red colour.
 Luminous intensity min 30,000cd.
 Burn period min 40s.
 Max rate of descent 5m/s.

Hand flares:

 Contained in a water resistant casing.

 Operational instructions on the casing.
 Self contained means of ignition.
 Comfortable to use.
 Burn with bright red colour.
 Luminous intensity min 15,000cd.
 Bur period min 1min.
 Continue to burn after an immersion of 10s under 100mm of water.

Buoyant smoke signals:

 Contained in a water resistant case.

165 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Operational instructions on the casing.

 Not ignite explosively.
 Emit smoke of a highly visible colour at a uniform rate for min 3min in calm
water.
 Not emit any flame during the entire smoke emission period.
 Not be swamped by seaway.
 Continue to emit smoke upon an immersion of 10s under 100mm of water.

Liferafts.

Construction:

 Capable of withstanding exposure for 30days afloat in all sea conditions.

 Drop test for life raft and its equipment is 18m. If height of stowage is more
then it should be tested accordingly.
 Withstand repeated jumps from 4.5m above its floor with or without the
canopy.
 Can be towed at 3kts with its full equipment, compliment of persons and one
anchor streaming.
 Canopy to provide insulation and protection against heat and cold by two
layers of material separated by air gap.
 Interior to be of a non discomforting colour.
 Admit sufficient air for breathing.
 At least 1 viewing port.
 Means for collecting rain water.
 Means to mount a radar transponder at least 1m above sea level.
 Sufficient headroom for all sitting occupants.
 Min carriage of 6.
 Max weight of container and its equipment 185kg.
 Lifelines around the inside and outside.
 Painter length min 10m + the distance from the stowed position to the
waterline or 15m whichever is greater.
 White light of 4.3cd with burn period of min 12hrs and flash rate of 50-70 per
min.
 Light inside the canopy to light automatically. Burn period of min 12hrs. Light
enough for reading.
 Inflation by a non toxic gas.
 Inflation within 1min at 18 – 20 deg or within 3min at -30deg.

166 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Equipment:

 Rescue quoits with min 30 m lines.

 Non folding knife with a buoyant handle. For more than 13 persons, a second
knife.
 12 persons or less, 1 bailer. 13 persons or more, 2 bailers.
 2 sponges.
 2 sea anchors.
 2 buoyant paddles.
 3 tin openers.
 1 scissors.
 1 first aid kit in a waterproof kit.
 1 whistle.
 6 hand flares.
 4 rockets.
 2 smokes.
 1 waterproof torch for Morse with 1 spare set of batteries and bulb.
 1 radar reflector.
 1 daylight signaling mirror.
 1 life saving signals waterproof card.
 1 fishing tackle.
 Food ration with min 10,000kj per person.
 1.5l FW per person.
 1 rustproof graduated drinking vessel.
 Anti-seasickness tablets sufficient for 48hrs.
 1 sea sickness bag per person.
 TPA 10% of the capacity or 2 or whichever is greater.
 Survival booklet.

Markings on a liferaft container:

 Maker’s name/trade mark.

 Serial no.
 Name of authority and number of persons carried.
 SOLAS.
 Type of emergency pack enclosed.
 Date of last service.
 Length of painter.
 Max height of stowage.
 Launching instructions.

167 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Markings on an inflatable liferaft:

 Maker’s name/trade mark.

 Serial no.
 Date of mfg.
 Name of approving authority.
 Name and place of last service.
 No of persons permitted. Min char height of 100mm.

Lifeboats.

 Capable of maintaining positive stability.

 Hull and rigid covers shall be fire retardant and non combustible.
 Sufficient strength to be launched with its full compliment and equipment and
to be launched or towed while making headway of 5kts.
 Seating should be provided on benches. Benches to support 100kg per person
when launched from 3m above the waterline or 1.3m for a free fall lifeboat.
 Max carrying capacity 150 persons.
 Max time for boarding on a cargo ship is 3min.
 Non skid walking surfaces.
 Painter to release at 5kts.

Min distances between the floors n the roof to be:

 1.3m for 9 persons.

 1.7m for 24 persons.
 Linear interpolation for persons between 9 and 24.

Propulsion:

 Compression-ignition engine.
 Flash point of fuel > 43.
 Power starting system with 2 independent rechargeable sources.
 Manual starting.
 Engine to start at -15deg within 2mins.
 Min running of 5min on a cold start sans water.
 Operate with 50% flooding of the crankshaft.

168 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Min speed of 6kts. 2kts when towing a 25 person liferaft.

 Min fuel to last 24hrs @ 6kts.

Equipments:

 Buoyant oars.
 2 boat hooks.
 1 bailer and 2 buckets.
 Survival manual
 Operational compass.
 1 sea anchor.
 2 painters. Length to be twice the distance from the stowage position to the
waterline or 15m whichever is greater.
 2 hatchets.
 Watertight containers for 3l of water per person.
 1 rustproof dipper with lanyard.
 1 rustproof graduated drinking vessel.
 Food ration of 10,000kj per person.
 6 hand flares.
 4 rockets.
 2 smokes.
 1 waterproof electric torch for Morse signaling.
 1 day signaling mirror.
 1 copy of life saving signals.
 1 whistle or equivalent sound signaling device.
 1 first aid kit in a waterproof case.
 Anti-seasickness tablets for every1 to last for 48hrs.
 1 seasickness bag per person.
 1 jack knife with lanyard.
 3 tin openers.
 2 buoyant rescue quoits with 30m lines.
 1 bilge pump.
 1 fishing tackle.
 Engine tool kit.
 1 portable fire extinguisher for oil fires.

169 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 1 searchlight. Horizontal and vertical sector of 6deg. Luminosity of 2500cd.

Min run time 3hrs.
 1 radar reflector.
 TPA – 2 or 10% of the compliment whichever is greater.

Rescue boats.

 Length 3.8 to 8.5m.

 5 seated persons and 1 lying on a stretcher.
 Bow cover min 15%.
 4hrs @ 6kts.
 Marshal or tow liferafts @ 2kts.

Equipments:

 Buoyant oars.
 1 Buoyant bailer.
 1 Operational compass.
 1 sea anchor.
 1 painter.
 1 buoyant towline of 50m.
 1 waterproof electric torch for Morse signaling.
 1 waterproof first aid kit.
 2 buoyant rescue quoits with 30m lines.
 1 searchlight. Horizontal and vertical segment of 6deg. Luminosity of 2500cd
for 3hrs.
 1 radar reflector.
 TPA – 2 or 10% of the compliment, whichever is greater.
 1 portable fire extinguisher for oil fires.
 1 boat hook.
 1 knife or hatchet.
 1 bucket.

Embarkation ladders.

 480x115x25mm.

170 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Spacing 300-380mm.
 Non skid surface by longitudinal groves or coating.
 Side ropes to be manila of 65mm dia. Ropes to be continuous with no joints.

Line throwing apparatus.

 Min 4 projectiles which can carry at least 230m.

 Min 4 lines breaking strength 2 kn.
 Brief instructions and diagrams about how to use.

General alarm system.

Sound pressure level in interior and exterior spaces shall be 80db and at least
10db above the ambient noise level.
In cabins it should be at least 75db and at least 10db above the ambient noise
levels.

PA Systems.

In interior spaces - 75db and at least 20db above the speech interference
level.
In exterior spaces – 80db and at least 15db above the speech interference
level.

SOLAS Chapter III

Exemptions.

 Vessels not proceeding more than 20miles from the nearest land.
 Vessels engaged in special trades. Carrying large number of pilgrims.

Radio LSA.

 3 two way VHF for 500grt+ and 2 for 300-500grt.

 1 radar transponder on each side for 500grt+ and 1 for 300-500grt.

171 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Muster list and emergency instructions.

 In languages required by the flag state and English.

 Clear instructions for every person.
 Exhibited in conspicuous places – bridge, ECR, crew accommodation.
 Illustrations and instructions in passenger cabins, muster stations and other
passenger spaces.
 Contain muster station, essential actions to be taken and method of donning
lifejackets.

Operating instructions.

 On or in the vicinity of survival crafts and their launching controls.

 Purpose of controls and procedures of operation.
 Easily seen under emergency lighting conditions.

Manning of survival crafts and supervision.

 Sufficient number of crew members for operation.

 1 deck officer in-charge of each boat.
 Second in command to be appointed.
 Muster list with 1st n 2nd in command for head count.
 1 engineer to each boat.
 Master to ensure equal distribution amongst the boats.

Survival craft muster and embarkations arrangements.

 Survival crafts to be stowed as close to the accommodation and service

spaces as possible.
 Muster stations to be close to embarkation stations.
 All stations to be readily accessible from all accommodation and work spaces.
 Adequate illumination supplied from emergency source.
 Alleyways, stairways and exits to muster and embarkations stations to be well
illuminated.
 Provisions for embarkation ladder.
 Provision for lowering the boat to ship’s side for embarkation.

172 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 On cargo whips or 20,000grt+ boats are capable of being launched at 5kts.

Stowage of survival crafts.

 No survival craft or its stowage arrangement shall interfere with the operation
of other survival crafts or rescue crafts.
 Stowed as near the water surface as is practicable.
 In a state of continuous readiness so that 2 crew members can prepare for
launching and embarkation in less than 5mins.
 Stowed as far forward of the propeller as is practicable.
 Stowed attached to launching appliances.
 Liferafts to be stowed with the painter permanently attached to the ship.
 Liferafts to be stowed with a float free arrangement.
 On cargo vessels where the distance from stem or stern to nearest lifeboat is
more than 100m, a liferaft forward or aft.
 On cargo vessels, one or more liferaft on each side accommodating the entire
crew.
 On tankers, shall not be stowed above a cargo tank, slop tank or other tanks
containing explosive or hazardous cargoes.
 For davit type launch – max height from water line in lightest seagoing
condition to be 15m.

Stowage of rescue boats.

 In a state of continuous readiness for launching in not more than 5mins.

 Position suitable for launching and recovery.
 Passenger ships 1 on each side for 500grt+ and 1 for less than 500grt.

Emergency training and drills.

173 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Every crew member shall participate in at least one abandon ship drill and one
fire drill every month.
 Drill within 24hrs of leaving port if 25% crew change.
 Drills to be conducted before sailing when the ship enters sailing for the first
time, after a modification of major character or a new crew is engaged.
 On passenger vessels – weekly boat and fire drill.

Training manuals.

 1 in crew mess and day room or in each crew cabin.

Content:

 Donning life jackets, TPA etc.

 Muster.
 Boarding, launching and clearing boats.
 Launching from inside the boat.
 Release from launching appliances.
 Illumination in launching areas.
 Use of all survival equipment.
 Use of all detection equipment.
 Use of radio LSA.
 Use of drogues/sea anchors.
 Use of engine and accessories.
 Recovery, stowage and securing of boats.
 Hazards of exposure and need of warm clothing.
 Best use of survival craft for survival.
 Methods of rescue.
 All functions of muster list.
 Emergency repair of LSA.

Weekly inspections.

 All survival crafts, rescue boats and launching appliances to be visually

checked to ensure that they are ready for use.
 General emergency alarm.
 All engines to b test run for at least 3mins.

174 | P a g e
Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Monthly inspections. Complete inspection of LSA and their equipments.

Servicing.
-Inflatable liferafts, inflatable lifejackets and marine evacuation systems to be
serviced every 12 months which can be extended up to 17.
-HRU – every 12months which can be extended up to 17.
-Launching appliances – thorough inspection every 5yrs.

HUMAN RESOURCE NOTES

COMMUNICATION
Process of Communication:

Sender-message-medium-receiver-feedback-acknowledgment.

Verbal & Non-Verbal Communication:

Non-Verbal Communication:

Pitch

Speed

Tone

Voice volume

Gestures / postures

Facial expressions

Eye contact

Proximity

7% - Speech (Verbal)

38% - Element of Speech (Non-Verbal)

55% - Body Language (Non-Verbal)

Barriers to Communication:

Preconceived Notions

Words

Poor Listening Skills

175 | P a g e
Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Emotions or Feelings

Wrong Medium or Channels

Poor Verbal Skills

Confusing the message

DECISION MAKING:
Definition:

Decision Making is about deciding what action to take, it usually involves choice between options. A
leader who aspires to excellence obviously has a vested interest in assessing that the best decisions
are taken.

The process of responding to a problem by searching for and selecting a solution or course of action
that will be in the interest of all.

Process of Decision Making:

Define the Problem – Evaluate the alternatives – Implementing the chosen alternative.

Identify a problem and decision criteria and allocating weights to the criteria.
Developing, analyzing, and selecting an alternative that can resolve the problem.
Implemented and selected alternatives.
Evaluating the decision’s effectiveness

LEADERSHIP
BEHAVIOR STYLES:
Leadership style is the manner and approach of providing direction, implementing plans, and
motivating people.
Passive Behavior
Assertive Behavior
Aggressive Behavior

Passive Behavior: Passive people do not express their honest feelings, needs, values and concerns.
They allow others to dictate to them, denying their rights and ignoring their needs. The body
language of the passive person is bowed and bent, submissive and non threatening.

Assertive Behavior: They need to win arguments. They tend to overpower other people.
The body language of the Aggressive person is threatening, finger pointing, stand over.
Their speech can be loud abusive, rude and sarcastic.

176 | P a g e
Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Aggressive Behavior: People who typically behave in an assertive manner use methods of
communication which enable them to maintain self-respect and gain satisfaction of needs without
abusing or dominating others. They stand up for their rights and express personal needs, values and
concerns in direct and appropriate ways.

SITUATIONAL AWARENESS:

Situational Awareness is the ability to identify, process, and comprehend the critical elements of
information about what is happening to the team with regards to the mission.

In maintaining Situational Awareness Effective Communication is important:

Recognize and make others aware when the team deviates from standard procedures.

Monitor the performance of other team members.

Provide information in advance.

Identify potential or existing problems

Communicate a course of action to follow as needed.

Continually assess and reassess the situation

Clarifying expectations of all team members eliminates doubt.

Barriers:

Perception based on faulty information processing.

Excessive motivation.

Overload.

Fatigue.

Poor communications

TIME MANAGEMENT & PRIORITIZATION:

Emergency

Urgent

Important

Routine

177 | P a g e
Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

HUMAN ERROR
Error is defined as all those occasions in which a planned sequence of mental or physical activities
fails to achieve its intended outcome or simply a failure on the part of human to carry out an
intended task.

Factors contributing to Human element:

People Factor

Ship Factor

External influences and environment

Working and living conditions

Shore-side management

MOTIVATION
Definition:

Motivation is a process that starts with a physiological or psychological need that activates a
behavior or a drive that is aimed at a goal.

Motivation is

• Motivation is a continuous process.

• It can be positive or negative.
• It is goal oriented.

Need for Motivation:

Higher efficiency

Good relations

Reduce accidents

Maslow’s Need Theory:

• Physiological needs: If this need is unsatisfied, it becomes as a driving or motivational force. It is a

felt need.
• Safety needs: Employment security.
• Social needs: Belongingness need.
• Self-esteem needs: Desire for self-respect, reputation, prestige, status, fame, glory.
Self-actualization: Self-realization needs, continuous self-development, & the process of becoming
all that a person is capable of becoming

178 | P a g e
Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

ASSERTIVENESS
Assertiveness is about self confidence which means having a positive attitude towards yourself &
others.

Being Assertive means:

Focusing on your goal.

Being self-aware.

Being true to yourself.

Building self-esteem.

Obstacles to Assertiveness:

Lack of confidence

Lack of knowledge & experience

Fear of ruining relationships

MOTIVATION
Motivation is the word derived from the word ’motive’ which means
needs, desires, wants or drives within the individuals. It is the process of
stimulating people to actions to accomplish the goals.

In the work goal context the psychological factors stimulating the

people’s behaviour can be -

 desire for money

179 | P a g e
Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 success

 recognition

 job-satisfaction

 team work, etc

One of the most important functions of management is to create
willingness amongst the employees to perform in the best of their
abilities. Therefore the role of a leader is to arouse interest in
performance of employees in their jobs.
The process of motivation consists of three stages:-
 A felt need or drive
 A stimulus in which needs have to be aroused
 When needs are satisfied, the satisfaction or accomplishment of
goals.

IMPORTANCE OF MOTIVATION
Motivation is a very important for an organization because of the
following benefits it provides:

 Puts human resources into action

Every concern requires physical, financial and human resources to
accomplish the goals. It is through motivation that the human
resources can be utilized by making full use of it. This can be done by
building willingness in employees to work. This will help the
enterprise in securing best possible utilization of resources.

 Improves level of efficiency of employees

The level of a subordinate or a employee does not only depend
upon his qualifications and abilities. For getting best of his work
performance, the gap between ability and willingness has to be filled

180 | P a g e
Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

which helps in improving the level of performance of subordinates.

This will result into-
 Increase in productivity,
 Reducing cost of operations, and
 Improving overall efficiency.

 Leads to achievement of organizational goals

The goals of an enterprise can be achieved only when the
following factors take place :-
 There is best possible utilization of resources,
 There is a co-operative work environment,
 The employees are goal-directed and they act in a purposive
manner,
 Goals can be achieved if co-ordination and co-operation takes
place simultaneously which can be effectively done through
motivation.

 Builds friendly relationship

Motivation is an important factor which brings employees
satisfaction. This can be done by keeping into mind and framing
an incentive plan for the benefit of the employees. This could
initiate the following things:
 Monetary and non-monetary incentives,
 Promotion opportunities for employees,
 Disincentives for inefficient employees.

 Leads to stability of work force

 Stability of workforce is very important from the point of view of
reputation and goodwill of a concern. The employees can remain
loyal to the enterprise only when they have a feeling of participation
in the management.
181 | P a g e
Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 As it is said, “Old is GOLD ” which suffices with the role of motivation

here, the older the people, more the experience and their
adjustment into a concern which can be of benefit to the enterprise.

MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology proposed

by the American psychologist Abraham Maslow .
One of the main theories relating to motivation is Maslow’s
Hierarchy of Needs. People have needs. A need is a lack of
something- something we want. This produces the drive and
desire which motivates us to satisfy that need. Satisfying this
need, or getting the thing we want or lack is the goal.
This theory is a classical depiction of human motivation. This
theory is based on the assumption that there is a hierarchy of
five needs within each individual.

182 | P a g e
Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Physiological needs- These are the basic needs of air, water,

food, clothing and shelter. In other words, physiological needs are
the needs for basic amenities of life.
 Safety needs- Safety needs include physical, environmental and
emotional safety and protection. For instance- Job security, financial
security, protection from animals, family security, health security,
etc.
 Social needs- Social needs include the need for love, affection, care,
belongingness, and friendship.
 Esteem needs- Esteem needs are of two types: internal esteem
needs (self- respect, confidence, competence, achievement and
freedom) and external esteem needs (recognition, power, status,
attention and admiration).
 Self-actualization need- This include the urge to become what you
are capable of becoming / what you have the potential to become. It
includes the need for growth and self-contentment. It also includes
desire for gaining more knowledge, social- service, creativity and
being aesthetic. The self- actualization needs are never fully satiable.
As an individual grows psychologically, opportunities keep cropping
up to continue growing.

 According to Maslow, individuals are motivated by unsatisfied needs.

As each of these needs is significantly satisfied, it drives and forces
the next need to emerge.
 Maslow grouped the five needs into two categories - Higher-order
needs and Lower-order needs.
 The physiological and the safety needs constituted the lower-order
needs. These lower-order needs are mainly satisfied externally.

183 | P a g e
Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 The social, esteem, and self-actualization needs constituted the

higher-order needs. These higher-order needs are generally satisfied
internally, i.e., within an individual.

Implications of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Theory for Leaders

 As far as the physiological needs are concerned, the managers

should give employees appropriate salaries to purchase the basic
necessities of life.
 As far as the safety needs are concerned, the managers should
provide the employees job security, safe and hygienic work
environment so as to retain them.
 As far as social needs are concerned, the management should
encourage teamwork and organize social events.
 As far as esteem needs are concerned, the managers can appreciate
and reward employees on accomplishing and exceeding their targets.
The management can give the deserved employee higher job
position in the organization.
 As far as self-actualization needs are concerned, the managers can
give the employees challenging jobs in which the employees’ skills
and competencies are fully utilized. Moreover, growth opportunities
can be given to them so that they can reach the peak.

184 | P a g e
Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

FATIGUE
Review of some Case Studies--

 One in four seafarers said that they had fallen asleep while on watch.

 Almost 50% of seafarers taking part in a study reported working hours of 85 hours or more.

 Around half said that their working hours had increased over the past 10 years, despite new
regulations to combat fatigue.

 50% of seafarers surveyed considered their working hours posed danger to their personal
safety.

 37% said working hours sometimes posed a danger to safe operations of their ship.

Definition

Fatigue– also referred as tiredness, exhaustion, lethargy & listlessness. It is a state of physical &
mental tiredness. Although physical and mental fatigue are different- the two often exists together.
If a person is physically exhausted for long he will be mentally tired as well.

Dangers of Fatigue

Safety at sea is endangered as crews are not fully alert & take shortcuts. Their health suffers now &
in future taking poor care of one’s physical & mental health needs.

DANGER SIGNS

 Inability to stay awake

 Increased performance variability

 Learning of new information decreases

 Cognitive slowing

 Problem solving decays

 Motivation declines

185 | P a g e
Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Impaired vigilance in terms of distance, speed, time & risk

 Headaches and giddiness

 Loss of appetite

 Insomnia

 Moodiness & needless worrying

What can cause Fatigue?

