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Algorithms for Intelligent Systems
Series Editors: Jagdish Chand Bansal · Kusum Deep · Atulya K. Nagar

Sandeep Kumar
Sunil Dutt Purohit
Saroj Hiranwal
Mukesh Prasad Editors

Proceedings
of International
Conference
on Communication
and Computational
Technologies
ICCCT 2021
Algorithms for Intelligent Systems

Series Editors
Jagdish Chand Bansal, Department of Mathematics, South Asian University,
New Delhi, Delhi, India
Kusum Deep, Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee,
Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
Atulya K. Nagar, School of Mathematics, Computer Science and Engineering,
Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, UK
This book series publishes research on the analysis and development of algorithms
for intelligent systems with their applications to various real world problems. It
covers research related to autonomous agents, multi-agent systems, behavioral
modeling, reinforcement learning, game theory, mechanism design, machine
learning, meta-heuristic search, optimization, planning and scheduling, artificial
neural networks, evolutionary computation, swarm intelligence and other algo-
rithms for intelligent systems.
The book series includes recent advancements, modification and applications
of the artificial neural networks, evolutionary computation, swarm intelligence,
artificial immune systems, fuzzy system, autonomous and multi agent systems,
machine learning and other intelligent systems related areas. The material will be
beneficial for the graduate students, post-graduate students as well as the
researchers who want a broader view of advances in algorithms for intelligent
systems. The contents will also be useful to the researchers from other fields who
have no knowledge of the power of intelligent systems, e.g. the researchers in the
field of bioinformatics, biochemists, mechanical and chemical engineers,
economists, musicians and medical practitioners.
The series publishes monographs, edited volumes, advanced textbooks and
selected proceedings.
All books published in the series are submitted for consideration in Web of
Science.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/16171

Sandeep Kumar · Sunil Dutt Purohit ·
Saroj Hiranwal · Mukesh Prasad
Editors

Proceedings of International
Conference
on Communication
and Computational
Technologies
ICCCT 2021
Editors
Sandeep Kumar Sunil Dutt Purohit
CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Rajasthan Technical University
Bangalore, Karnataka, India Kota, India

Saroj Hiranwal Mukesh Prasad

Rajasthan Institute of Engineering University of Technology Sydney
and Technology Ultimo, NSW, Australia
Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

ISSN 2524-7565 ISSN 2524-7573 (electronic)

Algorithms for Intelligent Systems
ISBN 978-981-16-3245-7 ISBN 978-981-16-3246-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3246-4

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse
of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar
or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or
the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Preface

This volume contains the papers presented at the 3rd International Conference on
Communication and Computational Technologies (ICCCT 2021) jointly organized
in virtual format by Rajasthan Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jaipur,
and Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, in association with the Soft Computing
Research Society during February 27–28, 2021. The International Conference on
Communication and Computational Technologies invited ideas, developments, appli-
cations, experiences, and evaluations in the field of communication and computing
from academicians, research scholars, and scientists. The conference delibera-
tion included topics specified within its scope. The conference offered a plat-
form for bringing forward extensive research and literature across the arena of
communication and computing. It provided an overview of the upcoming technolo-
gies. ICCCT 2021 provided a platform for leading experts to share their percep-
tions, provide supervision, and address participant’s interrogations and concerns.
ICCCT 2021 received 292 research submissions from 35 different countries, viz.,
Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, China,
Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, Ghana, Hungary, India, Iraq, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico,
Montenegro, Morocco, Nigeria, Oman, Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Russia,
Saudi Arabia, Serbia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates,
USA, and Zimbabwe. The papers included topics pertaining to varied advanced
areas in technology, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and the like. After
a rigorous peer review with the help of the program committee members and 92
external reviewers, 75 papers were approved.
ICCCT 2021 is a flagship event of the Soft Computing Research Society, India.
The conference was inaugurated by Prof. R. A. Gupta, Hon’ble Vice-Chancellor,
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, along with other eminent dignitaries including
Prof. Anoop Singh Poonia, Chairman, RIET, and Prof. Dhirendra Mathur, RTU
(ATU) TEQIP-III, Coordinator. The conference witnessed keynote addresses from
eminent speakers, namely Prof. Dumitru Baleanu (Cankaya University, Ankara,
Turkey), Prof. Nilanjan Dey (JIS University, Kolkata, India), Prof. Nishchal K. Verma
(Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India), Prof. Aruna Tiwari (Indian Institute of

v
vi Preface

Technology Indore), Prof. R. K. Pandey (IIT (BHU) Varanasi), and Prof. Balachan-
dran K (CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore). The organizers wish to
thank Mr. Aninda Bose, Senior Editor, Springer Nature, and Mr. Radhakrishnan
Madhavamani, Springer Nature, New Delhi, India, for their support and guidance.

