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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Use words such as linear, quadratic, cubic, polynomial, degree, one variable, and two variables to describe the
expression.
1) -13x + 5 1)
A) Linear (1st degree) polynomial in one variable
B) Quadratic (2nd degree) polynomial in one variable
C) Linear (1st degree) polynomial in two variables
D) Linear, not a polynomial

2) 19z 2 + z 2)
A) 19th - degree polynomial in one variable
B) quadratic (2nd - degree) polynomial in two variables
C) quadratic (2nd - degree) polynomial in one variable
D) quadratic, not a polynomial

3) -18x3 + 4x - 1 3)
A) cubic, not a polynomial
B) cubic (3rd - degree) polynomial in one variable
C) cubic (3rd - degree) polynomial in two variables
D) -18th - degree polynomial in one variable

4) 9x4 - 16x5 - 9x3 + 12 4)

A) Not a polynomial
B) 5th degree polynomial in two variables
C) 5th degree polynomial in one variable
D) cubic (3rd - degree) polynomial in one variable

5) -10x4 + 3x4 y - 3 5)
A) 5th - degree polynomial in one variable B) 5th - degree polynomial in two variables
C) not a polynomial D) 4th - degree polynomial in two variables

6) 10x3 - 7x2 - 4x - 2y4 6)

A) 4th - degree polynomial in two variables B) 3th - degree polynomial in two variables
C) 4th - degree polynomial in one variable D) not a polynomial

Combine like terms.

7) -4x2 - 2x + 9x + 4x 7)
A) -4x2 + 11x B) -4x2 + 7x + 4 C) 288x5 D) -4x2 + 7x

8) 6x - 11x6 - 15x6 + 6x 8)
A) -14x B) 6x - 11x6 - 15x6 + 6x
C) -14x6 D) -26x6 + 12x

9) 9x7 + 9x5 + x7 - 15x7 9)

A) 4x7 + 4x5 B) 9x7 + 9x5 + x7 - 15x7
C) 4x14 D) -5x7 + 9x5

1
 10) 8xy - 3y2 + 2xy + 2x2 10)
A) 9x2 + 9xy + 9y2 B) 16xy - 6x2 y2
C) 2x2 + 10xy - 3y2 D) 10xy - 6x2 y2

11) -13x7 + 4x6 - 9x7 - 10x7 - 15x6 11)

A) -43x7 - 43x6 B) -43x7
C) -13x7 + 4x6 - 9x7 - 10x7 - 15x6 D) -32x7 - 11x6

1
12) -15x7 - 14x6 y - 6x7 - - 5x6 y + 11x7 12)
7
1 1
A) -29x7 - B) -10x7 - 14x6 y -
7 7
1 1
C) -29x7 - 29x6y - D) -10x7 - 19x6 y -
7 7

Perform the addition or subtraction.

13) (9x5 + 7x2 ) + (6x5 - 4x2 ) 13)
A) 15x10 + 3x4 B) 18x7 C) 18x14 D) 15x5 + 3x2

14) (5x6 - 9x5 ) + (2x6 + 7x5 - 2) 14)

A) -3x6 + 12x5 - 2x B) -2x - 2x6 - 7x5
C) 7x6 - 2x5 - 2 D) -2x12

15) (5x5 - 8x4 + 6x) + (9x5 - 7x4 + 4x) 15)

A) 14x - 15x5 + 10x4 B) 9x10
C) 15x5 - 2x4 - 4x D) 14x5 - 15x4 + 10x

16) (9x4 + 4x3 + 4x2 - 3) + (6x4 - 2x3 - 6x2 + 9) 16)

A) 15x4 + 2x3 - 2x2 + 6 B) 15x4 + 2x3 + 18x2 + 10
C) 15x18 + 6 D) 15x8 + 2x6 - 2x4 + 6

17) (x2 + 5x + 3) + (2x + 6) 17)

A) x2 + 7x + 9 B) 2x2 + 5x + 9 C) 2x2 + 7x + 9 D) 16x2

18) (8y + 9) + (3y2 - 4y + 9) 18)

A) 3y2 + 12y - 18 B) 15y6 C) 3y2 - 4y + 18 D) 3y2 + 4y+ 18

19) (10x2y - 12xy + 4) + (-9x2 y + 8xy - 6) 19)

A) -4x3 y2 - 2 B) -x2y - 20xy + 10
C) x2y - 4xy - 2 D) 19x2 y + 20xy + 10

20) (3x2 + 2x - 10) - (-10x2 - 5) 20)

A) 13x2 + 2x - 5 B) -7x2 + 7x - 10 C) -7x2 + 2x - 15 D) 13x2 + 7x - 10

2
 21) (4x2 - 7) - (-x3 + 9x2 - 2) 21)
A) x3 - 5x2 - 5 B) x3 + 13x2 - 9 C) 5x3 + 2x2 + 2 D) 5x3 + 9x2 - 5

22) (x3 + 5xy - 7y2 ) - (4x3 + 7xy + y2) 22)

A) 5x3 - 2xy - 8y2 B) 3x3 + 2xy - 6y2
C) -3x3 - 2xy - 8y2 D) -3x3 - 2xy - 6y2

23) (5x4 + 8xy - y3 ) - (x4 + 3xy + 8y3) 23)

A) 4x4 + 5xy - 9y3 B) 5x4 + 5xy - 9y3 C) 4x4 + 5xy - 7y3 D) 6x4 + 7xy + 7y3

24) (9x2 - 2x + 2) - (4x2 + 4x + 3) 24)

A) 5x2 - 6x - 1 B) 5x2 - 6x + 5 C) 5x2 + 2x - 1 D) 5x2 + 2x + 5

25) (5x2 + 2x + 3) - (-9x2 + 5) 25)

A) 14x2 - 3x + 3 B) -4x2 + 2x - 2 C) 14x2 + 2x - 2 D) -4x2 - 3x + 3

26) (10a 2b - 11ab + 5) - (5a 2b + 3ab - 6) 26)

A) 5a2 b - 14ab + 11 B) 5a 2b + 14ab - 11
C) 15a 2 b - 14ab + 11 D) 5a 2b + 14ab + 11

27) (5m2 - 5mn + 2n 2 ) - (7m2 + 9mn - 7n 2 ) 27)

A) -2m 2 - 14mn - 5n 2 B) -2m 2 + 4mn + 9n 2
C) 12m 2 + 4mn - 5n 2 D) -2m 2 - 14mn + 9n 2

Find the function value.

28) If Q(x) = -2x2 - 6x - 7, find Q(-1). 28)
A) -11 B) -15 C) -3 D) 1

29) If Q(x) = 4x2 + 6x - 5, find Q(0) 29)

A) 4 B) 0 C) -5 D) 6

30) If P(x) = x2 + 2x + 6, find P(-3). 30)

A) 3 B) 9 C) -3 D) 17

31) If Q(x) = x2 - 3, find Q(-3). 31)

A) 6 B) 36 C) 9 D) -6

32) If P(x) = 2x2 + 2x, find P(3). 32)

A) 23 B) 24 C) 18 D) 12

3
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Solve the problem.

33) The graph of f is sketched in the figure below. 33)
i) Find f(3).
ii) Find a when f(a) = 5.
iii) Find a when f(a) = -4.
iv) Find a when f(a) = -5.

5 y

4
3
2
1

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

34) A table of values for a quadratic function are listed in the table below. 34)
i) Find f(1).
ii) Find x when f(x) = 1.
iii) Find x when f(x) = 5.
iv) Find x when f(x) = 6.

x f(x)
-2 -11
-1 -4
0 1
1 4
2 5
3 4
4 1
5 -4
6 -11

4
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Graph the function by hand.

35) f(x) = -2x2 35)
y
10

-10 -5 5 10 x

-5

-10

A) B)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

C) D)
y y
10 10

5 5

-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x

-5 -5

-10 -10

5
 36) y = 3x3 36)
y
8

6
4
2

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
-2

-4
-6

-8

A) B)
y y
8 8
6 6

4 4
2 2

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
-2 -2
-4 -4

-6 -6
-8 -8

C) D)
y y
8 8

6 6
4 4

2 2

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
-2 -2
-4 -4

-6 -6
-8 -8

Find an equation for the given function.

37) f(x) = x + 7; g(x) = 5x2 37)
Find (f - g)(x).
A) (f - g)(x) = 5x2 + x + 7 B) (f - g)(x) = -5x2 - x - 7
C) (f - g)(x) = -5x2 - x + 7 D) (f - g)(x) = -5x2 + x + 7

6
 4 3
38) f(x) = x2 - x - 5; g(x) = x3 + x2 + x 38)
5 5
Find (f + g)(x).
1 2 1 2
A) (f + g)(x) = 2x3 - x - 4x B) (f + g)(x) = 2x3 - x - 4x
10 5
4 2 1 8 2 1
C) (f + g)(x) = x3 + x + x-5 D) (f + g)(x) = x3 + x + x-5
5 10 5 5

Evaluate the given function at the indicated value.

39) f(x) = -4x2 - 7x - 1; g(x) = 5x - 3 39)
Find (f + g)(5).
A) -14 B) 86 C) -114 D) -26

40) f(x) = 2x - 1; g(x) = 3x2 - 2 40)

Find (f + g)(5).
A) 82 B) 86 C) 83 D) 77

41) f(x) = 2x - 2; g(x) = 2x2 + 3x - 3 41)

Find (f + g)(5).
A) 70 B) 40 C) 60 D) 61

42) f(x) = 4x2 + 5; g(x) = 3x2 - 3 42)

Find (f + g)(4).
A) 24 B) 120 C) 78 D) 114

43) f(x) = 3x2 - 2; g(x) = 2x2 + 5x - 1 43)

Find (f + g)(5).
A) 107 B) 87 C) 147 D) 149

44) f(x) = -3x2 - 7x - 7; g(x) = -2x + 3 44)

Find (f + g)(4).
A) -88 B) 8 C) -112 D) -103

45) f(x) = 2x2 + 3; g(x) = x + 6 45)

Find (f - g)(5).
A) -58 B) 54 C) 52 D) 42

Find the product.

46) (-7x3 )(-9x4 ) 46)
A) -63x12 B) -63x7 C) 63x12 D) 63x7

47) (3x2 y)(-11x7 y4) 47)

A) -8x14y4 B) -8x9 y5 C) -33x9 y4 D) -33x9 y5

48) 11x(10x + 2) 48)

A) 110x2 + 22x B) 10x2 + 22x C) 110x2 + 2x D) 132x2

7
49) -4x(-11x + 10) 49)
A) -11x2 - 40x B) 44x2 - 40x C) 4x2 D) 44x2 + 10x

50) 7x(9x - 10) 50)

A) 9x2 - 70x B) -7x2 C) 63x2 - 10x D) 63x2 - 70x

51) (2x - 2)(x + 6) 51)

A) 2x2 + 9x - 12 B) 2x2 + 10x - 12 C) x2 - 12x + 10 D) x2 + 10x + 9

52) (x - 9)(x + 4) 52)

A) x2 - 6x - 36 B) x2 - 5x - 36 C) x2 - 5x - 5 D) x2 - 36x - 5

53) (x - 11)(x + 1) 53)

A) x2 - 11x - 11 B) x2 - 10x - 10 C) x2 - 11x - 10 D) x2 - 10x - 11

54) (3x - 5)(6x + 4) 54)

A) 9x2 - 18x - 18 B) 18x2 - 18x - 18 C) 9x2 - 18x - 20 D) 18x2 - 18x - 20

55) (x - 11)(x2 + 7x - 5) 55)

A) x3 - 4x2 - 72x - 55 B) x3 + 18x2 + 72x - 55
C) x3 - 4x2 - 82x + 55 D) x3 + 18x2 + 82x + 55

56) 3y(2y2 - 4y) 56)

A) 6y3 - 12y B) 6y2 - 12y2 C) 6y3 - 12y2 D) 6y3 + 12y2

57) 5xy(12x - 8y) 57)

A) 17x2 y - 13xy2 B) 17x2 - 13y2 C) 60x2 y - 40xy2 D) 60x2 - 40y2

58) (x + 9y)(x + 9y) 58)

