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 Measurement
Uncertainty:
Methods and Applications
Fifth Edition

by
Ronald H. Dieck
Notice
The information presented in this publication is for the general education of the reader. Because nei-
ther the author nor the publisher have any control over the use of the information by the reader, both the
author and the publisher disclaim any and all liability of any kind arising out of such use. The reader is
expected to exercise sound professional judgment in using any of the information presented in a particu-
lar application.
Additionally, neither the author nor the publisher have investigated or considered the effect of any
patents on the ability of the reader to use any of the information in a particular application. The reader is
responsible for reviewing any possible patents that may affect any particular use of the information pre-
sented.
Any references to commercial products in the work are cited as examples only. Neither the author
nor the publisher endorse any referenced commercial product. Any trademarks or tradenames referenced
belong to the respective owner of the mark or name. Neither the author nor the publisher make any repre-
sentation regarding the availability of any referenced commercial product at any time. The manufac-
turer’s instructions on use of any commercial product must be followed at all times, even if in conflict
with the information in this publication.

Copyright © 2017
ISA—The Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society
All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3

ISBN: 978-1-941546-94-9

No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior writ-
ten permission of the publisher.

ISA
67 Alexander Drive, P.O. Box 12277
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
www.isa.org

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data in process

 Dedication
The author dedicates this edition to his wife, Donna;
to his three children, Mark, Duane, and Heidi;
and to their growing families of grandchildren.
PREFACE
This fifth edition of Measurement Uncertainty: Methods and Applications is
designed to provide an understanding of the importance of the role
played by measurement uncertainty analysis in any test or experimental
measurement process. No test data should be considered without know-
ing their uncertainty.

Examples and problems have been included to illustrate the principles

and applications of measurement uncertainty analysis. Sections on the
business impact of measurement uncertainty and the treatment of calibra-
tion uncertainty have been included. The very latest in measurement
uncertainty technology is included in this revised edition. In addition, all
the material herein is in full harmony with the ISO Guide to the Expression
of Uncertainty in Measurement. Specifically, the terminology and symbols
are in agreement with the U.S. National Standard on Test Uncertainty and
in harmony with the ISO Guide. The term standard uncertainty is employed
throughout to indicate that each uncertainty mentioned is one standard
deviation of the average for a group of measurements. Thus, instead of
reporting random uncertainty and systematic uncertainty, this text now uses
the terms random standard uncertainty and systematic standard uncertainty.

This material will be useful to test engineers, process engineers, control

engineers, researchers, plant supervisors, managers, executives, and all
others who need a basic understanding of the assessment and impact of
uncertainty in test and experimental measurements. In addition, technical
school, college, and university students will find this course useful in
gaining insight into the impact of errors in their measurements, as well as
estimating the effects of such errors with measurement uncertainty
analysis.

Acknowledgments
Special appreciation is noted for the original and pioneering work of Dr.
Robert Abernethy, whose early studies permitted the development of the
universal uncertainty model fundamental to the methods of this text. My
personal and most sincere gratitude remains that which goes to my Lord
and Savior Jesus Christ, who saw fit to grant me the talents and abilities
without which this writing would not have been possible at all. In Him
there is no uncertainty, only the certainty of life everlasting.
Ron Dieck, 2017

xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

UNIT 1 Introduction and Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1-1. Course Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1-2. Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1-3. Audience and Prerequisites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1-4. Study Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1-5. Organization and Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1-6. Course Objectives/Learning Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1-7. Course Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1-8. Additional Study/Computational Aids . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

UNIT 2 Fundamentals of Measurement Uncertainty Analysis . . . . 11

2-1. The Purpose of Engineering, Experimental,
or Test Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2-2. Measurement Error Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2-3. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2-4. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2-5. Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

UNIT 3 The Measurement Uncertainty Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

3-1. The Statement of Measurement Uncertainty . . . . . . . 43
3-2. Grouping and Categorizing Error Sources . . . . . . . . 44
3-3. The Calculation of Measurement Uncertainty
(Symmetrical Systematic Uncertainties). . . . . . . . . . . 47
3-4. The Uncertainty Statement (Symmetrical
Systematic Standard Uncertainties) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3-5. Computing the Uncertainty Interval
(Symmetrical Systematic Uncertainty) . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3-6. The Calculation of Measurement Uncertainty
(Nonsymmetrical Standard Systematic
Uncertainties) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3-7. Common Uncertainty Model Summary. . . . . . . . . . . 64
3-8. Detailed Experiment—Temperature—Without
any Uncertainty Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3-9. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3-10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3-11. Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

UNIT 4 How To Do It Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

4-1. Review of Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4-2. How To Do It Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4-3. Calculation of Random Standard Uncertainties . . . . 79
v
vi Table of Contents

4-4. Obtaining and Combining Systematic Standard

Uncertainties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4-5. Nonsymmetrical Systematic Standard
Uncertainties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4-6. Step-by-Step Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4-7. Treatment of Calibration Errors (Uncertainties) . . . . 94
4-8. Simplified Uncertainty Analysis for Calibrations. . . 96
4-9. Interplay of Random and Systematic Effects
on an Uncertainty Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4-10. Business Decisions and the Impact of
Measurement Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4-11. The Timing of an Uncertainty Analysis . . . . . . . . . . 116
4-12. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4-13. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4-14. Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

