Topics

5.0 Introduction
5.1 Forces
5.2 Newton’s First Law
5.3 Newton’s Second Law
5.4 Newton’s Third Law
5.5 Applications of Newton’s Laws
5.6 Forces of Friction
Lecture Notes of Physics (I) _ EELU 2016 – Dr. Hani Negm
 Introduction >>  Fundamental Forces
3
Ø The known fundamental forces in nature are all field forces.
1) The strong nuclear force between subatomic particles,
2) The electromagnetic forces between electric charges,
3) The weak nuclear force, which arises in certain radioactive decay processes,
4) The gravitational force between objects.
² The strong force keeps the nucleus of an atom from flying apart due to the
repulsive electric force of the protons.
² The weak force is involved in most radioactive processes and plays an
important role in the nuclear reactions that generate the Sun’s energy output.
² The strong and weak forces operate only on the nuclear scale, with a very
short range on the order of 10-15 m. Outside this range they have no influence.
Ø Classical physics, however, deals only with gravitational and electromagnetic
forces, which have infinite range

Lecture Notes of Physics (I) _ EELU 2016 – Dr. Hani Negm

 Introduction
4

Ø Classical mechanics describes the relationship between the motion

of objects (a body) found in our everyday world and the forces
acting on them
Ø As long as the system under study doesn’t involve:
² Objects comparable in size to an atom (10-15 ~ 10-10 m) or
² Traveling close to the speed of light (3x108 m/s),
Ø Classical mechanics provides an excellent description of nature.
Ø This chapter introduces Newton’s three laws of motion and his law
of gravity.
Lecture Notes of Physics (I) _ EELU 2016 – Dr. Hani Negm
 Introduction
5

Ø The first law states that a force must be applied to an object in

order to change its velocity.
² Changing an object’s velocity means accelerating it, which
implies a relationship between force and acceleration.
Ø The second law, states that the net force on an object equals
the object’s mass times its acceleration.
Ø Finally, the third law says that whenever we push on something,
it pushes back with equal force in the opposite direction.

Lecture Notes of Physics (I) _ EELU 2016 – Dr. Hani Negm

 Forces
6

Ø A force is commonly imagined as a push or a pull on

some object
Ø We can control the magnitude of the applied force
and also its direction (such as: tennis ball).
Ø Force is a vector quantity, just like velocity and
acceleration.

Lecture Notes of Physics (I) _ EELU 2016 – Dr. Hani Negm

 Forces >>  Contact Forces
7

>>  These are all examples of contact forces,

– Because they result from physical contact between two objects.
• A force acts on the object surrounded by the dashed lines.
• Something in the environment external to the boxed area exerts
the force.
Lecture Notes of Physics (I) _ EELU 2016 – Dr. Hani Negm
 Forces >>  Field Forces
8

Force of gravity Electric force Magnetic force

² Forces doesn’t involve any direct physical contact.

² Action-at-a-distance
² Michael Faraday (1791–1867) introduced the concept of a field.
² The corresponding forces are called field forces.
¤ Force of gravity
¤ Electric force
¤ Magnetic force
Lecture Notes of Physics (I) _ EELU 2016 – Dr. Hani Negm
 Forces  >>  Definition of Equilibrium
9

Ø If the net force acting on a body is zero, The

body is said to be in equilibrium:
!" !" !" ! !" !
∑ F = 0 ⇒ F1 + F2 + F3 + ... = 0
⇒ ∑ Fx = 0 , ∑ Fy = 0

⇒ ∑ ax = 0 , ∑ ay = 0

⇒ vx = const., vy = const.
Lecture Notes of Physics (I) _ EELU 2016 – Dr. Hani Negm
 Newton’s First Law
10

Ø An object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion will

continue in motion with a constant velocity, unless it
experiences a net external force.

Ø When no force acting on an object, the acceleration of the

object is zero. !"
∑F = 0 ⇒ a = 0
² A body originally at rest >>      Remains at rest
² A body in motion >> Continues in move with a constant
acceleration
Lecture Notes of Physics (I) _ EELU 2016 – Dr. Hani Negm
 Newton’s First Law
11

A book moves at an initial velocity of v : on a surface with friction.

Because there is a friction force acting horizontally, the book slows to rest.

A book moves at velocity v : on a frictionless surface. In the absence of a net

force, the book keeps moving at velocity v.