A) x + 18xy + 81y B) x2 + 15xy + 81y2
C) x2 + 18xy + 18y2 D) x2 + 18xy + 81y2

59) (2x - 12y)(5x - 11y) 59)

A) 10x2 - 82xy - 82y2 B) 10x2 - 60xy + 132y2
C) 10x2 - 82xy + 132y2 D) 10x2 - 22xy + 132y2

60) (x + 7)(x2 + 2x - 9) 60)

A) x3 + 9x2 + 23x - 63 B) x3 + 9x2 + 23x + 63
C) x4 + 7x3 + 2x2 + 5x - 63 D) x3 + 9x2 + 5x - 63

61) (5x2 - 4x - 2)(x2 - 3x + 5) 61)

A) 5x4 - 19x3 + 37x2 - 14x - 10 B) 5x4 - 19x3 + 35x2 - 14x - 10
C) 5x4 - 15x3 + 37x2 - 14x - 10 D) 5x4 - 15x3 + 35x2 - 14x - 10

8
 62) (4m2 - 2m + 5)(m2 - 3m + 2) 62)
A) 4m4 - 14m3 + 19m2 - 19m + 10 B) 4m4 - 12m 3 + 14m2 - 19m + 10
C) 4m4 - 14m3 + 14m2 - 19m + 10 D) 4m4 - 12m 3 + 19m2 - 19m + 10

63) (x2 + x - 8)(x2 + x - 1) 63)

A) x4 + 2x3 + 9x2 - 7x + 8 B) x4 + x3 - 9x2 - 9x + 8
C) x4 + x3 + 10x2 + 9x + 8 D) x4 + 2x3 - 8x2 - 9x + 8

64) (x + y)(x2 - xy + y2 ) 64)

A) x3 - 2x2 y - 2xy2 + y3 B) x3 - y3
C) x3 + y3 D) x3 + 2x2 y + 2xy2 + y3

65) (x + y)(x2 - 4xy - y2 ) 65)

A) x3y - 4x2 y - xy3 B) x3 - 4x2y - 4xy2 - y3
C) x3 - 4x2 y - xy2 D) x3 - 3x2y - 5xy2 - y3

Simplify.
66) (x + 9)2 66)
A) x2 + 18x + 81 B) x + 81 C) x2 + 81 D) 81x2 + 18x + 81

67) (x - 16)2 67)

A) x2 - 32x + 256 B) x + 256
C) 256x2 - 32x + 256 D) x2 + 256

68) (3x - 11)2 68)

A) 9x2 - 66x + 121 B) 3x2 - 66x + 121 C) 9x2 + 121 D) 3x2 + 121

69) (16 + x)2 69)

A) 256x2 + 32x + 256 B) x2 + 32x + 256
C) x + 256 D) x2 + 256

70) (4x + 7)2 70)

A) 16x2 + 49 B) 4x2 + 56x + 49 C) 16x2 + 56x + 49 D) 4x2 + 49

71) (10x - y)2 71)

A) 100x2 + y2 B) 100x2 - 10xy + y2
C) 100x2 - 20xy - 2y2 D) 100x2 - 20xy + y2

72) (6x + 11y) 2 72)

A) 36x2 + 132xy + 121y2 B) 6x2 + 132xy + 121y2
C) 36x2 + 121y2 D) 6x2 + 121y2

9
 73) (2x - 9y)2 73)
A) 4x2 + 81y2 B) 2x2 - 36xy + 81y2
C) 2x2 + 81y2 D) 4x2 - 36xy + 81y2

74) (6x2 + 8y) 2 74)

A) 36x4 + 96x2 y + 64y2 B) 36x2 + 96x2 y + 64y2
C) 36x4 + 48x2 y + 64y2 D) 36x4 + 100x2 y + 64y2

Find the product.

75) (x + 11)(x - 11) 75)
A) x2 - 22x - 121 B) x2 + 22x - 121 C) x2 - 22 D) x2 - 121

76) (x - 13)(x + 13) 76)

A) x2 - 26x - 169 B) x2 - 26 C) x2 + 26x - 169 D) x2 - 169

77) (5x + 9)(5x - 9) 77)

A) x2 - 81 B) 25x2 - 90x - 81 C) 25x2 - 81 D) 25x2 + 90x - 81

78) (x + 5y)(x - 5y) 78)

A) x2 + 10xy - 25y2 B) x2 - 10xy - 25y2
C) x2 - 10y2 D) x2 - 25y2

4 4
79) x + x- 79)
7 7
16 8 16 8 16 16
A) x2 + B) x2 - x- C) x2 + x- D) x2 -
49 7 49 7 49 49

1 1
80) x - 10 x + 10 80)
3 3
1 2 20 1 2
A) x - x - 100 B) x - 20
9 3 9
1 2 1 2 20
C) x - 100 D) x + x - 100
9 9 3

81) (x - 5)(x + 5)(x2 + 25) 81)

A) x4 - 625 B) x4 + 50x2 + 625
C) x4 + 10x3+ 50x2 - 250x - 625 D) x4 + 10x3 - 250x - 625

82) (x + 3)(x - 3)(3x - 9) 82)

A) 3x3 - 9x2 + 27x - 81 B) 3x3 - 9x2 - 27x + 81
C) 3x3 + 9x2 - 27x - 81 D) 3x3 - 27x2 + 81x - 81

Find the requested function.

83) If f(x) = x2 + 9x + 7, find f(x + 5). 83)
A) x2 + 19x + 37 B) x2 + 9x + 84 C) x2 + 19x + 77 D) x2 + 9x + 77

10
 84) If f(x) = x2 - 3x, find f(x + h). 84)
A) x2 + xh + h 2 - 3x - 3h B) x2 + h 2 - 3xh
C) x2 + h 2 - 3x - 3h D) x2 + 2xh + h 2 - 3x - 3h

85) If f(x) = x2 - 5x + 8, find f(x + h). 85)

A) x2 + 2xh + h 2 - 5x - 5h + 8 B) x2 + h 2 - 5x - 5h + 8
C) x2 + xh + h 2 - 5x - 5h - 5 D) x2 + h 2 - 5x - 5h + 16

86) If f(x) = x2 + 4x - 4, find f(x + h) - f(x). 86)

A) x2 + 2xh + h 2 + 4x + 4h - 4 B) 2xh + h 2 + 4h
C) 2xh + h 2 + 4x + 4h D) 2xh + h 2 + 4x - 8

Write the quadratic function in standard form.

87) f(x) = -2(x - 1)2 + 5 87)
A) f(x) = -2x2 + 4x + 7 B) f(x) = -2x2 + 4x + 5
C) f(x) = -2x2 + 4x + 3 D) f(x) = -2x2 + 2x + 3

Find the requested product.

88) f(x) = 7x - 8, g(x) = 3x + 2 88)
Find (f ∙ g)(x).
A) 10x2 - 10x - 6 B) 21x2 - 16 C) 21x2 - 10x - 16 D) 21x2 - 22x - 16

89) f(x) = x + 7, g(x) = x2 + 3 89)

Find (f ∙ g)(x).
A) x3 + 7x2 + 10x + 21 B) x2 + 10x + 21
C) x3 + 10x2 + 21 D) x3 + 7x2 + 3x + 21

90) f(x) = 8x + 5, g(x) = -4x - 3 90)

Find (f ∙ g)(5).
A) 1035 B) 0 C) -2070 D) -1035

91) f(x) = x + 2, g(x) = -2x2 + 19x + 7 91)

Find (f ∙ g)(-3).
A) 55 B) 340 C) 41 D) 68

92) f(x) = x + 7, g(x) = x - 9 92)

Find (f ∙ g)(x) and (f ∙ g)(-1).
A) (f ∙ g)(x) = x2 + 16x + 63; (f ∙ g)(-1) = 48 B) (f ∙ g)(x) = x2 - 2x - 63; (f ∙ g)(-1) = -60
C) (f ∙ g)(x) = x2 - 2x + 63; (f ∙ g)(-1) = 66 D) (f ∙ g)(x) = x2 + 2x - 63; (f ∙ g)(-1) = -64

93) f(x) = x + 5, g(x) = x2 - 2x - 9 93)

Find (f ∙ g)(x) and (f ∙ g)(-6).
A) (f ∙ g)(x) = x3 + 7x2 + 19x + 45; (f ∙ g)(-6) = 195
B) (f ∙ g)(x) = x3 - 2x2 - 9x; (f ∙ g)(-6) = -234
C) (f ∙ g)(x) = x3 + 3x2 - 19x - 45; (f ∙ g)(-6) = -39
D) (f ∙ g)(x) = 5x3 + 10x2 - 45x; (f ∙ g)(-6) = -1170

11
Divide and simplify.
24r8 - 40r5
94) 94)
8r
A) 3r9 - 5r6 B) 24r7 - 40r4 C) 3r7 - 5r4 D) 3r8 - 5r5

12x2 + 16x - 11
95) 95)
4x
11 11 11
A) 12x + 16 - B) 3x - 7 C) 3x + 4 - D) 3x2 + 4x -
4x 4x 4

5x - 2x3 + 3x2
96) 96)
4x
5 5 1 2 3 5 1 2 3 5 1 3 3 2
A) - 2x2 + 3x B) - x + x C) + x - x D) - x + x
4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4

-12x8 - 15x6
97) 97)
-3x4
A) -12x8 + 5x2 B) 4x4 - 15x6 C) 9x10 D) 4x4 + 5x2

56x7 - 24x6 + 64x5

98) 98)
8x6
8 8
A) 15x - 3 B) 7x - 3 C) 7x - 3 + D) 7x - 24x6 +
x x

-8x8 + 18x6
99) 99)
-2x4
A) 4x4 + 18x6 B) -5x10 C) 4x4 - 9x2 D) -8x8 - 9x2

-30x8 + 48x6 - 36x4

100) 100)
-6x6
6 6 6 6
A) 5x - 8 + B) 5x - 8 + C) 5x2 - 8 + D) 5x2 - 8 +
x2 x x2 x

20x9 - 20x6 + 24x3

101) 101)
4x3
A) 5x6 + 5x3 - 6 B) 5x6 - 5x3 + 6
C) 20x6 - 20x3 + 24 D) 5x9 - 5x6 + 6x3

8x3y3 + 40xy - x2 y2
102) 102)
8xy
xy x2 y2
A) x2y2 + 5 - xy B) x2 y2 + 5 - 8xy C) x2y2 + 5 - D) xy + 5 -
8 8

12
Perform long division.
x2 + 10x + 24
103) 103)
x+4
A) x + 10 B) x2 + 10 C) x + 6 D) x2 + 6

p2 + 3p - 19
104) 104)
p+7
9 9 4
A) p - 4 + B) p + 4 + C) p - 4 D) p - 9 +
p+7 p+7 p+7

6m2 + 44m - 32
105) 105)
m+8
7
A) 6m - 4 B) 6m + 4 C) 6m - 4 + D) m - 4
m-4

15y2 - 97y + 126

106) 106)
3y - 14
A) 5y - 9 B) 5y + 9 C) 3y + 14 D) 5y + 106

9x2 - 57x + 90
107) 107)
-3x + 9
A) -3x - 10 B) 3x + 10 C) -3x + 9 D) -3x + 10

-38 + x2 + 8x
108) 108)
11 + x
-5 -5 10 5
A) x + 3 + B) x - 3 + C) x + 9 + D) x - 3 +
11 + x 11 + x 11 + x 11 + x

-10x3 - 19x2 - 10x + 15

109) 109)
-5x + 3
A) x2 + 5x + 5 B) x2 - 5x - 5 C) 2x2 + 5 D) 2x2 + 5x + 5

-20x3 + 3x2 + 34x + 21

110) 110)
5x + 3
3
A) x2 + 5 + B) -4x2 + 3x + 5
5x + 3
6 9
C) -4x2 + 3x + 5 + D) -4x2 + 3x + 5 +
5x + 3 5x + 3

x4 + 10x3 + 22x2 - 13x + 10

111) 111)
x+5
A) x4 + 10x3 + 22x2 -13 B) x3 + 5x2 - 3x + 2
C) x3 + 10x2 + 22x - 15 D) x3 - 5x2 + 3x + 2