Jaipur, India Sandeep Kumar

Kota, India Sunil Dutt Purohit
Jaipur, India Saroj Hiranwal
Ultimo, Australia Mukesh Prasad
Contents

1 A Novel Type-II Fuzzy based Fruit Image Enhancement

Technique Using Gaussian S-shaped and Z-Shaped
Membership Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Harmandeep Singh Gill and Baljit Singh Khehra
2 Lyrics Inducer Using Bidirectional Long Short-Term
Memory Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Jayashree Domala, Manmohan Dogra,
and Anuradha Srinivasaraghavan
3 A NLP-Based System for Meningitis Corpus Annotation . . . . . . . . . 23
Bayala Thierry Roger and Malo Sadouanouan
4 Energy-Efficient LoRaWAN Controlled Water Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Luxon Ngaru, Sam Masunda, and Thanks Marisa
5 Surface Material Classification Using Acceleration Signal . . . . . . . . 49
Naveeja Sajeevan, M. Arathi Nair, R. Aravind Sekhar,
and K. G. Sreeni
6 Genetic Algorithm with Approximation Algorithm Based
Initial Population for the Set Covering Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Hajar Razip and Nordin Zakaria
7 Modified Generalised Quadrature Spatial Modulation
Performance over Weibull Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Kiran Gunde and Anuradha Sundru
8 CESumm: Semantic Graph-Based Approach for Extractive
Text Summarization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
S. Gokul Amuthan and S. Chitrakala

vii
viii Contents

9 Detection of Macular Diseases from Optical Coherence

Tomography Images: Ensemble Learning Approach Using
VGG-16 and Inception-V3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
L. R. Ashok, V. Latha, and K. G. Sreeni
10 Optimization Methods for Energy Management
in a Microgrid System Considering Wind Uncertainty Data . . . . . . 117
Yahia Amoura, Ana I. Pereira, and José Lima
11 Certain Expansion Formulae for Incomplete I-Functions
and I-Functions Involving Bessel Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Kamlesh Jangid, Mudit Mathur, Sunil Dutt Purohit,
and Daya Lal Suthar
12 Adoption of Microservice Architecture in the Processing
and Extraction of Text from Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Werliney Calixto Conceicao, Fabio Gomes Rocha,
and Guillermo Rodríguez
13 A Hybridization Technique for Improving a Scheduling
Heuristic in Mass Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Tibor Dulai, György Dósa, Ágnes Werner-Stark,
Gyula Ábrahám, and Zsuzsanna Nagy
14 Harmonic Estimator Using Design Atom Search
Optimization Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Aishwarya Mehta, Jitesh Jangid, Akash Saxena,
Shalini Shekhawat, and Rajesh Kumar
15 Robust Control and Synchronization of Fractional-Order
Complex Chaotic Systems with Hidden Attractor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Ahmad Taher Azar, Fernando E. Serrano,
Nashwa Ahmad Kamal, Tulasichandra Sekhar Gorripotu,
Ramana Pilla, Sandeep Kumar, Ibraheem Kasim Ibraheem,
and Amjad J. Humaidi
16 Deep Learning-Based Approach for Sentiment
Classification of Hotel Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Sarah Anis, Sally Saad, and Mostafa Aref
17 Routing Protocol Based on Probability Along with Genetic
Algorithm for Opportunistic Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Shivani Sharma and Sandhya Avasthi
18 A Hybrid Recommendation System for E-commerce . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Shefali Gupta and Meenu Dave
19 The Convexity of Fuzzy Sets and Augmented Extension
Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
D. D. Gadjiev, G. V. Tokmazov, and M. M. Abdurazakov
Contents ix

20 Nonlinear Technique-Based ECG Signal Analysis

for Improved Healthcare Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Varun Gupta, Monika Mittal, Vikas Mittal,
Nitin Kumar Saxena, and Yatender Chaturvedi
21 Recommendation System for Adoption of ICT Usage
and Its Impact on Academic Performance of Students
in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
J. S. Shyam Mohan, Vedantham Hanumath Sreeman,
Vanam Venkata Chakradhar,
Harsha Surya Abhishek Kota, Challa Nagendra Panini,
Narasimha Krishna Amruth Vemuganti,
Naga Venkata Kuladeep, Vankadara Raghuram Nadipalli,
Surekuchi Satya Swaroop, and M. U. M. Subramanyam
22 Performance Comparison of Dispersion Compensating
Techniques for Long Distance Optical Communication
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Rajkumar Gupta and M. L. Meena
23 Priority-Based Shortest Job First Broker Policy for Cloud
Computing Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Nitin Kumar Mishra, Puneet Himthani,
and Ghanshyam Prasad Dubey
24 Multi-cipher Encrypter Using Symmetric Key Algorithms . . . . . . . 291
Vaibhav Tripathi, Akriti Yadav, Rithwik Chithreddy,
and N. Subhashini
25 Optimal Combined-Coordination of Overcurrent
and Distance Relays Using Jaya Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Saptarshi Roy, P. Suresh Babu, and N. V. Phanendra Babu
26 Creativity in Machines: Music Composition Using Artificial
Intelligence that Passes Lovelace 2.0 Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Shagaf Hasnain, Palash Goyal, and Rishav Kumar
27 Imbalanced Dataset Visual Recognition by Inductive
Transfer Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Raji S. Pillai and K. Sreekumar
28 Cloud-Based Adaptive Exon Prediction Using Normalized
Logarithmic Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Md. Zıa Ur Rahman, Chaluvadi Prem Vijay Krishna,
Sala Surekha, and Putluri Srinivasareddy
29 Energy Detection in Bio-telemetry Networks Using Block
Based Adaptive Algorithm for Patient Care Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Sala Surekha and Md. Zia Ur Rahman
x Contents