[A] Work related factors

 Unpredictable work and shipping schedules

 Intense concentration

 Temperature extremes

 Adverse weather

 Exposure to high risk situation

 Time of day when watch duty is performed

 Duration of work periods

 Length of break within & between

[B] Non-Work related

 Disturbance in one’s family/social life

 Financial difficulties/ domestic responsibilities

 Age/medical fitness

 Age related changes. For e.g hypertension, deterioration of visual perception, increased
need for medication

Effects of Fatigue

1. Inability to concentrate

186 | P a g e
Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Unable to organize series of activities

 Preoccupation with single task
 Less vigilant than usual

2. Slow response
 Responds slowly to normal, abnormal or emergency situations

3. Diminished decision-making ability

 Misjudges- distance, speed, time, etc.

 Fails to anticipate danger
 Fails to observe & obey warning signs
 Overlooks items that should be included
 Difficulty with simple arithmetic, geometry

4. Poor Memory
 Fails to remember sequence of task or task elements
 Forgets to complete a task

5. Loss of bodily control

 Inability to stay awake
 Speech is affected- can be slow or garbled

6. Mood change
 Unusually irritated
 Quieter, less talkative than normal

7. Attitude change
 Unaware of own poor performance
 Too willing to take risks
 Ignores normal checks & procedures
 Displays a ‘don’t care’ attitude

187 | P a g e
Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Steps to be taken

 Use maximum allowance of sleep, rest & leisure time

 Informing supervisor- when one thinks fatigue is impairing his performance
 When possible rotate tasks to mix heavy & lighter duties
 Improving communication- between members & also Captain and members. This promotes
effective workload management
 Timing/ scheduling of high-risk operations
 Exercise daily
 Manage sleep.

188 | P a g e
Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

189 | P a g e
Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

190 | P a g e
Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

SOLAS DRILL REQUIREMENTS CHAPTER 3 REGULATION 19

Emergency Drills and Trainings

1) Drills shall, as far as practicable, be conducted as if there were an actual emergency.

2) Every crew member shall participate in at least one abandon ship drill and one fire
drill every month.

3) The drills of the crew shall take place within 24 h of the ship leaving a port if more
than 25% of the crew have not participated in abandon ship and fire drills on board that
particular ship in the previous month.

4) When a ship enters service for the first time, after modification of a major character
or when a new crew is engaged, these drills shall be held before sailing.

5) The Administration may accept other arrangements that are at least equivalent for
those classes of ships for which this is impracticable.

6) Crew members with enclosed space entry or rescue responsibilities shall participate
in an enclosed space entry and rescue drill to be held on board the ship at least once
every two months.

3.4 Abandon ship drill

3.4.1 Each abandon ship drill shall include:

 .1 summoning of passengers and crew to muster stations with the alarm followed
by drill announcement on the public address or other communication system and
ensuring that they are made aware of the order to abandon ship;
 .2 reporting to stations and preparing for the duties described in the muster list;
 .3 checking that passengers and crew are suitably dressed;
 .4 checking that lifejackets are correctly donned;
 .5 lowering of at least one lifeboat after any necessary preparation for launching;
 .6 starting and operating the lifeboat engine;
 .7 operation of davits used for launching liferafts;
 .8 a mock search and rescue of passengers trapped in their staterooms; and
 .9 instruction in the use of radio life-saving appliances.

3.4.2 Different lifeboats shall, as far as practicable, be lowered at successive drills.

3.4.3 Each lifeboat shall be launched, and manoeuvred in the water by its assigned
operating crew, at least once every three months during an abandon ship drill.

191 | P a g e
Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

3.4.4 In the case of a lifeboat arranged for free-fall launching, at least once every three
months during an abandon ship drill the crew shall board the lifeboat, properly secure
themselves in their seats and commence launch procedures up to but not including the
actual release of the lifeboat (i.e., the release hook shall not be released). The lifeboat
shall then either be free-fall launched with only the required operating crew on board,
or lowered into the water by means of the secondary means of launching with or
without the operating crew on board. In both cases the lifeboat shall thereafter be
manoeuvred in the water by the operating crew. At intervals of not more than six
months, the lifeboat shall either be launched by free-fall with only the operating crew
on board, or simulated launching shall be carried out in accordance with the guidelines
developed by the Organization.

3.4.5 The Administration may allow ships operating on short international voyages not
to launch the lifeboats on one side if their berthing arrangements in port and their
trading patterns do not permit launching of lifeboats on that side. However, all such
lifeboats shall be lowered at least once every three months and launched at least
annually.

3.4.6 As far as is reasonable and practicable, rescue boats other than lifeboats which are
also rescue boats, shall be launched each month with their assigned crew aboard and
manoeuvred in the water. In all cases this requirement shall be complied with at least
once every three months.

3.4.7 If lifeboat and rescue boat launching drills are carried out with the ship making
headway, such drills shall, because of the dangers involved, be practised in sheltered
waters only and under the supervision of an officer experienced in such drills .

3.4.8 If a ship is fitted with marine evacuation systems, drills shall include exercising of
the procedures required for the deployment of such a system up to the point
immediately preceding actual deployment of the system. This aspect of drills should be
augmented by regular instruction using the on-board training aids

Additionally every system party member shall, as far as practicable, be further trained by
participation in a full deployment of a similar system into water, either on board a ship
or ashore, at intervals of not longer than two years, but in no case longer than three
years. This training can be associated with the deployments

3.4.9 Emergency lighting for mustering and abandonment shall be tested at each
abandon ship drill.

192 | P a g e
Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

3.5 Fire drills

3.5.1 Fire drills should be planned in such a way that due consideration is given to
regular practice in the various emergencies that may occur depending on the type of
ships and the cargo.

3.5.2 Each fire drill shall include:

 .1 reporting to stations and preparing for the duties described in the muster list
 .2 starting of a fire pump, using at least the two required jets of water to show
that the system is in proper working order;
 .3 checking of fireman's outfit and other personal rescue equipment;
 .4 checking of relevant communication equipment;
 .5 checking the operation of watertight doors, fire doors, fire dampers and main
inlets and outlets of ventilation systems in the drill area; and
 .6 checking the necessary arrangements for subsequent abandoning of the ship.

3.5.3 The equipment used during drills shall immediately be brought back to its fully
operational condition and any faults and defects discovered during the drills shall be
remedied as soon as possible.

3.6 Enclosed space entry and rescue drills

3.6.1 Enclosed space entry and rescue drills should be planned and conducted in a safe
manner, taking into account, as appropriate, the guidance provided in the
recommendations developed by the Organization

3.6.2 Each enclosed space entry and rescue drill shall include:

 .1 checking and use of personal protective equipment required for entry;

 .2 checking and use of communication equipment and procedures;
 .3 checking and use of instruments for measuring the atmosphere in enclosed
spaces;
 .4 checking and use of rescue equipment and procedures; and
 .5 instructions in first aid and resuscitation techniques.

193 | P a g e
Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

CO2 SYSTEM
The SOLAS requirements for a fixed CO2 system are as follows:

 For cargo spaces, the system must be able to discharge 30% of the volume of the largest cargo
space.
 For machinery spaces, the system must be able to discharge 40% of the largest machinery
space, excluding engine casing. If the engine casing is included, the system must be able to
discharge 35%.
 For machinery spaces, the system must be able to discharge 85% of the gas in 2 minutes.
 CO2 bottles must be secured against movement and vibrations, and labeled with 52bar.
 CO2 bottles must be hydraulically tested to 228bar.
 CO2 bottle room temperature should be less than 55degreeC

Monthly inspections

At least every 30 days a general visual inspection should be made of the overall system

condition for obvious signs of damage, and should include verification that:

1) all stop valves are in the closed position;

2) all releasing controls are in the proper position and readily accessible for immediate use;
3) all discharge piping and pneumatic tubing is intact and has not been damaged;
4) all high pressure cylinders are in place and properly secured; and
5) the alarm devices are in place and do not appear damaged.
6) In addition, on low pressure systems the inspections should verify that:
 the pressure gauge is reading in the normal range;
 the liquid level indicator is reading within the proper level;
 the manually operated storage tank main service valve is secured in the open position; and
 the vapour supply line valve is secured in the open position.

Annual inspections

The following minimum level of maintenance and inspections should be carried out in accordance
with the system manufacturer’s instructions and safety precautions:

1) the boundaries of the protected space should be visually inspected to confirm that no
modifications have been made to the enclosure that have created uncloseable openings
that would render the system ineffective;
2) all storage containers should be visually inspected for any signs of damage, rust or loose
mounting hardware. Cylinders that are leaking, corroded, dented or bulging should be
hydrostatically retested or replaced;

194 | P a g e
Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

3) system piping should be visually inspected to check for damage, loose supports and
corrosion. Nozzles should be inspected to ensure they have not been obstructed by the
storage of spare parts or a new installation of structure or machinery;
4) the manifold should be inspected to verify that all flexible discharge hoses and fittings are
properly tightened; and
5) all entrance doors to the protected space should close properly and should have warning
signs, which indicate that the space is protected by a fixed carbon dioxide system and that
personnel should evacuate immediately if the alarms sound. All remote releasing controls
should be checked for clear operating instructions and indication as to the space served.

Minimum recommended maintenance

At least biennially (intervals of 2 years ± 3 months) in passenger ships or at each intermediate,

periodical or renewal survey* in cargo ships, the following maintenance should be carried out

1) all high pressure cylinders and pilot cylinders should be weighed or have their contents
verified by other reliable means to confirm that the available charge in each is above 90% of
the nominal charge. Cylinders containing less than 90% of the nominal charge should be
refilled. The liquid level of low pressure storage tanks should be checked to verify that the
required amount of carbon dioxide to protect the largest hazard is available;
2) the hydrostatic test date of all storage containers should be checked. High pressure
cylinders should be subjected to periodical tests at intervals not exceeding 10 years. At the
10-year inspection, at least 10% of the total number provided should be subjected to an
internal inspection and hydrostatic test. If one or more cylinders fail, a total of 50% of the
onboard cylinders should be tested. If further cylinders fail, all cylinders should be tested.
Flexible hoses should be replaced at the intervals recommended by the manufacturer and
not exceeding every 10 years; and
3) the discharge piping and nozzles should be tested to verify that they are not blocked. The
test should be performed by isolating the discharge piping from the system and flowing dry
air or nitrogen from test cylinders or suitable means through the piping.

At least biennially (intervals of 2 years ± 3 months) in passenger ships or at each renewal survey* in
cargo ships, the following maintenance should be carried out by service technicians/specialists
trained to standards accepted by the Administration:

1) where possible, all activating heads should be removed from the cylinder valves and tested
for correct functioning by applying full working pressure through the pilot lines.

2) In cases where this is not possible, pilot lines should be disconnected from the cylinder
valves and blanked off or connected together and tested with full working pressure from the
release station and checked for leakage. In both cases this should be carried out from one or
more release stations when installed.

195 | P a g e
Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

SOLAS REQUIREMENT FOR FOAM SYSTEMS

(1) shall be capable of delivering foam to the entire cargo tanks deck area as well as into any
cargo tank, the deck of which has been ruptured.

(2) simple and rapid operation. The main control station for the system shall be suitable located
outside the cargo area adjacent to the accommodation paces and readily accessible and operable
in the event of fire in the areas protected.

(3) The rate of supply of foam solution shall be not less than the following whichever is the
greatest:
a. 0.6 litre per minute per square metre of cargo tanks deck area
b. 6 litre per minute per square metre of the horizontal sectional area of the single tank having
the largest such area; or
c. 6 litre per minute per square metre of the area protected by the largest monitor, such area
being entirely forward of the monitor, but not less than 1, 250 litres per minute.

(4) Sufficient foam concentrate shall be supplied to ensure atleast 20 minutes of foam generation
in ship fitted with an inert gas system or 30 minutes of foam generation in ships not fitted with
an inert gas by system. The foam expansion ratio shall not generally exceed 12 to 1.

(5) Foam from the fixed system shall be supplied by means of monitors and foam applicators. At
least 50 per cent of the foam solution rate shall be delivered from each monitor.

(6) The capacity of any monitor shall be at least 3 litres per minute of foam solution per square
metre or deck area protected by that monitor, such area being entirely forward of the
monitor. such capacity shall be not less than 1,250 litres per minute.
(b) The distance from the monitor to the farthest extremely of the protected area forward of that
monitor shall not be more than 75 per cent of the monitor throw in still air conditions.

(7) A monitor and hose connection for a foam applicator shall be situated both port and
starboard at the front of the poop or accommodation spaces facing the cargo tanks deck

(8) The capacity of any applicator shall be not less than 400 litres per minute and the applicator
throw in still air conditions shall be not less than 15 metres. The number of foam applicators
provided shall be not less than four. The number and disposition of foam main outlets shall be
such that foam from at least two applicators can be directed on to any part of the cargo tank deck
area.

(9) Valves shall be provided in the foam main, and in the fire main when this is an integral part of
the deck foam system, immediately forward of any monitor position to isolate damaged sections
of those mains.

(10) Operation of a deck foam system at its required output shall permit the simultaneous use of
the minimum required number of jets of water at the required pressure from the fire main.

196 | P a g e
Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

SOLAS REQUIREMENT FOR MUSTER LIST

According to SOLAS Chapter III, Reg. 8 and 37
 The regulation applies to all ships.
 Clear instructions to be followed in the event of an emergency shall be
provided for every person on board in the language or languages required by
the ship’s flag State and in the English language.
 Muster lists and emergency instructions shall be exhibited in conspicuous
places throughout the ship including the navigation bridge, engine-room and
crew accommodation spaces.
 The muster list shall specify details of the general emergency alarm and public
address system and action to be taken by crew and passengers when this alarm
is sounded. The muster list shall also specify how the order to abandon ship will
be given.
 The muster list shall specify which officers are assigned to ensure that life-
saving and fire appliances are maintained in good condition and are ready for
immediate use.
 The muster list shall specify substitutes for key persons who may become
disabled
 The muster list shall be prepared before the ship proceeds to sea.
 The muster list shall show the duties assigned to the different members of the
crew including:
1. closing of the watertight doors, fire doors, valves, scuppers, side scuttles,
skylights, portholes and other similar openings in the ship;
2. equipping of the survival craft and other life-saving appliances;
3. preparation and launching of survival craft;
4. general preparations of other life-saving appliances;
5. muster of passengers;
6. use of communication equipment;
7. manning of fire parties assigned to deal with fires; and
8. special duties assigned in respect to the use of fire-fighting equipment and
installations.
 Illustrations and instructions in appropriate languages shall be posted in cabins
and be conspicuously displayed at muster stations and other spaces to inform
crew of:
1. their muster station;
2. the essential actions they must take in an emergency; and
3. the method of donning lifejackets.

197 | P a g e
Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Drill Planner

198 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Q. Define antiexposure suit, float free lunching and marine evacuation system as per
LSA Code.

1. Antiexposure Suit: An antiexposure suit, also known as an immersion suit or survival suit, is
a type of protective clothing worn by individuals who may be exposed to cold water
environments, particularly in maritime or offshore settings. These suits are designed to
provide thermal insulation and buoyancy to increase the chances of survival in cold water in
the event of a shipwreck, where exposure to cold temperatures could lead to hypothermia.

2. Float Free Launching: Float free launching refers to the method of launching life-saving
appliances, such as lifeboats or liferafts, from a ship's deck into the water without manual
intervention or assistance. In the event of an emergency, these life-saving appliances are
designed to automatically release and float away from the ship, ensuring that they are
quickly available for use by individuals in distress. This mechanism is critical for rapid
deployment and ensures that life-saving equipment is accessible even if the ship's crew is
unable to manually launch them due to adverse conditions.

3. Marine Evacuation System (MES): A Marine Evacuation System is an emergency

evacuation system installed on ships to facilitate the rapid evacuation of passengers and
crew in the event of an emergency, such as fire, collision, or sinking. Typically, a Marine
Evacuation System consists of inflatable evacuation slides or chutes that can be deployed
from the ship's side or stern to provide a means of escape to life rafts or rescue boats
waiting below. These systems are designed to quickly and safely evacuate large numbers of
people from a ship, even in adverse weather conditions or when the ship is listing or
partially submerged. They are a crucial component of shipboard safety equipment, ensuring
that evacuation procedures can be carried out efficiently in emergency situations.

What are the essential elements of a safety culture onboard a ship ? How each of
these elements can be achieved onboard the ship ?

A safety culture onboard a ship is essential for ensuring the well-being of crew members,
passengers, and the vessel itself. It encompasses the shared values, attitudes, and behaviors
that prioritize safety in all aspects of maritime operations. Here are some essential elements
of a safety culture onboard a ship and how they can be achieved:

1. Leadership Commitment: Leadership commitment sets the tone for safety onboard.
Shipboard leaders, including the captain and senior officers, must demonstrate a genuine
commitment to safety by prioritizing it in decision-making, allocating resources for safety
training and equipment, and fostering an open environment where safety concerns can be
addressed without fear of reprisal.

199 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

2. Effective Communication: Clear and effective communication is crucial for ensuring that
safety-related information is conveyed promptly and accurately throughout the vessel. This
includes providing clear instructions during safety drills and emergencies, fostering open
channels for reporting safety concerns, and encouraging feedback from all members of the
crew.

3. Training and Competence: Crew members must receive adequate training to perform their
duties safely and effectively. This includes training in emergency procedures, use of safety
equipment, firefighting, first aid, and other relevant skills. Regular drills and exercises help
reinforce training and ensure that crew members are prepared to respond to emergencies.

4. Risk Awareness and Management: Crew members should be aware of potential hazards
onboard and understand how to mitigate risks effectively. This involves conducting risk
assessments, implementing safety procedures and protocols, and adhering to regulatory
requirements and best practices to minimize the likelihood of accidents and injuries.

5. Continuous Improvement: Safety onboard is a continuous process that requires ongoing

evaluation and improvement. Crew members should be encouraged to identify areas for
improvement, report near misses and incidents, and participate in safety committees or
meetings to discuss lessons learned and implement corrective actions.

Achieving these elements onboard involves a combination of policies, procedures, training,

and a proactive approach to safety management. It requires a collective effort from all
members of the crew, supported by effective leadership and a commitment to maintaining
a safety-first mindset in all aspects of maritime operations. Regular audits and inspections
can also help identify areas for improvement and ensure that safety standards are being
upheld consistently.

List out the documents and data you will use in preparing PMS of a ship

In preparing a Planned Maintenance System (PMS) for a ship, various documents and data
are required to ensure that maintenance tasks are scheduled, executed, and documented
properly. Here's a list of some of the key documents and data typically used in the
preparation of a PMS:

1. Manufacturer's Manuals: These include manuals provided by equipment manufacturers

detailing maintenance schedules, procedures, and specifications for various onboard
systems and machinery.

2. Class Rules and Regulations: Classification society rules and regulations provide guidance
on maintenance requirements, inspection intervals, and standards for compliance with class
requirements.

200 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

3. Ship's Drawings and Plans: General arrangement drawings, piping diagrams, electrical
schematics, and other ship plans are essential for identifying equipment locations, system
configurations, and maintenance access points.

4. Previous Maintenance Records: Historical maintenance records provide valuable

information on past maintenance activities, including dates, tasks performed, spare parts
used, and any issues encountered.

5. Manufacturer's Service Bulletins: Service bulletins issued by equipment manufacturers

may contain important information regarding updates, modifications, or recommended
maintenance procedures for specific equipment or components.

6. Regulatory Requirements: Applicable maritime regulations and standards, such as SOLAS

(Safety of Life at Sea) and MARPOL (Marine Pollution Prevention), dictate maintenance
requirements for safety equipment, pollution prevention systems, and other critical onboard
systems.

7. Inventory of Spare Parts and Consumables: An inventory of spare parts, lubricants, filters,
and other consumables required for maintenance tasks ensures that necessary supplies are
available when needed.

8. Maintenance Management Software: PMS software systems facilitate the scheduling,

tracking, and documentation of maintenance activities, including work orders, task
assignments, and maintenance history.

9. Manufacturer's Recommendations and Guidelines: Equipment-specific maintenance

recommendations and guidelines provided by manufacturers supplement maintenance
manuals and assist in developing tailored maintenance plans.

10. Operational Data and Performance Records: Data on equipment performance, operating
conditions, and performance trends may inform maintenance decisions, including predictive
maintenance strategies and condition-based monitoring.

11. Flag State and Port State Requirements: Flag state and port state control requirements
may impose additional maintenance obligations or inspection criteria that must be
incorporated into the PMS.

12. Risk Assessment and Failure Mode Analysis: Risk assessments and failure mode analysis
help identify critical equipment, potential failure modes, and associated maintenance
strategies to mitigate risks effectively.

201 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

By leveraging these documents and data, ship operators can develop comprehensive and
effective Planned Maintenance Systems tailored to the specific requirements of their vessels,
ensuring safe, reliable, and efficient operation throughout their service life.

As a chief officer of a ship prepare a checklist for maintenance of hatch

covers, maintenance of mooring equipment and maintenance of
accommodation ladder.

Maintenance of Hatch Covers:

1. Visual Inspection: Regularly inspect hatch covers for signs of damage, corrosion, or
deformation.

2. Operational Tests: Conduct operational tests to ensure smooth opening and closing of
hatch covers.

3. Sealing Integrity: Check gaskets and seals for wear or damage and replace if necessary to
maintain watertight integrity.

4. Cleaning: Keep hatch cover mechanisms clean and free from debris to prevent
malfunctions.

5. Lubrication: Lubricate moving parts according to manufacturer's recommendations to

prevent corrosion and ensure smooth operation.

6. Weather Tightness: Verify weather-tightness by conducting hose tests or ultrasonic tests

periodically.