UNIT 5 Uncertainty (Error) Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

5-1. General Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5-2. The Need for Uncertainty Propagation . . . . . . . . . . 130
5-3. Theoretical Considerations: Methods for
Uncertainty Propagation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
5-4. Uncertainty Propagation Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
5-5. Detailed Equation for Uncertainty Propagation . . . 162
5-6. Uncertainty of Results Derived from X-Y Plots . . . 162
5-7. Class Experiment—Weighing—Requiring
Uncertainty Propagation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
5-8. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
5-9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
5-10. Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

UNIT 6 Weighting Method for Multiple Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

6-1. The Purpose of Multiple Measurements of
the Same Test Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
6-2. Fundamentals of Weighting by Uncertainty . . . . . . 181
6-3. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
6-4. Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

UNIT 7 Applied Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

7-1. General Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
7-2. Choice of Error (and Uncertainty) Units . . . . . . . . . 194
7-3. Treatment of Outliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
7-4. Curve Fitting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
7-5. Correlation Coefficients: Their Use and Misuse . . . 210
7-6. Tests for Normality, Probability Plots . . . . . . . . . . . 212
7-7. Sampling Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
 Table of Contents vii

7-8. Selecting Instrumentation Based on Vendor

Uncertainty Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
7-9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
7-10. Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

UNIT 8 Presentation of Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

8-1. General Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
8-2. Presentation Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
8-3. Illustration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
8-4. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

APPENDIX A. Suggested Reading and Study Materials . . . . . . . . . 239

APPENDIX B. Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

APPENDIX C. Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

APPENDIX D. Student’s t for 95% Confidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

APPENDIX E. 5% Significant Thompson’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

APPENDIX F. Areas Under the Normal Curve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

APPENDIX G. Pressure Instrumentation Selection Example. . . . . . 273

APPENDIX H. Alternate Measurement Uncertainty

Analysis Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

APPENDIX I. Key Words and Phrases in Uncertainty

Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

APPENDIX J. Prime Equations for Standard Uncertainty

Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

APPENDIX K. Condensed Measurement Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . 305

APPENDIX L. Discussion of the Advantages and

Disadvantages of the Basic, the ISO, and
the ASME Uncertainty Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

APPENDIX M. Solutions to All Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

APPENDIX N. Uncertainty Analysis Template. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

APPENDIX O. Prime Equations for Uncertainty Analysis . . . . . . . . 365

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
 Unit 1:
Introduction and
Overview
UNIT 1

Introduction and Overview

Welcome to Measurement Uncertainty: Methods and Applications. The first unit of
this self-study program provides the information needed to proceed through the
course.

Learning Objectives—When you have completed this unit you should:

1. Know the nature of material to be presented.

2. Understand the general organization of the course.

3. Know the course objectives.

1-1. Course Coverage

This course includes the basics of two measurement uncertainty models,
the use of correlation, curve-fitting problems, probability plotting, com-
bining results from different test methods, calibration errors, and uncer-
tainty (error) propagation for both independent and dependent error
sources. Extra attention is directed toward the problem of developing con-
fidence in uncertainty analysis results and using measurement uncertainty
to select instrumentation systems. Special emphasis on understanding is
achieved through the working of numerous exercises. After completing
this course, the student will be able to apply uncertainty analysis tech-
niques to most experimental test problems in order to help achieve the test
objectives more productively and at lower cost.

While the primary emphasis in this text is to perform uncertainty esti-

mates in accordance with the U.S. National Standard on Test Uncertainty
(Ref. 1), full use and consideration is given to the second uncertainty
model in use throughout the world, the ISO model (Ref. 6).

1-2. Purpose
The purpose of this book is to convey to the student a comprehensive
knowledge of measurement uncertainty methods through documentation
that is logically categorized and readily utilized in practical situations that
confront an experimenter. Course structure is purposely divided into
3
4 UNIT 1: Introduction and Overview

units that represent specific segments of measurement uncertainty meth-

odology. Using this approach, the student will be able to proceed through
the text, learning the methodology in an orderly fashion, and then return
to specific topics as the need arises during experimental analysis.

The book contains numerous exercises intended to provide practical expe-

rience in working measurement uncertainty problems; it also presents sev-
eral example calculations to provide learning clarity for specific principles.

1-3. Audience and Prerequisites

This course is intended for scientists, students, professors, and engineers
who are interested in evaluating experimental measurement uncertainty.

The course is presented on the college level and presumes that the student
has received two years’ training in engineering or science, can handle
rudimentary principles of calculus, and has a calculator or computer to
work the examples and exercises.

The material should be useful to test engineers, senior technicians, first-

and second-line supervisors, and engineers and scientists who are con-
cerned with deriving meaningful conclusions from experimental data. It
should also be useful to students and professors in technical schools, col-
leges, and universities who wish to gain some insight into the principles
and practices of measurement uncertainty.

1-4. Study Material

This textbook is the only study material required in this course and is
designed as an independent, stand-alone textbook. It is uniquely and spe-
cifically structured for self-study. A list of suggested reading (Appendix
A) provides additional references and study materials.

There are many ways to conduct an uncertainty analysis. One way is illus-
trated in an Excel spreadsheet in Appendix N of this text. The Uncertainty
Analysis Template provided is designed as a starting point for engineers
and scientists to use to perform an uncertainty analysis. It contains the
major equations and summations used in estimating measurement uncer-
tainty, errors and uncertainties that affect results, ASME random and sys-
tematic categories, and ISO pedigree categories Type A (from statistical
analysis) and Type B (obtained other ways). A working version of the tem-
 UNIT 1: Introduction and Overview 5

plate is available on the ISA website at www.isa.org/measuncertainty-

author.