13
 7x4 - 2x2 + 14x3 - 4x
112) 112)
7x + 14
2 49x
A) x3 - x B) x3 - 14x +
7 7x + 14
2 2 8x
C) x3 + x D) x3 - x -
7 7 7x + 14

x3 + 5x2 + 5x - 22
113) 113)
x2 - 3
8x + 7 x3 5 5x 22
A) x + 5 + B) - + +
x2 - 3 3 3 3 3

8x - 7 8x - 7
C) x + 5 + D) x2 + 5x +
x2 - 3 x2 - 3

x4 + 3x2 + 4
114) 114)
x2 + 1
2
A) x2 + 2 B) x2 + 2x + 1 +
x2 + 1
2 1
C) x2 + 2 + D) x2 + 2x +
2
x +1 2

x2 - 64
115) 115)
x+8
A) x2 - 8 B) x + 64 C) x - 8 D) x - 64

x2 - 49
116) 116)
x-7
A) x + 7 B) x2 - 7 C) x - 49 D) x + 49

x3 + 729
117) 117)
x+9
A) x2 - 9x + 81 B) x2 + 81 C) x2 - 9x - 81 D) x2 + 9x + 81

x3 - 512
118) 118)
x-8
A) x2 - 8x + 64 B) x2 - 64 C) x2 - 8x - 64 D) x2 + 8x + 64

Perform synthetic division.

p2 + 4p - 6
119) 119)
p+6
6 2 6
A) p - 2 B) p + 2 + C) p - 6 + D) p - 2 +
p+6 p+6 p+6

14
 -51 + x2 + 7x
120) 120)
11 + x
-7 -7 7 14
A) x + 4 + B) x - 4 + C) x - 4 + D) x + 12 +
11 + x 11 + x 11 + x 11 + x

-10x3 - 23x2 - 32x - 16

121) 121)
-5x - 4
A) 2x2 + 4 B) 2x2 + 3x + 4 C) x2 - 3x - 4 D) x2 + 3x + 4

4x3 - 2x2 - 4x + 13
122) 122)
-2x - 1
2
A) x2 + 1 + B) -2x2 + 2x + 1
-2x - 1
17 14
C) -2x2 + 2x + 1 + D) -2x2 + 2x + 1 +
-2x - 1 -2x - 1

Factor when possible.

123) x2 - 3x - 40 123)
A) (x + 8)(x + 1) B) (x + 8)(x + 5) C) (x - 8)(x + 5) D) x2 - 3x - 40

124) x2 + 2x - 80 124)
A) (x - 10)(x + 1) B) (x - 10)(x + 8) C) (x + 10)(x - 8) D) x2 + 2x - 80

125) x2 - x - 72 125)
A) x2 - x - 72 B) (x + 8)(x - 9) C) (x + 9)(x - 8) D) (x + 1)(x - 72)

126) x2 - x - 40 126)
A) (x - 40)(x + 1) B) (x - 5)(x + 8) C) (x + 5)(x - 8) D) prime

127) x2 - x - 6 127)
A) (x + 2)(x - 3) B) (x + 1)(x - 6) C) (x + 3)(x - 2) D) prime

128) x2 + 10x - 24 128)

A) (x + 12)(x - 2) B) (x - 12)(x + 1) C) (x - 12)(x + 2) D) prime

129) x2 + 7x - 8 129)
A) (x + 1)(x + 1) B) (x - 1)(x + 8) C) (x + 1)(x + 8) D) prime

130) x2 + 14x + 15 130)

A) (x - 5)(x + 3) B) (x + 15)(x - 1) C) (x + 5)(x - 3) D) prime

131) y2 + 2y - 3 131)
A) (y + 1)(y + 3) B) (y - 1)(y + 3) C) (y + 1)(y + 1) D) Prime

15
132) a2 + 2a - 48 132)
A) (a + 6)(a + 8) B) (a - 6)(a + 8) C) (a + 6)(a + 1) D) Prime

133) x2 - 2xy - 24y2 133)

A) (x - 4y)(x + y) B) (x + 4y)(x - 6y) C) (x - 4y)(x + 6y) D) Prime

134) x2 + 12xy + 35y2 134)

A) (x + 7y)(x + 5y) B) (x - 7y)(x + y) C) (x - 7y)(x + 5y) D) Prime

135) x2 + 2xy - 8y2 135)

A) (x - 4y)(x + y) B) (x + 4y)(x - 2y) C) (x - 4y)(x + 2y) D) (x - y)(x + 2y)

136) a2 + 2ab - 35b2 136)

A) (a + 5b)(a + b) B) (a - 5b)(a + 7b) C) (a + 5b)(a + 7b) D) Prime

137) 60x + 10 137)

A) 10(6x) B) 10(6x + 1) C) 5(12x + 2) D) 2(30x + 5)

138) 120x + 20 138)

A) 5(24x + 4) B) 4(30x + 5) C) 20(6x + 1) D) 20(6x)

139) 32x - 8 139)

A) 8(4x - 1) B) 8(x - 4) C) 8x(4x - 1) D) 8(x - 1)

140) 88x3 - 11x 140)

A) 11(8x3 - 1) B) 11x(x2 - 8) C) 11x(8x - 1) D) 11x(8x2 - 1)

141) -21a 3 + 12a 141)

A) -3a(7a 2 - 4) B) -3a(7a 2 + 4) C) -3(7a 3 + 4a) D) -3a 2 (7a - 4)

142) 42x4 + 30x2 142)

A) x2(42x2 + 30) B) 6x(7x3 + 5) C) 6x2 (7x2 + 5) D) 6x2 (7x + 5)

143) 27x4 y + 24xy3 143)

A) xy(27x3 + 24y2) B) 3xy(9x3 + 8y2 )
C) 3y(9x4 + 8xy2 ) D) 3x(9x3 y + 8y3 )

144) 6x2 - 6x - 36 144)

A) 6(x - 2)(x + 3) B) 6x2 - 6x - 36 C) (6x + 12)(x - 3) D) 6(x + 2)(x - 3)

145) 2x2 - 10x + 12 145)

A) (x - 2)(2x - 6) B) 2(x - 2)(x - 3) C) 2(x - 6)(x + 1) D) 2x2 - 10x + 12

146) x3 - x2 - 6x 146)
A) x(x + 3)(x - 2) B) x(x + 2)(x - 3) C) (x2 + 1)(x - 6) D) x3 - x2 - 6

16
147) 2x2 - 2x - 12 147)
A) 2(x + 2)(x - 3) B) 2(x - 2)(x + 3) C) (2x + 4)(x - 3) D) Prime

148) 7x2 - 21xy - 28y2 148)

A) (7x - 7y)(x + 4y) B) 7(x + y)(x - 4y)
C) 7(x - y)(x + 4y) D) Prime

149) 2x2 - 16x + 30 149)

A) (x - 5)(2x - 6) B) 2(x - 5)(x - 3) C) 2(x - 15)(x + 1) D) Prime

150) 5y3 - 5y2 - 30y 150)

A) 5y(y - 2)(y + 3) B) (5y2 + 10y)(y - 3)
C) 5y(y + 2)(y - 3) D) (y - 2)(5y2 + 15)

151) 5x3 + 5x2 - 30x 151)

A) (x - 2)(5x2 + 15) B) 5x(x + 2)(x - 3)
C) 5x(x - 2)(x + 3) D) (5x2 + 10x)(x - 3)

152) -w2 + 8w - 15 152)

A) -(w - 5)(w - 3) B) (-w + 5)(w + 3) C) -(w + 5)(w + 3) D) Prime

153) -2w2 - 20w - 42 153)

A) -(2w + 14)(w + 3) B) -2(w + 7)(w + 3)
C) -(w - 7)(w - 3) D) Prime

154) x3 + 4x2 - 5x - 20 154)

A) (x2 - 5)(x + 4) B) (x2 + 5)(x - 4) C) (x - 5)(x + 4) D) (x2 + 4)(x - 5)

155) 9x3 + 6x2 - 12x - 8 155)

A) (3x - 2)(3x2 + 4) B) (3x - 2)(3x + 2)2
C) (3x + 2)(3x2 - 4) D) prime

156) x3 - 9x2 + x - 9 156)

A) (x + 1)(x - 1)(x - 9) B) (x + 1)(x - 1)(x + 9)
C) (x2 + 1)(x - 9) D) prime

157) x3 + 5x2 - x - 5 157)

A) (x + 1)(x - 1)(x - 5) B) (x + 1)(x - 1)(x + 5)
C) (x2 + 1)(x - 5) D) prime

158) 30x3 + 10x2 + 3x + 1 158)

A) (5x2 + 1)(6x + 1) B) (2x2 + 1)(15x + 1)
C) (10x + 1)(3x2 + 1) D) (10x2 + 1)(3x + 1)

17
159) x3 - 36x + 2x2 - 72 159)
A) (x + 6)(x - 6)(x + 2) B) (x - 6)2 (x + 2)
C) (x2 - 36)(x + 2) D) prime

160) x2 y - 9y + 18 - 2x2 160)

A) (y - 2)(x2 + 9) B) (y - 2)(x + 3)(x - 3)
C) (y + 2)(x + 3)(x - 3) D) Prime

161) 15x2 + 16x + 4 161)

A) (3x - 2)(5x - 2) B) (15x + 2)(x + 2) C) (3x + 2)(5x + 2) D) prime

162) 8x2 + 6x - 9 162)

A) (2x - 3)(4x + 3) B) (8x + 3)(x - 3) C) (2x + 3)(4x - 3) D) prime

163) 8x2 - 6x - 9 163)

A) (2x - 3)(4x + 3) B) (8x - 3)(x + 3) C) (2x + 3)(4x - 3) D) prime

164) 27x2 - 117x - 90 164)

A) (27x + 18)(x - 5) B) 9(3x - 2)(x + 5)
C) 9(3x + 2)(x - 5) D) prime

165) 10x2 - 35x - 20 165)

A) (10x - 5)(x + 4) B) 5(2x + 1)(x - 4) C) 5(2x - 1)(x + 4) D) prime

166) 10x2 + 45x - 25 166)

A) 5(2x - 1)(x + 5) B) (10x - 5)(x + 5) C) 5(2x + 1)(x - 5) D) prime

167) 8x2 + 17x - 21 167)

A) (x - 3)(8x + 7) B) (x + 3)(8x - 7) C) (x - 7)(8x + 3) D) Prime

168) 14z 2 - 49z - 28 168)

A) 7(2z - 1)(z + 4) B) (14z - 7)(z + 4) C) 7(2z + 1)(z - 4) D) Prime

169) 12x2 - 7xy - 12y2 169)

A) (4x - 3y)(3x + 4y) B) (4x + 3y)(3x - 4y)
C) (12x + 3y)(x - 4y) D) Prime

170) 10w2 + 45w - 25 170)

A) 5(2w + 1)(w - 5) B) 5(2w - 1)(w + 5)
C) (10w - 5)(w + 5) D) Prime

171) 20x2 - 23xy + 6y2 171)

A) (20x + 3y)(x + 2y) B) (4x + 3y)(5x + 2y)
C) (4x - 3y)(5x - 2y) D) Prime

18
172) 10x3 - 9x2 - 9x 172)
A) x2(5x + 3)(2x - 3) B) (5x2 + 3)(2x - 3)
C) x(2x + 3)(5x - 3) D) x(5x + 3)(2x - 3)

173) x2 - 49 173)
A) (x + 7)2 B) (x + 7)(x - 7) C) (x - 7)2 D) prime

174) 36 - x2 174)
A) (6 - x)2 B) (6 - x)(6 + x) C) (6 + x)2 D) prime

175) 1 - 81x2 175)

A) (1 + 9x)2 B) (1 - 9x)2 C) (1 + 9x)(1 - 9x) D) prime

176) 49x2 - 36 176)

A) (7x - 6)2 B) (7x + 6)(7x - 6) C) (7x + 6)2 D) prime

177) 9 - 64x2 177)