30 Framework and Model for Surveillance of COVID-19

Pandemic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Shreekanth M. Prabhu and Natarajan Subramanyam
31 A Survey on IoT Applications in Health Care and Challenges . . . . 377
Soumeya Mahamat Yassin, Dalal Batran, Asmaa Al Harbi,
and Mohammad Zubair Khan
32 Machine Learning Algorithms for Predication of Traffic
Control Systems on VANET’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
G. Bindu and R. A. Karthika
33 Dimensionality Reduction and Feature Extraction Using
Image Processing Techniques for Classification of Single
Partial Discharge Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
B. Vigneshwaran, M. Subashini, A. Sobiya, H. Rubla,
G. Vigneshwari, and K. Kumar
34 A Survey of Data Storing and Processing Techniques
for IoT in Healthcare Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Anwar D. Alhejaili, Marwa Alsheraimi, Nojoud Alrubaiqi,
and Mohammad Zubair Khan
35 Quantity Discount Algorithm in an E-Commerce
Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Olli-Pekka Hilmola
36 Application of Watermarking Along with Reversible Image
Compression in Secure Medical Image Transmission
Through a Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Smita Khond, Prashant Sharma, and Bellamkonda Vijayakumar
37 Microstrip Line Fed Rectangular Split Resonator Antenna
for Millimeter Wave Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
S. Murugan and E. Kusuma Kumari
38 An Assessment of Noise Pollution at Some Critical
Locations of Udaipur City by the Use of Sound Level Metre . . . . . . 465
Parth Samdani and Bhopal Singh Singhvi
39 A New Z-Source Inverter Topology with Less Number
of Passive Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Tushar Tyagi, Amit Kumar Singh, and Rintu Khanna
40 Forecasting the Price of Potato Using Time Series ARIMA
Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
C. J. Jamuna, Chetana Patil, and R. Ashok Kumar
Contents xi

41 Factors Influencing Employees Turnover and Measuring

Its Impact in Pharmaceutical Industry: An Analytical
Analysis with SPSS Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Geeta Kumari and Krishna Murari Pandey
42 A Triumvirate Approach of Blockchain MQTT and Edge
Computing Toward Efficient and Secure IoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
Maha A. Abdullah and Omar H. Alhazmi
43 Computer Vision Based Autonomous Fire Detection
and IoT Based Fire Response System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
Abrar Ahmed Mohammed, Nagur Babu Alapaka,
Chaitanya Gudivada, K. P. Bharath, and M. Rajesh Kumar
44 Sentiment Analysis of Text Classification Using RNN
Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Gitashree Borah, Dipika Nimje, G. JananiSri, K. P. Bharath,
and M. Rajesh Kumar
45 IOT With Blockchain Based Techniques: Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Bhawana Maurya, Saroj Hiranwal, and Manoj Kumar
46 Robust Biometric System Using Liveness Detection
and Visual Cryptography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Komal and Chander Kant
47 Environmental Parameters Influencing Perception
in the Case of Multimedia Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
R. V. Shynu and R. D. Sambath
48 A Machine Learning Approach to Analyze and Predict
the Factors in Education System: Case Study of India . . . . . . . . . . . 619
Jeena A. Thankachan and Bama Srinivasan
49 Effectiveness of Connected Components Labelling
Approach in Noise Reduction for Image De-fencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
Aditi Awasthi, Deepthi Bhat, Medhini Oak, and N. Kayarvizhy
50 Modeling Student Confusion Using Fuzzy Logic
in e-Learning Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
Chaitali Samani and Madhu Goyal
51 Numerical Simulation of Damped Welded Profiles Under
Variable Amplitude Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
Imane Amarir, Hamid Mounir, Abdellatif El Marjani,
and Zakaria Haji
52 Application of Machine Learning-Based Pattern
Recognition in IoT Devices: Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
Zachary Menter, Wei Zhong Tee, and Rushit Dave
xii Contents

53 Modified Rectangular Patch Antenna for WLAN

and WiMAX Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
Amit Kumar Jain, Tarun Mishra, and Garima Mathur
54 User Authentication Schemes Using Machine Learning
Methods—A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
Nyle Siddiqui, Laura Pryor, and Rushit Dave
55 An Analysis of IoT Cyber Security Driven by Machine
Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725
Sam Strecker, Willem Van Haaften, and Rushit Dave
56 A Fast Fault Identification and Classification Scheme
for Series Compensated Transmission Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755
Deepika Sharma, Shoyab Ali, and Gaurav Kapoor
57 Predicting the Performance of an Electric Submersible
Pump Using Recurrent Networks of Long Short-Term
Memory (LSTM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767
I. V. Karakulov, V. Yu. Stolbov, and A. V. Kluiev
58 Energy Efficient Optimized Channel Estimation
for Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779
M. A. Usha Rani and C. R. Prashanth
59 An Insight into Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques . . . . . . . 795
Shreya Tiwari, Priyanshi Burad, Netra Radhakrishnan,
and Dhananjay Joshi
60 Optimal Network Reconfiguration of DG Integrated Power
Distribution Systems Using Enhanced Flower Pollination
Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807
S. Dhivya and R. Arul
61 Optimization and Modelling of Storage Conditions
in Hydro-cooling of Sapota (Manilkara zapota)
with Addition of Antimicrobial Agent Using Response
Surface Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823
R. Renu, Kavita Waghray, and P. Dinesh Sankar Reddy
62 An Intelligent Fault Monitoring System for Railway
Neutral Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835
Kennedy Phala, Wesley Doorsamy, and Babu Sena Paul
63 Comparative Analysis of Various Kernel-Based SVM
Algorithms for the Classification of Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845
Sounak Sinha, Soubhik Chaki, Sukanya Sadhukhan, Priya Das,
and Sarita Nanda
Contents xiii