1-5. Organization and Sequence

This book is divided into eight separate units. Unit 2 is designed to pro-
vide the student an introduction to the conceptual thinking and basic sta-
tistics required for measurement uncertainty analysis. Unit 3 provides the
details of a measurement uncertainty estimate, including the proper char-
acterization of error sources and their combination into an uncertainty
statement for a test result. Unit 4 outlines a step-by-step method for sum-
marizing the effects of various error sources and their treatment both
before a test and after a test is run. Unit 5 deals with several specific meth-
ods required for knowledgeable uncertainty analysis. Special attention is
paid to uncertainty (error) propagation and determination of the effect of
an error source on a test result. Unit 6 discusses the weighting of results by
their uncertainty, which is a method for obtaining a test result more accu-
rate than any of several independent measurements of the same result.
Unit 7 outlines several practical application techniques for dealing with
error data. These techniques are often needed during the course of com-
puting measurement uncertainty. The book culminates with Unit 8, which
offers a comprehensive treatment on the presentation of measurement
uncertainty analysis results.

Each unit is designed in a consistent format with a set of specific learning

objectives stated up front. Note these learning objectives carefully; the
material that follows will teach to these objectives. The individual units
often contain example problems to illustrate specific concepts. At the end
of each unit, you will find student exercises to test your understanding of
the material. The solutions to all exercises are given in Appendix M.

1-6. Course Objectives/Learning Objectives

When you have completed this entire book, you should be able to:

1. Describe the basic approach to evaluating measurement

uncertainty.

2. Converse comfortably using measurement uncertainty and

fundamental statistical terminology.
6 UNIT 1: Introduction and Overview

3. Complete a detailed measurement uncertainty analysis for any test

or experiment, including defining the experimental setup, locating
and estimating the magnitude of the random and systematic
sources of error, propagating their uncertainties (errors) into the
test result, calculating the test result measurement uncertainty, and
presenting the uncertainty analysis in a compelling fashion.

4. Understand the characterization of error sources and their related

uncertainties using ISO source classifications Type A and Type B.

5. Explain the significance of a test’s measurement uncertainty in

order to better plan experiments and tests in a more cost-effective
manner to yield test data more suitable to decision making.

1-7. Course Length

The primary premise of this book is that students learn best if they pro-
ceed at their own pace. As a result, there will be significant variation in the
amount of time taken by individual students to complete this book.

You are now ready to begin your in-depth study of measurement uncer-
tainty. Please proceed to Unit 2.

1-8. Additional Study/Computational Aids

In an effort to make the computation of measurement uncertainty easier
for the practicing engineer or scientist, several new appendices have been
added to this edition. These appendices are aimed specifically at identify-
ing and speeding up those fundamental methods and equations needed
for an uncertainty analysis. These appendices are described below.

• Appendix H, Alternate Measurement Uncertainty Analysis

Approach
This appendix briefly summarizes the available measurement
uncertainty models from which an analyst should choose.

• Appendix I, Key Words and Phrases in Uncertainty Analysis

The words and phrases applicable to uncertainty analysis (and
used throughout this text) are collected in this appendix for easy
reference and application.
 UNIT 1: Introduction and Overview 7

• Appendix J, Prime Equations for Standard Uncertainty Analysis

As is done in Appendix I for uncertainty words and phrases, this
appendix contains all the primary equations needed for uncer-
tainty analysis. It is intended to be a quick reference only for the
detailed equations needed for such an analysis; there is no detailed
discussion on their applications.

• Appendix K, Condensed Measurement Uncertainty

This appendix provides an abbreviated procedure for performing
an uncertainty analysis. The critical equations and rationale are
included, as is a detailed example. It will be especially useful as a
reminder for an engineer or scientist who has completed the text
but needs a brief summary of the methods that were discussed.

• Appendix L, Discussion of the Advantages and Disadvantages of

the Basic, the ISO, and the ASME Uncertainty Models
This appendix discusses, in detail, the advantages and disadvan-
tages of the three primary uncertainty models in use in the world
today. A summary table of the advantages and disadvantages is
provided for easy reference. This appendix will assist the analyst
in selecting the proper uncertainty model for use in a specific situa-
tion.

• Appendix N, Measurement Uncertainty Template

This appendix provides a detailed example of an uncertainty anal-
ysis as performed using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. It is pro-
vided as an example only. A working copy may be downloaded
from the ISA website at www.isa.org/measuncertainty-author.
 Unit 2:
Fundamentals of
Measurement
Uncertainty Analysis
UNIT 2

Fundamentals of Measurement Uncertainty

Analysis
This unit introduces measurement uncertainty analysis, including random
error (or precision), standard deviation, and systematic error (or bias).
Methods are given to estimate the magnitude of the effects of the random
errors and systematic errors. Also included is a description of the ISO
approach to uncertainty analysis, that is, grouping errors and uncertain-
ties by Type A and Type B. This will be detailed later.

A brief discussion of the available uncertainty models is contained in

Appendix H. A comprehensive discussion of the advantages and disad-
vantages of these uncertainty models is contained in Appendix L.

Learning Objectives—When you have completed this unit you should:

1. Understand the purpose of engineering, experimental, or test

measurements.