A) (3 - 8x)2 B) (3 + 8x)2 C) (3 + 8x)(3 - 8x) D) prime

178) 16x2 - 16 178)

A) 16(x - 1)2 B) 16(x + 1)2 C) 16(x + 1)(x - 1) D) prime

179) 6x2 - 24 179)

A) 6(x + 2)(x - 2) B) 6(x - 2)2 C) 6(x + 2)2 D) prime

180) 5x3 - 45x 180)

A) 5x(x2 - 9) B) 5x(x - 3)(x - 3) C) 5x(x - 3)(x + 3) D) 5(x - 3)(x + 3)

181) 64x2 - 81y2 181)

A) (8x + 9y) 2 B) (8x - 9y) 2
C) (8x + 9y)(8x - 9y) D) Prime

182) 9x2 + 49 182)

A) (3x + 7)2 B) (3x - 7)2 C) (3x + 7)(3x - 7) D) Prime

183) x4 - 25 183)
A) (x2 + 5)2 B) (x2 + 5)(x2 - 5) C) (x2 - 5)2 D) Prime

184) ab4 - 36a 3 b2 184)

A) ab2 (b - 6a)2 B) a(b2 + 6ab)(b2 - 6ab)
C) ab2 (b + 6a)(b - 6a) D) Prime

185) x2 y2 - 36 185)
A) (xy + 6)(xy - 6) B) (x + 6y)(x - 6y) C) (xy - 6)2 D) Prime

19
186) x3 + 512 186)
A) (x - 8)(x2 + 8x + 64) B) (x + 8)(x2 - 8x + 64)
C) (x - 512)(x2 - 1) D) (x + 8)(x2 + 64)

187) x3 - 729 187)

A) (x + 729)(x2 - 1) B) (x - 9)(x2 + 9x + 81)
C) (x + 9)(x2 - 9x + 81) D) (x - 9)(x2 + 81)

188) 27x3 - 64 188)

A) (3x - 4)(9x2 + 16) B) (27x - 4)(x2 + 12x + 16)
C) (3x - 4)(9x2 + 12x + 16) D) (3x + 4)(9x2 - 12x + 16)

189) 343x3 + 512 189)

A) (7x + 8)(49x2 - 56x + 64) B) (7x - 8)(49x2 + 56x + 64)
C) (7x + 8)(49x2 + 64) D) (343x + 8)(x2 - 56x + 64)

190) 81x4 - 375x 190)

A) 3x(27x - 5)(x2 + 15x + 25) B) 3x(3x - 5)(9x2 + 15x + 25)
C) 3x(3x + 5)(9x2 - 15x + 25) D) (9x2 - 15)(9x2 + 25)

191) 216x3 + 512 191)

A) 8(3x + 4)(9x2 - 12x + 16) B) 8(27x3 + 64)
C) 8(3x - 4)(9x2 + 12x + 16) D) 8(3x + 4)(9x2 + 16)

192) 50x3 - 18x 192)

A) (10x + 6)(5x - 3) B) 2x(5x + 3)(5x - 3)
C) 2x(5x + 3)2 D) 2x(5x - 3)2

193) 1000y3 - 1 193)

A) (10y - 1)(100y2 + 10y + 1) B) (10y - 1)(100y2 + 1)
C) (10y + 1)(100y2 - 10y + 1) D) (1000y - 1)(y2 + 10y + 1)

194) 343x3 + 1 194)

A) (7x + 1)(49x2 - 7x + 1) B) (7x + 1)(49x2 - 7x - 1)
C) (7x + 1)(49x2 + 1) D) (7x + 1)(49x2 + 7x + 1)

195) x3 y2 + 343y2 195)

A) (xy + 7)(x2y2 - 7x + 49) B) y2 (x + 7)(x2 - 7x + 49)
C) y2(x - 7)(x2 + 7x + 49) D) y2 (x + 7)(x2 + 49)

196) 512y3 z - z 196)

A) z(8y - 1)(64y2 + 1) B) z(512y - 1)(y2 + 8y + 1)
C) z(8y + 1)(64y2 - 8y + 1) D) z(8y - 1)(64y2 + 8y + 1)

20
197) 8x3 + y3 197)
A) (2x + y)(4x2 + 2xy + y2 ) B) (2x + y)(4x2 - 2xy + y2 )
C) (2x - y)(4x2 + 2xy + y2 ) D) (2x + y)(4x2 + y2 )

198) 875x3 + 189 198)

A) 7(5x - 3)(25x2 + 15x + 9) B) 7(5x + 3)(25x2 - 15x + 9)
C) 7(5x + 3)(25x2 + 9) D) 7(125x3 + 27)

199) 375x3 y - 192y4 199)

A) 3y(125x - 4y)(x2 + 20xy + 16y2 ) B) (15xy - 12y2)(25x2 + 16y2 )
C) 3y(5x - 4y)(25x2 + 20xy + 16y2 ) D) 3y(5x + 4y2 )(25x2 - 20xy + 16xy2)

200) x9 + y6 200)
A) (x3 + y2 )(x6 - x3 y2 + y4 ) B) (x3 - y2 )(x6 - x3 y2 + y6 )
C) (x3 + y2 )(x6 + x3 y2 + y6 ) D) (x3 - y2 )(x6 + x3 y2 + y6)

201) 27a 3 - 64b3 201)

A) (3a - 4b)(9a 2 + 16b2 ) B) (3a + 4b2 )(9a 2 - 12ab + 16b2 )
C) (27a - 4b)(a 2 + 12ab + 16b2 ) D) (3a - 4b)(9a 2 + 12ab + 16b2 )

202) z9 - 1 202)
A) (z - 1)(z 2 + z + 1)(z 6 + z3 + 1) B) (z - 1)(z + 1)(z 6 + z 3 + 1)
C) (z 3 - 1)(z 6 + z3 + 1) D) (z + 1)(z 2 - z + 1)(z 6 - z 3 + 1)

203) 3x3 - 432x 203)

A) x(x + 12)(3x - 36) B) 3(x + 12)(x2 - 12x)
C) 3x(x + 12)(x - 12) D) Prime

204) x2 + 11x + 12 204)

A) (x + 6)(x - 2) B) (x - 6)(x + 2) C) (x + 12)(x - 1) D) Prime

205) x2 - 6x + 36 205)
A) (x - 6)2 B) (x + 6)2 C) (x + 6)(x - 6) D) Prime

206) 50x2 + 55x - 30 206)

A) (2x + 3)(25x - 10) B) 5(2x + 3)(5x - 2)
C) (10x + 15)(5x - 2) D) 5(2x - 3)(5x + 2)

207) 12x2 - 60x + 75 207)

A) 3(2x + 5)2 B) 3(2x - 5)2 C) 3(2x - 5)(2x + 5) D) Prime

208) 5x3 - 5 208)

A) 5(x3 - 1) B) 5(x + 1)(x2 - x + 1)
C) 5(x - 1)(x2 + x + 1) D) Prime

21
209) 5x3 + 135 209)
A) 5(x + 3)3 B) 5(x + 3)(x2 - 3x + 9)
C) 5(x3 + 27) D) Prime

210) x2 y - 25y + 75 - 3x2 210)

A) (y - 3)(x + 5)(x - 5) B) (y + 3)(x + 5)(x - 5)
C) (y - 3)(x2 + 25) D) Prime

211) 56a 2 b + 208ab - 360b 211)

A) 8(7a - 9)(a - 5) B) 8b(7a - 9)(a + 5)
C) 8(7a + 9)(a - 5) D) Prime

212) 11x5 - 11xy2 212)

A) 11x(x2 + y2 )(x + y)(x - y) B) 11x(x2 + y)(x2 - y)
C) 11x(x2 - y)2 D) Prime

213) 11x5 - 11x 213)

A) 11x(x2 + 1)(x2 - 1) B) 11x(x4 + 1)(x2 + 1)(x + 1)(x - 1)
C) 11x(x2 + 1)(x + 1)(x - 1) D) Prime

214) x3 - 6x2 - 16x + 96 214)

A) (x - 6)(x + 4)(x - 4) B) (x - 6)(x - 4)2
C) (x + 6)(x + 4)(x - 4) D) Prime

215) 54x5 - 16x2 215)

A) 2x2 (3x + 2)(9x2 - 6x + 4) B) 2x2(3x - 2)(9x2 + 6x + 4)
C) 2x2 (3x - 2)(9x2 - 6x + 4) D) Prime

216) 48x4 y - 3y5 216)

A) 3(4x2 + y2 )(2x + y)(2x - y) B) 3y(16x2 + y2 )(4x + y)(4x - y)
C) 3y(4x2 + y2 )(2x + y)(2x - y) D) Prime

217) 108x3 - 180x2y + 75xy2 217)

A) 3x(6x + 5y) 2 B) 3x(6x - 5y)2
C) 3x(6x - 5y)(6x + 5y) D) Prime

218) 81x2 + 49y2 218)

A) (9x + 7y)(9x - 7y) B) (9x - 7y) 2
C) (9x + 7y) 2 D) Prime

219) 12x2 y2 - 768y2 219)

A) y2(x + 8)(12x - 96) B) 12y2 (x + 8)(x - 8)
C) 12y2 (x + 8)(x2 - 8x) D) Prime

22
 220) 2x2 - 24 220)
A) 2(x2 - 12) B) 2(x - 12)2
C) 2(x + 12)(x - 12) D) Prime

221) 3x3 + 8x + 9x2 + 24 221)

A) (x - 3)(3x2 + 8) B) (x + 3)(3x2 + 8) C) (x + 3)(3x + 8) D) (x + 3)(3x2 - 8)

222) 32y2 + 64y + 30 222)

A) 2(4y + 1)(4y + 15) B) 2(4y + 5)(4y + 3)
C) 2(15y + 5)(y + 3) D) Prime

223) y3 - 12y2 + 144y 223)

A) y(y + 12)2 B) y(y - 12)2
C) y(y2 - 12y + 144) D) Prime

224) 147x2 + 168xy + 48y2 224)

A) 3(7x + 4y) 2 B) 3(7x + 4y)(7x - 4y)
C) 3(7x - 4y)2 D) Prime

225) 24x3 +6xy2 225)

A) x(96x2 +6y2 ) B) 6x(4x + y)(4x - y)
C) 6x(4x2 + y2 ) D) Prime

226) 10x4 - 90x2 226)

A) 10(x2 + 3)(x2 - 3) B) 10(x2 + 3x)(x2 - 3x)
C) 10x2 (x + 3)(x - 3) D) Prime

Solve.
227) 4x(8x - 7) = 0 227)
7 1 7 1 7 7
A) x = , , 0 B) x = , C) x = - ,0 D) x = ,0
8 4 8 4 8 8

228) (x - 9)(x + 2) = 0 228)

A) x = -9, 2 B) x = 9, -2, 0 C) x = 9, 2 D) x = 9, -2

229) x2 - x = 12 229)
A) x = 1, 12 B) x = -3, -4 C) x = -3, 4 D) x = 3, 4

230) x2 + 9x - 36 = 0 230)
A) x = -12, 1 B) x = 12, -3 C) x = 12, 3 D) x = -12, 3

231) 5x2 - 3x - 8 = 0 231)

5 5 5 8
A) x = , 0 B) x = , 1 C) x = , -1 D) x = , -1
8 8 8 5

23
232) x(4x + 6) = 4 232)
3 1 3
A) x = 0, - B) x = , -2 C) x = 2, 2 D) x = 0,
2 2 2

233) x2 - 49 = 48x 233)

A) x = 0, -7 B) x = -7, 7 C) x = 1, -49 D) x = -1, 49

234) 5x2 - 35x + 60 = 0 234)

A) x = 3, 4 B) x = -3, -4 C) x = 5, 3, 4 D) x = 0, 3, 4

235) 9x2 = 4 235)

5 5 2 2 2 2
A) x = B) x = C) x = ,- D) x = ,-
6 36 9 9 3 3

236) 10x2 - 7x = 0 236)