7. Structural Integrity: Inspect structural components for cracks, fractures, or signs of fatigue.

8. Drainage System: Ensure drainage channels and scuppers are clear to prevent water
accumulation on hatch covers.

Maintenance of Mooring Equipment:

1. Visual Inspection: Inspect mooring lines, ropes, and wires for wear, fraying, or damage.

2. Strength Testing: Periodically test the strength of mooring lines using appropriate
equipment.

202 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

3. End Connections: Check end connections, shackles, and fittings for signs of wear or
deformation.

4. Lubrication: Apply lubricants to moving parts of winches, capstans, and fairleads to prevent
corrosion and ensure smooth operation.

5. Tensioning Devices: Inspect tensioning devices, such as turnbuckles or tensioners, for

proper functioning.

6. Storage: Store mooring lines properly to prevent damage from UV exposure or abrasion.

7. Emergency Spares: Ensure the availability of spare mooring lines and fittings for
emergency replacements.

8. Documentation: Maintain records of inspections, tests, and maintenance performed on

mooring equipment.

Maintenance of Accommodation Ladder:

1. Visual Inspection: Regularly inspect the ladder structure for signs of corrosion, cracks, or
damage.

2. Steps and Treads: Check steps and treads for wear, corrosion, or loose fittings, and repair
or replace as needed.

3. Handrails and Stanchions: Inspect handrails and stanchions for stability and integrity.

4. Moving Parts: Lubricate hinges, rollers, and locking mechanisms to ensure smooth
operation.

5. Non-Skid Surface: Ensure the non-skid surface of steps and treads is maintained to
prevent slips and falls.

6. Securing Devices: Verify the condition of securing devices, such as hooks or chains, and
replace if necessary.

7. Lighting: Check lighting fixtures on the ladder for proper functioning, especially during
night operations.

8. Emergency Procedures: Ensure crew members are trained in emergency procedures for
deploying and recovering the accommodation ladder safely.

Regular maintenance of these critical shipboard components is essential for ensuring the
safety and efficiency of maritime operations. Conducting thorough inspections and

203 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

addressing maintenance needs promptly helps prevent accidents, equipment failures, and
costly downtime.
You are officer of a ship at sea on your voyage & observe from Bridge that a seaman who was
painting accommodation ladder has fallen overboard. List out all actions in chronological
order you will follow in this emergency situation. list out in brief.

In an emergency situation where a seaman has fallen overboard while painting the
accommodation ladder, the following actions should be taken in chronological order:

1. Immediate Notification:

 Inform the Master and crew on the bridge about the man overboard situation.
 Activate the ship's general alarm to alert all personnel on board.

2. Man Overboard Procedures:

 Initiate the "Man Overboard" procedures according to the ship's Emergency Response Plan.
 Designate personnel to maintain visual contact with the person in the water.

3. Throw Lifebuoy and Smoke Marker:

 Throw a lifebuoy with a light and smoke marker attached to provide a visual reference and
aid in locating the person in the water.

4. Launch Rescue Boat or Liferaft:

 Deploy the ship's rescue boat or liferaft, if feasible and safe to do so, to initiate the search
and rescue operation.

5. Continuous Visual Monitoring:

 Maintain continuous visual monitoring of the person in the water from the bridge and other
vantage points on the ship.

6. Maneuvering Ship:

 Maneuver the ship to facilitate search and rescue operations while maintaining
consideration for the safety of the crew and vessel.

7. Communication with Nearby Vessels:

 Establish communication with nearby vessels in the vicinity to inform them of the man
overboard situation and request assistance if needed.

204 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

8. Rescue Operation:

 Execute the rescue operation using the ship's rescue boat, liferaft, or other suitable means,
following established procedures and safety protocols.

9. Medical Assistance:

 Provide immediate medical assistance to the rescued seaman, including first aid and
assessment of injuries.

10. Notification to Authorities:

 Notify the appropriate maritime authorities, such as the Coast Guard or port authorities,
about the man overboard incident and provide necessary details for further assistance or
investigation.
11. Review and Debrief:
 Conduct a review and debriefing session with the crew to analyze the incident, identify
lessons learned, and discuss ways to prevent similar accidents in the future.
12. Documentation:
 Document the man overboard incident in the ship's logbook and prepare a detailed report
for regulatory compliance and future reference.

It's crucial to act swiftly and efficiently in response to a man overboard emergency to
maximize the chances of a successful rescue and ensure the safety and well-being of the
crew member in distress.

Explain in detail brainstorming process for making innovative decision. explain with
shipboard example.

Brainstorming is a creative process designed to generate a wide range of ideas within a

group setting. It's particularly effective for making innovative decisions because it
encourages participants to think freely and without judgment, allowing for the exploration
of diverse perspectives and unconventional solutions. Let's walk through a detailed
brainstorming process using a shipboard example:

1. Define the Goal: Start by clearly defining the objective of the brainstorming session. In our
shipboard example, let's say the goal is to improve the efficiency of cargo loading and
unloading processes to optimize time and resources.

205 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

2. Select Participants: Choose a diverse group of individuals with relevant expertise and
perspectives. This could include ship crew members, logistics specialists, engineers, and
possibly even external consultants with experience in maritime operations.

3. Create a conducive environment: Ensure the brainstorming environment is comfortable,

free from distractions, and fosters open communication. On a ship, this might involve
scheduling the session during a quiet time in a designated meeting area.

4. Set Ground Rules: Establish guidelines for the brainstorming session to encourage
participation and creativity. Emphasize the importance of suspending judgment, welcoming
all ideas, and building upon each other's contributions.

5. Warm-Up Activity: Start with a brief warm-up activity to get everyone's creative juices
flowing. This could be a quick icebreaker or a related problem-solving exercise to stimulate
brainstorming.

6. Generate Ideas: Encourage participants to generate as many ideas as possible related to

the goal. In our example, ideas might include using automated loading systems,
implementing RFID technology for inventory tracking, redesigning cargo storage layouts for
better accessibility, or even outsourcing certain tasks to specialized providers.

7. Divergent Thinking: Encourage divergent thinking by exploring a wide range of ideas,

even those that seem far-fetched or unconventional. Encourage participants to build upon
each other's ideas and think outside the box.

8. Convergent Thinking: Once a significant number of ideas have been generated, shift
towards convergent thinking to evaluate and refine the most promising ones. Discuss the
feasibility, potential impact, and resource requirements of each idea.

9. Prioritize Ideas: Prioritize the ideas based on criteria such as feasibility, impact, cost-
effectiveness, and alignment with the organization's goals. Narrow down the list to a
manageable number of ideas for further development.

10. Action Planning: Develop action plans for implementing the selected ideas. Define specific
steps, responsibilities, timelines, and resources required for each initiative. Break down
larger ideas into smaller, actionable tasks.

11. Follow-Up and Evaluation: Schedule follow-up meetings to track progress, address
challenges, and make any necessary adjustments to the implementation plans. Regularly
evaluate the effectiveness of the implemented ideas and gather feedback for continuous
improvement.

206 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

By following this structured brainstorming process, the shipboard team can tap into the
collective expertise and creativity of its members to develop innovative solutions for
improving cargo operations.

Explain in detail some of organizational strategies in coping with stress.

Elaborate importance of each of these strategies with shipboard
examples.
Coping with stress is crucial for individuals and organizations, especially in high-pressure environments
like shipboard operations. Here are some organizational strategies for coping with stress, along with their
importance and shipboard examples:

1. Promoting Work-Life Balance:

 Importance: Maintaining a healthy balance between work and personal life is essential for preventing
burnout and reducing stress levels. It allows employees to recharge, rejuvenate, and maintain overall
well-being.
 Shipboard Example: Implementing structured work schedules that include sufficient rest periods for
crew members is vital. For instance, ensuring that crew members have regular breaks during long
voyages or implementing rotation schedules to provide time off for relaxation and recreation can help
promote work-life balance.

2. Providing Social Support:

 Importance: Social support from colleagues and supervisors can serve as a buffer against stressors and
provide emotional reassurance during challenging times. It fosters a sense of camaraderie and belonging
within the organization.
 Shipboard Example: Creating opportunities for crew members to interact and bond through team-
building activities, social events, and regular communication channels can enhance social support. For
example, organizing weekly gatherings or creating designated spaces for crew members to socialize
during downtime can strengthen relationships and provide mutual support.

3. Offering Training and Resources:

 Importance: Providing training programs and resources to enhance skills, knowledge, and resilience
equips employees with the tools they need to effectively manage stressors and adapt to changing
circumstances.
 Shipboard Example: Offering training sessions on stress management techniques, conflict resolution,
and effective communication can help equip crew members with the necessary skills to cope with
stressors encountered during voyages. Providing access to mental health resources, such as counseling
services or self-help materials, can also be beneficial for crew members facing challenges at sea.

207 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

4. Encouraging Open Communication:

 Importance: Establishing open lines of communication encourage employees to express concerns, seek
support, and share feedback openly. It fosters trust, transparency, and a sense of psychological safety
within the organization.
 Shipboard Example: Implementing regular feedback mechanisms, such as suggestion boxes or
anonymous surveys, can encourage crew members to voice their opinions and concerns without fear of
reprisal. Additionally, promoting a culture of open-door policies where crew members feel comfortable
approaching supervisors or management with their issues can facilitate communication and problem-
solving.

5. Implementing Stress-Reduction Policies:

 Importance: Implementing policies and practices aimed at reducing stressors within the work
environment can help create a healthier and more supportive organizational culture. It demonstrates a
commitment to employee well-being and enhances job satisfaction.
 Shipboard Example: Implementing policies to address common stressors onboard, such as workload
management, safety protocols, and conflict resolution procedures, can help mitigate stress levels among
crew members. For instance, establishing clear procedures for handling emergencies, providing adequate
staffing levels, and ensuring proper equipment maintenance can help reduce stress associated with
safety concerns and operational challenges.

By implementing these organizational strategies, shipboard operations can effectively cope with stress
and create a supportive work environment conducive to employee well-being and performance.
Investing in stress management initiatives not only benefits individual employees but also contributes to
the overall success and resilience of the organization.

With respect to the ISPS Code explain in brief security levels and duties
and responsibilities of every individual at various security levels.
The International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code is a set of regulations established by the
International Maritime Organization (IMO) to enhance maritime security and prevent security threats to
ships and port facilities. The ISPS Code outlines three security levels, each with specific security measures
and responsibilities for individuals onboard ships and within port facilities:

1. Security Level 1 (Normal):

 At Security Level 1, the general security measures are in place, and there is a standard level of security
awareness.
 Duties and Responsibilities:
 Ship Security Officer (SSO): The SSO is responsible for implementing and maintaining security measures
onboard the ship, ensuring compliance with the ship security plan, and coordinating security activities
with relevant authorities and personnel.
 Port Facility Security Officer (PFSO): The PFSO oversees security measures at the port facility, develops
and implements the port facility security plan, and coordinates security-related activities with relevant
stakeholders.

208 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

2. Security Level 2 (Heightened):

 Security Level 2 is declared when there is a heightened risk of a security incident or threat.
 Duties and Responsibilities:
 In addition to the responsibilities at Security Level 1:
 Ship Security Officer (SSO): The SSO ensures the implementation of additional security measures
specified in the ship security plan for Security Level 2, such as increased patrols, access control measures,
and security drills.
 Port Facility Security Officer (PFSO): The PFSO coordinates with relevant authorities and stakeholders to
implement additional security measures at the port facility, such as increased surveillance, restricted
access areas, and enhanced security checks.

3. Security Level 3 (Exceptional):

 Security Level 3 is declared when there is a specific threat or security incident imminent or underway.
 Duties and Responsibilities:
 In addition to the responsibilities at Security Levels 1 and 2:
 Ship Master/Captain: The ship's master assumes overall responsibility for the security of the ship and its
personnel. The master may take additional measures to ensure the safety and security of the ship, such
as altering course, increasing security watches, or seeking assistance from naval or law enforcement
authorities.
 Port Facility Security Officer (PFSO): The PFSO coordinates with relevant authorities and stakeholders to
implement emergency response measures, such as evacuation procedures, crisis management protocols,
and communication with emergency services.

At all security levels, every individual onboard ships and within port facilities has a responsibility to
maintain security awareness, report suspicious activities or objects, comply with security procedures, and
cooperate with security personnel and authorities to ensure the safety and security of maritime
operations.

Briefly explain how to prepare a ship for various kinds of emergencies

onboard.
Preparing a ship for various kinds of emergencies onboard requires careful planning, training, and
implementation of emergency procedures. Here's a brief overview of the steps involved:

1. Develop Emergency Response Plans:

 Identify potential emergencies that could occur onboard, such as fires, flooding, collisions, piracy, or
medical emergencies.
 Develop detailed emergency response plans for each type of emergency, outlining procedures for
prevention, mitigation, response, and recovery.
 Ensure that emergency response plans comply with relevant regulations and standards, such as the
International Safety Management (ISM) Code and the International Convention for the Safety of Life at
Sea (SOLAS).

209 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

2. Provide Crew Training and Drills:

 Train crew members on emergency procedures, including their roles and responsibilities during
emergencies.
 Conduct regular drills and exercises to practice emergency response procedures and familiarize crew
members with emergency equipment and facilities.
 Ensure that crew members are trained in first aid, firefighting, damage control, evacuation procedures,
and use of emergency communication and navigation equipment.

3. Maintain Emergency Equipment and Systems:

 Regularly inspect, test, and maintain emergency equipment and systems to ensure they are operational
and ready for use.
 This includes fire detection and suppression systems, life-saving appliances (such as lifeboats, life rafts,
and lifebuoys), emergency lighting, communication equipment (such as radios and distress signals), and
navigation equipment (such as radar and GPS).

4. Establish Communication Protocols:

 Establish communication protocols for contacting shore-based authorities, nearby vessels, and
emergency services in the event of an emergency.
 Ensure that crew members are trained in using communication equipment and know how to effectively
relay information during emergencies.

5. Implement Risk Assessment and Mitigation Measures:

 Conduct regular risk assessments to identify potential hazards and vulnerabilities onboard.
 Implement measures to mitigate identified risks, such as improving firefighting capabilities, enhancing
structural integrity, securing hazardous materials, or implementing security measures to prevent
unauthorized access.

6. Coordinate with External Resources:

 Establish procedures for coordinating with external resources, such as coast guard agencies, port
authorities, salvage companies, medical facilities, and emergency response teams.
 Maintain up-to-date contact information for relevant authorities and service providers to facilitate rapid
response and assistance during emergencies.

7. Review and Update Emergency Plans:

 Regularly review and update emergency response plans based on lessons learned from drills, incidents,
and changes in regulations or operating conditions.
 Incorporate feedback from crew members and relevant stakeholders to improve the effectiveness and
efficiency of emergency procedures.

210 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

By following these steps and maintaining a proactive approach to emergency preparedness, ships can
enhance their ability to respond effectively to various kinds of emergencies and ensure the safety and
well-being of onboard personnel and the vessel.

With respect to the dock labour regulations, write short note on

responsible and competent person, test and periodical examination of
lifting appliances.
Under dock labor regulations, the responsible and competent person is an individual designated to
oversee the safe operation and maintenance of lifting appliances within a dockyard or port facility. Here's
a short note on their role and the requirements for testing and periodic examination of lifting appliances:

1. Responsible and Competent Person:

 The responsible and competent person is typically appointed by the management of the dockyard or
port facility to ensure compliance with safety regulations and standards regarding lifting appliances.
 This individual should possess the necessary knowledge, skills, and experience to oversee the safe use,
inspection, and maintenance of lifting appliances.
 Their responsibilities may include conducting risk assessments, implementing safety procedures,
providing training to operators, and supervising lifting operations to prevent accidents and injuries.

2. Testing of Lifting Appliances:

 Lifting appliances, such as cranes, hoists, and winches, must undergo initial testing to verify their safety
and functionality before being put into service.
 Testing should be conducted by qualified personnel or third-party inspection agencies in accordance
with relevant regulatory requirements and industry standards.
 The purpose of testing is to ensure that lifting appliances meet specified performance criteria, such as
load capacity, stability, and operational safety, before being used for lifting operations.

3. Periodical Examination of Lifting Appliances:

 In addition to initial testing, lifting appliances must undergo periodic examinations at regular intervals to
ensure ongoing compliance with safety standards and regulations.
 Periodic examinations involve thorough inspections of lifting appliances to assess their condition, identify
any defects or deficiencies, and verify their continued safe operation.
 The frequency and scope of periodic examinations may be specified by regulatory authorities or industry
guidelines based on factors such as equipment type, usage, and environmental conditions.

4. Documentation and Compliance:

 The responsible and competent person is responsible for maintaining accurate records of testing and
periodic examinations for all lifting appliances within the dockyard or port facility.
 Documentation should include records of initial tests, periodic examination reports, maintenance logs,
and any corrective actions taken to address identified issues.

211 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Compliance with testing and examination requirements is essential to ensure the safety of personnel,
prevent accidents, and maintain regulatory compliance within the dockyard or port facility.

Overall, the responsible and competent person plays a crucial role in ensuring the safe operation of
lifting appliances within dockyards and port facilities. By conducting thorough testing and periodic
examinations, they help mitigate risks associated with lifting operations and promote a culture of safety
and compliance within the maritime industry.

Prepare an accident report involving a medical case for foot injury to a

person whose leg was caught in a bight of a mooring rope during
unmooring stations. Include corrective and preventive action.
Accident Report

Date of Incident: [Date]

Location: [Name of Vessel], [Port Name]

Type of Incident: Medical Case - Foot Injury

Description of Incident: On [Date], during unmooring operations at [Port Name], a crew member
named [Name] sustained a foot injury when their leg became caught in a bight of a mooring rope. The
incident occurred while the crew member was assisting in releasing mooring lines from the quayside
bollards. As the vessel began to move away from the berth, tension in one of the mooring ropes caused
it to snap back, ensnaring the crew member's leg in the bight.

Injuries Sustained: The crew member sustained a laceration and bruising to their left foot as a result of
the incident. Immediate medical attention was provided by the ship's medical officer, who cleaned and
dressed the wound. The crew member was able to return to duty following initial treatment, but further
monitoring and follow-up medical care may be necessary.

Contributing Factors:

 Insufficient communication between crew members during unmooring operations.

 Failure to properly secure mooring ropes and maintain a safe distance from potential hazards.
 Inadequate awareness of the risks associated with handling mooring lines in dynamic conditions.

Corrective Actions Taken:

1. Immediate Medical Attention: The injured crew member received prompt medical attention from the
ship's medical officer, who assessed and treated the foot injury.
2. Incident Investigation: A thorough investigation of the incident was conducted to identify root causes
and contributing factors.
3. Enhanced Safety Procedures: Revised safety procedures and protocols for unmooring operations were
developed and implemented to minimize the risk of similar incidents in the future.
4. Training and Awareness: Crew members received additional training and awareness sessions on safe
mooring practices, emphasizing the importance of communication, situational awareness, and hazard
recognition.

212 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

5. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Enhanced requirements for the use of appropriate PPE, such as
steel-toe boots and protective gloves, were implemented to mitigate the risk of foot and hand injuries
during mooring operations.

Preventive Actions:

1. Regular Safety Briefings: Conduct regular safety briefings and toolbox talks to reinforce safe working
practices and promote a culture of safety onboard.
2. Risk Assessment: Conduct comprehensive risk assessments prior to mooring operations to identify and
mitigate potential hazards.
3. Safety Equipment Inspection: Implement regular inspections and maintenance of mooring equipment,
including ropes, bollards, and winches, to ensure they are in good working condition.
4. Crew Familiarization: Ensure that all crew members are familiar with emergency procedures and know
how to respond effectively in the event of an incident or injury.
5. Incident Reporting and Review: Encourage crew members to report near misses and incidents
promptly to facilitate learning and continuous improvement in safety performance.

Follow-Up Actions:

 Monitor the injured crew member's recovery progress and provide necessary medical support and
assistance.
 Conduct regular reviews and audits of safety procedures and practices to identify areas for improvement
and ensure ongoing compliance with regulatory requirements.

Conclusion: The safety and well-being of our crew members are of utmost importance. By implementing
corrective and preventive actions, we are committed to minimizing the risk of accidents and injuries
during mooring operations and maintaining a safe working environment onboard.

Prepared By: [Name] [Position] [Date]

Reviewed By: [Name] [Position] [Date]

What should be the contents of ship's FFA training manual? who is to provide this
manual, in how many copies and where should this manual be kept onboard?
The Ship's Firefighting Appliances (FFA) training manual is a crucial document that provides guidance
and procedures for the safe and effective use of firefighting equipment onboard a vessel. The contents of
the manual should cover various aspects of firefighting equipment, procedures, and protocols. Here are
the typical contents of a Ship's FFA training manual:

1. Introduction:

 Overview of the purpose and importance of the FFA training manual.

 Explanation of the regulatory requirements and standards governing firefighting equipment and
procedures onboard ships.

2. General Firefighting Principles:

213 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Basic firefighting principles and techniques.

 Understanding fire behavior, classes of fires, and appropriate extinguishing agents.

3. Firefighting Equipment:

 Description and operation of firefighting appliances and equipment onboard, including:

 Fire extinguishers (types, locations, and usage)
 Fire hoses, nozzles, and couplings
 Fire hydrants and water supply systems
 Fixed firefighting systems (e.g., CO2, foam, water mist)
 Personal protective equipment (PPE) for firefighting

4. Firefighting Procedures:

 Step-by-step procedures for responding to fires and conducting firefighting operations onboard.
 Roles and responsibilities of crew members during firefighting emergencies.
 Communication protocols and coordination with the bridge, engine room, and other onboard personnel.

5. Drills and Training:

 Guidelines for conducting firefighting drills and training sessions.

 Practical exercises for familiarizing crew members with firefighting equipment and procedures.
 Record-keeping requirements for documenting training activities and drill participation.