2. Know the underlying principles of statistics as applied to measure-

ment uncertainty analysis.

3. Be able to characterize errors and uncertainties into either random

(precision) or systematic (bias), and to properly identify the ISO
type of uncertainty.

4. Recognize the distinction between error and uncertainty.

2-1. The Purpose of Engineering, Experimental, or Test

Measurements
The purpose of measurements is the same whether they be engineering,
experimental, or test measurements: to numerically characterize the state
or performance of a physical or chemical process. Properly understanding
the data obtained from such measurements is crucial to applying the
knowledge thereby gained. The pressure to use test data for decision mak-
ing is often so great that there is a tendency to assume the data are correct,

11
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búhay life 18(10). See also hánap.

buhày alive 92(19).
namùmúhay is leading a life 104(27).
pamumúhay way of living 30(30).
ikabùbúhay will be the means of living 34(25).
kabuháyan livelihood 32(12).
mabùbúhay will live 58(30).
nabúhay lived 285(29).
nabùbúhay is living 72(17).
pagkabúhay a coming to life; staple food 285(41). 288(38).
pagkàbúhay a lucky bringing to life 291(36).

búhoʾ slender bamboo, Dendrocalamus 18(3).

buhòk hair 24(31).

buhòl knot 274(29).

magbuhòl tie a knot 232(14).

-búhos: ibinúhos was poured 30(20).

búkas tomorrow 88(13). 262(2).
kinàbukásan when the next day came 48(41). 190(27). 279(24).

bukàs opened 223(26).

bumúbukàs is opening, intr. 227(10).
magbukàs open, tr. 228(35).
pagbubukàs an opening, tr. 26(31).
buksàn be opened 78(30).
binuksàn was opened 78(31).
bùkásan aperture 84(43).
mabuksàn be opened 86(1). 120(21).
nàbuksàn came open 22(2). 188(9).

búkid field, estate, country 38(8). 74(1). 90(7).

bukirìn estate, fields 92(35).

búko unripe cocoanut 316(8).

tarabúko trabúko bald-headed 316(7).

bukòd beside, in addition to 54(5). 279.

magkabukòd two separately 269(43).
magkakabukòd pl. 279(9).

-búkol: bukulàn covered with bumps 62(26).

nagkàkabúkol is getting bumps 62(16).

bóla S. ball 46(38).

-búlag (a) nakabùbúlag is causing blindness 280(35).

màbúlag get blinded 255(38).
(b) Accent shifted: bulàg blinded, blind 22(29).
nábulàg went blind 296(16).

búlak cluster of capoc cotton 247(2).

Bulakàn place-n. 110(13). 260(5).

bulaklàk flower 189(2).

-bulìd: ibinulìd was pushed off 26(7).

bulsà S. purse 112(21).

-búlo: kabuluhàn importance 42(15).

makabuluhàn important 271(16). 289(23).

bulòk rotten 218(40).

naŋabulòk became rotten, pl. 306(27).
palabùlúkin easily decaying 315(8).

-bulòŋ: kabùlúŋan one of two who whisper together 277(38).

pabulòŋ in whispers 114(5).

bundòk mountain 116(18). See also paà.

namundòk took to the mountains 52(38).
pamumundòk a living in the mountains 52(42).

buntìs pregnant 36(17).

buntòn heap 116(34).

buntòt tail, train 240(41). 244(40). 253(8).

buntútan tail-end 72(3).

-bunòʾ: nagbunòʾ wrestled 66(32).

nagbúbunòʾ is wrestling 86(40).
pagbubunòʾ a wrestling 252(25).
nakipagbunòʾ engaged in wrestling 66(27).
kabunòʾ person with whom one wrestles 66(34).

-búnot: bunòt plucked up 225(26). cocoanut-fibre 221(11).

bumúnot plucked up 227(11).
nagbunòt plucked up in quantity 237(27).

búŋa fruit; betel-fruit 16(15). 247(3).

búŋa-ŋ-káhoy fruit of a tree 36(1).
magbúŋa bear fruit 16(12).

buŋáŋaʾ maw 212(35).

buŋbòŋ piece of unsplit bamboo 110(31).

-búrol: ibinùbúrol is being laid in state 112(30).

kinàbùburúlan is being lain in state in 114(4).

busábos slave 90(36).

bóses S. voice 74(19).

Bùstos S. place-n. 100(12). See also lúpaʾ.

busòg satiated 223(27).

pàbusugìn be well fed up 305(10).

bútas hole, hollow space 86(11). 104(10).

bútas-karáyom needle’s-eye 22(27).
bumútas make a hole 86(5).
binútas was pierced 106(20).
makabútas have made a hole 86(8).
nabútas has been perforated 86(8).
nàbùbútas gets perforated 106(37).
pinabútas was caused to make a hole 86(9).

bóte S. bottle 120(22).

búti goodness 218(23).

butíhan be done well 220(10).
ikinabúti was the cause of improvement 287(43).
kabutíhan excellence, advantage 58(2). 62(3).
makabùbúti will cause to improve 28(35).
nakabùbúti causes to be well 226(33).
mabúti good, well 16(9).
mabubúti pl. 102(5).
nàbúti got better, reached a high point 294(22). 295(12).
pinakamabúti best 230(10).
nàpakabúti extreme 313(11).

botikáriyo S. apothecary 54(2).

bútil kernel of grain 316(33).
gabútil as large as a grain 316(31).