64 Comparison Between Self-organizing Maps and Principal

Component Analysis for Assessment of Temporal Variations
of Air Pollutants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855
Loong Chuen Lee and Hukil Sino
65 Development of a State Structure Model
for a Project-Oriented Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867
Kateryna Kolesnikova, Olga Mezentseva, Oleksii Kolesnikov,
and Sergiy Bronin
66 Extraction of Pothole Attribute for Road Infra Maintenance
Using Kinect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883
D. Ramesh Reddy, Addanki Pranava, C. D. Naidu,
and Prakash Kodali
67 Transient Stability Analysis with Optimal Location
of FACT Controller Using Hybrid Optimization Technique . . . . . . . 893
P. K. Dhal
68 Role of the Fuzzy Cascading and Hierarchical Technique
to Reduce the Complexity of Rule Base in the Fuzzy System
Development: Case Study of Teaching Faculty Assessment . . . . . . . 909
Vikas J. Magar and Rajivkumar S. Mente
69 Social Media Analysis for Sentiment Classification Using
Gradient Boosting Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923
Pradeep Kumar and Abdul Wahid
70 Design of Dual-Band 2 × 2 MIMO Antenna System for 5G
Wireless Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 935
Narayan Krishan Vyas, M. Salim, Faleh Lal Lohar,
and Rotash Kumar
71 Histogram of Oriented Gradient-Based Abnormal Weapon
Detection and Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945
Jayandrath R. Mangrolia and Ravi K. Sheth
72 Prime-Based Encoding Algorithm to Ensure Integrity
of Electronic Health Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957
K. J. Kavitha and Priestly B. Shan
73 A Compact Multiband CPW Feed Microstrip Fractal
Antenna for X-Band and Ku-Band Satellite Communication
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 981
E. Kusuma Kumari, Purnima K. Sharma, S. Murugan,
and D. Rama Devi
74 A System for Generating Alerts for Allergic Outbreaks
by Grasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995
Antonio Sarasa-Cabezuelo
xiv Contents

75 Estimation of Road Damage Contents for Earthquake

Evacuation Guidance System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1009
Yujiro Mihara, Rin Hirakawa, Hideaki Kawano,
Kenichi Nakashi, Yukihiro Fukumoto, and Yoshihisa Nakatoh

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1023

Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
short, dense, and silky underfur to which beaver skins owe their
value. Their range covers the northern forested parts of both Old
and New Worlds. The American species closely resembles in general
appearance its Old World relative, but is distinctly larger, averaging
30 to 40 pounds in weight, but sometimes attaining a weight of
more than 60 pounds. Owing to the different physical conditions in
its wide range, the American animal has developed a number of
geographic races.

Beavers mate permanently and have from two to five young each
year. Their abundance and the high value of their fur exercised an
unparalleled influence on the early exploration and development of
North America. Beaver skins were the one ready product of the New
World which the merchants of Europe were eager to purchase. As a
consequence competition in the trade for these skins was the source
of strong and bitter antagonisms between individuals and
companies, and even caused jealous rivalries among the Dutch,
English, and French colonies.
GRIZZLY BEAR
 AMERICAN BEAVER

Disputes over the right to trade in certain districts often led to

bloodshed, and even to long wars, over great areas, where powerful
rival companies fought for the control of a new empire. This eager
competition among daring adventurers resulted in the constant
extension of trading posts through the North and West, until the
vanguard of civilization reached the far borders of the continent on
the shores of the Arctic and Pacific Oceans.

Among the fur traders the beaver skin became the unit of value by
which barter was conducted for all sorts of commodities. This usage
extended even throughout northern Alaska, where it was current
among the American fur traders until the discovery of gold there
upset old standards.

Beavers belong to the rodent family—a group of animals notable for

their weak mental powers. The beaver is the striking exception to
the rule, and its extraordinary intelligence, industry, and skill have
long excited admiration. It is scarcely entitled to the almost
superhuman intelligence many endow it with, yet it certainly
possesses surprising ability along certain lines. Furthermore, it can
alter its habits promptly when a change in environment renders this
advantageous.

In wild places, where rarely disturbed, beavers are unsuspicious, but

where they are much trapped they become amazingly alert and can
be taken only by the most skillful trapping. They are very proficient
in building narrow dams of sticks, mud, and small stones across
small streams for the purpose of backing up water and making
“beaver ponds.” In the border of these ponds a conical lodge is
usually constructed of sticks and mud. It is several feet high and
about 8 or 10 feet across at the base.