10 10 7 7
A) x = ,0 B) x = - ,0 C) x = - ,0 D) x = ,0
7 7 10 10

237) 4x3 + 3x2 = 100x + 75 237)

3 3 3
A) x = -5, 5 B) x = - , 0 C) x = - , 5 D) x = -5, - , 5
4 4 4

238) 20x3 + 100x2 + 120x = 0 238)

1
A) x = 0, -3, -2 B) x = -3, -2 C) x = - , -2 D) x = 0, 3, 2
3

239) 25x2 - 16 = 30x 239)

2 14 8 2 8 2 8 2
A) x = - ,- B) x = ,- C) x = - , D) x = , -
25 25 25 25 5 5 5 5

240) 5x2 + 35x = - 60 240)

1 1
A) x = 3, x = 4 B) x = - 4, x = - 3 C) x = - , x = D) no real solution
2 2

241) 10x2 + 21x - 1 = -10 241)

2 5 3 3 3 3 2 3
A) x = , B) x = , C) x = - , - D) x = - , -
3 3 2 5 2 5 3 5

242) x3 + x2 - 12x = 0 242)

A) x = 0, - 4, 3 B) x = 0, 2, 3 C) x = - 4, 3 D) x = 2, 3

243) x3 + 3x2 - x - 3 = 0 243)

A) x = - 3, 3 B) x = -1, 1, - 3 C) x = 1, - 3, 3 D) x = 9

24
244) 4x3 - 8x2 = 12x 244)
A) x = 1, -3 B) x = -1, 3 C) x = 0, 1, -3 D) x = -1, 0, 3

245) 2x(x - 1) = 6x2 - 3x 245)

1 1
A) x = - , 0 B) x = 0 C) x = 0, 4 D) x = 0,
4 4

246) 7 - 7x = (4x + 9)(x - 1) 246)

9
A) x = -4, 1 B) x = -1, 4 C) x = 1, - D) x = 1
4

247) 4x(x - 6) = (3x - 8)(x - 6) 247)

A) x = -6, 8 B) x = -8 C) x = 6, -8 D) x = 8

248) (x + 6)(x + 1) = 50 248)

A) x = -11, 4 B) x = -4, 11 C) x = 1, 6 D) x = -6, -1

249) m2 + 2m - 48 = 0 249)
A) m = 8, 6 B) m = 8, -6 C) m = -8, 6 D) m = -8, 1

250) x2 + 2x = 63 250)
A) x = -9, 1 B) x = -9, 7 C) x = 9, 7 D) x = 9, -7

251) x2 - x = 30 251)
A) x = -5, -6 B) x = 1, 30 C) x = -5, 6 D) x = 5, 6

5 x
252) x2 - x = 252)
2 2
A) x = 0, 3 B) x = 0, 5 C) x = -2, 3 D) x = 0, -3

253) q(5q + 8) = 4 253)

2 5 8 8
A) q = , -2 B) q = ,2 C) q = 0, - D) q = 0,
5 2 5 5

254) x2 + 4x = x(x - 6) 254)

A) No solutions B) x = 0 C) x = 4, -6 D) x = -4, 6

255) 5(x + 2) = -20x + 5(x2 - 4) 255)

A) x = 1, -6 B) x = 5, -1, -6 C) x = -1, 6 D) x = 5, 1, 6

x2 1 x
256) + = 256)
12 4 3
A) x = -3, -1 B) x = -1, 3 C) x = 1, 3 D) x = -3, 1

25
Find all x-intercepts.
257) f(x) = x2 + 2x - 99 257)
A) (-11, 0), (9, 0) B) (-11, 0), (-9, 0) C) (11, 0), (9, 0) D) (11, 0), (-9, 0)

258) g(t) = t2 + 3t - 28 258)

A) (7, 0), (-4, 0) B) (-7, 0), (4, 0) C) (-7, 0), (1, 0) D) (7, 0), (4, 0)

259) s(p) = 2p2 - 5p - 7 259)

2 2 2 7
A) , 0 , (-1, 0) B) , 0 , (0, 0) C) , 0 , (1, 0) D) , 0 , (-1, 0)
7 7 7 2

260) f(x) = x3 + x2 - 6x 260)

A) (1, 0), (2, 0) B) (- 3, 0), (2, 0)
C) (0, 0), (- 3, 0), (2, 0) D) (0, 0), (1, 0), (2, 0)

261) f(x) = x3 + 4x2 - x - 4 261)

A) (-1, 0), (1, 0), (- 4, 0) B) (16, 0)
C) (- 4, 0), (4, 0) D) (1, 0), (- 4, 0), (4, 0)

262) f(x) = x2 - 5x - 36 262)

A) (-9, 0), (4, 0) B) (-12, 0), (3, 0) C) (-6, 0), (6, 0) D) (-4, 0), (9, 0)

Solve the problem.

263) Let f(x) = 3x2 - 2x - 8. Find f(-5). 263)
A) f(-5) = 77 B) f(-5) = -73 C) f(-5) = 57 D) f(-5) = -93

264) Let f(x) = x2 - 5x + 9. Find f(5). 264)

A) f(5) = 0 B) f(5) = -11 C) f(5) = 29 D) f(5) = 9

265) Let f(x) = x2 + 4. Find f(-1). 265)

A) f(-1) = 9 B) f(-1) = 1 C) f(-1) = 5 D) f(-1) = 3

266) Let f(x) = x2 + 255x + 6750. Find f(5). 266)

A) f(5) = -217 B) f(5) = -30 C) f(5) = -225 D) f(5) = -210

267) Let f(x) = x2 + 11x - 48. Find x when f(x) = -6. 267)
A) x = 3, 2 B) x = -15, 2 C) x = 3, -14 D) x = -15, -14

26
Use the graph to solve the equation.
1 3
268) Solve: x2 + 2x + = 4 268)
2 2

1 2 3
y= x + 2x +
2 2
10 y

6
4

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 x
-2

-4
-6

-8
-10
A) x = -5 or 1 B) x = 4 or 6 C) x = -6 or 0 D) x = -4 or 2

269) Solve: x3 - 3x2 - 1 = x - 4 269)

y = x3 - 3x2 - 1
12 y

10 y =x-4
8

6
4

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 x
-2
-4

-6
-8
A) x = -1, 1, or 3 B) x = -5, -3, or -1 C) x = -3, -1, or 1 D) x = 0 or 0

27
Use the table to solve the equation.
270) Solve: 3x2 - 4x + 3 = 10 270)

x y
-2 23
-1 10
0 3
1 2
2 7
3 18
4 35

A) 0 B) 1 C) -2 D) -1

Solve the problem.

271) If the cost, C(x), for manufacturing x units of a certain product is given by C(x) = x2 - 50x + 8400, 271)
find the number of units manufactured at a cost of $10,800.
A) 30 units B) 70 units C) 120 units D) 80 units

272) A manufacturer determines that the profit in dollars for manufacturing n units is 272)
P = 2n 2 - 40n - 100. (Assume that n is a positive integer) How many units are produced when the
profit is $500?
A) 30 units B) 35 units C) 10 units D) 40 units

273) The net income y (in millions of dollars) of Pet Products Unlimited from 1997 to 1999 is given by 273)
the equation y = 9x2 + 15x + 52, where x represents the number of years after 1997. Assume this
trend continues and predict the year in which Pet Products Unlimited's net income will be $748
million.
A) 2007 B) 2004 C) 2006 D) 2005

274) A window washer accidentally drops a bucket from the top of a 144-foot building. The height h of 274)
the bucket after t seconds is given by h = -16t2 + 144. When will the bucket hit the ground?
A) 3 sec B) 9 sec C) 48 sec D) -3 sec

275) An object is thrown upward from the top of a 160-foot building with an initial velocity of 48 feet 275)
per second. The height h of the object after t seconds is given by the quadratic equation
h = -16t2 + 48t + 160. When will the object hit the ground?
A) 2 sec B) -2 sec C) 5 sec D) 160 sec

276) A certain rectangle's length is 7 feet longer than its width. If the area of the rectangle is 78 square 276)
feet, find its dimensions.
A) 5 ft by 14 ft B) 5 ft by 12 ft C) 6 ft by 13 ft D) 7 ft by 14 ft

277) The width of a rectangle is 6 kilometers less than twice its length. If its area is 108 square 277)
kilometers, find the dimensions of the rectangle.
A) width = 9 km, length = 12 km B) length = 6 km, width = 6 km
C) length = 9 km, width = 12 km D) length = 3 km, width = 36 km

28
278) Each side of a square is lengthened by 2 inches. The area of this new, larger square is 64 square 278)
inches. Find the length of a side of the original square.
A) 10 in. B) 8 in. C) 6 in. D) 2 in.

279) The side of a square equals the length of a rectangle. The width of the rectangle is 4 centimeters 279)
longer than its length. The sum of the areas of the square and the rectangle is 30 square
centimeters. Find the side of the square.
A) 9 cm B) 2 cm C) 5 cm D) 3 cm

280) Kara is making a box by cutting out 4-in.-by-4-in. squares from a square piece of cardboard and 280)
folding the edges to make a 4-inch-high box. What size of cardboard does Kara need to make a
4-inch-high box with a volume of 256 cubic inches?
A) 40 in. by 40 in. B) 8 in. by 8 in. C) 16 in. by 16 in. D) 12 in. by 12 in.

281) The public swimming pool, which is a rectangle measuring 27 meters by 26 meters, needs a new 281)
deck. The deck of uniform width that will surround the pool will be made of concrete. There is
only enough money in the budget to cover 1104 square meters with concrete. How wide should
the deck be?
A) 12 m B) 10 m C) 8 m D) 6 m

282) The outside dimensions of a picture frame are 34 cm and 36 cm. The area of the picture inside the 282)
frame is 899 square centimeters. Find the width of the frame.

36 cm

34 cm

A) 2.5 cm B) 1.25 cm C) 5 cm D) 10 cm

29
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6

1) A
2) C
3) B
4) C
5) B
6) A
7) A
8) D
9) D
10) C
11) D
12) D
13) D
14) C
15) D
16) A
17) A
18) D
19) C
20) A
21) A
22) C
23) A
24) A
25) C
26) A
27) D
28) C
29) C
30) B
31) A
32) B
33) i) f(3) = -3
ii) a = -1, 5
iii) a=2
iv) There is no such value.
34) i) f(1) = 4
ii) x = 0, 4
iii) x=2
iv) There is no such value.
35) D
36) C
37) D
38) D
39) C
40) A
41) A
42) D
43) C
44) A
30
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6

45) D
46) D
47) D
48) A
49) B
50) D
51) B
52) B
53) D
54) D
55) C
56) C
57) C
58) D
59) C
60) D
61) B
62) A
63) D
64) C
65) D
66) A
67) A
68) A
69) B
70) C
71) D
72) A
73) D
74) A
75) D
76) D
77) C
78) D
79) D
80) C
81) A
82) B
83) C
84) D
85) A
86) B
87) C
88) C
89) D
90) D
91) D
92) B
93) C
94) C
31
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6

95) C
96) B
97) D
98) C
99) C
100) C
101) B
102) C
103) C
104) A
105) A
106) A
107) D
108) B
109) D
110) C
111) B
112) A
113) C
114) C
115) C
116) A
117) A
118) D
119) D
120) B
121) B
122) D
123) C
124) C
125) B
126) D
127) A
128) A
129) B
130) D
131) B
132) B
133) B
134) A
135) B
136) B
137) B
138) C
139) A
140) D
141) A
142) C
143) B
144) D
32
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6

145) B
146) B
147) A
148) B
149) B
150) C
151) C
152) A
153) B
154) A
155) C
156) C
157) B
158) D
159) A
160) B
161) C
162) C
163) A
164) C
165) B
166) A
167) B
168) C
169) B
170) B
171) C
172) D
173) B
174) B
175) C
176) B
177) C
178) C
179) A
180) C
181) C
182) D
183) B
184) C
185) A
186) B
187) B
188) C
189) A
190) B
191) A
192) B
193) A
194) A
33
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6