-bóto S.: bumóto voted 227(13).

butò bone, seed 42(5). 108(7).

boòʾ buòʾ whole, entire 34(29). 66. 98. 261.

-buwàl: nagbuwàl felled 199(25). 232(14).

ibuwàl be felled 178(33).
ibinuwàl was felled 270(27)
nabuwàl has been felled 253(4). 294(5).

buwàn moon, month 38(18). 110(13).

buwìs interest on money 227(18).

buwísit repulsive 98(16). 219(1).

binuwísit was annoyed 58(26).
kinàbùbuwisítan is being abhorred 94(27).
D(R)

daàn raàn hundred 52(43). 17. 134.

daàn way, road 32(3).

daà-ŋ-Balíwag road to Baliuag 220(3).
magdaàn pass by 68(7).
nagdaàn passed by, past 24(40). 76(36).
nagdádaàn is passing by 26(11).
pagdadaàn a passing by 254(20).
idaàn be left on the way 248(15).
dinaanàn was run over, was called for on the way 251(9). 254(29).
dinaánan was assailed 254(25).
dinàdaánan is being assailed 254(27).
pinagdàdaanàn is being gone through 30(30). 82(7).
pinagdaánan was traversed 32(24). 256(10).
dàánan usual route 258(26).
nagdàdàánan are passing on the way 234(31).
makaraàn have passed 16(11).
nakaraàn has passed 18(38).
pagkaraàn a having passed 24(11).
nakáraàn nakádaàn came upon 18(32).
paraàn manner, means 42(12).

dagàʾ rat 84(20).

-dagàn: dinaganàn was lain upon 44(38).

magkádagàn be one on top of the other 270(24).
magkàkàdagàn will be one on top of the other 270(26).
nagkádagàn were one on top of the other 270(30).
 nagkàkàdagàn are one on top of the other 270(33).
nagkàkàdagàn-dagàn pl. 108(24).

dágat sea 110(19).

dagàt-dagátan lake 261(34).

dágok blow with the fist 256(23)

pinagdadagukàn was variously struck at 84(21) and Corrigenda.
pinagdàdadagukàn is being variously struck at 256(22).

dáhil cause 16(4). 78(33). 143(15). 206(10). 280.

dahilàn cause 22(6). 280.
nagdàdahilàn is alleging as cause 187(10).

dáhon leaf 16(9).

nagdàdáhon is putting out leaves 232(16).

dáiŋ that laid open 250(37).

daìŋ laid open 222(29).
dináiŋ was laid open 244(7).

-daìŋ: dumádaìŋ is complaining 40(41).

-dáka: pagdáka immediately 18(42).

karáka-ráka at once 207(20). 267(30).
pagkaráka at once 288(40). 265(5.9).

dála fishnet 240(7).

dinála was caught with the net 244(8).

dalà that borne 34(22) 38(27.34).

dumalà bear up 233(16).
dumádalà is bearing up 227(14).
magdalà bring, carry 106(32). 233(17).
nagdalà brought 28(27).
nagdádalà is bringing 48(33). 72(35). 233(32).
pagdadalà a bringing 251(12).
dalhìn be carried 32(2).
 dàdalhìn will be carried 34(4).
dinalà was carried 56(24).
dinádalà is being carried 40(19).
dalhàn be carried to 251(11).
makadádalà will be able to carry 178(39).
nakapagdalà was able to bring 286(35).
nakapagdádalà nakapápagdalà nakákapagdalà is able to bring 286(36).
madalà be able to be carried 16(4). 283(25).
madádalà will be able to be carried 34(31).
nadalà was able to be carried 283(22).
nádalà got carried off 293(6).
nagpadalà caused to be carried, sent 264(3).
pagpapadalà a sending 48(17).
ipadalà be sent 22(19).
ipinadalà was sent 90(32). 306(7).
ipinadádalà is being sent 74(6).
ipinagpapadalà were repeatedly sent 58(25). 307(26).
pinadalhàn was sent to 58(6).
máipadalà get sent 58(19).

dalága young woman 36(26).

dalamhátiʾ grief 219(31).

pagdadalamhátiʾ a grieving 74(13).
pakikipagdalamhátiʾ a grieving along 112(26).
kadalamhatían grief 276(28).

dalandàn orange 76(20).

-dálaŋ: dumálaŋ became infrequent 26(10).

madálaŋ infrequent 289(4).
padaláŋin be made infrequent 304(35).
pàdalaŋìn be made very infrequent 305(14).

dalaŋhítaʾ tangerine 294(28).

-daláŋin: panaláŋin prayer 94(33).

-dalàs: dumádalàs is growing frequent 68(16).
kadalasàn frequency, frequently 40(40). 186(22). 262(4).
madalàs frequent 46(24). 269(1).

dálaw visitor 112(29).

dumálaw paid a visit 64(9).
dumàdálaw pays a visit 112(36).
nagsìsidálaw pl. 112(25).
pagdálaw a visiting 86(28).

dalawà see -lawà.

dalìʾ hasten 221(41).

dálì-dáliʾ very quickly 34(1). 224(13).
daliàn be done quickly 251(12).
madalìʾ quick, soon 94(28). 102(11). 166(16).
madalì ŋ áraw: nagmàmadalì-ŋ-áraw it is dawning 235(21).
—magmadalìʾ be quick 34(9).
magmámadalìʾ will hurry 235(38).
pagmamadalìʾ a hurrying 293(11).

dalíriʾ finger 185(21).