The entrance is usually under water, and a passageway leads to an

interior chamber large enough to accommodate the pair and their
well-grown young. From the ponds the animals sometimes dig
narrow canals several hundred feet long back through the flats
among the trees. Having short legs and heavy bodies, and
consequently being awkward on land, beavers save themselves
much labor by constructing canals for transporting the sticks and
branches needed for food and for repairing their houses and dams.

Along the Colorado, lower Rio Grande, and other streams with high
banks and variable water level, beavers usually dig tunnels leading
from an entrance well under water to a snug chamber in the bank
above water level. Under the varying conditions in different areas
they make homes showing every degree of intergradation between
the two types described.
Beavers live almost entirely on twigs and bark, and their gnawing
powers are surprising. Where small trees less than a foot in diameter
abound they are usually chosen, but the animals do not hesitate to
attack large trees. On the headwaters of the San Francisco River, in
western New Mexico. I saw a cottonwood nearly 30 inches in
diameter that had been felled so skillfully that it had fallen with the
top in the middle of a small beaver pond, thus assuring an
abundance of food for the animals at their very door.

In the cold northern parts of their range, where streams and ponds
remain frozen for months at a time, beavers gather freshly cut green
twigs, sticks, and poles, which they weight down with mud and
stones on the bottoms of ponds or streams near their houses, to be
used for food during the shut-in period.

The mud used by beavers in building dams and houses is scooped

up and carried against the breast, the front feet being used like
hands. The flat tail serves as a rudder when the animal is swimming
or diving, and to strike the surface of the water a resounding slap as
a danger signal.

Beavers are usually nocturnal, but in districts where not disturbed

they sometimes come out to work by day, especially late in the
afternoon. Among the myriads of small streams and lakes in the
great forested area north of Quebec they are very plentiful; their
dams and houses are everywhere, sometimes four or five houses
about one small lake. Their well-worn trails lead through the woods
near the lake shores and frequently cross portages between lakes
several hundred yards apart.

Where beavers continue to occupy streams in settled districts, they

often make regular trails from a slide on the river bank back to
neighboring cornfields, where they feast on the succulent stalks and
green ears. They also injure orchards planted near their haunts, by
girdling or felling the trees. Within recent years laws for their
protection have been passed in many States, and beavers have been
reintroduced in a number of localities. They should not be colonized
in streams flowing through lands used for orchards or cornfields, nor
where the available trees are too few to afford a continuous food
supply.

FISHER, OR PEKAN (Mustela pennanti)

The fisher is one of the largest and handsomest members of the
weasel family. Like others of this group, it is a long-bodied, short-
legged animal. It attains an extreme length of from 3 to 3½ feet and
a weight of 18 or 20 pounds, but the average is decidedly lower than
these figures. In general, it is like a gigantic marten, and from its
size and dark color is sometimes known locally as the “black cat” or
“black fox.”

It lives in the forested parts of Canada and the United States, where
it originally occurred from the southern shores of Hudson Bay and
Great Slave Lake south throughout most of eastern Canada and New
England and along the Alleghanies to Tennessee; also in the Great
Lakes region, south to the southern end of Lake Michigan; along the
Rocky Mountains to Wyoming, down the Cascades to northern
California, and from the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia and Maine to
the Pacific coast of southeastern Alaska and British Columbia. They
still occur regularly in the Adirondacks of New York and the Green
Mountains of Vermont and in Maine, but are gone from most of the
southern border of their former range.

Fishers are powerful and agile animals, probably for their size by far
the swiftest and most deadly of all our forest carnivores. So swift
and dextrous are they in the tree-tops that they not only capture
squirrels without difficulty, but are able to overtake and kill the
marten, almost an incredible feat. When in pursuit of their prey or
when alarmed, they make astonishing leaps from tree to tree. While
not so speedy on the ground as some other animals, they have the
tireless persistence of their kind and capture snowshoe hares in fair
chase.

Among the habitants of the forest the fisher is a fearless and savage
marauder, which feeds on frogs, fish, and nearly every bird and
mammal its domain affords, except species so large that their size
protects them. Porcupines are among its favorite victims and are
killed by being turned over and attacked on their underparts. As a
consequence of such captures, the fisher often has many quills
imbedded in its head and the foreparts of its body.

The fisher, like many other predatory animals, has more or less
regular “beats” along which they make their rounds over the
territory each occupies. These rounds commonly require several
days to accomplish. In winter they keep mainly along wooded
ridges, where they are trapped.

It follows trap lines like the wolverine and eats the bait or the
captured animal, but, unlike the wolverine, appears to have no
propensity for further mischief. When overtaken by dogs or when at
war with any of its forest rivals, it is so active and ferocious that it is
worthy all due respect from antagonists several times its size.

Although essentially a tree animal, much of the fisher’s time is spent

on the ground. In summer it appears to be fond of heavy forests in
low-lying situations and the vicinity of water. Its dens are usually
located in a hollow high up in a large tree, but sometimes in the
shelter of fallen tree trunks or crevices in the rocks, where, the last
of April or early in May, the young are born. These may number from
one to five, but are usually two or three. The young begin to follow
the mother in her wanderings when quite small and do not leave her
guardianship until nearly grown.

The fisher is not a common animal and only about 8,000 of its skins
are marketed each year. Owing to its size, it is conspicuous, and its
very fearlessness tends to jeopardize its existence. It is gone from
most of the southern part of its former range and will no doubt
continue steadily to lose ground with the increasing occupation of its
haunts.