195) B
196) D
197) B
198) B
199) C
200) A
201) D
202) A
203) C
204) D
205) D
206) B
207) B
208) C
209) B
210) A
211) B
212) B
213) C
214) A
215) B
216) C
217) B
218) D
219) B
220) A
221) B
222) B
223) C
224) A
225) C
226) C
227) D
228) D
229) C
230) D
231) D
232) B
233) D
234) A
235) D
236) D
237) D
238) A
239) D
240) B
241) C
242) A
243) B
244) D
34
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6

245) D
246) A
247) C
248) A
249) C
250) B
251) C
252) A
253) A
254) B
255) C
256) C
257) A
258) B
259) D
260) C
261) A
262) D
263) A
264) D
265) C
266) D
267) C
268) A
269) A
270) D
271) D
272) A
273) D
274) A
275) C
276) C
277) C
278) C
279) D
280) C
281) C
282) A

35
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
geographers never tire of dilating on the calms and storms, mudbanks
and fogs, and unknown dangers of the “Sea of Darkness.” Nevertheless,
as the turmoil of mediæval life made gentler spirits sigh for peace in
distant homes, while the wild energy of others found the very dangers
of the sea delightful, there was opened a double source of adventures,
both real and imaginary. Those pillars cut with inscriptions forbidding
further advance westward, which we owe to Moorish fancy,
confounding Hercules and Atlas and Alexander, were transformed into a
knightly hero pointing oceanwards, or became guide-posts to the
earthly paradise.
If there be a legendary flavor in the flight of the seven bishops, we
must set down the wanderings of the Magrurin[326] among the African
islands, the futile but bold attempts of the Visconti to circumnavigate
Africa, as real, though without the least footing in a list of claimants for
the discovery of America. The voyages of St. Brandan and St. Malo,
again, are distinctly fabulous, and but other forms of the ancient myth
of the soul-voyages; and the same may be said of the strange tale of
Maelduin.[327] But what of those other Irish voyages to Irland-it-mikla
and Huitramannaland, of the voyage of Madoc, of the explorations of
the Zeni? While these tales merit close investigation, it is certain that
whatever liftings of the veil there may have been—that there were any
is extremely doubtful—were unheralded at the time and soon forgotten.
[328]

It was reserved for the demands of commerce to reveal the secrets

of the west. But when the veil was finally removed it was easy for men
to see that it had never been quite opaque. The learned turned
naturally to their new-found classics, and were not slow to find the
passages which seemed prophetic of America. Seneca, Virgil, Horace,
Aristotle, and Theopompus, were soon pressed into the service, and the
story of Atlantis obtained at once a new importance. I have tried to
show in this chapter that these patrons of a revived learning put upon
these statements an interpretation which they will not bear.
The summing up of the whole matter cannot be better given than in
the words applied by a careful Grecian historian to another question in
ancient geography: “In some future time perhaps our pains may lead
us to a knowledge of those countries. But all that has hitherto been
written or reported of them must be considered as mere fable and
invention, and not the fruit of any real search, or genuine
information.”[329]

CRITICAL ESSAY ON THE SOURCES OF

INFORMATION.

T
HE views of the ancient Mediterranean peoples upon geography
are preserved almost solely in the ancient classics. The poems
attributed to Homer and Hesiod, the so-called Orphic hymns, the
odes of Pindar, even the dramatic works of Æschylus and his
successors, are sources for the earlier time. The writings of the earlier
philosophers are lost, and their ideas are to be found in later writers,
and in compilations like the Biographies of Diogenes Laertius (3d cent.
a.d.), the De placitis philosophorum attributed to Plutarch, and the like.
Among the works of Plato the Phaedo and Timaeus and the last book of
the Republic bear on the form and arrangement of the earth; the
Timaeus and Critias contain the fable of Atlantis. The first scientific
treatises preserved are the De Caelo and Meteorologica of Aristotle.
[330] It is needless to speak in detail of the geographical writers,
accounts of whom will be found in any history of Greek and Roman
literature. The minor pieces, such as the Periplus of Hanno, of Scylax of
Caryanda, of Dionysius Periegetes, the Geography of Agatharcides, and
others, have been several times collected;[331] and so have the minor
historians, which may be consulted for Theopompus, Hecataeus, and
the mythologists.[332] The geographical works of Pytheas (b.c. 350?), of
Eratosthenes (b.c. 276-126), of Polybius (b.c. 204-122), of Hipparchus
(flor. circ. b.c. 125), of Posidonius (1st cent. b.c.), are preserved only in
quotations made by later writers; they have, however, been collected
and edited in convenient form.[333] The most important source of our
knowledge of Greek geography and Greek geographers is of course the
great Geography of Strabo, which a happy fortune preserved to us. The
long introduction upon the nature of geography and the size of the
earth and the dimensions of the known world is of especial interest,
both for his own views and for those he criticises.[334] Strabo lived
about b.c. 60 to a.d. 24.
The works of Marinus of Tyre having perished, the next important
geographical work in Greek is the world-renowned Geography of
Ptolemaeus, who wrote in the second half of the second century a.d.
Despite the peculiar merits and history of this work, it is not so
important for our purpose as the work of Strabo, though it exercised
infinitely more influence on the Middle Ages and on early modern
geography.[335]
The astronomical writers are also of importance. Eudoxus of Cnidus,
said to have first adduced the change in the altitude of stars
accompanying a change of latitude as proof of the sphericity of the
earth, wrote works now known only in the poems of Aratus, who
flourished in the latter half of the third century b.c.[336] Geminus (circ.
b.c. 50),
[337] and Cleomedes,[338] whose work is famous for having
preserved the method by which Eratosthenes measured the
circumference of the earth, were authors of brief popular compilations
of astronomical science. Of vast importance in the history of learning
was the astronomical work of Ptolemy, ἡ μεγάλη σύνταξις τῆς
ἀστρονομίας, which was so honored by the Arabs that it is best known
to us as the Almagest, from Tabric al Magisthri, the title of the Arabic
translation which was made in 827. It has been edited and translated
by Halma (Paris, 1813, 1816).
Much is to be learned from the Scholia attached in early times to the
works of Hesiod, Homer, Pindar, the Argonautica of Apollonius Rhodius
(b.c. 276-193?), and to the works of Aristotle, Plato, etc. In some cases
these are printed with the works commented upon; in other cases, the
Scholia have been printed separately. The commentary of Proclus (a.d.
412-485) upon the Timaeus of Plato is of great importance in the
Atlantis myth.[339]
 Much interest attaches to the dialogue entitled On the face
appearing in the orb of the moon, which appears among the Moralia of
Plutarch. Really a contribution to the question of life after death, this
work also throws light upon geographical and astronomical knowledge
of its time.
Among the Romans we find much the same succession of sources.
The poets, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, Tibullus, Lucretius, Lucan, Seneca,
touch on geographical or astronomical points and reflect the opinion of
their day.[340]
The first six books of the great encyclopaedia compiled by Pliny the
elder (a.d. 23-79)[341] contain an account of the universe and the earth,
which is of the greatest value, and was long exploited by compilers of
later times, among the earliest and best of whom was Solinus.[342]
Equally famous with Solinus was the author of a work of more
independent character, Pomponius Mela, who lived in the first century
a.d. His geography, commonly known as De situ orbis from the
mediæval title, though the proper name is De chorographia, is a work
of importance and merit. In the Middle Ages it had wonderful
popularity.[343] Cicero, who contemplated writing a history of
geography, touches upon the arrangement of the earth’s surface
several times in his works, as in the Tusculan Disputations, and notably
in the sixth book of the Republic, in the episode known as the “Dream
of Scipio.” The importance of this piece is enhanced by the commentary
upon it written by Macrobius in the fifth century a.d.[344] A peculiar
interest attaches to the poems of Avienus, of the fourth century a.d., in
that they give much information about the character attributed to the
Atlantic Ocean.[345] The astronomical poems of Manilius[346] and
Hyginus were favorites in early Middle Ages. The astrological character
of the work of Manilius made it popular, but it conveyed also the true
doctrine of the form of the earth. The curious work of Marcianus
Capella gave a résumé of science in the first half of the fifth century
a.d., and had a like popularity as a school-book and house-book which

also helped maintain the truth.[347]

Such in the main are the ancient writers upon which we must chiefly
rely in considering the present question. In the interpretation of these
sources much has been done by the leading modern writers on the
condition of science in ancient times; like Bunbury, Ukert, Forbiger, St.
Martin, and Peschel on geography;[348] like Zeller on philosophy, not to
name many others;[349] and like Lewis and Martin on astronomy;[350]
but there is no occasion to go to much length in the enumeration of
this class of books. The reader is referred to the examination of the
literature of special points of the geographical studies of the ancients to
the notes following this Essay.

Mediæval cosmology and geography await a thorough student; they

are imbedded in the wastes of theological discussions of the Fathers, or
hidden in manuscript cosmographies in libraries of Europe. It should be
noted that confusion has arisen from the use of the word rotundus to
express both the sphericity of the earth and the circularity of the known
lands, and from the use of terra, or orbis terrae, to denote the
inhabited lands, as well as the globe. It has been pointed out by Ruge
(Gesch. d. Zeitalters der Entdeckungen, p. 97) that the later Middle Age
adopted the circular form of the oekoumene in consequence of a
peculiar theory as to the relation of the land and water masses of the
earth, which were conceived as two intercepting spheres. The
oekoumene might easily be spoken of as a round disk without implying
that the whole earth was plane.[351] That the struggle of the Christian
faith, at first for existence and then for the proper harvesting of the
fruits of victory, induced its earlier defenders to wage war against the
learning as well as the religion of the pagans; that Christians were
inclined to think time taken from the contemplation of the true faith
worse than wasted when given to investigations into natural
phenomena, which might better be accepted for what they professed to
be; and that they often found in Scripture a welcome support for the
evidence of the senses,—cannot be denied. It was inevitable that St.
Chrysostom, Lactantius, Orosius and Origines rejected or declined to
teach the sphericity of the earth. The curious systems of Cosmas and
Aethicus, marked by a return to the crudest conceptions of the
universe, found some favor in Europe. But the truth was not forgotten.
The astronomical poems of Aratus, Hyginus, and Manilius were still
read. Solinus and other plunderers of Pliny were popular, and kept alive
the ancient knowledge. The sphericity of the earth was not denied by
St. Augustine; it was maintained by Martianus Capella, and assumed by
Isidor of Seville. Bede[352] taught the whole system of ancient
geography; and but little later, Virgilius, bishop of Saltzburg, was
threatened with papal displeasure, not for teaching the sphericity of the
earth, but for upholding the existence of antipodes.[353] The canons of
Ptolemy were cited in the eleventh century by Hermann Contractus in
his De utilitatibus astrolabii, and in the twelfth by Hugues de Saint
Victor in his Eruditio didascalica. Strabo was not known before Pope
Nicholas V., who ordered the first translation. Not many to-day can
illustrate the truth more clearly than the author of L’Image du Monde,
an anonymous poem of the thirteenth century. If two men, he says,
were to start at the same time from a given point and go, the one east,
the other west,—
Si que andui egaumont alassent
Il convendroit qu’il s’encontrassent
Dessus le leu dont il se mûrent.[354]

In general, the mathematical and astronomical treatises were earlier

known to the West than the purely metaphysical works: this was the
case in the eleventh and twelfth centuries; in the thirteenth the
schoolmen were familiar with the whole body of Aristotle’s works. Thus
the influence of Aristotle on natural science was early important, either
through Arabian commentators or paraphrasers, or through translations
made from the Arabic, or directly from the Greek.[355]
Jourdain affirms that it was the influence of Aristotle and his
interpreters that kept alive in the Middle Ages the doctrine that India
and Spain were not far apart. He also maintains that the doctrine of the
sphericity of the earth was familiar throughout the Middle Age, and, if
anything, more of a favorite than the other view.
The field of the later ecclesiastical and scholastic writers, who kept
up the contentions over the form of the earth and kindred subjects, is
too large to be here minutely surveyed. Such of them as were well
known to the geographical students of the centuries next preceding
Columbus have been briefly indicated in another place;[356] and if not
completely, yet with helpful outlining, the whole subject of the
mediæval cosmology has been studied by not a few of the geographical
and cartographical students of later days.[357] So far as these studies
pertain to the theory of a Lost Atlantis and the fabulous islands of the
Atlantic Ocean, they will be particularly illustrated in the notes which
follow this Essay.