6. Maintenance and Inspection:

 Procedures for inspecting, testing, and maintaining firefighting equipment to ensure its operational
readiness.
 Schedule for routine maintenance tasks and periodic inspections of firefighting appliances.

7. Emergency Response Plan:

 Overview of the ship's emergency response plan, including procedures for reporting fires, mustering
crew, and evacuating passengers and non-essential personnel.
 Emergency contact information for shore-based authorities, fire services, and emergency response
organizations.

The Ship's FFA training manual should be provided by the ship's operator or management company. It
should be available in multiple copies onboard the vessel to ensure accessibility in case of emergencies.
Typically, three copies of the manual are recommended:

1. Bridge: A copy should be kept in a designated location on the bridge, accessible to the officers on watch
for quick reference during firefighting emergencies.

214 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

2. Engine Room: Another copy should be stored in the engine control room or another designated
location in the engine room for access by engineering personnel.

3. Crew Mess or Recreation Area: A third copy can be kept in a communal area accessible to all crew
members, such as the crew mess or recreation area, to facilitate crew training and familiarization with
firefighting procedures during non-emergency situations.

Additionally, electronic copies of the manual may be stored on the ship's computer system or shared via
the ship's intranet for easy access by crew members. It's essential to ensure that all crew members are
familiar with the location of the manual and know how to access it when needed. Regular training and
drills should be conducted to familiarize crew members with the contents of the manual and ensure their
proficiency in firefighting procedures.

Prepare a risk assessment for rigging of combination ladder while

enroute to the pilot station from sea.
Risk Assessment: Rigging of Combination Ladder En Route to Pilot Station

Date of Assessment: [Insert Date]

Location: En route to Pilot Station from Sea

Assessment Conducted By: [Insert Name/Position]

1. Hazard Identification:

1.1 Slippery Conditions: The deck may be wet or slippery due to seawater spray or inclement weather
conditions, increasing the risk of slips and falls during the rigging of the combination ladder.

1.2 Rolling and Pitching of Vessel: The vessel's movement, including rolling and pitching motions, may
make it challenging to safely rig and secure the combination ladder, especially in rough seas.

1.3 Manual Handling Risks: There is a risk of musculoskeletal injuries from lifting, carrying, and securing
the combination ladder, particularly if it is heavy or awkward to handle.

1.4 Entanglement Hazard: Crew members may risk entanglement in ropes, lines, or ladder components
during rigging operations, especially if proper precautions are not taken.

2. Assessment of Consequences:

2.1 Personal Injury: Slips, trips, and falls during rigging operations could result in injuries such as
sprains, strains, fractures, or head injuries.

2.2 Man Overboard (MOB): Inadequate securing of the combination ladder or loss of control due to
rough seas could lead to a crew member falling overboard, with potentially fatal consequences.

215 | P a g e
Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

2.3 Damage to Equipment: Improper handling or securing of the combination ladder may result in
damage to the ladder itself or other equipment, leading to operational disruptions or the need for
repairs.

2.4 Delays in Pilot Transfer: Any incidents or injuries during rigging could delay the safe transfer of the
pilot, affecting navigational operations and potentially posing a risk to the vessel's safety.

3. Risk Evaluation:

Based on the identified hazards and potential consequences, the overall risk level associated with rigging
the combination ladder en route to the pilot station from sea is assessed as Medium to High.

4. Risk Control Measures:

4.1 Non-Slip Deck Coverings: Ensure that non-slip deck coverings or mats are in place to minimize the
risk of slips and falls during rigging operations.

4.2 Safe Working Practices: Implement safe working practices, including using proper lifting techniques,
wearing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), and maintaining clear communication among
crew members.

4.3 Securing Equipment: Ensure that the combination ladder is securely stowed and properly rigged,
with all fastenings, lashings, and safety lines in place and checked for tightness.

4.4 Use of Tag Lines: Utilize tag lines or ropes to control the movement of the combination ladder and
prevent entanglement hazards.

4.5 Weather Monitoring: Monitor weather conditions closely and consider postponing rigging
operations if sea conditions are deemed unsafe or if there is a risk of severe weather.

5. Emergency Procedures:

5.1 Man Overboard (MOB) Procedures: Ensure all crew members are familiar with MOB procedures and
are equipped with personal flotation devices (PFDs) and recovery equipment in case of an MOB incident.

5.2 First Aid and Medical Assistance: Maintain a well-equipped first aid kit onboard and ensure crew
members are trained in basic first aid procedures to provide immediate assistance in the event of injuries.

6. Review and Monitoring:

Regularly review and monitor the effectiveness of risk control measures, conduct debriefings after
rigging operations, and revise procedures as necessary to address any identified gaps or areas for
improvement.

Assessment Completed By:

216 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

[Name/Position]

Date of Assessment: [Insert Date]

Approval:

[Name/Position]

Date of Approval: [Insert Date]

Describe in brief how effective training to the crew can be imparted with
respect to LSA and FFA equipment onboard.
Effective training for the crew regarding Life-Saving Appliances (LSA) and Fire Fighting Appliances (FFA)
equipment onboard is crucial for ensuring the safety and preparedness of personnel in emergency
situations. Here's how such training can be imparted:

1. Comprehensive Training Programs: Develop comprehensive training programs that cover all aspects of
LSA and FFA equipment, including types, locations, operation, maintenance, and emergency procedures.
These programs should be tailored to the specific requirements of the vessel and compliant with relevant
regulations and standards.

2. Practical Hands-On Training: Incorporate practical, hands-on training sessions that allow crew
members to familiarize themselves with the operation and use of LSA and FFA equipment. Provide
opportunities for crew members to practice deploying life rafts, launching lifeboats, operating fire
extinguishers, and using firefighting equipment under simulated emergency conditions.

3. Scenario-Based Drills: Conduct scenario-based drills and exercises to simulate emergency situations
and evaluate crew members' response capabilities. These drills should cover a range of scenarios, such as
fire incidents, abandon ship procedures, man overboard situations, and medical emergencies, to ensure
crew members are prepared to respond effectively to various emergencies.

4. Role-Specific Training: Provide role-specific training tailored to the responsibilities of different crew
members onboard. For example, training for deck crew may focus on launching and operating life-saving
appliances, while training for engine room personnel may cover firefighting techniques and procedures
for controlling onboard fires.

5. Regular Refresher Training: Schedule regular refresher training sessions to reinforce knowledge and
skills related to LSA and FFA equipment. Refresher training should be conducted at appropriate intervals
to ensure crew members maintain proficiency and readiness to respond to emergencies effectively.

6. Multimedia and Interactive Learning Tools: Utilize multimedia and interactive learning tools, such as
videos, simulators, e-learning modules, and training software, to enhance the effectiveness of training
and engage crew members in the learning process. These tools can provide realistic simulations,
interactive quizzes, and visual demonstrations to reinforce key concepts and procedures.

7. Documentation and Record-Keeping: Maintain detailed documentation of crew training activities,

including training records, attendance logs, drill reports, and competency assessments. Keep accurate

217 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

records of crew members' training progress and ensure compliance with regulatory requirements for
crew training and certification.

8. Feedback and Continuous Improvement: Encourage feedback from crew members regarding training
programs and exercises to identify areas for improvement and address any gaps in knowledge or skills.
Use feedback to continuously improve training materials, procedures, and delivery methods to enhance
the effectiveness of training.

By implementing these strategies, vessel operators can ensure that crew members receive effective
training in the use of LSA and FFA equipment, enabling them to respond confidently and competently to
emergency situations onboard. Effective training not only enhances the safety of personnel but also
contributes to the overall preparedness and resilience of the vessel in navigating challenging maritime
environments.
With respect to ISPS code enumerate the obligations of the ship, terminals and the shipping
companies.
The International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code outlines obligations for ships, terminals, and
shipping companies to enhance maritime security. Here are the key obligations for each:

Ships:

1. Ship Security Assessment (SSA): Conduct a comprehensive Ship Security Assessment to identify
vulnerabilities and develop Ship Security Plans (SSPs) tailored to the specific risks and characteristics of
the vessel.

2. Appoint Ship Security Officer (SSO): Designate a qualified individual as the Ship Security Officer
responsible for implementing and maintaining security measures onboard the vessel and coordinating
security-related activities.

3. Implement Security Measures: Implement appropriate security measures and procedures as specified
in the Ship Security Plan (SSP) to enhance security levels onboard, including access control, monitoring,
surveillance, and response to security threats.

4. Maintain Communication: Maintain communication and coordination with relevant authorities, port
facilities, and other ships to exchange security-related information and ensure effective response to
security incidents or threats.

5. Security Training: Provide security training and drills to crew members to familiarize them with security
procedures, raise awareness of security threats, and ensure proper response in emergency situations.

Terminals:

1. Port Facility Security Assessment (PFSA): Conduct a Port Facility Security Assessment to identify
security risks and vulnerabilities at the port facility and develop Port Facility Security Plans (PFSPs) to
address these risks.

218 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

2. Appoint Port Facility Security Officer (PFSO): Appoint a qualified individual as the Port Facility Security
Officer responsible for implementing and maintaining security measures at the port facility and ensuring
compliance with security regulations.

3. Implement Security Measures: Implement appropriate security measures and procedures as specified
in the Port Facility Security Plan (PFSP) to enhance security levels at the port facility, including access
control, perimeter security, surveillance, and response to security incidents.

4. Control Access: Control access to the port facility, including screening of personnel, vehicles, and cargo,
to prevent unauthorized entry and detect security threats.

5. Security Training: Provide security training and awareness programs to port facility personnel to ensure
they are familiar with security procedures, recognize security threats, and respond effectively in
emergency situations.

Shipping Companies:

1. Company Security Officer (CSO): Designate a qualified individual as the Company Security Officer
responsible for developing, implementing, and maintaining the company's security policies and
procedures in compliance with the ISPS Code.

2. Support Ship and Port Security: Provide support and resources to ensure ships and port facilities under
the company's management comply with security requirements and maintain effective security measures.

3. Contractual Arrangements: Establish contractual arrangements with shipowners, operators, and port
facility operators to ensure compliance with security regulations and standards.

4. Security Training: Provide security training and guidance to employees, including shipboard personnel,
terminal operators, and other relevant stakeholders, to enhance security awareness and promote a
culture of security within the organization.

5. Security Audits and Reviews: Conduct regular audits and reviews of security measures and procedures
to assess compliance with the ISPS Code, identify areas for improvement, and implement corrective
actions as necessary.

By fulfilling these obligations, ships, terminals, and shipping companies contribute to the overall
effectiveness of maritime security measures and help mitigate security threats in the maritime domain.
Enumerate briefly how the ISM code addresses the prevention of breakdown, reduction in
performance and safety of various equipment onboard ships.
The International Safety Management (ISM) Code establishes guidelines and requirements for the safe
management and operation of ships. Here's how the ISM Code addresses the prevention of breakdowns,
reduction in performance, and safety of various equipment onboard ships:

1. Safety Management System (SMS): The ISM Code requires the implementation of a Safety
Management System (SMS) onboard each ship, which includes procedures and protocols for the safe
operation and maintenance of equipment. The SMS provides a framework for identifying, assessing, and
managing risks associated with equipment breakdowns and malfunctions.

219 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

2. Risk Assessment: Ship operators are required to conduct risk assessments to identify potential hazards
and vulnerabilities associated with onboard equipment. By identifying potential failure points and risks to
equipment performance, proactive measures can be taken to prevent breakdowns and reduce the
likelihood of accidents.

3. Maintenance Procedures: The ISM Code mandates the development of maintenance procedures and
schedules to ensure that onboard equipment is regularly inspected, tested, and maintained in
accordance with manufacturer specifications and regulatory requirements. Regular maintenance helps
identify and address issues before they escalate into serious problems that could compromise safety or
performance.

4. Training and Competence: Crew members are required to receive training and instruction on the safe
operation and maintenance of onboard equipment. Training programs cover topics such as equipment
operation, troubleshooting, and emergency procedures, ensuring that crew members are competent to
perform their duties effectively and respond to equipment failures appropriately.

5. Documentation and Record-Keeping: Ship operators are required to maintain accurate records of
equipment maintenance, inspections, and performance evaluations as part of their SMS. Documentation
ensures that maintenance activities are documented and tracked over time, allowing for trend analysis
and proactive management of equipment reliability and safety.

6. Emergency Preparedness: The ISM Code requires the development of emergency response procedures
to address equipment failures, malfunctions, or breakdowns that pose a threat to safety. Crew members
receive training in emergency procedures and drills to ensure they can respond quickly and effectively to
equipment-related emergencies.

7. Continuous Improvement: Ship operators are encouraged to implement a culture of continuous

improvement within their organizations, where lessons learned from equipment failures or incidents are
used to improve maintenance practices, procedures, and training programs. By continually assessing and
refining safety management processes, ship operators can enhance the reliability and performance of
onboard equipment while reducing the risk of accidents and breakdowns.

Overall, the ISM Code provides a systematic approach to managing the safety and performance of
onboard equipment, ensuring that ships operate safely and efficiently while minimizing the risk of
breakdowns and accidents at sea.
How as a chief officer on a chemical tanker with hectic work schedule will you prevent fatigue of
your crew.
Preventing fatigue among the crew, especially on a chemical tanker with a hectic work schedule, is
essential for ensuring the safety and well-being of everyone onboard. As a Chief Officer, here's how you
can address fatigue:

1. Implement and Monitor Rest Hours: Ensure that crew members adhere to regulated rest hours as per
international regulations like STCW (Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers).
Monitor work/rest schedules to prevent excessive working hours and allow adequate time for rest
between shifts.

220 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

2. Rotation and Scheduling: Implement a rotation schedule that allows for adequate rest periods between
shifts. Consider implementing a watch system that provides sufficient time off-duty for crew members to
rest and recuperate.

3. Manage Workload: Distribute tasks and responsibilities among the crew members evenly to prevent
overburdening individuals. Prioritize tasks and allocate resources effectively to manage workload and
minimize stress levels.

4. Promote Open Communication: Encourage open communication among the crew members to voice
concerns or issues related to fatigue. Create a supportive environment where crew members feel
comfortable discussing their workload, rest needs, or any challenges they may be facing.

5. Provide Training and Awareness: Train crew members on the importance of managing fatigue and the
risks associated with working while fatigued. Educate them on strategies for improving sleep quality,
such as maintaining a regular sleep schedule, creating a conducive sleep environment, and practicing
relaxation techniques.

6. Encourage Healthy Lifestyle Choices: Promote healthy lifestyle choices among the crew, such as
regular exercise, proper nutrition, and staying hydrated. Provide access to nutritious meals and snacks
onboard and encourage crew members to engage in physical activity during their downtime.

7. Monitor Fatigue Indicators: Monitor crew members for signs of fatigue, such as decreased alertness,
impaired decision-making, or lapses in concentration. Encourage crew members to report fatigue-related
symptoms promptly, and take appropriate action to address concerns.

8. Provide Adequate Facilities: Ensure that crew members have access to comfortable and adequate
sleeping accommodations, free from noise and disruptions. Provide amenities such as blackout curtains,
earplugs, and comfortable bedding to facilitate restful sleep.

9. Lead by Example: As a Chief Officer, prioritize your own well-being and set an example for the crew by
adhering to rest hours, managing workload effectively, and practicing self-care. Demonstrate the
importance of maintaining a healthy work-life balance and prioritize safety above all else.

What the various signs are of fatigue will you notice ?

Recognizing the signs of fatigue among crew members is crucial for ensuring their well-being and safety
onboard. Here are various signs of fatigue to notice:

1. Physical Signs:

 Yawning frequently
 Heavy eyelids or difficulty keeping eyes open
 Slowed reflexes or reaction times
 Muscle weakness or tremors
 Generalized body fatigue or weakness
 Headaches or migraines

221 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

2. Cognitive Signs:

 Difficulty concentrating or staying focused

 Impaired decision-making abilities
 Forgetfulness or memory lapses
 Reduced ability to process information
 Decreased alertness or awareness of surroundings

3. Emotional Signs:

 Irritability or mood swings

 Increased emotional sensitivity
 Anxiety or restlessness
 Depression or feelings of sadness
 Reduced motivation or enthusiasm for tasks

4. Behavioral Signs:

 Increased errors or mistakes in tasks

 Reduced attention to detail
 Slurred speech or difficulty articulating thoughts
 Microsleep episodes (brief periods of unintentional sleep)
 Decreased initiative or productivity
 Withdrawal from social interactions or communication

5. Physical Symptoms:

 Fatigue or lethargy
 Insomnia or difficulty falling asleep
 Disturbed sleep patterns (e.g., waking frequently during the night)
 Excessive daytime sleepiness or drowsiness
 Restlessness or difficulty relaxing

6. Performance Decline:

 Decreased performance on tasks or duties

 Longer response times to stimuli
 Increased frequency of accidents or near misses
 Difficulty completing tasks efficiently or accurately
 Reduced ability to adapt to changing conditions or demands

222 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

7. Overall Well-being:

 Overall decline in physical and mental well-being

 Reduced enjoyment of activities or hobbies
 Loss of interest in social interactions or recreational pursuits
 Feelings of burnout or exhaustion

It's essential to be observant and proactive in identifying signs of fatigue among crew members, as they
can have significant implications for safety and performance onboard. Encourage open communication
and create an environment where crew members feel comfortable discussing any concerns related to
fatigue. Implement strategies to mitigate fatigue risks, such as managing workload, promoting healthy
lifestyle choices, and ensuring adequate rest periods for all crew members.

What are the essential elements you will allocate while setting the
priorities? What are the factors you as chief officer of ship consider while
delegating various tasks to your crew?
Setting priorities as a Chief Officer involves allocating resources effectively to achieve operational
objectives while ensuring the safety and well-being of the crew. Here are essential elements to consider:

1. Safety: Safety is the top priority in all operations. Ensure that tasks are planned and executed in a
manner that minimizes risks to personnel, the vessel, and the environment.

2. Regulatory Compliance: Ensure compliance with relevant regulations, including international

conventions, flag state requirements, port state regulations, and company policies.

3. Operational Requirements: Consider the immediate operational needs of the vessel, including
navigation, cargo handling, maintenance, and emergency preparedness.

4. Resource Allocation: Allocate resources such as manpower, equipment, and time efficiently to prioritize
critical tasks and optimize operational efficiency.

5. Emergency Response Preparedness: Ensure that the vessel and crew are adequately prepared to
respond to emergencies by prioritizing drills, training, and readiness assessments.

6. Environmental Protection: Minimize the vessel's impact on the environment by prioritizing practices
that reduce pollution, conserve resources, and promote sustainable operations.

7. Communication and Coordination: Foster effective communication and coordination among crew
members, departments, and external stakeholders to ensure smooth and efficient operations.

When delegating tasks to the crew, consider the following factors:

1. Competency: Assign tasks to crew members based on their skills, experience, and training to ensure that
they can perform the duties effectively and safely.

223 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

2. Workload Distribution: Distribute tasks evenly among the crew to prevent overburdening individuals
and ensure that workload is manageable for everyone.

3. Safety Considerations: Consider the safety implications of each task and ensure that crew members are
adequately trained and equipped to perform the duties safely.

4. Timeliness: Delegate tasks in a timely manner to ensure that operational objectives are met according to
schedule and that critical tasks are prioritized appropriately.

5. Communication: Clearly communicate task expectations, objectives, and deadlines to crew members to
ensure understanding and alignment with operational goals.

6. Supervision and Support: Provide necessary supervision, guidance, and support to crew members as
they perform delegated tasks, and be available to address any questions or concerns that may arise.

7. Feedback and Evaluation: Provide feedback on task performance to crew members, recognize
achievements, and identify areas for improvement to promote continuous learning and development.

By considering these factors and elements when setting priorities and delegating tasks, the Chief Officer
can effectively manage operations, promote safety, and optimize performance onboard the vessel.

As per coswp, what precautions will you take while working aloft on a
ship.
Working aloft on a ship poses significant risks, and it's essential to take necessary precautions to ensure
the safety of personnel. As per the Code of Safe Working Practices (COSWP), here are precautions to take
while working aloft on a ship:

1. Risk Assessment: Conduct a risk assessment before starting any work aloft to identify potential hazards,
such as falling objects, slippery surfaces, or adverse weather conditions.

2. Use of Safety Equipment: Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including safety
harnesses, helmets, and non-slip footwear, to prevent falls and protect against head injuries.

3. Securing Tools and Equipment: Ensure that tools, equipment, and materials are properly secured and
tethered to prevent them from falling and causing injuries to personnel working below.

4. Safe Access and Egress: Use designated access routes, such as gangways or ladders, to access elevated
work areas. Ensure that access routes are clear of obstacles and properly secured to prevent slips, trips,
and falls.

5. Barricading and Warning Signs: Erect barricades and warning signs around the work area to alert
others to the presence of work aloft and prevent unauthorized access.

6. Weather Conditions: Monitor weather conditions closely and postpone work aloft if weather conditions,
such as high winds or rough seas, pose a safety risk. Take appropriate precautions, such as using safety
lines or suspending work, during adverse weather conditions.

224 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

7. Communication: Maintain clear communication with other crew members involved in the work aloft and
with personnel on the deck to coordinate activities and ensure everyone's safety.

8. Supervision and Training: Ensure that personnel working aloft are adequately trained and competent to
perform the tasks safely. Provide necessary supervision and guidance to inexperienced or less
experienced crew members.

9. Fall Prevention Measures: Implement fall prevention measures, such as guardrails, safety nets, or safety
lines, to minimize the risk of falls from elevated work areas.