OTTER (Lutra canadensis and its relatives)

Land otters are common throughout a large part of the Old World,
and when America was explored the animals were found generally
distributed, and sometimes common, from the northern limit of trees
in North America to southern South America. Within this great area a
considerable number of species and geographic races of otters occur,
all having a close general resemblance in appearance and habits.

The Canadian otter is the well-known type throughout the United

States, Canada, and Alaska. It is a slender, dusky brown animal,
from 4 to 5 feet in length, frequenting streams and lakes which
contain a good supply of fish. Otters are too short-legged to move
easily on land, but are remarkable for their admirable grace, agility,
and swiftness in the water. Although so poorly adapted to land
travel, they are restless animals, constantly moving up and down the
streams in which they live and often crossing from one stream to
another. In the far north in midwinter they travel surprising distances
across snow-clad country, following the banks of streams or passing
between them searching for an entrance to water, whether through
the ice or in open rapids.

In Alaska I saw many otter trails in the snow crossing the Yukon and
through the adjacent forest. In such journeys it was evident that the
animals progressed by a series of long bounds, each leaving a well-
marked, full-length impression in the snow, so characteristic that it
could not be mistaken. These trails, often leading for miles across
country, always excited my deepest interest and wonder as to how
these animals could succeed in finding holes through the ice in this
vast snow-bound waste. Nevertheless they seemed to know full well,
for the trails always appeared to be leading straight away for some
known objective.

Although never very abundant, otters are so shy and solitary in their
habits that they have managed to retain almost all of their original
range. They occur now and then in the Potomac, near Washington,
and in other rivers throughout the country, where their tracks may
occasionally be detected on sand-bars and in the muddy shallows
along the banks. A sight of the animals themselves is rare. Their
dens are usually in the banks of streams or lakes above or below the
surface of the water, under the roots of large trees, or beneath rocky
ledges.

Otters are extremely playful and amuse themselves by sliding down

steep banks into the water, repeatedly using the same place until a
smooth chute or “slide” is defined. They usually have two to five
young, which remain with the mother until nearly grown.

While close relatives of the weasel, they are much more intelligent,
have a gentler disposition, and make playful and most interesting
pets. Their fur is highly prized and always brings a good price in the
market. As a result, they have been persistently hunted and trapped
since our pioneer days. That the species should continue to exist,
though in much diminished numbers, throughout most of its original
range is a striking evidence of its retiring habits and mental
acuteness.
FISHER, OR PEKAN

OTTER
 ROCKY MOUNTAIN SHEEP

COLLARED PECCARY, OR MUSKHOG]

 COLLARED PECCARY, OR MUSKHOG (Pecari
angulatus)
The numerous and extraordinarily varied species of wild pigs of the
Old World are represented in America by the peccaries, a specialized
group containing two species of small pigs peculiar to North and
South America. One of the many differences between them and their
Old World relatives is their having but two young. The name
muskhog, applied to them, is based on their possession of a large
gland, located high up on the middle of the rump, which emits a
powerful odor. The musky odor from this quickly permeates the flesh
of a peccary unless it is cut out as soon as the animal is killed.

The collared peccary is the smaller of the two species, usually

weighing less than 75 pounds. It ranges from the southwestern
United States south to Patagonia. Within this range numerous
geographic races have developed, varying from light grizzled gray to
nearly black. It formerly occurred within our border north to the Red
River of Arkansas, but is now limited to the southern half of Texas
and the southern parts of New Mexico and Arizona.

In tropical America collared peccaries are found in dense forests or

in low jungles, but in northern Mexico and the southwestern United
States they are equally at home among scattered thickets of cactus
and other thorny plants on plains and in the foothills. They are
strictly gregarious and live in bands of from a few individuals up to
thirty or more, usually led by the oldest and most powerful boar.
They are omnivorous, feeding on everything edible, from roots,
fruits, nuts, and other vegetable products to reptiles and any other
available animals. They are specially numerous in many tropical
forests where wild figs, nut palms, and other fruit-bearing trees
provide abundant food. In the arid northern part of their range
dense thickets of cactus and mesquite afford both food and shelter.
Their presence in a locality is often indicated by the rooted-up soil
where they have been feeding.
Young peccaries become very tame and make most intelligent and
amusing pets. One moonlight night on the coast of Guerrero two of
us, after a bath in the sea by a small Indian village, strolled along
the hard white sand to enjoy the cool breeze. Suddenly a little
peccary, not weighing over eight or ten pounds, came running to
meet us and, after stopping at our feet to have its head scratched,
suddenly circled about us, away and back again in whirling zigzags,
with all the joyous frenzy of a playful puppy. Continuing this
performance, it accompanied us for several hundred yards, until we
returned to the village.

Tales of the ferocity of bands of the collared peccaries and of their

treeing hunters who have disturbed them read well to the novice,
but have little foundation in fact. In reality the animals are shy and
retiring and fight only when forced to do so for self-protection. When
brought to bay by dogs or other animals, they fight viciously, and
with their sharp, knife-edged tusks can inflict serious wounds. Their
natural enemies are mainly the jaguar in the south and bobcats and
coyotes, which prey upon their young, in the north.