NOTES.
A. The Form of the Earth.—It is not easy to demonstrate that the
earliest Greeks believed the earth to be a flat disk, although that is the
accepted and probably correct view of their belief. It is possible to
examine but a small part of the earliest literature, and what we have is
of uncertain date and dubious origin; its intent is religious or romantic,
not scientific; its form is poetic. It is difficult to interpret it accurately,
since the prevalent ideas of nature must be deduced from imagery,
qualifying words and phrases, and seldom from direct description. The
interpreter, doubtful as to the proportion in which he finds mingled
fancy and honest faith, is in constant danger of overreaching himself by
excess of ingenuity. In dealing with such a literature one is peculiarly
liable to abuse the always dangerous argument by which want of
knowledge is inferred from lack of mention. Other difficulties beset the
use of later philosophic material, much of which is preserved only in
extracts made by antagonists or by compilers, so that we are forced to
confront a lack of context and possible misunderstanding or
misquotation. The frequent use of the word στρογγύλος, which has the
same ambiguity as our word “round” in common parlance, often leads
to uncertainty. A more fruitful cause of trouble is inherent in the Greek
manner of thinking of the world. It is often difficult to know whether a
writer means the planet, or whether he means the agglomeration of
known lands which later writers called ἡ οἰκουμένη. It is not impossible
that when writers refer to the earth as encircled by the river Oceanus,
they mean, not the globe, but the known lands, the eastern continent,
as we say, what the Romans sometimes called orbis terrae or orbis
terrarum, a term which may mean the “circle of the lands,” not the “orb
of the earth.” At a later time it was a well-known belief that the earth-
globe and water-globe were excentrics, so that a segment of the former
projected beyond the surface of the latter in one part, and constituted
the known world.[358]
I cannot attach much importance to the line of argument with which
modern writers since Voss have tried to prove that the Homeric poems
represent the earth flat. That Poseidon, from the mountains of the
Solymi, sees Odesseus on the sea to the west of Greece (Od. v. 282);
that Helios could see his cattle in Thrinakia both as he went toward the
heavens and as he turned toward the earth again (Od. xii. 380); that at
sunset “all the ways are darkened;” that the sun and the stars set in
and rose from the ocean,—these and similar proofs seem to me to have
as little weight as attaches to the expressions “ends of the earth,” or to
the flowing of Oceanus around the earth. There are, however, other
and better reasons for assuming that the earth in earliest thought was
flat. Such is the most natural assumption from the evidence of sight,
and there is certainly nothing in the older writings inconsistent with
such an idea. We know, moreover, that in the time of Socrates it was
yet a matter of debate as to whether the earth was flat or spherical, as
it was in the time of Plutarch.[359] We are distinctly told by Aristotle
that various forms were attributed to earth by early philosophers, and
the implication is that the spherical theory, whose truth he proceeds to
demonstrate, was a new thought.[360] It is very unlikely, except to
those who sincerely accept the theory of a primitive race of unequalled
wisdom, that the sphericity of the earth, having been known to Homer,
should have been cast aside by the Ionic philosophers and the
Epicureans, and forgotten by educated people five or six centuries later,
as it must have been before the midnight voyage of Helios in his golden
cup, and before similar attempts to account for the return of the sun
could have become current. Ignorance of the true shape of the earth is
also indicated by the common view that the sun appeared much larger
at rising to the people of India than to the Grecians, and at setting
presented the same phenomenon in Spain.[361] As we have seen, the
description of Tartarus in the Theogony of Hesiod, which Fick thinks an
interpolation of much later date, likens the earth to a lid.
 The question has always been an open one. Crates of Mallos,
Strabo, and other Homer-worshippers of antiquity, could not deny to
the poet any knowledge current in their day, but their reasons for
assuming that he knew the earth to be a globe are not strong. In
recent years President Warren has maintained that Homer’s earth was a
sphere with Oceanus flowing around the equator, that the pillars of
Atlas meant the axis of the earth, and that Ogygia was at the north
pole.[362] Homer, however, thought that Oceanus flowed around the
known lands, not that it merely grazed their southern border: it is met
with in the east where the sun rises, in the west (Od. iv. 567), and in
the north (Od. v. 275).
That “Homer and all the ancient poets conceived the earth to be a
plane” was distinctly asserted by Geminus in the first century b.c.,[363]
and has been in general steadfastly maintained by moderns like Voss,
[364] Völcker,[365] Buchholtz,[366] Gladstone,[367] Martin,[368] Schaefer,
[369] and Gruppe.[370] It is therefore intrinsically probable, commonly
accepted, and not contradicted by what is known of the literature of the
time itself.[371]

B. Homer’s Geography.—There is an extensive literature on the

geographic attainments of Homer, but it is for the most part rather sad
reading. The later Greeks had a local identification for every place
mentioned in the Odyssey; but conservative scholars at present are
chary of such, while agreed in confining the scene of the wanderings to
the western Mediterranean. Gladstone, in Homer and the Homeric Age,
has argued with ingenuity for the transfer of the scene from the West
to the East, and has constructed on this basis one of the most
extraordinary maps of “the ancient world” known. K. E. von Baer (Wo
ist der Schauplatz d. Fahrten d. Odysseus zu finden? 1875), agreeing
with Gladstone, “identifies” the Lastrygonian harbor with Balaklava, and
discovers the very poplar grove of Persephone. It is a favorite scheme
with others to place the wanderings outside the columns of Hercules,
among the Atlantic isles,[372] and to include a circumnavigation of
Africa. The better opinion seems to me that which leaves the
wanderings in the western Mediterranean, which was considered to
extend much farther north than it actually does. The maps which
represent the voyage within the actual coast lines of the sea, and
indicate the vessel passing through the Straits to the ocean, are
misleading. There is not enough given in the poem to resolve the
problem. The courses are vague, the distances uncertain or
conventional,—often neither are given; and the matter is complicated
by the introduction of a floating island, and the mysterious voyages
from the land of the Phaeacians. It is a pleasant device adopted by
Buchholtz and others to assume that where the course is not given, the
wind last mentioned must be considered to still hold, and surely no one
will grudge the commentators this amelioration of their lot.

C. Supposed References to America.—It is well known that Columbus’s

hopes were in part based on passages in classical authors.[373]
Glareanus, quoting Virgil in 1527, after Columbus’s discovery had made
the question of the ancient knowledge prominent, has been considered
the earliest to open the discussion;[374] and after this we find it a
common topic in the early general writers on America, like Las Casas
(Historia General), Ramusio (introd. vol. iii.), and Acosta (book i. ch. 11,
etc.)
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries it was not an
uncommon subject of academic and learned discussion.[375] It was a
part of the survey made by many of the writers who discussed the
origin of the American tribes, like Garcia,[376] Lafitau,[377] Samuel
Mather,[378] Robertson,[379] not to name others.
It was not till Humboldt compassed the subject in his Examen
Critique de l’histoire de la géographie du nouveau continent (Paris,
1836), that the field was fully scanned with a critical spirit, acceptable
to the modern mind. He gives two of the five volumes which comprise
the work to this part of his subject, and very little has been added by
later research, while his conclusions still remain, on the whole, those of
the most careful of succeeding writers. The French original is not
equipped with guides to its contents, such as a student needs; but this
is partly supplied by the index in the German translation.[380] The
impediments which the student encounters in the Examen Critique are
a good deal removed in a book which is on the whole the easiest guide
to the sources of the subject,—Paul Gaffarel’s Etude sur les rapports de
l’Amérique et de l’ancien continent avant Christophe Colomb (Paris,
1869).[381]
The literature of the supposed old-world communication with
America shows other phases of this question of ancient knowledge, and
may be divided, apart from the Greek embraced in the previous survey,
into those of the Egyptians, Phœnicians, Tyrians, Carthaginians, and
Romans.
The Egyptian theory has been mainly worked out in the present
century. Paul Felix Cabrera’s Teatro critico Americano, printed with Rio’s
Palenqué (Lond., 1822), formulates the proofs. An essay by A. Lenoir,
comparing the Central American monuments with those of Egypt, is
appended to Dupaix’s Antiquités Méxicaines (1805). Delafield’s Inquiry
into the Origin of the Antiquities of America (Cincinnati, 1839), traces it
to the Cushites of Egypt, and cites Garcia y Cubas, Ensayo de an
Estudio Comparativo entre las Pirámides Egipcias y Méxicanas. Brasseur
de Bourbourg discussed the question, S’il existe des sources de
l’histoire primitive du Méxique dans les monuments égyptiens de
l’histoire primitive de l’ancien monde dans les monuments américains?
in his ed. of Landa’s Relations des Choses de Yucatan (Paris, 1864).
Buckle (Hist. of Civilization, i. ch. 2) believes the Mexican civilization to
have been strictly analogous to that of India and Egypt. Tylor (Early
Hist. of Mankind, 98) compares the Egyptian hieroglyphics with those of
the Aztecs. John T. C. Heaviside, Amer. Antiquities, or the New World
the Old, and the Old World the New (London, 1868), maintains the
reverse theory of the Egyptians being migrated Americans. F. de
Varnhagen works out his belief in L’origine touranienne des américains
tupis-caribes et des anciens égyptiens montrée principalement par la
philologie comparée; et notice d’une émigration en Amérique effectuée
à travers l’Atlantique plusieurs siècles avant notre ère (Vienne 1876).
[382]

Aristotle’s mention of an island discovered by the Phœnicians was

thought by Gomara and Oviedo to refer to America. The elder leading
writers on the origin of the Indians, like Garcia, Horn, De Laet, and at a
later day Lafitau, discuss the Phœnician theory; as does Voss in his
annotations on Pomponius Mela (1658), and Count de Gebelin in his
Monde primitif (Paris, 1781). In the present century the question has
been touched by Cabrera in Rio’s Palenqué (1822). R. A. Wilson, in his
New Conquest of Mexico, assigns (ch. v.) the ruins of Middle America to
the Phœnicians. Morlot, in the Actes de la Société Jurassienne
d’Emulation (1863), printed his “La découverte de l’Amérique par les
Phènicièns.” Gaffarel sums up the evidences in a paper in the Compte
Rendu, Cong. des Amér. (Nancy), i. 93.[383]
The Tyrian theory has been mainly sustained by a foolish book, by a
foolish man, An Original History of Anc. America (London, 1843), by
Geo. Jones, later known as the Count Johannes (cf. Bancroft’s Native
Races, v. 73).
The Carthaginian discovery rests mainly on the statements of
Diodorus Siculus.[384]
Baron Zach in his Correspondenz undertakes to say that Roman
voyages to America were common in the days of Seneca, and a good
deal of wild speculation has been indulged in.[385]