10. Emergency Procedures: Familiarize crew members with emergency procedures for rescue and
evacuation in case of accidents or emergencies aloft. Ensure that rescue equipment, such as man-
overboard recovery systems or lifebuoys, is readily available and in good working condition.

11. Regular Inspections: Conduct regular inspections of rigging, ladders, and other equipment used for
work aloft to identify any signs of damage or deterioration and take corrective action as necessary.

12. Training and Toolbox Talks: Provide regular training sessions and toolbox talks to reinforce safe
working practices and raise awareness of the risks associated with working aloft.

By following these precautions and guidelines outlined in the COSWP, crew members can perform work
aloft safely and minimize the risk of accidents or injuries onboard the ship.

Write briefly on the composition and use of chlorinated rubber paints,

epoxy paints and ployurethane paints.
Here's a brief overview of the composition and common uses of chlorinated rubber paints, epoxy paints,
and polyurethane paints:

1. Chlorinated Rubber Paints:

 Composition: Chlorinated rubber paints are typically made from chlorinated rubber resins, which are
dissolved in a solvent along with pigments, fillers, and additives. They may also contain drying agents to
facilitate rapid curing.
 Use: Chlorinated rubber paints are commonly used for marine applications, including coating steel and
concrete surfaces exposed to harsh marine environments. They provide excellent resistance to water,
chemicals, and corrosion, making them suitable for use on decks, hulls, and superstructures of ships.

2. Epoxy Paints:

 Composition: Epoxy paints consist of epoxy resins and curing agents that react chemically to form a hard,
durable coating when applied to a surface. They may also contain pigments, fillers, and additives to
enhance performance and appearance.
 Use: Epoxy paints are versatile and widely used in various industries, including marine, automotive,
aerospace, and construction. They offer excellent adhesion, chemical resistance, and mechanical
properties, making them suitable for applications such as primers, topcoats, floor coatings, tank linings,
and corrosion protection on metal substrates.

225 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

3. Polyurethane Paints:

 Composition: Polyurethane paints are based on polyurethane resins, which are typically combined with
curing agents, solvents, pigments, and additives. They may be formulated as one-component or two-
component systems, depending on the curing mechanism.
 Use: Polyurethane paints are valued for their exceptional durability, weather resistance, and gloss
retention, making them ideal for applications requiring long-term protection and aesthetic appeal. They
are commonly used for high-performance coatings in marine, automotive, aerospace, and architectural
applications, including topcoats, clear finishes, and protective coatings for metal, wood, and plastic
surfaces.

Each type of paint has unique properties and advantages, making them suitable for specific applications
and environmental conditions. It's essential to select the appropriate type of paint based on factors such
as substrate material, exposure conditions, performance requirements, and compatibility with existing
coatings. Additionally, proper surface preparation and application techniques are critical for achieving
optimal adhesion, durability, and performance of the paint system.

Write briefly on the composition and use of chlorinated rubber paints,

epoxy paints and ployurethane paints onboard ships.

1. Chlorinated Rubber Paints:

 Composition: Chlorinated rubber paints are typically composed of chlorinated rubber resins dissolved in
a solvent, along with pigments, fillers, and additives. They often contain drying agents to facilitate rapid
curing.
 Use: Chlorinated rubber paints are widely used in marine applications due to their excellent resistance to
water, chemicals, and corrosion. They are commonly applied to steel and concrete surfaces exposed to
harsh marine environments, including ship decks, hulls, superstructures, and tanks.

2. Epoxy Paints:

 Composition: Epoxy paints consist of epoxy resins combined with curing agents, solvents, pigments, and
additives. When applied, they undergo a chemical reaction to form a hard, durable coating.
 Use: Epoxy paints are versatile and find numerous applications onboard ships. They are commonly used
as primers, topcoats, and protective coatings for metal surfaces, including ship hulls, ballast tanks, decks,
and machinery. Epoxy paints offer excellent adhesion, corrosion resistance, and mechanical properties,
making them suitable for various marine environments.

3. Polyurethane Paints:

 Composition: Polyurethane paints are based on polyurethane resins and may contain curing agents,
solvents, pigments, and additives. They can be formulated as one-component or two-component
systems.
 Use: Polyurethane paints are valued for their exceptional durability, weather resistance, and gloss
retention, making them ideal for ship exteriors and areas requiring long-term protection and aesthetic
appeal. They are commonly used as topcoats, clear finishes, and protective coatings for ship hulls,
superstructures, decks, and exposed metal surfaces.

226 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Each type of paint offers specific benefits and is selected based on factors such as substrate material,
exposure conditions, performance requirements, and compatibility with existing coatings. Proper surface
preparation, application techniques, and adherence to safety protocols are crucial for achieving optimal
results and ensuring the longevity of the paint system onboard ships.

Prepare a standard operating procedure for testing of cargo sea chest

valve in pump room.
Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for Testing Cargo Sea Chest Valve in Pump Room

1. Purpose: This Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) outlines the steps to be followed for testing the
cargo sea chest valve in the pump room onboard [Vessel Name]. The purpose is to ensure that the valve
operates effectively to regulate the flow of seawater to the cargo pumps during cargo operations.

2. Equipment Required:

 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Safety goggles, gloves, and appropriate footwear.
 Valve testing tools: Spanner wrench, pressure gauge, and valve lubricant (if required).
 Documentation: Cargo sea chest valve maintenance manual, valve testing checklist.

3. Preparation:

 Put on appropriate PPE before starting the testing procedure.

 Obtain the cargo sea chest valve maintenance manual and familiarize yourself with the valve's operating
mechanism, maintenance requirements, and testing procedures.
 Ensure that the pump room is well-ventilated and free from any obstructions that may hinder access to
the valve.
 Notify relevant personnel, including the Chief Engineer and Pump Room Operator, about the testing
activity.

4. Testing Procedure: a. Identify the location of the cargo sea chest valve in the pump room and ensure
that it is easily accessible. b. Visually inspect the valve and surrounding area for any signs of damage,
corrosion, or leaks. Report any abnormalities to the Chief Engineer. c. Verify that the valve handle or
actuator is in the closed position before commencing the testing procedure. d. Use a spanner wrench to
open the valve manually, if applicable. Exercise caution to avoid injury. e. Attach a pressure gauge to the
valve outlet and gradually open the valve to allow seawater to flow through. f. Monitor the pressure
gauge readings and ensure that the valve maintains the desired pressure within the specified range. g.
Close the valve gradually and observe for any signs of leakage or irregularities in the valve operation. h.
Apply valve lubricant to the valve stem or mechanism if necessary, following the manufacturer's
recommendations. i. Record the test results, including pressure readings, valve condition, and any
observations or abnormalities encountered during the testing process. j. Complete the valve testing
checklist and document the test findings in the vessel's maintenance logbook.

5. Post-Testing Activities:

 Secure the valve handle or actuator in the closed position after completing the testing procedure.
 Clean and stow away testing equipment and tools in their designated storage locations.

227 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Notify the Chief Engineer of the test results and any maintenance requirements identified during the
testing process.
 Review and update the valve maintenance schedule as necessary based on the test findings.

6. Safety Precautions:

 Always wear appropriate PPE when working in the pump room or handling valve testing equipment.
 Exercise caution to prevent injuries while operating valve handles or using spanner wrenches.
 Avoid overpressurizing the valve during testing to prevent damage to the valve or associated equipment.
 Follow all safety procedures and guidelines outlined in the vessel's Safety Management System (SMS)
and applicable regulations.

7. References:

 Cargo sea chest valve maintenance manual

 Vessel's Safety Management System (SMS)
 Applicable regulations and industry standards.

8. Approval: This SOP is approved by the Chief Engineer and shall be followed by all personnel involved in
testing cargo sea chest valves in the pump room.

9. Revision History: Any revisions or updates to this SOP shall be documented, reviewed, and approved by
the Chief Engineer.

10. Distribution: Copies of this SOP shall be distributed to relevant personnel and kept readily accessible in
the pump room for reference during valve testing activities.

This Standard Operating Procedure provides a systematic approach to testing cargo sea chest valves in
the pump room, ensuring compliance with maintenance requirements and promoting safe and efficient
operations onboard the vessel.

Prepare a risk assessment navigating in restricted visibility.

Risk Assessment for Navigating in Restricted Visibility

1. Hazard Identification:

 Reduced visibility due to fog, rain, snow, or darkness.

 Increased risk of collision with other vessels, navigational hazards, or shore structures.
 Difficulty in accurately determining position, course, and speed of own vessel and surrounding traffic.
 Limited effectiveness of navigational aids and equipment.

2. Potential Consequences:

 Collision with other vessels resulting in property damage, pollution, injuries, or fatalities.

228 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Grounding on shoals, reefs, or other underwater hazards causing structural damage and environmental
impact.
 Loss of situational awareness leading to navigation errors, straying off course, or entering restricted
areas.
 Delayed response to emergencies or inability to take evasive action in time.

3. Risk Factors:

 Traffic density: Higher traffic density increases the likelihood of collisions in restricted visibility.
 Navigation hazards: Presence of navigational hazards such as shallow waters, rocks, buoys, and offshore
installations.
 Environmental conditions: Weather conditions such as fog, rain, snow, and darkness reduce visibility and
increase navigational challenges.
 Vessel characteristics: Size, maneuverability, speed, and draft of own vessel and other vessels in the
vicinity.

4. Risk Control Measures:

 Maintain a proper lookout: Assign additional personnel to maintain a vigilant watch for other vessels,
navigational hazards, and changes in visibility.
 Reduce speed: Slow down to a safe speed considering prevailing visibility conditions to extend reaction
time and maneuvering capabilities.
 Use navigational aids: Rely on radar, AIS, GPS, and other electronic navigation aids to enhance situational
awareness and monitor vessel traffic.
 Sound signals: Use appropriate sound signals as per COLREGs to signal intentions and communicate with
other vessels in restricted visibility.
 Implement passage planning: Plan and execute a safe passage route, considering navigational hazards,
traffic separation schemes, and available navigational aids.
 Communicate with traffic: Maintain communication with nearby vessels, VTS, and port authorities to
exchange information and coordinate safe navigation.
 Crew training: Ensure crew members are trained and familiar with procedures for navigating in restricted
visibility and responding to emergencies.

5. Emergency Response:

 Immediate action: In case of a potential collision or emergency, take immediate evasive action to avoid
or mitigate the impact.
 Notification: Notify relevant authorities, including VTS, nearby vessels, and company personnel, about the
situation and seek assistance if required.
 Emergency procedures: Activate onboard emergency procedures, including manning emergency stations,
deploying lifesaving equipment, and initiating distress signals if necessary.

229 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

6. Continuous Monitoring and Review:

 Monitor visibility conditions and vessel operations continuously.

 Review risk assessment periodically and update control measures based on lessons learned from near-
misses, incidents, and feedback from crew members.

Conclusion: Navigating in restricted visibility poses significant risks to vessel safety and requires
thorough risk assessment, effective risk control measures, and constant vigilance from the bridge team to
ensure safe navigation and prevent accidents or incidents.

Hazard Identification: Reduced visibility due to fog, rain, darkness. Potential Consequences: Collisions,
groundings, loss of situational awareness. Risk Factors: Traffic density, navigation hazards,
environmental conditions, vessel characteristics. Risk Control Measures: Maintain lookout, reduce
speed, use navigational aids, sound signals, passage planning, communication, crew training. Emergency
Response: Immediate action, notification, emergency procedures. Continuous Monitoring: Monitor
visibility, vessel operations, review and update risk assessment. Conclusion: Thorough risk assessment
and effective control measures essential for safe navigation in restricted visibility.

With respect to isps code enumerate duties and responsibilities of CSO

As per the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code, the duties and responsibilities of the
Company Security Officer (CSO) include:

1. Developing and Implementing Security Policies: The CSO is responsible for developing,
implementing, and maintaining the company's Ship Security Plan (SSP) in compliance with the ISPS Code
and relevant regulations.

2. Overseeing Security Assessments: The CSO coordinates security assessments of company vessels and
facilities to identify vulnerabilities, assess security risks, and develop appropriate security measures and
procedures.

3. Ensuring Compliance: The CSO ensures that company vessels and facilities comply with the
requirements of the ISPS Code, relevant national laws, and international regulations related to maritime
security.

4. Communication and Coordination: The CSO serves as the primary point of contact for communication
and coordination with relevant authorities, port facilities, and other stakeholders on security-related
matters.

5. Training and Awareness: The CSO is responsible for providing security training and awareness
programs to company personnel, including shipboard and shore-based staff, to ensure they understand
their security responsibilities and can respond effectively to security threats.

6. Incident Management: The CSO coordinates response and recovery efforts in the event of security
incidents or breaches onboard company vessels or at company facilities. This includes implementing
emergency response procedures and liaising with relevant authorities as necessary.

230 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

7. Security Equipment and Technology: The CSO evaluates and recommends security equipment and
technology solutions to enhance the security posture of company vessels and facilities, such as access
control systems, surveillance cameras, and communication devices.

8. Monitoring and Review: The CSO monitors the effectiveness of security measures and procedures
through regular audits, drills, and exercises. They also conduct periodic reviews of the SSP to ensure it
remains up-to-date and relevant to evolving security threats.

9. Reporting and Documentation: The CSO maintains accurate records and documentation related to
security assessments, incidents, training activities, and compliance with security regulations. They also
submit required reports to relevant authorities as per regulatory requirements.

10. Continuous Improvement: The CSO fosters a culture of continuous improvement within the company
by identifying lessons learned from security incidents or near misses and implementing corrective actions
to enhance security practices and procedures.

Overall, the CSO plays a crucial role in ensuring the security of company vessels and facilities by
developing and implementing effective security measures, training personnel, coordinating with
authorities, and maintaining compliance with regulatory requirements.

Prepare a contigency plan on how to deal with paint room fire.

Contingency planning for a paint room fire onboard ships is crucial for ensuring the safety
of personnel, protecting assets, and preventing environmental damage. Here's a general
outline for such a plan:

1. Risk Assessment and Prevention Measures:

 Identify potential ignition sources within the paint room and surrounding areas.
 Implement strict safety protocols for handling paints, solvents, and other flammable
materials.
 Ensure proper ventilation and firefighting equipment are in place and regularly maintained.
 Train crew members on fire prevention techniques and emergency procedures specific to
the paint room.

2. Emergency Response Team:

 Designate trained personnel to form an emergency response team responsible for dealing
with paint room fires.
 Assign specific roles and responsibilities within the team, including firefighting, evacuation
coordination, and communication.

231 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

3. Communication Protocols:

 Establish clear communication channels for reporting emergencies to the bridge, engine
room, and other relevant personnel.
 Implement a system for relaying distress signals to nearby vessels and shore-based
authorities if necessary.

4. Fire Detection and Suppression Systems:

 Install reliable fire detection systems, such as smoke detectors and heat sensors, in the paint
room and adjacent areas.
 Equip the paint room with appropriate fire suppression equipment, such as fixed firefighting
systems and portable extinguishers.

5. Emergency Procedures:

 Develop step-by-step procedures for responding to a paint room fire, including immediate
actions to contain the fire and evacuate personnel.
 Establish assembly points and evacuation routes away from the fire zone, ensuring crew
members are familiar with escape routes and muster stations.

6. Containment and Isolation:

 If feasible, isolate the affected area by closing fire doors and dampers to prevent the spread
of smoke and flames to other parts of the ship.
 Utilize fire-resistant barriers and bulkheads to contain the fire within the paint room until it
can be fully extinguished.

7. External Assistance:

 If the fire cannot be controlled internally, request assistance from nearby vessels or shore-
based firefighting services.
 Provide relevant information to external responders, including the ship's location, the nature
of the emergency, and any hazardous materials involved.

8. Post-Emergency Procedures:

 Conduct a thorough debriefing after the incident to assess the effectiveness of the response
and identify areas for improvement.
 Review and update the contingency plan based on lessons learned from the fire and
feedback from crew members.

232 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

9. Training and Drills:

 Conduct regular training sessions and drills to ensure crew members are familiar with
emergency procedures and can respond effectively to paint room fires.
 Evaluate crew performance during drills and provide additional training as needed to
enhance preparedness.

10. Documentation and Compliance:

 Maintain detailed records of fire drills, equipment inspections, and emergency responses for
regulatory compliance and future reference.
 Review and update the contingency plan regularly to incorporate changes in equipment,
procedures, or regulations.

By implementing a comprehensive contingency plan tailored to the specific risks associated

with paint room fires onboard ships, you can minimize the impact of emergencies and
ensure the safety of personnel and assets.

Chief Officer of a ship needs to have good leadership skills and managerial skills. justify this
statement with shipboard examples.
A Chief Officer (C/O) on a ship holds a pivotal position that requires strong leadership and managerial
skills to ensure the smooth and safe operation of the vessel. Here are some shipboard examples that
justify the need for these skills:

1. Safety Management:

 Leadership: The C/O is responsible for promoting a culture of safety onboard. They lead by example,
emphasizing the importance of safety procedures and ensuring compliance with regulations.
 Managerial: The C/O oversees safety drills, inspections, and maintenance activities to mitigate risks. They
manage resources effectively to maintain safety equipment and address safety concerns promptly.

2. Bridge Team Management:

 Leadership: The C/O provides clear guidance and direction to the bridge team during navigation,
maneuvering, and watchkeeping duties. They ensure effective communication and collaboration among
team members.
 Managerial: The C/O allocates duties, schedules watch rotations, and monitors performance to ensure
the bridge operates efficiently. They coordinate with other departments to address navigational
challenges and maintain situational awareness.

233 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

3. Crisis Management:

 Leadership: In emergencies such as adverse weather, engine failures, or medical emergencies, the C/O
takes charge, providing calm and decisive leadership to the crew. They prioritize actions and delegate
tasks to manage the crisis effectively.
 Managerial: The C/O coordinates emergency response efforts, ensuring crew members are trained and
equipped to respond appropriately. They liaise with shore-based authorities and arrange assistance as
needed.

4. Cargo Operations:

 Leadership: During cargo loading, stowage, and discharge operations, the C/O oversees the safe
handling of cargo. They provide guidance to the cargo team and ensure compliance with loading
procedures and stability requirements.
 Managerial: The C/O manages cargo documentation, including manifests, bills of lading, and cargo
securing plans. They coordinate with port authorities, terminal operators, and stevedores to expedite
cargo operations efficiently.

5. Crew Training and Development:

 Leadership: The C/O mentors and motivates junior officers and crew members, fostering a positive work
environment and encouraging professional growth. They provide guidance on career advancement and
personal development.
 Managerial: The C/O organizes training sessions, drills, and assessments to enhance crew competency
and proficiency. They identify training needs and facilitate ongoing education to ensure the crew is well-
prepared for their duties.

6. Regulatory Compliance:

 Leadership: The C/O ensures compliance with international regulations, flag state requirements, and
company policies. They uphold high standards of professionalism and integrity in all operations.
 Managerial: The C/O oversees inspections, audits, and surveys to maintain regulatory compliance. They
implement corrective actions and monitor performance to address deficiencies and improve operational
standards.

In conclusion, the Chief Officer's role onboard a ship demands a combination of effective leadership and
managerial skills to navigate the complexities of maritime operations, ensure safety, and achieve
operational excellence. Through their leadership and management capabilities, the C/O plays a critical
role in promoting a culture of safety, driving performance, and fostering a cohesive team environment
onboard.

As a Chief officer of a ship how and when will you use situational
leadership to best out of your crew?
As a Chief Officer (C/O) of a ship, situational leadership is a valuable approach to effectively manage and
motivate the crew in various situations. Situational leadership involves adapting leadership styles based
on the specific needs and circumstances encountered. Here's how and when I would use situational
leadership to get the best out of my crew:

234 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

1. During Routine Operations:

 Directive Leadership: When crew members are inexperienced or unfamiliar with tasks, I would provide
clear instructions and guidance to ensure they understand their roles and responsibilities.
 Supportive Leadership: Once crew members gain proficiency, I would adopt a supportive approach,
offering encouragement, feedback, and assistance as needed to build confidence and competence.

2. During Emergency Situations:

 Directive Leadership: In emergencies such as a man overboard or fire drill, I would assume a directive
leadership style, providing clear instructions and taking charge to ensure swift and coordinated response
actions.
 Participative Leadership: If the situation allows, I would involve crew members in decision-making
processes, seeking their input and contributions to enhance problem-solving and response effectiveness.

3. During Complex Navigational Maneuvers:

 Directive Leadership: During challenging navigational maneuvers or adverse weather conditions, I

would take a directive approach, providing precise instructions and closely supervising the execution to
ensure safety and efficiency.
 Coaching Leadership: I would also provide coaching and guidance to bridge team members, helping
them develop their navigational skills and decision-making abilities in demanding situations.

4. During Cargo Operations:

 Directive Leadership: During critical phases of cargo loading or discharge, I would adopt a directive
leadership style, providing specific instructions and closely monitoring operations to ensure compliance
with safety procedures and regulations.
 Delegative Leadership: As crew members gain experience and proficiency, I would delegate
responsibilities and empower them to make decisions within their areas of expertise, fostering a sense of
ownership and accountability.

5. During Crew Training and Development:

 Coaching Leadership: When conducting training sessions or drills, I would adopt a coaching leadership
style, providing guidance, feedback, and opportunities for skill development to enhance crew
competency and performance.
 Supportive Leadership: I would also offer support and encouragement to crew members as they
undertake new challenges or seek to improve their skills, creating a positive and nurturing learning
environment.

Overall, by applying situational leadership principles, I aim to adapt my leadership style to meet the
evolving needs and circumstances onboard, effectively motivating and empowering the crew to achieve
their fullest potential and contribute to the success of shipboard operations.

235 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Describe the best management practices to be followed to deter privacy.