Lecture Notes of Physics (I) _ EELU 2016 – Dr. Hani Negm

 First Law >>  Mass and Inertia
12

Ø The tendency of an object to continue in its original state of

motion is called inertia.
² Inertia can be used to explain the operation of one type of
seat belt mechanism.
Ø Although inertia is the tendency of an object to continue its
motion in the absence of a force,
² Mass is a measure of the object’s resistance to changes in its
motion due to a force.
² The greater the mass of a body, the less it accelerates under the
action of a given applied force.
² The SI unit of mass is the kilogram. Mass is a scalar quantity
Lecture Notes of Physics (I) _ EELU 2016 – Dr. Hani Negm
 Newton’s Second Law
13

>> The acceleration a of an object is directly proportional to the

net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.

>>  For the block of mass m, the net forceΣF:

acting on the block equals the mass m times
the acceleration vector a:.

SI unit:
Lecture Notes of Physics (I) _ EELU 2016 – Dr. Hani Negm
 Quick Quiz (HW)
14

>>  Which of the following statements are true?

(a) An object can move even when no force acts on it.
(b) If an object isn’t moving, no external forces act on it.
(c) If a single force acts on an object, the object accelerates.
(d) If an object accelerates, a force is acting on it.
(e) If an object isn’t accelerating, no external force is acting on
it.
(f) If the net force acting on an object is in the positive x-
direction, the object moves only in the positive x-direction.
Lecture Notes of Physics (I) _ EELU 2016 – Dr. Hani Negm
 Example _ 1
15

Ø GOAL: Apply Newton’s second law in one dimension, together with the
equations of kinematics.
Ø PROBLEM: An airboat with mass 350 kg, including the passenger, has an
engine that produces a net horizontal force of 770 N, after accounting for
forces of resistance (see Fig.)

a) Find the acceleration of the airboat.

>>  Apply Newton’s second law and
solve for the acceleration:

Lecture Notes of Physics (I) _ EELU 2016 – Dr. Hani Negm

 Example _ 1
16
b) Starting from rest, how long does it take the airboat to reach a speed of
12.0 m/s?
>>   Find the time necessary to reach a speed of 12.0 m/s.
>>    Apply the kinematics velocity equation:

c) After reaching that speed, the pilot turns off the engine and drifts to a stop
over a distance of 50.0 m. Find the resistance force, assuming it’s constant.
>>    Using kinematics, find the net acceleration due to resistance forces:

>>  Substitute the acceleration into Newton’s second law, finding the resistance
force:
Lecture Notes of Physics (I) _ EELU 2016 – Dr. Hani Negm
 Tip >> Newton’s Second Law Is a Vector Equation
17

Ø In applying Newton’s second law,

Ø Add all of the forces on the object as vectors and then
find the resultant vector acceleration by dividing by m.
Ø Don’t find the individual magnitudes of the forces and
add them like scalars.

Lecture Notes of Physics (I) _ EELU 2016 – Dr. Hani Negm

 Example _ 2
18

Ø GOAL: Apply Newton’s second law in a two-dimensional problem.

Ø PROBLEM: Two horses are pulling a barge with mass 2000 kg along a
canal, as shown in Figure. The cable connected to the first horse makes an
angle of θ1 = 30.0° with respect to the direction of the canal, while the
cable connected to the second horse makes an angle of θ1 = – 45.0°.

Find the initial acceleration

of the barge, starting at
rest, if each horse exerts a
force of magnitude 600 N
on the barge. Ignore forces
of resistance on the barge.

Lecture Notes of Physics (I) _ EELU 2016 – Dr. Hani Negm

 Example _ 2
19

STRATEGY: Using trigonometry, find the vector force

exerted by each horse on the barge. Add the x-
components together to get the x-component of the
resultant force, and then do the same with the y-
components. Divide by the mass of the barge to get the
accelerations in the x- and y-directions.

>>  Compute the x-components of the forces exerted by the horses.

>>  Find the total force in the x-direction by adding the

x-components:

Lecture Notes of Physics (I) _ EELU 2016 – Dr. Hani Negm

 Example _ 2
20

>>    Compute the y-components of the forces exerted by

the horses:

>>    Find the total force in the y-direction by adding the y-components:

>>    Obtain the components of the acceleration by dividing each of the force
components by the mass:

Lecture Notes of Physics (I) _ EELU 2016 – Dr. Hani Negm

 Example _ 2
21
>>    Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration:

>>  Calculate the direction of the acceleration using the tangent function:

Home Work
i. True or False: In general, the magnitude of the acceleration of an object is
determined by the magnitudes of the forces acting on it.
ii. EXERCISE: Repeat Example-2, but assume the first horse pulls at a 40.0° angle,
the secondLecture
horse atNotes
20.0°. ANSWER 0.520 2, 10.0°
of Physics (I) _ EELU 2016 – Dr. Hanim/s
Negm