The increasing occupation of our Southwest has already resulted in

the extermination of peccaries from most of their former range
within our border, and unless active steps are taken to protect the
survivors their days will be few in the land. They are such unique
and harmless animals that it is hoped interest in their behalf may be
awakened in time to retain them as a part of our wild life.

ROCKY MOUNTAIN SHEEP (Ovis canadensis

and its relatives)
Wild sheep inhabit mountain ranges in both Old and New Worlds.
Northern Africa and southern Europe have representative species,
but Asia appears to be the true home of the group. There the
greatest variety of species is found, including such giants as Ovis
poli.

In the New World they occur only in North America, where there are
two or three species, with numerous geographic races. Among these
the sheep inhabiting the main Rocky Mountain region is best known.
It is a heavier animal than its northern relatives of the Stikine
country and Alaska, with larger and more massively proportioned
horns. It occupies the main range from south of Peace River and
Lake Babine, in British Columbia, to Colorado, and possibly northern
New Mexico. Closely related geographic races occur elsewhere in the
mountains of the western United States and northern Mexico.

The usual conception of wild sheep as habitants of the cold, clear

upper world at timberline and above is justified in the case of the
Rocky Mountain sheep. In early spring its one or two young are born
amid these rugged elevations, where it remains until the heavy
winter snows drive it down, sometimes through the open timber to
the foothills. That wild sheep thrive equally well under very different
conditions, however, is shown by their abundance on the treeless
mountains of our southwestern deserts, among cactuses, yuccas,
and other thorny vegetation, where water is extremely scarce and
summer temperatures rise high above 100° Fahrenheit in the shade.

The Rocky Mountain sheep, like other species, appears to feed on

nearly every plant growing within its domain. In spring many lambs
are killed by bald and golden eagles, and in winter, when driven
down to lower levels by snow, it becomes easy prey for mountain
lions, wolves, and coyotes. Owing to continuous hunting, this sheep
has disappeared from many of its former haunts and is decreasing in
most of its range. When effective protection is undertaken in time,
however, as in Colorado, the range is readily restocked.

The sure-footedness with which a band of these sheep will dash in

full flight up or down seemingly impossible slopes, where a misstep
would mean death, is amazing. Even the old rams, with massive sets
of horns, bound from point to point up a steep rock slope with
marvelous grace and agility. Mountain sheep living among the
rugged summits of high ranges possess the courage and prowess of
skillful mountaineers, so admired by all, and the mere sight of one of
these animals in its native haunts is an adventure achieved by few.

No other big-game animal carries with it the romantic glamour which

surrounds this habitant of the cold, clear upper world. Big-game
hunters prize above all others their mountain-sheep trophies, which
form vivid reminders of glorious days amid the most inspiring
surroundings and evidence their supreme prowess in the chase.

STONE MOUNTAIN SHEEP (Ovis stonei)

Owing to its dark, iron gray color, Ovis stonei is often called the
“black” mountain sheep. Despite its dark color, the Stone sheep is
probably a geographic race of the pure white Dall sheep of Alaska. It
has the same slender, gracefully coiled horns, frequently amber
colored and extended in a widely spread spiral.

Its range lies in northern British Columbia, especially about the

upper Stikine River and its tributaries; thence it extends easterly to
Laurier Pass in the Rocky Mountains, north of Peace River, and south
perhaps to Babine Lake. Unfortunately it appears to have become
extinct in the southern border of its range, so that its real
relationship with the Rocky Mountain sheep farther south may never
be determined.

The sheep occupying the mountains between the home of typical

stonei and that of dalli in northwestern British Columbia and
southeastern Yukon Territory are characterized by having white
heads, with bodies of a varying shade of iron gray, thus showing
evident intergradation on a great scale between the white northern
sheep and the “black” sheep of the Stikine. These intermediate
animals have been called the Fannin, or saddle-backed, sheep (Ovis
fannini). Hunters report a considerable mingling of entirely white
animals among flocks of these intergrading animals, and occasionally
white individuals are seen even in flocks of the typical dark sheep of
the Stikine country.

Like the white Alaskan sheep, the Stone sheep exists in great
abundance in many parts of its range, especially east of Dease Lake.
It usually ranges in flocks, those made up of ewes and young rams
often containing a considerable number. The old bucks, except in
fall, keep by themselves in smaller bands in separate parts of the
range. The Stone sheep lives in one of the most notable big-game
fields of the continent. Its home above timberline is shared with the
mountain goat and in the lower open slopes with the caribou, while
within the adjacent forests wander the moose and two or more
species of bear.

Owing to its frequenting remote and sparsely inhabited country, it

continues to exist in large numbers; but if its range becomes more
accessible, only the most stringent protection can save this splendid
animal from the extermination already accomplished on the southern
border of its range.