To deter piracy and enhance maritime security, implementing a comprehensive set of best management
practices (BMPs) is essential. These practices should cover various aspects of vessel operations, crew
training, security measures, and communication protocols. Here are some key BMPs to deter piracy:

1. Risk Assessment and Route Planning:

 Conduct thorough risk assessments to identify high-risk areas and potential piracy threats along the
planned route.
 Utilize maritime security risk intelligence and threat assessments to inform route planning decisions.
 Consider factors such as piracy incidents, recent trends, weather conditions, and vessel characteristics
when determining the safest and most secure routes.

2. Vessel Hardening and Security Measures:

 Implement physical security measures to harden the vessel against pirate attacks, such as installing razor
wire, anti-climb barriers, and hardened citadels.
 Maintain adequate lighting, surveillance cameras, and alarm systems to enhance situational awareness
and deter unauthorized access to the vessel.
 Secure access points, including doors, hatches, and windows, and conduct regular security drills to
ensure crew readiness to respond to security threats effectively.

3. Enhanced Watchkeeping and Vigilance:

 Maintain a robust watchkeeping system with increased lookout and vigilance during periods of
heightened piracy risk.
 Implement 24/7 bridge watchkeeping with radar surveillance and visual monitoring of the vessel's
surroundings.
 Train crew members to recognize suspicious activities, vessels, and approaching threats and to report
them immediately to the bridge.

4. Armed Security Personnel and Escort Vessels:

 Consider hiring qualified armed security personnel or utilizing armed escort vessels in high-risk areas
where piracy threats are prevalent.
 Ensure that armed security personnel are properly trained, licensed, and compliant with international
regulations and industry guidelines.
 Coordinate with maritime security companies, private security contractors, or naval forces to provide
additional protection and deterrence against pirate attacks.

236 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

5. Communication and Reporting Protocols:

 Establish clear communication protocols and procedures for reporting piracy incidents, suspicious
activities, and distress situations to relevant authorities, including flag states, coastal states, and maritime
security centers.
 Maintain regular communication with shore-based authorities, port facilities, and other vessels in the
vicinity to exchange security-related information and coordinate response efforts.

6. Crew Training and Preparedness:

 Provide comprehensive training to crew members on piracy awareness, threat recognition, and response
procedures.
 Conduct regular security drills, tabletop exercises, and scenario-based training to enhance crew
preparedness and response capabilities in the event of a piracy attack.
 Foster a culture of security awareness and teamwork among crew members, emphasizing the importance
of proactive security measures and swift response to security threats.

7. Adherence to Best Management Practices:

 Implement industry-recognized Best Management Practices (BMPs) for the prevention of piracy, such as
those developed by industry organizations like BIMCO, INTERTANKO, and the International Chamber of
Shipping (ICS).
 Stay informed about the latest BMP updates and recommendations and ensures compliance with
industry standards and guidelines for maritime security.

By following these best management practices, vessels can deter piracy threats effectively, enhance
maritime security, and safeguard the lives of crew members and the integrity of cargo and vessels while
transiting high-risk areas.

List out Responsibilities of DPA. Explain Company Policy in Implementation of

Sms as Per Ism Code.
The Designated Person Ashore (DPA) plays a crucial role in implementing and maintaining the Safety
Management System (SMS) onboard vessels as per the International Safety Management (ISM) Code.
The responsibilities of the DPA include:

1. Overseeing SMS Implementation:

 Ensuring that the SMS is effectively implemented and maintained across all company vessels and shore-
based operations.
 Monitoring compliance with the ISM Code, applicable regulations, and company policies.

2. Providing Guidance and Support:

 Offering guidance, advice, and support to the company's fleet and shore-based personnel regarding SMS
requirements, procedures, and best practices.
 Assisting vessel personnel in understanding and fulfilling their roles and responsibilities under the SMS.

237 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

3. SMS Documentation and Updates:

 Reviewing and updating the company's SMS documentation, including manuals, procedures, and forms,
to reflect changes in regulations, industry standards, and company policies.
 Ensuring that all vessels have the necessary SMS documentation readily available and accessible to crew
members.

4. Incident Investigation and Analysis:

 Overseeing the investigation and analysis of safety incidents, near misses, and non-conformities reported
by vessels or shore-based personnel.
 Identifying root causes of incidents and implementing corrective and preventive actions to mitigate risks
and prevent recurrence.

5. Audits and Inspections:

 Planning and conducting internal audits and inspections of vessels and shore-based facilities to assess
compliance with the SMS and identify areas for improvement.
 Coordinating external audits and inspections by flag administrations, classification societies, and third-
party auditors.

6. Training and Competency Development:

 Organizing and facilitating training programs and workshops for vessel and shore-based personnel to
enhance their understanding of the SMS requirements and develop their competency in safety
management.
 Ensuring that personnel receive appropriate training on new SMS procedures, equipment, and
technologies.

7. Emergency Preparedness and Response:

 Reviewing and updating emergency response procedures, contingency plans, and crisis management
protocols to ensure readiness to respond effectively to emergencies and security threats.
 Coordinating drills, exercises, and simulations to test the effectiveness of emergency response measures
and improve crew preparedness.

8. Communication and Liaison:

 Serving as the primary point of contact for communication and liaison with regulatory authorities,
classification societies, port state control, and other stakeholders regarding SMS-related matters.
 Facilitating information exchange and collaboration between vessel personnel, shore-based
management, and external parties involved in safety management.

Now, let's discuss how the company policy is implemented in the SMS as per the ISM Code:

238 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Company policy serves as the foundation for the development and implementation of the Safety
Management System (SMS) in accordance with the ISM Code. Here's how the company policy is
integrated into the SMS:

1. Policy Development:

 The company establishes a clear and comprehensive safety policy that outlines its commitment to safety,
environmental protection, and compliance with applicable regulations.
 The safety policy reflects the company's values, objectives, and priorities regarding safety management
and provides a framework for SMS implementation.

2. Policy Integration:

 The company policy is integrated into all aspects of the SMS, including safety procedures, instructions,
manuals, and documentation.
 SMS procedures and practices are aligned with the principles and requirements outlined in the company
policy to ensure consistency and uniformity across the fleet and shore-based operations.

3. Policy Communication:

 The company policy is communicated to all personnel, both onboard vessels and ashore, to ensure
awareness and understanding of the company's safety objectives and expectations.
 Training programs, seminars, and meetings are conducted to reinforce the importance of the company
policy and its relevance to everyday operations.

4. Policy Compliance:

 The SMS is designed to facilitate compliance with the company policy and applicable regulatory
requirements.
 Procedures, guidelines, and performance standards outlined in the SMS are aligned with the company
policy to promote adherence to safety protocols and best practices.

5. Policy Review and Update:

 The company policy undergoes regular review and updates to reflect changes in the company's
operations, regulatory requirements, industry standards, and best management practices.
 Changes to the company policy are communicated to all personnel, and corresponding updates are
made to the SMS documentation and procedures as necessary.

By integrating the company policy into the SMS and ensuring alignment with the ISM Code
requirements, companies can establish a robust safety management framework that promotes a culture
of safety, continuous improvement, and regulatory compliance across their fleet and shore-based
operations.

239 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Prepare a maintenance and inspection schedule for ropes and wires used
onboard ship
Maintenance and Inspection Schedule for Ropes and Wires onboard Ship

1. Daily Checks:

 Inspect ropes and wires for signs of wear, chafing, or damage.

 Check for proper tension and secure fastenings.
 Lubricate wire rope fittings and moving parts as necessary.
 Remove any debris or contaminants from ropes and wires.

2. Weekly Checks:

 Conduct a visual inspection of all ropes and wires for corrosion, rust, or degradation.
 Check wire rope terminations, splices, and fittings for tightness and security.
 Verify the condition of winch drums, sheaves, and pulleys for wear or damage.
 Test the functionality of any mechanical or hydraulic systems associated with ropes and wires.

3. Monthly Checks:

 Perform a detailed inspection of ropes and wires using magnification or a borescope to identify internal
wear or damage.
 Measure the diameter and length of wire ropes to detect any elongation or reduction in size.
 Inspect shackles, thimbles, and other fittings for signs of distortion, cracking, or deformation.
 Conduct non-destructive testing (NDT) methods such as magnetic particle inspection (MPI) or dye
penetrant testing (DPT) on critical components.

4. Quarterly Checks:

 Arrange for a certified inspector or third-party surveyor to conduct a comprehensive inspection of ropes
and wires.
 Perform load testing of selected wire ropes to assess their strength and integrity.
 Inspect mooring lines, hawsers, and towing wires for wear and tear, paying special attention to areas of
high stress or abrasion.

5. Annual Checks:

 Schedule a thorough examination and recertification of all wire ropes and lifting gear in accordance with
relevant regulations and industry standards.
 Replace any ropes or wires that have reached the end of their service life or show signs of irreversible
damage.

240 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Conduct a review of maintenance records and inspection reports to identify any recurring issues or
trends.

6. Overhaul and Refurbishment:

 Plan for periodic overhaul and refurbishment of wire ropes and cables, including cleaning, lubrication,
and reconditioning.
 Arrange for professional rope splicing, swaging, or retermination as needed to maintain the integrity of
wire rope assemblies.
 Consider upgrading to newer, higher-strength ropes or wires to improve performance and safety
standards.

7. Documentation and Record-Keeping:

 Maintain detailed records of all maintenance and inspection activities performed on ropes and wires.
 Document the results of inspections, including findings, recommendations, and any corrective actions
taken.
 Keep track of rope and wire usage, including dates of installation, replacement, and retirement, to
facilitate lifecycle management and planning.

By following this maintenance and inspection schedule, ship operators can ensure the continued
reliability, safety, and performance of ropes and wires onboard their vessels, minimizing the risk of
accidents or failures during critical operations.

Role of safety committee onboard ship

The Safety Committee onboard ship plays a crucial role in promoting a culture of safety, identifying
hazards, implementing preventive measures, and fostering continuous improvement in safety standards.
Here are the key roles and responsibilities of the Safety Committee:

1. Safety Policy Development:

 Collaborate with senior management to develop and review the ship's safety policy, objectives, and
targets.
 Ensure alignment of safety initiatives with company policies, industry regulations, and international
standards.

2. Risk Assessment and Hazard Identification:

 Conduct regular risk assessments and hazard identification exercises to identify potential safety risks and
vulnerabilities.
 Analyze incidents, near misses, and safety concerns reported by crew members to identify underlying
causes and trends.

241 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

3. Safety Training and Education:

 Coordinate safety training programs and workshops for crew members to enhance their awareness,
knowledge, and skills in safety management.
 Ensure that crew members receive adequate training on emergency response procedures, safety
equipment operation, and risk mitigation techniques.

4. Safety Inspections and Audits:

 Conduct routine inspections and audits of shipboard facilities, equipment, and operations to assess
compliance with safety regulations, industry standards, and company policies.
 Identify deficiencies, non-conformities, and areas for improvement and recommend corrective actions to
address them.

5. Emergency Preparedness and Response:

 Develop and maintain emergency response plans, procedures, and protocols to address various
scenarios, including fire, collision, grounding, and pollution incidents.
 Organize drills, exercises, and simulations to test the effectiveness of emergency response measures and
enhance crew preparedness.

6. Safety Promotion and Communication:

 Promote safety awareness and a positive safety culture among crew members through regular
communication, briefings, and safety campaigns.
 Encourage open dialogue and feedback channels to facilitate reporting of safety concerns, near misses,
and suggestions for improvement.

7. Incident Investigation and Analysis:

 Investigate accidents, incidents, and near misses to determine root causes, contributing factors, and
lessons learned.
 Prepare incident reports, conduct debriefings, and disseminate findings to relevant stakeholders to
prevent recurrence and improve safety performance.

8. Continuous Improvement:

 Facilitate continuous improvement initiatives by monitoring safety performance indicators, setting

improvement targets, and tracking progress over time.
 Implement corrective and preventive actions based on lessons learned from incident investigations,
safety audits, and feedback from crew members.

9. Regulatory Compliance:

 Ensure compliance with applicable maritime regulations, international conventions, flag state
requirements, and industry best practices related to safety management.

242 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Keep abreast of regulatory changes and updates and communicate relevant information to the crew to
ensure ongoing compliance.

By fulfilling these roles and responsibilities, the Safety Committee contributes to the overall safety and
well-being of personnel onboard ship, the protection of the environment, and the prevention of
accidents and incidents at sea.

Explain the purpose and objectives of code of safe working practices.

The Code of Safe Working Practices (COSWP) serves as a comprehensive guide to promote safety
awareness, establish standard operating procedures, and mitigate risks in maritime operations. The
purpose and objectives of COSWP are as follows:

1. Promoting Safety Awareness:

 COSWP aims to instill a culture of safety among maritime personnel by raising awareness of potential
hazards, risks, and best practices.
 It provides guidance on identifying and addressing safety issues in various aspects of shipboard
operations, including navigation, machinery, cargo handling, and emergency response.

2. Standardizing Work Procedures:

 COSWP establishes standardized work procedures and practices to ensure consistency and uniformity in
safety management across different vessels and shipping companies.
 It defines clear roles, responsibilities, and expectations for crew members, helping to streamline
operations and minimize confusion or errors.

3. Mitigating Risks and Hazards:

 The primary objective of COSWP is to identify, assess, and mitigate risks and hazards associated with
maritime activities.
 It offers practical recommendations and preventive measures to reduce the likelihood of accidents,
injuries, and environmental incidents onboard ships.

4. Enhancing Compliance with Regulations:

 COSWP aligns with international regulations, industry guidelines, and best management practices related
to maritime safety and health.
 It helps ship operators and crew members understand their legal obligations and responsibilities under
relevant legislation, such as the International Maritime Organization (IMO) conventions and national
regulations.

5. Improving Safety Performance:

 By following the recommendations and guidelines outlined in COSWP, ship operators can improve their
safety performance and reduce the likelihood of accidents or incidents.

243 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 COSWP facilitates continuous improvement by encouraging feedback, lessons learned, and updates
based on emerging risks, new technologies, and industry trends.

6. Facilitating Training and Education:

 COSWP serves as a valuable training resource for maritime personnel, providing practical guidance and
reference materials for safety training programs.
 It supports competency development and skill enhancement among crew members by addressing
safety-related topics in a structured and accessible manner.

7. Supporting Emergency Preparedness:

 COSWP includes provisions for emergency preparedness and response, offering guidance on emergency
drills, procedures, and equipment usage.
 It helps crew members develop the necessary knowledge and skills to respond effectively to emergencies
such as fire, collision, grounding, and man overboard situations.

In summary, the Code of Safe Working Practices plays a vital role in promoting safety, preventing
accidents, and protecting lives, property, and the environment in the maritime industry. It serves as a
practical tool for enhancing safety awareness, standardizing work practices, and ensuring compliance
with regulatory requirements.

Make standard operating procedure for renewal of runner wire of a life

boat.
Standard Operating Procedure for Renewal of Runner Wire of a Lifeboat

1. Preparation: a. Gather necessary tools and equipment, including wire ropes, splicing tools, lubricants,
and personal protective equipment (PPE). b. Ensure the lifeboat is securely moored and the area is clear
of obstructions. c. Inform relevant personnel about the maintenance activity and ensure proper
coordination.

2. Assessment: a. Inspect the existing runner wire for signs of wear, corrosion, or damage. b. Measure
the length and diameter of the existing wire to determine the required specifications for the replacement
wire. c. Evaluate the condition of sheaves, fairleads, and other components associated with the runner
wire.

3. Removal of Existing Wire: a. Secure the lifeboat in a stable position to prevent movement during the
wire replacement process. b. Use appropriate tools to loosen and remove the end fittings, shackles, or
fastenings securing the runner wire. c. Carefully detach the old runner wire from the lifeboat, taking
precautions to prevent injury or damage to surrounding equipment.

4. Preparation of Replacement Wire: a. Select a new runner wire that meets the required specifications
in terms of length, diameter, and material. b. Inspect the new wire for any defects, kinks, or imperfections
before installation. c. Prepare the ends of the replacement wire for splicing or termination, following
manufacturer recommendations and best practices.

244 | P a g e
Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

5. Installation of Replacement Wire: a. Thread the replacement wire through sheaves, fairleads, and
other guide points along the designated path on the lifeboat. b. Secure the ends of the replacement wire
to the appropriate attachment points using approved shackles, thimbles, or fastenings. c. Ensure proper
tensioning of the wire to prevent slackness or over-tightening, following manufacturer guidelines and
safety standards.

6. Splicing or Termination: a. If splicing is required, follow proper splicing techniques and procedures
to create secure and reliable terminations. b. Use appropriate tools and equipment to complete the
splicing process, ensuring proper alignment and tensioning of the spliced section. c. Inspect the spliced
area for any signs of irregularities or weaknesses and make necessary adjustments as needed.

7. Lubrication and Protection: a. Apply lubricants or corrosion inhibitors to the replacement wire to
enhance longevity and performance. b. Install protective covers or sleeves over vulnerable sections of the
wire to prevent chafing, abrasion, or damage during operation. c. Verify that all connections, fittings, and
terminations are securely fastened and properly aligned before finalizing the installation.

8. Testing and Verification: a. Conduct a series of functional tests to verify the proper operation of the
lifeboat and the integrity of the replacement wire. b. Test the hoisting and lowering mechanisms, as well
as the maneuverability and stability of the lifeboat under load conditions. c. Document the results of the
testing process and ensure that all safety requirements and performance standards are met.

9. Clean-Up and Final Inspection: a. Remove any debris, tools, or unused materials from the work area
and stow them properly. b. Conduct a final inspection of the installed runner wire and associated
components to confirm compliance with safety regulations and quality standards. c. Sign off on the
completion of the maintenance activity and record relevant details in the maintenance logbook or
records for future reference.

10. Reporting and Follow-Up: a. Report any issues, concerns, or observations encountered during the
maintenance activity to the designated personnel or management. b. Follow up on any corrective actions
or recommendations identified during the inspection process to ensure continuous improvement and
adherence to safety protocols. c. Communicate completion of the runner wire renewal procedure to
relevant stakeholders and update maintenance records accordingly.

Make a risk assessment for navigating in narrow channel

Risk Assessment for Navigating in Narrow Channel

1. Identify Hazards: a. Collision Risk: Due to restricted maneuverability and close proximity to other
vessels, there is a high risk of collision with other ships, navigational aids, or structures. b. Grounding
Risk: The narrow channel may have shallow areas, underwater obstructions, or uneven bottom contours,
increasing the risk of grounding. c. Restricted Visibility: Limited visibility due to fog, rain, or darkness can
impair situational awareness and increase the likelihood of navigational errors. d. Tidal and Current
Effects: Strong tidal currents or unpredictable tidal streams in narrow channels can affect vessel stability,
speed, and course-keeping ability. e. Traffic Congestion: Heavy traffic volume in narrow channels can lead
to congestion, delays, and difficulties in maintaining safe separation distances between vessels.

2. Assess Consequences: a. Collision: A collision in a narrow channel can result in significant damage to
vessels, cargo, and infrastructure, leading to potential injuries, pollution, and loss of life. b. Grounding:
Grounding in a narrow channel can cause vessel immobilization, cargo damage, environmental pollution,
and obstruction to navigation, requiring costly salvage and cleanup operations. c. Environmental

245 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Damage: Oil spills, chemical leaks, or hazardous material releases resulting from accidents in narrow
channels can have severe environmental consequences, impacting marine ecosystems and coastal
communities. d. Disruption to Trade: Navigational incidents in narrow channels can disrupt maritime
trade routes, port operations, and supply chains, causing economic losses and delays in cargo
transportation. e. Legal and Regulatory Implications: Navigational accidents in narrow channels may lead
to legal liabilities, insurance claims, regulatory investigations, and potential sanctions against vessel
operators.

3. Evaluate Likelihood: a. Historical Data: Review historical data on navigational incidents, groundings,
and collisions reported in the specific narrow channel to assess the frequency and severity of past
incidents. b. Weather Conditions: Consider prevailing weather conditions, tidal patterns, visibility, and
other environmental factors that may increase the likelihood of navigational hazards in the narrow
channel. c. Traffic Density: Evaluate the level of traffic congestion and vessel density in the narrow
channel, as higher traffic volume increases the risk of navigational errors and collisions. d. Vessel
Characteristics: Assess the size, draft, maneuverability, and propulsion capabilities of the vessel
navigating in the narrow channel, as well as the experience and competence of the bridge team.

4. Risk Control Measures: a. Enhanced Bridge Team Manning: Ensure adequate staffing levels on the
bridge, with qualified personnel assigned to helm, lookout, and navigational duties, especially during
critical maneuvers in narrow channels. b. Use of Navigational Aids: Utilize radar, GPS, electronic chart
display and information systems (ECDIS), and other navigational aids to enhance situational awareness
and precision navigation in narrow channels. c. Pilotage Services: Consider employing the services of
experienced harbor pilots familiar with local conditions and navigational challenges in the narrow
channel to assist with safe passage. d. Speed Reduction: Implement speed restrictions or reduced speed
zones in the narrow channel to minimize the risk of collision, grounding, and wake-induced accidents. e.
Communication and Coordination: Maintain clear communication with other vessels, port authorities, and
traffic control centers to exchange relevant information, coordinate passage, and avoid conflicts in the
narrow channel. f. Emergency Response Preparedness: Develop and rehearse emergency response
procedures for potential navigational incidents, including collision avoidance, grounding mitigation, and
evacuation protocols.

5. Risk Monitoring and Review: a. Monitor vessel movements, navigational conditions, and traffic
patterns in real-time to identify any emerging risks or deviations from planned routes. b. Conduct regular
safety meetings, debriefings, and post-incident reviews to assess the effectiveness of risk control
measures and identify areas for improvement in navigating narrow channels. c. Review and update risk
assessment protocols, navigational procedures, and emergency response plans based on lessons learned
from past incidents and evolving operational requirements.