-dalò: dumalò come for a purpose, to aid 34(1). 38(11). 304(1).

nagsísidalò are coming 114(36).
daluhàn be succored 58(39).
dinaluhàn was attended 100(18). 251(14).

dáma S. checkers 266(12).

-damàg: magdamàg the whole night 190(35).

damdàm feeling 102(16). 219(32).

dumamdàm felt 227(15). 233(37).
magdamdàm feel oneself hurt 233(34).
dináramdàm is being regretted 82(9). 244(10).
damdámin feeling, emotion 276(29).
makiramdàm spy out 264(4).
 karamdáman illness 207(31).
nakáramdàm felt 68(3). 292(32).
nakàràramdàm is feeling 42(43).
nàramdamàn was felt 201(26).
nàràramdamàn is being felt 70(6).

dámi multitude 112(21). 267(27).

dumámi grew in number 60(32).
dinamíhan was made numerous 251(15).
karamíhan numerousness, majority 34(33). 198(9). 66. 132.
marámi many 20(13). 28(27). 69. 71. 99. 110. 138.

damìt garment, cloth 52(22). 169(2).

pananamìt clothing 32(33). 219(14).

damò ramò grass 76(28). See also kalabàw, púnoʾ.

dinamuhàn was cut grass from 251(16).
damúhan grass-field 18(33). 259(17).

dámot stinginess 268(5).

kaydámot karámot what stinginess 268(5).
kaydámot-dámot what great stinginess 268(4).
karamútan stinginess 34(18).
marámot stingy 60(22).
mararámot pl. 112(8).

-dániw?: karaniyúwan karaniyúan usual, usually 36(15). 40(9). 262(6).

daŋàl honesty, honor 218(26).

karàŋálan honoring 90(13).

-dapàʾ: dumapàʾ lay down on his face 227(17).

nagdàdapá-dapáan pretends to fall on his face 108(18).
nagkaŋdadápaʾ sustained repeated falls on his face 70(35). 269(29).
nagkàkaŋdadápaʾ is falling repeatedly on his face 269(31).
nakadapàʾ is prone 281(12).
nárapàʾ fell on his face 295(30). Corrigenda.
pagkárapàʾ a falling on one’s face 295(39).
 napadapàʾ had himself laid on his face 311(27).
náparapàʾ fell on his face 312(11).

dápat necessary, fitting 22(1). 36(9.20). 268.

karapatàn due, right 276(8).
marápat deserving 80(20).
nàràrápat is appropriate 80(13). 276(29).

Rafayèl S. n. 270(5).

-dápit: pagdápit a calling for 114(39).

ipinadàdápit is being caused to be called for 114(18).

-dápoʾ: dumápoʾ struck, landed 16(31).

pagdápoʾ a hitting, landing 64(31). 68(16).
dinapúan was landed on, was hit 96(28). 251(18).

daràs adze 58(14).

pagdaràs a chopping with the adze 60(3).
darasìn be trimmed with the adze 58(17).
dinaràs was trimmed with the adze 58(32).
pinagdarasàn was variously hewn off 58(17).

Daruwìn E. family-n. 245(9).

-dasàl (S.): magdasàl say prayers 78(37).

nagdádasàl is saying prayers 64(36).
nagsísipagdasàl pl. 114(30).
pagdadasàl a praying 104(4).
pinagdàdasalàn is being prayed in 104(17).
dàsálan rosary 76(43).

dátapuwat but 16(4). 318. 322.

dáti formerly; since long ago 44(23). 64(18). 262(3).

paráti often 18(8). 30(28). 262(12).

-dátig: kadátig karátig bordering on, next to 256(32). 266(9).

magkarátig bordering on each other 270(2).
 nàkàkarátig borders on 296(27).

-datìŋ: dumatìŋ arrive 18(37). arrived 20(14).

nagsidatìŋ pl. 118(34). 232(1).
dumáratìŋ is arriving 18(35).
dáratìŋ will arrive 52(2).
pagdatìn an arriving 48(12). 56(25).
datnàn be reached 56(32).
dinatnàn was reached 46(3).
dinàratnàn is being reached 64(7).
karáratìŋ there has been arriving 151(31).
makaratìŋ have arrived 82(38). 100(1).
nakaratìŋ has arrived 34(21).
màdatnàn be come upon 88(36).

-dáos: pagdadáos a performing 20(5).

idáos be performed 264(32).
idináos was performed 274(15).
idinàdáos is being performed 92(24). 114(29).

dàw ràw he says, they say 17. 47. 217.

-dáyaʾ: magdàdáyaʾ will cheat 18(24).

dáyap the lime 76(20).

dìʾ not 38(17). 237. 239. 301.

-ribàl S.: karibàl rival 46(21).

dibdìb the chest 212(9).

-dikdìk: dikdikìn be crushed 16(25).

dikìn mat on which dishes are set 221(32).

dikìt blaze 220(30).

paŋparikìt kindlings 158(10).
-dikìt: idinikì was pasted 52(10).

dikóla S. (de cola) train 262(41).

dílaʾ tongue 251(21). 306(21).

diláan be licked 251(22).
diniláan was shown the tongue (as insult) 251(20).