DALL MOUNTAIN SHEEP (Ovis dalli)

The only variation in the pure white coat of the Dall sheep is a
mixture of a few black hairs on the rump, sometimes becoming
plentiful enough to form a blackish spot on the tail and a light
brownish stain over the entire body, due to the slight discoloration at
the tips of the hairs from contact with the earth in their bedding-
down places. Their horns are usually dull amber yellow and are
notable for their slender proportions and the grace of their sweeping
coils, which sometimes curve close to the head and again spread in
a wide, open spiral.
As their white coats indicate, the Dall sheep are the northernmost of
their kind in America. Their home lies mainly in Alaska, where they
were formerly abundant in many mountain ranges, from those
bordering the Arctic coast south through the interior to the cliffs on
Kenai Peninsula, but are now scarce or gone from some mountains.
To the eastward they are numerous across the border in much of
Yukon territory, nearly to the Mackenzie River. Their haunts lie amid
a wilderness of peaks and ridges, marked in summer with scattered
glaciers and banks of perpetual snow and in winter exposed to all
the rigors of a severe Arctic climate. They are extraordinarily
numerous in some districts, as among the outlying ranges about the
base of Mount McKinley.

In their high, bleak homes these sheep have little to fear from
natural enemies, although the great Canada lynx, the wolf, the
wolverine, and the golden eagle, as overlords of the range, take
occasional toll from their numbers. Their one devastating enemy is
man, with his modern high-power rifle. Even so long ago as the
summer of 1881, I saw hundreds of their skins among the Eskimos
at Point Barrow, taken that spring with the use of Winchester rifles
among the mountains lying inland from the Arctic coast. Of late
years the advent of miners and the establishment of mining camps
and towns have greatly increased the demand for meat, and this has
resulted in the killing of thousands of these sheep. Large numbers of
these splendid animals have also been killed to serve as winter dog
food.

The advent of thousands of men engaged in the construction of the

government railroad which, when completed, will pass through the
Mount McKinley region, makes imminent the danger of
extermination that threatens the mountain sheep, as well as the
moose and caribou, in a great area of the finest big-game country
left under our control.
 STONE’S, FANNIN’S, AND DALL’S MOUNTAIN SHEEP

Properly conserved, the game animals of Alaska will continue

indefinitely as one of its richest resources, but heedless wastefulness
may destroy them forever. All sportsmen and other lovers of wild life
should interest themselves in an effort to safeguard the future of
Alaskan game animals before it is too late; for, under the severe
climatic conditions prevailing, the restocking of exhausted game
fields in that region will be extremely difficult, if not practically
impossible.
PRONG-HORN ANTELOPE

ROCKY MOUNTAIN GOAT

 ROCKY MOUNTAIN GOAT (Oreamnos
montanus and its subspecies)
The numerous wild goats of the Himalayas and other mountains of
Asia are represented in America solely by the Rocky Mountain goat.
This is one of the most characteristic, but least graceful in form and
action, of our big-game animals. It is distinguished by a long
ungainly head, ornamented with small black horns; a heavy body,
humped at the shoulders like a buffalo, and a coat of long shaggy
white hair.

The range of these habitants of the cliffs extends from the head of
Cook Inlet, Alaska, easterly and southerly through the mountains to
Montana and Washington. Unlike mountain sheep, the goats do not
appear to dislike the fogs and saline winds from the sea, and at
various points along the coast of British Columbia and Alaska they
range down precipitous slopes nearly to the shore.

They are much more closely confined to rugged slopes and rocky
ledges than the mountain sheep, which in winter commonly descend
through the foothills to the border of the plains. Through summer
and winter, goats find sufficient food in the scanty vegetation
growing among the rocks, and their heavy coats of hair protect them
from the fiercest winter storms.

Owing to their small horns and unpalatable flesh they are less
sought after by hunters than mountain sheep, and thus continue to
exist in many accessible places where otherwise they would long
since have become exterminated. They are frequently visible on the
high ledges of a mountain across the bay from the city of Vancouver
and are not difficult to find in many other coastal localities.

Although marvelously surefooted and fearless in traversing the faces

of high precipitous slopes, goats lack the springy grace and vivacity
of mountain sheep and move with comparative deliberation. They
are reputed to show at times a stupid obstinacy when encountered
on a narrow ledge, even to the point of disputing the right of way
with the hunter.

Their presence lends interest to many otherwise grim and forbidding

ranges where, amid a wilderness of glacier-carved escarpments,
they endure the winter gales which for days at a time roar about
their cliffs and send snow banners streaming from the jagged
summits overhead.

Owing to the character of their haunts, mountain goats have few

natural enemies. The golden and bald eagles now and then take toll
among their kids, but the lynx and mountain lion, their four-footed
foes, are not known to prey upon them to any considerable extent.
Through overhunting they have vanished from some of their former
haunts, but still hold their own in many places, and with effective
protection will long continue to occupy their peculiar place in our
fauna.

PRONG-HORN ANTELOPE (Antilocapra

americana and its geographic races)
Unique among the antelope of the world, among which it has no
near relatives, the prong-horn, because of its beauty of coloration,
its grace, and fleetness, claims the attention of sportsmen and
nature lovers alike. It is a smaller and slenderer animal than the
larger forms of the Virginia deer. Its hair is coarse and brittle, and
the spongy skin lacks the tough fiber needed to make good
buckskin. Both sexes have horns, those of the doe being smaller and
slenderer. One of the extraordinary peculiarities of this antelope is its
habit of shedding the horns every fall and the developing new horns
over the remaining bony core.

The rump patch of the prong-horn is formed of long pure white

hairs, which in moments of excitement or alarm are raised on end to