By conducting a comprehensive risk assessment and implementing appropriate risk control measures,
vessel operators can enhance the safety of navigating in narrow channels and mitigate the potential
consequences of navigational hazards.

In monthly safety meeting on ship, describe the various agenda items to

be discussed.
In a monthly safety meeting on a ship, various agenda items can be discussed to address safety concerns,
review incident reports, and promote a culture of continuous improvement in safety performance. Some
agenda items for a monthly safety meeting may include:

1. Safety Performance Review:

246 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Review of safety performance indicators, including near misses, incidents, accidents, and injuries since the
last meeting.
 Analysis of trends, patterns, and root causes of safety incidents to identify areas for improvement.

2. Incident Investigation Reports:

 Presentation and discussion of incident investigation reports for recent safety incidents or near misses.
 Review of findings, corrective actions, and lessons learned from incidents to prevent recurrence.

3. Safety Inspections and Audits:

 Report on the outcomes of recent safety inspections, audits, and observations conducted onboard the
vessel.
 Review of deficiencies, non-conformities, and areas requiring corrective action to ensure compliance with
safety regulations and standards.

4. Safety Training and Competency Development:

 Update on safety training programs, courses, drills, and exercises conducted for crew members since the
last meeting.
 Discussion of crew competency assessments, skill development initiatives, and training needs identified
for enhancing safety performance.

5. Review of Safety Procedures and Policies:

 Review and update of shipboard safety procedures, policies, and emergency response plans based on
regulatory changes, industry best practices, and lessons learned.
 Verification of crew members' understanding and compliance with safety protocols and regulatory
requirements.

6. Safety Equipment and Maintenance:

 Status report on the condition, functionality, and maintenance of safety equipment, including life-saving
appliances, firefighting equipment, personal protective gear, and emergency communication systems.
 Discussion of any deficiencies, repairs, or replacements needed to ensure the effectiveness of safety
equipment.

7. Discussion of Safety Concerns and Suggestions:

 Open forum for crew members to raise safety concerns, share observations, and provide suggestions for
improving safety practices and procedures.
 Encouragement of proactive reporting and participation in safety initiatives to foster a culture of safety
ownership and engagement.

8. Review of Near Misses and Good Catches:

247 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Recognition and discussion of near misses and "good catches" reported by crew members, highlighting
proactive safety behaviors and interventions that prevented accidents.
 Emphasis on the importance of near-miss reporting and the role of early intervention in preventing
incidents.

9. Upcoming Safety Initiatives and Goals:

 Presentation of upcoming safety initiatives, campaigns, or goals to promote specific safety objectives or
focus areas for the next month.
 Discussion of strategies, timelines, and responsibilities for achieving safety targets and continuous
improvement in safety performance.

10. Closing Remarks and Action Items:

 Summary of key discussion points, action items, and follow-up tasks assigned during the meeting.
 Confirmation of deadlines, responsibilities, and accountability for implementing corrective actions and
monitoring progress.

By addressing these agenda items in a monthly safety meeting, the ship's safety committee or
management team can effectively communicate safety priorities, engage crew members in safety
initiatives, and drive improvements in safety culture and performance onboard the vessel.

How will you carry out maintenance of cargo handling equipment for a
tanker ship?

Maintenance of cargo handling equipment on a tanker ship is crucial to ensure safe and efficient cargo
operations. Here's how you can carry out maintenance for cargo handling equipment:

1. Develop a Maintenance Plan:

 Establish a comprehensive maintenance plan outlining scheduled maintenance tasks, intervals, and
procedures for each piece of cargo handling equipment.
 Identify critical components, systems, and machinery that require regular inspection, lubrication,
calibration, and testing.

2. Routine Inspections:

 Conduct routine visual inspections of cargo handling equipment before and after each cargo operation.
 Check for signs of wear, corrosion, leaks, loose fittings, and other abnormalities that may indicate
potential issues.
 Inspect hydraulic hoses, valves, pumps, winches, and electrical systems for proper functioning and
integrity.

3. Lubrication and Greasing:

248 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Lubricate moving parts, bearings, gears, and wire ropes of cargo handling equipment at recommended
intervals to prevent friction, corrosion, and premature wear.
 Use appropriate lubricants and grease compatible with the equipment's specifications and operating
conditions.

4. Testing and Calibration:

 Test the performance and calibration of cargo handling equipment, including tank level gauges, flow
meters, valves, and pressure sensors.
 Ensure accurate measurement, control, and monitoring of cargo transfer operations to prevent
overfilling, spills, or leaks.

5. Preventive Maintenance:

 Perform preventive maintenance tasks such as filter replacement, belt tensioning, sensor calibration, and
electrical system checks to prevent equipment failures and downtime.
 Follow manufacturer recommendations and industry best practices for preventive maintenance of cargo
handling equipment.

6. Emergency Preparedness:

 Maintain emergency repair kits, spare parts, and critical components onboard to address unexpected
equipment failures or malfunctions during cargo operations.
 Train crew members in emergency response procedures, including shutdown protocols, manual
operation, and troubleshooting of cargo handling equipment.

7. Documentation and Record-Keeping:

 Keep detailed records of maintenance activities, inspections, tests, and repairs performed on cargo
handling equipment.
 Document equipment downtime, spare parts usage, and any maintenance issues encountered to track
trends, identify recurring problems, and improve maintenance practices.

8. Training and Competency Development:

 Provide training to crew members involved in cargo operations on the proper operation, maintenance,
and safety procedures for cargo handling equipment.
 Ensure that personnel are familiar with equipment manuals, operating instructions, and emergency
shutdown procedures.

9. Continuous Improvement:

 Conduct regular reviews and audits of cargo handling equipment maintenance practices to identify areas
for improvement.

249 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Solicit feedback from crew members, shore-based personnel, and equipment manufacturers to
implement corrective actions and enhance maintenance efficiency and effectiveness.

By implementing a proactive maintenance program for cargo handling equipment, tanker ship operators
can minimize the risk of equipment failures, ensure regulatory compliance, and maintain the safety and
integrity of cargo operations throughout the vessel's service life.

Explain why effective communication is a vital clog for smooth running of

ships. Give shipboard examples.
Effective communication is essential for the smooth running of ships due to the following reasons:

1. Safety: Clear communication is critical for ensuring the safety of crew members, passengers, and the
vessel itself. Miscommunication or lack of communication can lead to accidents, collisions, groundings,
and other maritime incidents. For example, during mooring operations, effective communication
between the bridge team, deck crew, and shore personnel is crucial to coordinate maneuvers and
prevent accidents.

2. Navigation: Effective communication is vital for navigational purposes, including route planning, course
alterations, and collision avoidance. Bridge-to-bridge communication between vessels helps establish
safe passing arrangements, exchange navigational information, and avoid close encounters. For instance,
when navigating through narrow channels or congested waterways, vessels rely on clear and timely
communication to coordinate movements and maintain safe distances.

3. Operational Efficiency: Efficient communication enhances operational efficiency by facilitating

coordination, task assignment, and information exchange among crew members and departments. For
example, in engine room operations, effective communication between the engine control room and
bridge ensures smooth propulsion, maneuverability, and power management.

4. Emergency Response: During emergencies, effective communication is crucial for initiating timely
responses, executing emergency procedures, and coordinating rescue operations. For instance, in the
event of a fire onboard, clear communication between the firefighting team, bridge, and engine room is
essential for evacuating personnel, controlling the fire, and preventing further escalation.

5. Cargo Handling: Communication plays a vital role in cargo handling operations, including loading,
stowage, and discharge activities. Clear instructions and coordination between shore-based personnel,
terminal operators, and onboard crew members ensure safe and efficient cargo handling. For example,
during tanker operations, effective communication between the vessel and shore terminal is necessary to
coordinate cargo transfer, monitor tank levels, and ensure compliance with safety protocols.

6. Watchkeeping: Effective communication is essential for maintaining proper watchkeeping practices

onboard ships. Bridge watchkeepers rely on clear communication to exchange information, monitor
vessel movements, and respond to navigational challenges. For example, during watch handovers,
concise communication ensures the transfer of critical information about the vessel's status, course,
speed, and navigational hazards.

In summary, effective communication is a vital cog for the smooth running of ships as it ensures safety,
navigation, operational efficiency, emergency response, cargo handling, and watchkeeping. Clear and

250 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

timely communication fosters teamwork, situational awareness, and adherence to standard operating
procedures, contributing to the overall effectiveness and success of maritime operations.

How will you motivate your juniour officers as part of bridge team
management?
Motivating junior officers as part of bridge team management is essential for fostering teamwork,
improving performance, and enhancing overall efficiency on the bridge. Here are some strategies to
motivate junior officers:

1. Recognition and Encouragement:

 Acknowledge the efforts and achievements of junior officers in their roles and responsibilities on the
bridge.
 Provide positive feedback and encouragement to boost their confidence and morale.
 Recognize their contributions during debriefings and performance reviews, highlighting their strengths
and areas of improvement.

2. Empowerment and Involvement:

 Empower junior officers by involving them in decision-making processes and giving them a voice in
bridge operations.
 Delegate responsibilities and tasks that align with their skills, interests, and development goals.
 Encourage them to share ideas, suggestions, and feedback for improving operational procedures and
teamwork.

3. Training and Skill Development:

 Provide opportunities for continuous learning, skill development, and career advancement through
training programs, courses, and certifications.
 Support junior officers in acquiring new competencies, knowledge, and qualifications relevant to their
roles on the bridge.
 Offer mentoring and coaching to help them overcome challenges, enhance their capabilities, and
progress in their careers.

4. Clear Goals and Expectations:

 Set clear goals, objectives, and performance expectations for junior officers, aligning them with the
overall mission and objectives of the bridge team.
 Communicate expectations regarding roles, responsibilities, standards of conduct, and adherence to
safety procedures.
 Provide regular feedback and performance evaluations to track progress and ensure accountability.

251 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

5. Team Building and Collaboration:

 Foster a supportive and inclusive team environment where junior officers feel valued, respected, and part
of the bridge team.
 Encourage collaboration, communication, and mutual support among team members to achieve
common goals and objectives.
 Organize team-building activities, social events, and informal gatherings to strengthen camaraderie and
rapport among bridge crew members.

6. Lead by Example:

 Lead by example and demonstrate professionalism, integrity, and commitment to excellence in all
aspects of bridge operations.
 Show enthusiasm, passion, and dedication for the job, inspiring junior officers to strive for excellence and
take pride in their work.
 Be approachable, supportive, and accessible to junior officers, providing guidance, mentorship, and
mentorship when needed.

7. Reward and Recognition:

 Recognize the achievements and contributions of junior officers through formal and informal means,
such as awards, certificates, commendations, or public acknowledgments.
 Offer incentives, rewards, or incentives for outstanding performance, innovation, or going above and
beyond their duties.
 Create a culture of appreciation and celebration where achievements and milestones are celebrated
collectively by the entire bridge team.

By implementing these strategies, bridge team leaders can effectively motivate junior officers, enhance
team cohesion, and create a positive and productive work environment on the bridge. This, in turn,
contributes to improved performance, safety, and efficiency in maritime operations.

Explain in brief the principles underlying the ism code

The International Safety Management (ISM) Code is founded on several key principles aimed at
promoting safety, preventing pollution, and ensuring compliance with international regulations in the
maritime industry. These principles include:

1. Commitment to Safety: The ISM Code emphasizes the commitment of shipping companies and vessel
operators to prioritize safety as a fundamental value in all aspects of their operations. This commitment is
reflected in the establishment of a safety management system (SMS) tailored to the specific needs and
risks of each vessel.

2. Risk Management: The ISM Code promotes a proactive approach to risk management, focusing on
identifying, assessing, and mitigating potential hazards and risks associated with maritime operations. It

252 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

requires companies to implement measures to prevent accidents, injuries, and environmental incidents
through systematic risk assessment and control processes.

3. Legal Compliance: Compliance with applicable international conventions, regulations, and standards is a
cornerstone of the ISM Code. It requires shipping companies and vessel operators to ensure that their
operations adhere to relevant legal requirements, including those related to safety, pollution prevention,
crew welfare, and maritime security.

4. Continuous Improvement: The ISM Code advocates for a culture of continuous improvement in safety
management practices and performance. It encourages shipping companies to regularly review, evaluate,
and update their safety management systems to address changing operational conditions, emerging
risks, and lessons learned from incidents.

5. Responsibility and Accountability: The ISM Code emphasizes the importance of assigning clear
responsibilities and establishing lines of accountability at all levels of the organization. It requires
companies to designate designated persons ashore (DPAs) and onboard personnel with specific duties
and responsibilities for implementing and maintaining the safety management system.

6. Training and Competence: Ensuring the competence of personnel involved in maritime operations is a
fundamental principle of the ISM Code. It requires companies to provide appropriate training, instruction,
and guidance to crew members, officers, and shore-based personnel to perform their duties effectively
and safely.

7. Communication and Collaboration: Effective communication and collaboration among all stakeholders,
including shipboard personnel, shore-based management, regulatory authorities, and industry partners,
are essential for the successful implementation of the ISM Code. It promotes open dialogue, information
sharing, and cooperation to achieve common safety objectives.

8. Documentation and Record-Keeping: Proper documentation and record-keeping are integral to

demonstrating compliance with the ISM Code. It requires companies to maintain accurate records of
safety management system procedures, activities, audits, inspections, and corrective actions to facilitate
transparency, accountability, and regulatory oversight.

By adhering to these principles, shipping companies and vessel operators can establish a robust safety
management framework that promotes a culture of safety, ensures regulatory compliance, and enhances
the overall safety and sustainability of maritime operations.
Describe the hours of work and rest hours for watch keepers as per STCW and MLC
The hours of work and rest for watchkeepers are governed by international regulations set forth by the
International Maritime Organization (IMO) through the Standards of Training, Certification and
Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) Convention and the Maritime Labour Convention (MLC). These
regulations aim to ensure the well-being and safety of seafarers by providing adequate rest periods to
mitigate the risks associated with fatigue. Below are the key provisions regarding hours of work and rest
for watchkeepers as per STCW and MLC:

253 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

STCW Convention:

1. Maximum Hours of Work:

 The STCW Convention specifies that watchkeepers must not work more than 14 hours in any 24-hour
period.
 This 14-hour limit may be exceeded in exceptional circumstances or emergencies, provided that the
safety of the ship, crew, and environment is not compromised.

2. Minimum Hours of Rest:

 Watchkeepers are entitled to a minimum of 10 hours of rest in any 24-hour period.

 This rest period may be divided into no more than two periods, one of which must be at least 6 hours in
duration.
 The 10-hour rest period may be reduced to no less than 70 hours in any 7-day period, or 77 hours in any
10-day period, provided that compensatory rest is provided.

3. Record-Keeping:

 Ship operators are required to maintain accurate records of seafarers' hours of work and rest to
demonstrate compliance with STCW regulations.
 These records must be kept on board and made available for inspection by maritime authorities during
port state control inspections.

Maritime Labour Convention (MLC):

1. Maximum Hours of Work:

 The MLC establishes maximum hours of work for seafarers, including watchkeepers, to prevent fatigue
and ensure adequate rest.
 Watchkeepers must not work more than 14 hours in any 24-hour period, with exceptions allowed in
certain circumstances.

2. Minimum Hours of Rest:

 Seafarers, including watchkeepers, are entitled to a minimum of 10 hours of rest in any 24-hour period,
as per the MLC.
 This rest period may be divided into no more than two periods, one of which must be at least 6 hours in
duration.
 Similar to the STCW Convention, the MLC allows for the reduction of the minimum rest period under
certain conditions, provided that compensatory rest is provided.

254 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

3. Record-Keeping:

 The MLC requires ship operators to maintain accurate records of seafarers' hours of work and rest, similar
to STCW requirements.
 These records must be readily available for inspection by maritime labor inspectors and flag state
authorities to ensure compliance with MLC regulations.

In summary, both the STCW Convention and the MLC establish maximum hours of work and minimum
hours of rest for watchkeepers to mitigate the risks of fatigue and ensure the safety and well-being of
seafarers. These regulations also require ship operators to maintain detailed records of seafarers' hours
of work and rest to demonstrate compliance during inspections and audits.

Purpose of lsa code

The purpose of the Life-Saving Appliances (LSA) Code is to provide international standards for the
design, construction, testing, and maintenance of life-saving appliances and arrangements on ships. The
LSA Code aims to ensure the safety of passengers and crew by establishing requirements for the
provision, stowage, and operational readiness of life-saving equipment, including lifeboats, life rafts,
rescue boats, lifebuoys, immersion suits, and other lifesaving devices.

Key objectives and purposes of the LSA Code include:

1. Safety of Persons on Board Ships: The primary purpose of the LSA Code is to enhance the safety of
persons on board ships by establishing uniform standards for the design, construction, and performance
of life-saving appliances. This helps to ensure that vessels are equipped with effective means of
evacuation and survival in emergency situations such as abandon ship scenarios.

2. Minimization of Risks and Hazards: The LSA Code aims to minimize the risks and hazards associated
with maritime operations by specifying requirements for the provision, maintenance, and inspection of
life-saving equipment. This includes standards for the testing and certification of life-saving appliances to
ensure their reliability and effectiveness in emergency situations.

3. Compliance with International Regulations: The LSA Code provides a framework for ensuring
compliance with international regulations and conventions related to maritime safety, including the
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) and the International Maritime
Organization (IMO) guidelines. By adhering to the requirements of the LSA Code, shipowners and
operators can demonstrate their commitment to safety and regulatory compliance.

4. Standardization and Interoperability: Standardization of life-saving equipment and arrangements

helps to promote interoperability between vessels and facilitate coordination during search and rescue
operations. The LSA Code establishes common standards and procedures for the design, testing, and
operation of life-saving appliances, making it easier for maritime authorities and rescue services to
respond effectively to emergencies.

5. Continuous Improvement: The LSA Code is periodically revised and updated to incorporate
technological advancements, lessons learned from accidents, and emerging safety requirements. This
ensures that the standards remain relevant and effective in addressing evolving risks and challenges in
the maritime industry.

255 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Overall, the LSA Code plays a crucial role in enhancing the safety and survival capabilities of ships and
their occupants by setting forth comprehensive standards for life-saving equipment and arrangements. It
contributes to the prevention of accidents, the mitigation of risks, and the protection of human life at
sea.
As a chief officer explains how you would assist in preparing and implementing a
planned maintenance system for a ship in her final stage of yard delivery?
As a Chief Officer, preparing and implementing a planned maintenance system (PMS) for a ship in her
final stage of yard delivery is crucial to ensure the vessel's operational readiness, safety, and compliance
with regulatory requirements. Here's how I would assist in this process:

1. Review Manufacturer's Recommendations:

 Gather and review manufacturer's manuals, technical documentation, and guidelines for the ship's
machinery, equipment, and systems.
 Identify maintenance requirements, schedules, and procedures recommended by the manufacturer for
each component.

2. Develop Maintenance Plan:

 Work with the ship's technical team, including the Chief Engineer and superintendent, to develop a
comprehensive maintenance plan based on the manufacturer's recommendations and industry best
practices.
 Determine the scope of maintenance tasks, frequency of inspections, and intervals for servicing and
overhauls for critical machinery and systems.

3. Implement PMS Software:

 Assist in selecting and implementing a PMS software system to facilitate the management and
scheduling of maintenance tasks.
 Input relevant data, including equipment details, maintenance schedules, spare parts inventory, and
personnel assignments into the PMS database.

4. Define Responsibilities:

 Clarify roles and responsibilities for executing maintenance tasks among the ship's crew, including
engineers, technicians, and ratings.
 Establish procedures for reporting defects, conducting inspections, and documenting maintenance
activities in the PMS system.

5. Training and Familiarization:

 Provide training and familiarization sessions for the ship's crew on the operation and use of the PMS
software.
 Ensure that crew members understand their roles and responsibilities in executing planned maintenance
tasks and adhering to the established schedules.

256 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

6. Monitor Performance:

 Monitor the implementation of the planned maintenance program to ensure compliance with schedules
and standards.
 Conduct regular reviews and audits of maintenance activities to assess effectiveness, identify areas for
improvement, and address any deficiencies.

7. Coordinate with Classification Society:

 Liaise with the classification society and flag state authorities to ensure that the planned maintenance
program meets regulatory requirements and standards.
 Provide documentation and records of maintenance activities for inspection and verification during class
surveys and audits.

8. Continuous Improvement:

 Encourage feedback from the crew and technical team to identify opportunities for optimizing the
planned maintenance program.
 Incorporate lessons learned from maintenance activities, equipment failures, and performance indicators
to refine and improve the PMS over time.

By actively participating in the preparation and implementation of a planned maintenance system for the
ship, I would contribute to ensuring the vessel's reliability, operational efficiency, and compliance with
regulatory standards throughout her service life.
Explain in brief situational theroy of leadership with shipboard example
Situational leadership theory proposes that effective leadership is contingent upon the readiness or
maturity level of followers and the situational context in which leadership occurs. Leaders must adapt
their leadership style based on the readiness level of their followers and the demands of the situation.
The theory identifies four leadership styles: directing, coaching, supporting, and delegating, which
leaders can employ depending on the specific needs of their followers and the task at hand.

Here's a brief explanation of situational leadership theory with a shipboard example:

Example: Navigating through a Storm

Imagine a scenario where a ship is navigating through a storm. The Captain, as the leader, must adjust
their leadership style based on the readiness level of the crew and the situational demands of the storm.