-dílat: nadílat came open 24(24).

-dilàw: madidilàw yellow, pl. 291(19).

-dilìg: paŋdilìg implements for sprinkling 225(4).

naŋdídilìg is sprinkling 239(34).
paŋdidilìg a sprinkling 239(35).
diligìn be sprinkled 244(11).

dilìm darkness 36(5).

dumilìm it grew dark 52(29).
pagdilìm a growing dark 36(32).
kadilimàn darkness 72(1).
madilìm dark 40(15).

Del-Pilàr S. family-n. 241(25).

relòs S. watch 137(41).

dimóniyo S. demon 40(5).

dìn rìn also, again 18(16). 17. 47. 218. 221. 227. 238. 239. 262(11).

dindìŋ, see diŋdìŋ.

díne ríne loc. of irè: here 316 (27). 17. 47. 263.
nàrìrinè is here 74(21).
paríne come here 301(33).
pumaríne come here 302(8).
naparíne came here 312(3).
-dinìg: makárinìg hear 24(18).
nakárinìg heard 20(19). 292(33).
márinìg be heard 28(19).
nárinìg was heard 20(41).
nàrìrinìg is being heard 114(12).
pagkárinìg a hearing 18(13). 176(41).

diŋdìŋ dindìŋ wall 62(20).

Risàl S. family-n., Rizal 275(43).

desgrásiya S. misfortune 276(39).

-distíno S.: idinistíno was assigned to the parish 96(2).

nàdistíno got assigned 50(9).

retáso S. patch 239(10).

-retráto S.: retratúhan be photographed 281(14).

díto ríto loc. of itò: here, hither; to him 16(4). 18(22). 316(27). 17. 47. 263. 280.
nàrìritò is here 70(26). 184(36). 203(6).
pumàparíto comes here 204(18).
pàparíto will come here 302(11). 306(11).
pagparíto a coming here 203(5).
pinàparíto is being sent here 104(20).
ipinaríto was come here for 307(1).
naparíto came here 44(9).
napàparíto comes here 191(16).
màparíto get here 184(35).
màpàparíto will get here 312(15).
nàparíto got here 312(13).
nàpàparíto gets here 312(15).
pagkàparíto a getting here 313(1).
makàparí-paríto never come here 313(3) Corrigenda.

-díwaŋ: nagdíwaŋ celebrated 275(43).

pagdiríwaŋ a celebrating 90(13).
 ipinagdìdíwaŋ is being celebrated 110(12). 249(23).

diyàn riyàn loc. of iyàn: there, thither, from there 182(27). 316(27). 17. 47. 263.
náriyàn went there, was there 191(14).
pápariyàn will go there 302(13).

diyáriyo S. newspaper 284(11).

Diyégo S. n. 100(40).

Diyòs S. God 64(4). 182(40). 59.

-dugtòŋ: idinugtòŋ was said in continuation 80(28). 102(19).

dugòʾ blood 22(8).

nagdudugòʾ bled profusely 88(28). 282(38).
pagdudugòʾ a bleeding 46(8).

-dúkit: dumúkit carved 88(8).

paŋdudúkit sculpture 90(3).
maŋdudúkit mandurúkit carver, sculptor 86(18). 104(8).
dukítin be carved 90(11).
dinúkit was carved 90(9).

-duklày: nagdùduklày-duklày keeps blurting out 114(15).

doktò S. learned man 168(9).

-dúkot: idinùdúkot is being scooped out 110(2).

dúlaŋ low table 252(1).

-dulàs: madulàs slippery 313(41).

mádulàs slip 313(35).
pagkádulàs a slipping 313(39).
magpadulàs let oneself slide 313(36).
pagpapadulàs a letting oneself slide 294(29).
dúlo end 16(7).
dúlo-ŋ-bandà-ŋ-kaliwàʾ left-hand end 274(28).
dúlo-ŋ-bandà-ŋ-kánan right-hand end 211(1).
dulúhan end part, back yard 34(38).

Romanìsmo S. Romanism 56(14).

-dumì: pagdumì defecation 42(4).

marumì dirty 94(7). 219 (36).

Don-Nasáriyo S. n. 116(26).

dúnoŋ knowledge 28(15).

karúnoŋ what wisdom 173(42).
karunúŋan wisdom 276(30).
marúnoŋ wise, knowing, knowing how to 16(1). 26(1). 269(8).
pagmamarúnoŋ a pretending to be wise 167(29).
pagpapakamarúnoŋ a making oneself wise 309(24).
pinakamarúnoŋ wisest 309(40).
marurúnoŋ pl. 48(10).
nagparúnoŋ caused to be educated 90(40).

-duŋò: nagdúduŋò is shy 285(17).

dúroʾ stitch 224(1).

durúin be pricked 244(1).
durúan be stuck into 251(22). a spit 221(8).
duruàn place for sticking 260(6).

-dúrog: dinúrog was crumbled 32(18).

dúsa suffering 245(18).

pagdudúsa a suffering 76(24).
parúsa punishment 16(28).
nagpàparúsa is causing to suffer 42(9).
pagpaparúsa a causing to suffer 42(16).
ipinarùrúsa is being caused to be suffered 313(10).
parusáhan be punished 16(22).
 parùrusáhan will be punished 16(24).
pinarusáhan was punished 292(19).
pinarùrusáhan is being punished 222(18). 233(1). 308(8).
pàrusahàn place of punishment 74(21). 309(12).
màpàparusáhan will get punished 22(5). 313(6).

rosáriyo S. rosary 104(4).

magrosáriyo pray a rosary 104(17).

Rúso S. Russian 306(19).

doòn roòn ron loc. of iyòn: there; to him, to it 18(40). 38(17). 316(27). 17. 47. 263.
dumoòn go there 20(26).
magkaroòn get, have 96(3).
nagkaroòn got, had 24(35). 52(30). 268(25).
kinàdòroonàn is been in 74(33). 90(18). 279(13).
nároòn nàndon got there, is there 36(33). 193(15). 39. 468.
nàròroòn is there 42(36). 74(12). 264(10).
paroòn go there 301(33).
pumaroòn go there 20(15). went there 76(27).
páparoòn will go there 88(13). 207(30). 302(18).
pagparoòn a going there 72(40). 302(16).
parunàn be gone to 70(34).
pinaroonàn pinaronàn pinarunàn was gone to 46(4). 138(37).
ikináparoòn was the cause of going there 310(11).
makaparòn be able to go there 100(16).
naparoòn went there 20(23). 312(5).
pagkáparoòn a getting there 300(9).

-doòp: pinagdódoòp were brought together (hands) 96(8).

duwàg coward 312(22).

kaduwágan cowardice 116(14).

duwènde S. dwarf, elf 30(24).

Dòytsland E. n. of a ship 268(29).

G.

-gaàn: magaàn light, easy 48(2). 255(2).

gaáno, see anò.

gabì night, evening 36(2). See also áraw.

gabì-gabì every night 62(38). 331.
ginágabì is being overtaken by night 244(12).
kagabì last night 190(15). 259.

gága madwoman 44(25).

gagambà spider 262(23).

-gálaŋ: magálaŋ polite 237(19). 289(5).

-gálaw: paggálaw a moving 192(20).

gáliŋ coming from 40(5). 193(18).

naŋgáliŋ came from 193(22).
naŋgàgáliŋ is coming from 193(22).
pinaŋgalíŋan was come from 256(30).
pinaŋgàgalíŋan is being come from 32(30).
kagàgáliŋ there has just been coming from 267(14).

galìŋ skill 58(6).

gumalìŋ got well 54(10).
magalìŋ skilful; well 46(29). 269(2).
magagalìŋ pl. 94(32).
pagpapagalìŋ a causing to get well 42(22).

gálit (a) anger 22(15).

ikagálit be the cause of anger 195(39).
ikinagálit was the cause of anger 303(24).
 kinagalítan was the object of anger 274(15).
kinagàgalítan is the object of anger 40(36).
nagálit got angry 16(20).
nagàgálit gets angry 106(28).
pagkagálit a getting angry 176(39).
nàkagalítan happened to be the object of anger 52(40). 298(28).
magpagálit cause to get angry 98(32).
palagalitìn hot-head 315(18).
—(b) Accent shifted: galìt angry 177(39).
kagalìt at odds 266(39).
nagkagalìt had a falling out 269(19).
pagkakagalìt a falling out 155(27). 269(19).
nagkagá-kagalìt got angry at each other, pl. 269(25).
kàgalítan quarrel 236(36). 279(34).
pagkakàgalítan a quarreling together 222(42). 279(39).

-gambálaʾ: nagambálaʾ was disturbed 284(36).

nàgambálaʾ was unintentionally disturbed 293(8).

gámit that used 46(39).

gamìt used, second-hand 183(15).
gumámit use 58(14). used 94(4).
gumàgámit is using 202(17).
paggámit a using 56(37).
gamítin be used 161(20).
gàgamítin will be used 234(22).
ginámit was used 60(26).
ginàgámit is being used 40(35).
gamítan be used on 58(16).
kagamitàn use, employment 36(23). 120(15).
magámit be able to be used 20(5). 74(7). 283(26).
nagámit was able to be used 230(14).
nàgámit was accidentally used 293(10).
pagkàgámit the way of using, chance ability to use 240(3). 291(40).
ipinagàgámit is being caused to be used 306(9).
gamòt medicine 54(9).
paŋgamòt means of curing 46(14).
gumamòt cure 46(13).
gumágamòt is curing 46(16).
paggamòt a curing 42(15).
maŋgagamòt maŋgagámot physician 28(24). 44(28.30). 243(10).
paŋgagamòt curing 42(25).
gamutìn be treated 46(23).
ginamòt was treated 46(4).
ginágamòt is being treated 290(13).
ipinagamòt was caused to be treated 54(8).

-gána S.: gumàgána is earning 227(18).

ganà concern 98(6). 281(25). 198.

gandà beauty 70(11).

magandà beautiful 48(15). 152(3).
magagandà pl. 72(19).
nagpápagandà is causing to be beautiful 48(18).

ganitò, see itò.

ganiyàn, see iyàn.

gantì that given in return 90(12). 200(33). 272(11).

gantì ŋ pálaʾ: gumantì-ŋ-pálaʾ return favors 231(14).
gumantì act in retaliation 227(19).
maŋhigantì take vengeance 24(25). 241(19).
maŋhíhigantì will take vengeance 241(21).
gantihìn be given return for 58(9).
paŋhigantihàn be the object of vengeance 40(38).

gáno, see anò.

ganoòn, see iyòn.