1. Directing (Telling):

 At the onset of the storm, when the crew may be inexperienced or uncertain, the Captain adopts a
directing leadership style.
 The Captain provides clear instructions and closely supervises the crew's actions to ensure safety
protocols are followed.

257 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 For example, the Captain directs crew members to secure loose objects, don safety gear, and prepare for
rough seas.

2. Coaching (Selling):

 As the storm intensifies, and the crew gains some experience and confidence, the Captain shifts to a
coaching leadership style.
 The Captain explains the rationale behind safety procedures, offers guidance, and encourages teamwork
and resilience.
 For instance, the Captain coaches crew members on how to adjust navigation techniques, maintain
stability, and support each other during challenging conditions.

3. Supporting (Participating):

 As the crew demonstrates increased competence and confidence in handling the storm, the Captain
adopts a supporting leadership style.
 The Captain provides encouragement, listens to crew concerns, and offers assistance as needed while
empowering the crew to make decisions.
 For example, the Captain supports crew members' initiatives to implement additional safety measures or
adjust course based on real-time observations.

4. Delegating (Observing):

 Once the storm begins to subside, and the crew exhibits high readiness and competence, the Captain
transitions to a delegating leadership style.
 The Captain entrusts the crew with greater autonomy and responsibility for navigation, monitoring, and
decision-making.
 For instance, the Captain delegates tasks such as conducting post-storm inspections, assessing any
damage, and resuming normal operations to qualified crew members.

In summary, situational leadership theory emphasizes the importance of leaders adapting their
leadership style to the readiness level of their followers and the demands of the situation. By effectively
assessing and responding to the readiness and situational context, leaders can enhance crew
performance, navigate challenges, and achieve successful outcomes in maritime operations.

As a chief officer how will you prepare your ship to comply with
requirements of security during anchor?
As a Chief Officer, ensuring compliance with security requirements during anchoring operations is
essential to safeguard the ship, crew, cargo, and the marine environment against security threats. Here's
how I would prepare the ship to comply with security requirements during anchoring:

1. Risk Assessment:

 Conduct a thorough risk assessment to identify potential security threats and vulnerabilities during
anchoring operations.

258 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Consider factors such as the location, prevailing security situation, local regulations, and historical
security incidents in the area.

2. Security Measures:

 Implement security measures in accordance with the Ship Security Plan (SSP) and the requirements of the
International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code.
 Ensure that access control measures are in place to prevent unauthorized personnel from boarding the
ship during anchoring.
 Implement security patrols, surveillance, and monitoring to detect and deter suspicious activities around
the ship.

3. Communication and Coordination:

 Maintain communication with relevant authorities, including port security, coast guard, and terminal
operators, to coordinate security arrangements during anchoring.
 Exchange security-related information, intelligence reports, and threat assessments with port authorities
and other stakeholders.

4. Crew Awareness and Training:

 Conduct security briefings and drills for the ship's crew to raise awareness of security threats and
emergency procedures during anchoring.
 Ensure that crew members are familiar with their roles and responsibilities in implementing security
measures and responding to security incidents.

5. Security Equipment and Systems:

 Ensure that security equipment and systems, such as CCTV cameras, access control devices, alarm
systems, and security lighting, are in good working condition.
 Conduct regular inspections and maintenance of security equipment to ensure reliability and
effectiveness.

6. Vessel Hardening Measures:

 Implement physical security measures to harden the vessel against unauthorized access and intrusion,
including the use of barriers, locks, and fencing where applicable.
 Secure vulnerable areas of the ship, such as gangways, accommodation areas, and cargo spaces, to
prevent unauthorized access.

7. Security Drills and Exercises:

 Conduct regular security drills and exercises to test the effectiveness of security measures and enhance
the preparedness of the crew.

259 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Evaluate the response of the crew to simulated security threats and identify areas for improvement in
security procedures and protocols.

8. Compliance Documentation:

 Ensure that all security-related documentation, including the Ship Security Assessment (SSA), SSP,
Declaration of Security (DoS), and security records, are up-to-date and readily available for inspection by
authorities.

By proactively implementing these measures, the ship can enhance its security posture and comply with
the requirements of security during anchoring operations, mitigating security risks and ensuring the
safety and security of the vessel and its personnel.

Prepare in brief a contingency plan for piracy on ship

A contingency plan for piracy on a ship is essential to ensure the safety and security of the vessel, crew,
and cargo in the event of a pirate attack. Here's a brief outline of a contingency plan for piracy:

1. Risk Assessment and Preparation:

 Conduct a thorough risk assessment to identify high-risk areas and potential routes prone to piracy
attacks.
 Implement preventive measures such as maintaining a heightened state of security, enhancing
watchkeeping procedures, and securing access points to the ship.

2. Communication and Alert Procedures:

 Establish clear communication and alert procedures to notify relevant authorities, including coast guard
agencies, naval forces, and company security personnel, in the event of a piracy threat or attack.
 Designate specific channels for communication and establish protocols for reporting and escalating
piracy incidents.

3. Response and Evacuation Protocols:

 Develop response protocols outlining actions to be taken in the event of a piracy attack, including
activating onboard security measures, mustering crew to safe areas, and initiating distress signals.
 Establish evacuation procedures for non-essential personnel and passengers, if necessary, to ensure their
safety in the event of a prolonged piracy incident.

4. Onboard Security Measures:

 Implement onboard security measures to deter and defend against pirate attacks, including the use of
physical barriers, non-lethal deterrents such as water cannons or sound devices, and safe rooms for crew
protection.
 Provide crew training on piracy awareness, response tactics, and the use of security equipment and
procedures.

260 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

5. Cooperation with Authorities and Response Teams:

 Coordinate closely with maritime security agencies, naval forces, and international organizations to share
intelligence, request assistance, and coordinate response efforts during piracy incidents.
 Establish protocols for facilitating the rapid deployment of response teams, including naval escorts or
security personnel, in the event of a piracy threat.

6. Post-Incident Procedures and Reporting:

 Develop procedures for post-incident debriefing, assessment, and reporting to evaluate the effectiveness
of the response and identify lessons learned.
 Document piracy incidents, including timelines, actions taken, and outcomes, for reporting to relevant
authorities, insurance providers, and company management.

7. Training and Drills:

 Conduct regular training sessions and drills to familiarize crew members with piracy response
procedures, reinforce security protocols, and ensure readiness to respond effectively to piracy threats.
 Review and update the contingency plan periodically based on lessons learned from training exercises
and real-world incidents.

By implementing a comprehensive piracy contingency plan, ships can enhance their resilience against
piracy threats and improve the safety and security of onboard personnel and assets in high-risk areas.

List the actions in sequence during ship search drills

Ship search drills are conducted to ensure that crew members are proficient in conducting thorough
searches of the ship to identify potential security threats, contraband, or stowaways. Here's a sequence of
actions typically followed during ship search drills:

1. Briefing and Preparation:

 The drill is announced by the designated drill coordinator or security officer, who provides a briefing to
all participating crew members.
 Crew members are briefed on the objectives of the drill, specific areas to be searched, and any special
instructions or safety precautions.

2. Assignment of Roles and Responsibilities:

 Crew members are assigned specific roles and responsibilities for the search operation, including search
teams, supervisors, and observers.
 Roles may include search team leaders, searchers, record-keepers, and security escorts for sensitive areas.

261 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

3. Deployment of Search Teams:

 Search teams are deployed to designated areas of the ship based on the drill scenario and objectives.
 Teams may be tasked with searching specific compartments, cargo holds, cabins, common areas, or other
areas of interest.

4. Conducting Systematic Searches:

 Search teams conduct systematic searches of their assigned areas, following established search
procedures and techniques.
 Crew members thoroughly inspect all accessible spaces, compartments, and containers for signs of
unauthorized items, stowaways, or security breaches.

5. Use of Equipment and Tools:

 Crew members utilize appropriate equipment and tools, such as flashlights, mirrors, pry bars, and
inspection kits, to aid in the search process.
 Specialized equipment, such as X-ray machines or detection devices, may be used for inspecting cargo or
detecting concealed items.

6. Documentation and Reporting:

 Crew members document their search activities, findings, and observations on designated search forms
or logbooks.
 Any suspicious items, anomalies, or security concerns are reported to the designated security officer or
drill coordinator for further evaluation and action.

7. Coordination and Communication:

 Search teams maintain communication with each other and with the drill coordinator to coordinate
search efforts, share information, and address any challenges or issues encountered during the drill.
 Clear communication channels are established for reporting progress, requesting assistance, or
escalating security concerns.

8. Debriefing and Evaluation:

 After completing the search drill, a debriefing session is conducted to review the drill performance,
identify areas for improvement, and provide feedback to participating crew members.
 Lessons learned from the drill are documented and incorporated into future training and preparedness
efforts to enhance the ship's security posture.

By following this sequence of actions during ship search drills, crew members can ensure thoroughness,
efficiency, and effectiveness in identifying and mitigating potential security threats onboard.

262 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

Reporting requirements for ships transiting piracy area

A major lesson learnt from operations against piracy and armed robbery to date is the importance of liaison
with the military and law enforcement. This is an essential part of self-protection that applies to all ships. To
ensure these forces are aware of the intended sea passage and to understand the ships’ vulnerability to an
attack, ships are encouraged to report to the centres overseeing the Voluntary Reporting Areas (VRAs). This
information is essential to enable the centres to best use any assets available to them and to assist in an
emergency. Once ships have entered a VRA it is important that they continue to report while transiting
within the area. This will allow the reporting centres to update the ship of any maritime security related
incidents or threats in that region.
The four key centres are as below:
1. For the Western Indian Ocean, the MSCHOA and UKMTO voluntary registration and reporting
scheme in the WIO (chart Q6099). It is extremely important CSOs and Masters understand the
differences outlined in this chart and those below. A specific and detailed High Risk Area (HRA) is
outlined and there are important reporting procedures to be followed in order to monitor and give
guidance at short notice on threats in the HRA. Ship reporting is the major indicator to MSCHOA on
the level of implementation of BMPs and the only area where it is monitored to this extent. See
Annex A for further detail.
2. For the Gulf of Guinea, the MDAT-GOG voluntary registration and reporting scheme (Admiralty
chart Q6114 and French Navy Hydrographic SHOM Chart 8801CS). It is strongly encouraged that the
reporting requests for information are implemented by all ships transiting the VRA. See Annex B for
further detail.
3. For South East Asia, the Singapore Information Fusion Centre (IFC) voluntary community reporting
scheme 7 (charts Q6112 and Q6113). This VRA is extremely large and should be considered in
conjunction with the listed ‘areas of concern’.

What are fire safety objectives?

Fire safety objectives are specific goals or targets established to ensure the prevention of fires, the
protection of life and property in the event of a fire, and the effective response to fire emergencies.
These objectives are formulated to guide fire safety planning, implementation of preventive measures,
and emergency preparedness efforts onboard ships and in other environments. Some common fire
safety objectives include:

1. Prevention of Fires:

 Minimize the risk of fires by implementing measures to prevent ignition sources, control hazards, and
eliminate combustible materials onboard ships and in maritime facilities.
 Promote fire safety awareness among crew members, personnel, and occupants through training,
education, and information campaigns.

2. Early Detection and Warning:

 Ensure the timely detection of fires through the installation and maintenance of fire detection and alarm
systems, including smoke detectors, heat sensors, and manual call points.
 Provide effective warning signals and alerts to notify occupants of fire emergencies and facilitate prompt
evacuation and response actions.

263 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

3. Containment and Control:

 Limit the spread of fires by implementing fire containment measures, such as fire-resistant construction
materials, compartmentalization, and fire doors.
 Equip ships and facilities with firefighting equipment, including portable extinguishers, fire hoses,
firefighting foam systems, and fixed firefighting installations, to control and suppress fires effectively.

4. Safe Evacuation and Escape:

 Ensure the safety of occupants by providing clear evacuation routes, emergency exits, and evacuation
signage to facilitate rapid and orderly evacuation in the event of a fire.
 Conduct regular evacuation drills and exercises to familiarize occupants with escape procedures,
assembly points, and emergency muster stations.

5. Protection of Life and Property:

 Protect the lives of crew members, passengers, and other occupants by implementing measures to
prevent fire-related injuries, smoke inhalation, and heat exposure.
 Safeguard property, assets, and critical infrastructure from fire damage through the use of fire-resistant
materials, fireproof enclosures, and asset protection strategies.

6. Effective Emergency Response:

 Establish procedures and protocols for responding to fire emergencies, including alarm activation,
emergency communication, muster procedures, and deployment of firefighting teams.
 Train crew members, designated fire teams, and emergency responders in fire response techniques,
incident command, and coordination of firefighting operations.

7. Continuous Improvement and Compliance:

 Regularly review and update fire safety plans, procedures, and equipment based on lessons learned from
fire incidents, regulatory requirements, and best practices.
 Conduct periodic fire risk assessments, inspections, and audits to identify deficiencies, assess compliance
with fire safety standards, and implement corrective actions as needed.

By setting and pursuing these fire safety objectives, ships, maritime facilities, and other environments can
enhance their resilience to fire hazards, reduce the likelihood of fire-related incidents, and protect lives
and property from the devastating impacts of fires.

As a chief officer of ship explains the areas you would concentrate to be

an effective leader and increase the efficiency of crew.
As a Chief Officer onboard a ship, there are several key areas I would concentrate on to be an effective
leader and increase the efficiency of the crew. These areas include:

264 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

1. Safety Culture and Compliance:

 Foster a strong safety culture among the crew by promoting safety awareness, emphasizing the
importance of adhering to safety procedures, and leading by example in practicing safe behaviors.
 Ensure compliance with maritime regulations, industry standards, and company policies related to safety,
security, and environmental protection through effective communication, training, and oversight.

2. Team Building and Communication:

 Build cohesive and motivated teams by fostering open communication, mutual respect, and trust among
crew members.
 Encourage collaboration, teamwork, and shared decision-making to harness the collective knowledge,
skills, and experiences of the crew in achieving common goals.

3. Training and Development:

 Invest in the training and professional development of crew members to enhance their competencies,
proficiency, and career advancement opportunities.
 Provide regular training sessions, workshops, and drills on relevant topics, including safety procedures,
navigation techniques, emergency response, and regulatory compliance.

4. Task Delegation and Empowerment:

 Delegate tasks and responsibilities to crew members based on their capabilities, experience, and
expertise, while providing clear guidance, support, and feedback to ensure successful outcomes.
 Empower crew members to take ownership of their roles and contribute proactively to achieving
operational objectives, promoting a sense of accountability and initiative.

5. Operational Planning and Efficiency:

 Develop and implement efficient operational plans and procedures to optimize shipboard activities,
resource utilization, and time management.
 Identify opportunities for process improvement, automation, and streamlining of workflows to enhance
operational efficiency, productivity, and cost-effectiveness.

6. Performance Monitoring and Feedback:

 Regularly monitor the performance of crew members, departments, and operational processes to identify
strengths, weaknesses, and areas for improvement.
 Provide constructive feedback, coaching, and recognition to crew members to reinforce positive
behaviors, address performance gaps, and encourage continuous improvement.

7. Crisis Management and Emergency Response:

 Prepare the crew to effectively respond to emergencies and crisis situations through comprehensive
training, drills, and contingency planning.

265 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

 Establish clear roles, responsibilities, and communication protocols for managing emergencies,
coordinating response efforts, and ensuring the safety and well-being of all personnel.

8. Crew Welfare and Morale:

 Prioritize crew welfare by addressing their physical, emotional, and social needs onboard, including
access to adequate accommodation, nutritious meals, recreational activities, and support services.
 Promote a positive work environment, camaraderie, and morale through inclusive leadership, recognition
of achievements, and fostering a sense of belonging and camaraderie among the crew.

By focusing on these areas, I would strive to cultivate a culture of excellence, teamwork, and continuous
improvement onboard the ship, ultimately enhancing operational efficiency, safety performance, and
crew satisfaction.

Explain human error and how it can be minimised

Human error refers to mistakes or actions made by individuals that result in unintended consequences,
deviations from expected outcomes, or failure to achieve desired objectives. It is a common occurrence in
various domains, including maritime operations, and can arise due to a variety of factors, such as
cognitive limitations, situational pressures, environmental conditions, and organizational influences.
Human error can manifest in different forms, including slips, lapses, mistakes, and violations, each with its
own underlying causes and implications.

To minimize human error in maritime operations, several strategies and approaches can be employed:

1. Training and Competence: Provide comprehensive training programs to enhance the knowledge, skills,
and competencies of crew members in their respective roles and responsibilities. Training should cover
technical proficiency, safety procedures, emergency response protocols, and human factors awareness to
improve decision-making and error detection capabilities.

2. Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs): Develop and implement clear, concise, and standardized
procedures for routine tasks, operations, and emergency situations. SOPs should be readily accessible,
regularly reviewed, and effectively communicated to ensure consistency, compliance, and error reduction
across all levels of the organization.

3. Automation and Technology: Integrate advanced technologies, automation systems, and digital tools
to assist crew members in performing tasks, monitoring equipment, and managing operational processes
more effectively. Automation can help reduce the likelihood of human errors associated with manual
tasks, data entry, and information processing.

4. Checklists and Cross-Checks: Implement checklists, cross-checks, and verification procedures to ensure
that critical tasks and safety-critical operations are performed accurately and completely. Checklists serve
as cognitive aids to guide crew members through complex procedures, prompting them to confirm each
step and verify critical information before proceeding.

5. Effective Communication: Foster a culture of open communication, collaboration, and information

sharing among crew members, departments, and organizational levels. Clear and concise communication
helps mitigate misunderstandings, clarify expectations, and facilitate timely feedback, reducing the
likelihood of communication errors and misinterpretations.

266 | P a g e
 Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

6. Fatigue Management: Implement policies, procedures, and practices to address fatigue-related risks
and promote adequate rest, sleep, and recovery periods for crew members. Fatigue management
strategies include optimizing work schedules, minimizing overtime, providing rest facilities, and
promoting healthy lifestyle habits to mitigate the impact of fatigue on human performance.

7. Organizational Culture and Leadership: Cultivate a positive safety culture, strong leadership, and
supportive organizational environment that prioritizes safety, encourages reporting of errors and near-
misses, and fosters continuous learning and improvement. Leadership commitment, employee
engagement, and proactive safety initiatives are essential for creating a resilient organizational culture
that values human factors and promotes error prevention.

By adopting a multi-faceted approach that addresses human factors at individual, organizational, and
systemic levels, maritime stakeholders can effectively minimize the occurrence and impact of human
error in operations, enhance safety performance, and mitigate risks associated with human-related
incidents at sea.

DOCK LABOUR REGULATIONS

(c) "authorised person" means a person authorised by the employer, the master of
the ship or a responsible person to undertake a specific task or tasks and possessing
necessary technical knowledge and experience for undertaking the task or tasks;

(d) "competent person" means.- (i) a person belonging to a testing establishment in

India who is approved by the Chief Inspector for the purpose of testing, examination
or annealing and certification of lifting appliances, loose gears or wire ropes;

41. Test and periodical examination of lifting appliances.-

(1) Before being taken into use for the first time or after It has undergone any
alternations or repairs liable to affect its strength or stability and also once at least in
every five years, all lifting appliances including all parts and gears thereof, whether
fixed or moveable, shall be tested and examined by a competent person in the
manner set out In Schedule I.

(2) All lifting appliances shall be thoroughly examined by a competent person once at
least In every 12 months. Where the competent person making this examination
forms the opinion that the lifting appliance cannot continue to function safely, he
shall forthwith give notice in writing of his opinion to the owner of the lifting
appliance or in case of lifting appliance carried on board a ship not registered in India,
to the Master or officer-in-charge of the ship.
267 | P a g e
Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

(3) Thorough examination for the purpose of this regulation shall mean a visual
examination, supplemented if necessary by other means such as hammer test,
carried out as carefully as the conditions permit, in order to arrive at a reliable
conclusion as to the safety of the parts examined; and if necessary for this purpose,
parts of the lifting appliance and gear, shall be dismantled.

3. Powers of Inspectors.-

(a) An Inspector may at any port for which he is appointed.-

(i) enter, with such assistance, (if any), as he thinks fit, any ship, dock, warehouse or
other

premises, where any dock work, is being carried on, or where he has reason to
believe that any dock

work is being carried on;

(ii) make examination of the ship, dock, lifting appliance, loose gear, lifting device,
staging,

transport equipment, warehouse or other premises, used or to be used, for any dock
work;

(iii) require the production of any testing muster roll or other document relating to
the

employment of dock workers and examine such document;

(iv) take on the spot or otherwise such evidence of any person which he may deem
necessary:

Provided that no person shall be compelled under sub-regulation 3 (a) (iv) to answer
any question or,

give any evidence tending to incriminate himself;

(v) take copies of registers, records or other documents or portions thereof as he

may consider

relevant in respect of any offence which he has reason to believe has been
committed or for the

268 | P a g e
Safety Notes(Enough to Pass) by Keshav Shivhare

purpose of any inquiry;

(vi) take photograph, sketch, sample, weight measure or record as he may consider
necessary

for the purpose of any examination or inquiry;

(vii) hold an inquiry into the cause of any accident or dangerous occurrence which he
has

reason to believe was the result of the collapse or failure of any lifting appliance
loose gear, transport

equipment, staging non-compliance with any of the provisions of the Act or the
regulations;

(viii) issue show-cause notice relating to the safety, health and welfare provisions
arising

under the Act or the regulations;

(ix) prosecute, conduct or defend before any court any complaint or other
proceedings, arising

under the Act or the regulations;

(x) direct the port authority, dock labour board and other employers of dock workers
for

getting the dock workers medically examined if considered necessary.

269 | P a g e