D. Atlantis.—The story of Atlantis rests solely upon the authority of

Plato, who sketched it in the Timaeus, and began an elaborated version
in the Critias (if that fragment be by him), which old writers often cite
as the Atlanticus. This is frequently forgotten by those who try to
establish the truth of the story, who often write as if all statements in
print were equally available as “authorities,” and quote as
corroborations of the tale all mentions of it made by classical writers,
regardless of the fact that all are later than Plato, and can no more
than Ignatius Donnelly corroborate him. In fact, the ancients knew no
better than we what to make of the story, and diverse opinions
prevailed then as now. Many of these opinions are collected by Proclus
in the first book of his commentary on the Timaeus,[386] and all shades
of opinion are represented from those who, like Crantor, accepted the
story as simply historical, to those who regarded it as a mere fable. Still
others, with Proclus himself, accepted it as a record of actual events,
while accounting for its introduction in Plato by a variety of subtile
metaphysical interpretations. Proclus reports that Crantor, the first
commentator upon Plato (circa b.c. 300), asserted that the Egyptian
priests said that the story was written on pillars which were still
preserved,[387] and he likewise quotes from the Ethiopic History of
Marcellus, a writer of whom nothing else is known, a statement that
according to certain historians there were seven islands in the external
sea sacred to Proserpine; and also three others of great size, one
sacred to Pluto, one to Ammon, and another, the middle one, a
thousand stadia in size, sacred to Neptune. The inhabitants of it
preserved the remembrance, from their ancestors, of the Atlantic island
which existed there, and was truly prodigiously great, which for many
periods had dominion over all the islands in the Atlantic sea, and was
itself sacred to Neptune.[388] Testimony like this is of little value in such
a case. What comes to us at third hand is more apt to need support
than give it; yet these two passages are the strongest evidence of
knowledge of Atlantis outside of Plato that is preserved. We do indeed
find mention of it elsewhere and earlier. Thus Strabo[389] says that
Posidonius (b.c. 135-51) suggested that, as the land was known to have
changed in elevation, Atlantis might not be a fiction, but that such an
island-continent might actually have existed and disappeared. Pliny[390]
also mentions Atlantis in treating of changes in the earth’s surface,
though he qualifies his quotation with “si Platoni credimus.”[391] A
mention of the story in a similar connection is made by Ammianus
Marcellinus.[392]
In the Scholia to Plato’s Republic it is said that at the great
Panathenaea there was carried in procession a peplum ornamented
with representations of the contest between the giants and the gods,
while on the peplum carried in the little Panathenaea could be seen the
war of the Athenians against the Atlantides. Even Humboldt accepted
this as an independent testimony in favor of the antiquity of the story;
but Martin has shown that, apart from the total inconsistency of the
report with the expressions of Plato, who places the narration of this
forgotten deed of his countrymen at the celebration of the festival of
the little Panathenaea, the scholiast has only misread Proclus, who
states that the peplum depicted the repulse of the barbarians, i. e.
Persians, by the Greeks.[393] To these passages it is customary to add
references to the Meropian continent of Theopompus,[394] the
Saturnian of Plutarch, the islands of Aristotle, Diodorus and Pausanias,
—which is very much as if one should refer to the New Atlantis of
Bacon as evidence for the existence of More’s Utopia.[395] Plutarch in
his life of Solon attributes Solon’s having given up the idea of an epic
upon Atlantis to his advanced age rather than to want of leisure; but
there is nothing to show that he had any evidence beyond Plato that
Solon ever thought of such a poem, and Plato does not say that Solon
began the poem, though Plutarch appears to have so understood him.
[396] Thus it seems more probable that all the references to Atlantis by
ancient writers are derived from the story in Plato than that they are
independent and corroborative statements.
With the decline of the Platonic school at Alexandria even the name
of Atlantis readily vanished from literature. It is mentioned by Tertullian,
[397] and found a place in the strange system of Cosmas

Indicopleustes,[398] but throughout the Middle Ages little or nothing

was known of it. That it was not quite forgotten appears from its
mention in the Image du Monde, a poem of the thirteenth century, still
in MS., where it is assigned a location in the Mer Betée (= coagulée).
[399] Plato was printed in Latin in 1483, 1484, 1491, and in Greek in

1513, and in 1534 with the commentary of Proclus on the Timaeus.[400]

The Timaeus was printed separately five times in the sixteenth century,
and also in a French and an Italian translation.[401]
The discovery of America doubtless added to the interest with which
the story was perused, and the old controversy flamed up with new
ardor. It was generally assumed that the account given by Plato was
not his invention. Opinions were, however, divided as to whether he
had given a correct account. Of those who believed that he had erred
as to the locality or as to the destruction of the island, some thought
that America was the true Atlantis, while others, with whose ideas we
have no concern here, placed Atlantis in Africa, Asia, or Europe, as
prejudice led them. Another class of scholars, sensible of the necessity
of adhering to the text of the only extant account, accepted the whole
narrative, and endeavored to find in the geography of the Atlantic, or as
indicated by the resemblances between the flora, fauna, and civilization
of America and of the old world, additional reasons for believing that
such an island had once existed, and had disappeared after serving as
a bridge by which communication between the continents was for a
time carried on. The discussion was prolonged over centuries, and is
not yet concluded. The wilder theories have been eliminated by time,
and the contest may now be said to be between those who accept
Plato’s tale as true and those who regard it as an invention. The latter
view is at present in favor with the most conservative and careful
scholars, but the other will always find advocates. That Atlantis was
America was maintained by Gomara, Guillaume de Postel, Horn, and
others incidentally, and by Birchrod in a special treatise,[402] which had
some influence even upon the geographer Cellarius. In 1669 the
Sansons published a map showing America divided among the
descendants of Neptune as Atlantis was divided, and even as late as
1762 Vaugondy reproduced it.[403] In his edition of Plato, Stallbaum
expressed his belief that the Egyptians might have had some
knowledge of America.[404] Cluverius thought the story was due to a
knowledge of America.[405]
Very lately Hyde Clark has found in the Atlantis fable evidence of a
knowledge of America: he does not believe in the connecting island
Atlantis, but he holds that Plato misinterpreted some account of
America which had reached him.[406] Except for completeness it is
scarcely worth mentioning that Blackett, whose work can really be
characterized by no other word than absurd, sees America in Atlantis.
[407]

Here should be mentioned a work by Berlioux, which puts

Euhemerus to the blush in the manner in which history with much
detail is extorted from mythology.[408] He holds that Atlantis was the
northwestern coast of Africa; that under Ouranos and Atlas,
astronomers and kings, it was the seat of a great empire which had
conquered portions of America and kept a lively commercial intercourse
with that country.
Ortelius in several places speaks of the belief that America was the
old Atlantis, and also attributes that belief to Mercator.[409]
That Atlantis might really have existed[410] and disappeared, leaving
the Atlantic islands as remnants, was too evident to escape notice.
Ortelius suggested that the island of Gades might be a fragment of
Atlantis,[411] and the doctrine was early a favorite. Kircher, in his very
curious work on the subterranean world, devotes considerable space to
Atlantis, rejecting its connection with America, while he maintains its
former existence, and holds that the Azores, Canaries, and other
Atlantic islands were formerly parts thereof, and that they showed
traces of volcanic fires in his day.[412]
Las Casas in his history of the Indies devoted an entire chapter to
Atlantis, quoting the arguments of Proclus, in his commentary on Plato,
in favor of the story, though he is himself more doubtful. He also cites
confirmative passages from Philo and St. Anselm, etc. He considers the
question of the Atlantic isles, and cites authorities for great and sudden
changes in the earth’s surface.[413]
The same view was taken by Becman,[414] and Fortia D’Urban.
Turnefort included America in the list of remnants; and De la Borde
followed Sanson in extending Atlantis to the farthest Pacific islands.[415]
Bory de St. Vincent,[416] again, limited Atlantis to the Atlantic, and gave
on a map his ideas of its contour.
D’Avezac maintains this theory in his Iles africaines de l’Océan
Atlantique,[417] p. 5-8. Carli devoted a large part of the second volume
of his Lettere Americane to Atlantis, controverting Baily, who placed
Atlantis in Spitzbergen. Carli goes at considerable length into the
topographical and geological arguments in favor of its existence.[418]
The early naturalists, when the doctrine of great and sudden changes
in the earth’s surface was in favor, were inclined to look with
acquiescence on this belief. Even Lyell confessed a temptation to accept
the theory of an Atlantis island in the northern Atlantic, though he could
not see in the Atlantic islands trace of a mid-Atlantic bridge.[419] About
the middle of this century scholars in several departments of learning,
accepting the evidences of resemblances between the product of the
old and new world, were induced to turn gladly to such a connection as
would have been offered by Atlantis; and the results obtained at about
the same time by studies in the pre-Columbian traditions and civilization
of Mexico were brought forward as supporting the same theory. That
the Antilles were remnants of Atlantis; that the Toltecs were
descendants from the panic-stricken fugitives of the great catastrophe,
whose terrors were recorded in their traditions, as well as in those of
the Egyptians, was ardently urged by Brasseur de Bourbourg.[420]
In 1859 Retzius announced that he found a close resemblance
between the skulls of the Guanches of the Canaries and the Guaranas
of Brazil, and recalled the Atlantis story to explain it.[421] In 1846
Forbes declared his belief in the former existence of a bridge of islands
in the North Atlantic, and in 1856 Heer attempted to show the necessity
of a similar connection from the testimony of palæontological botany.
In 1860, Unger deliberately advocated the Atlantis hypothesis to
explain the likeness between the fossil flora of Europe and the living
flora of America, enumerating over fifty similar species; and Kuntze
found in the case of the tropical seedless banana, occurring at once in
America before 1492 and in Africa, a strong evidence of the truth of the
theory.[422]
A condensed review of the scientific side of the question is given by
A. Boué in his article Ueber die Rolle der Veränderungen des
unorganischen Festen im grossen Massstabe in der Natur.[423]
The deep-sea soundings taken in the Atlantic under the auspices of
the governments of the United States, England, and Germany resulted
in discoveries which gave a new impetus to the Atlantis theory. It was
shown that, starting from the Arctic plateau, a ridge runs down the
middle of the Atlantic, broadening toward the Azores, and contracting
again as it trends toward the northeast coast of South America. The
depth over the ridge is less than 1,000 fathoms, while the valleys on
either side average 3,000; it is known after the U. S. vessel which took
the soundings as the Dolphin ridge. A similar though more uniformly
narrow ridge was found by the “Challenger” expedition (1873-76),
extending from somewhat north of Ascension Island directly south
between South America and Africa. It is known as the Challenger ridge.
There is, beside, evidence for the existence of a ridge across the
tropical Atlantic, connecting the Dolphin and Challenger ridges.
Madeira, the Canaries, and the Cape Verde Islands are cut off from
these ridges by a deep valley, but are connected by shoals with the
continent. Upon the publication of the Challenger chart (Special Report,
vii. 1876), those who favored the theory of communication between the
continents were not slow to appropriate its disclosures in their interests
(Nature, Dec. 21, 1876, xv. 158). In March, 1877, W. Stephen Mitchell
delivered a lecture at South Kensington, wherein he placed in
juxtaposition the theory of Unger and the revelations of the deep-sea
soundings, when he announced, however, that he did not mean to
assert that these ridges had ever formed a connecting link above water
between the continents.[424] Others were less cautious,[425] but in
general this interpretation did not commend itself as strongly to
conservative men of science as it might have done a few years before,
because such men were gradually coming to doubt the fact of changes
of great moment in the earth’s surface, even those of great duration.
In 1869, M. Paul Gaffarel published his first treatise on Atlantis,[426]
advocating the truth of the story, and in 1880 he made it the subject of
deeper research, utilizing the facts which ocean exploration had placed
at command.[427] This is the best work which has appeared upon this
side of the question, and can only be set against the earlier work by
Martin.[428] The same theory has been supported by D. P. de Novo y
Colson, who went so far as to predict the ultimate recovery of some
Atlantean manuscripts from submarine grottoes of some of the Atlantic
islands,—a hope which surpasses Mr. Donnelly.[429]
Winchell found the theory too useful in his scheme of ethnology to
be rejected,[430] but it was reserved for Ignatius Donnelly to undertake
the arrangement of the deductions of modern science and the data of
old traditions into a set argument for the truth of Plato’s story. His
book,[431] in many ways a rather clever statement of the argument, so
evidently presented only the evidence in favor of his view, and that with
so little critical estimate of authorities and weight of evidence, that it
attracted only uncomplimentary notice from the scientific press.[432] It
was, however, the first long presentation of the case in English, and as
such made an impression on many laymen. In 1882 was also published
the second volume of the Challenger Narrative, containing a report by
M. Renard on the geologic character of the mid-Atlantic island known as
St. Paul’s rocks. The other Atlantic islands are confessedly of volcanic
origin, and this, which laymen interpreted in favor of the Atlantis
theory, militated with men of science against the view that they were
remnants of a sunken continent. St. Paul’s, however, was, as noted by
Darwin, of doubtful character, and Renard came to the conclusion that
it was composed of crystalline schists, and had therefore probably been
once overlaid by masses since removed.[433] This conclusion, which
tended in favor of Atlantis, was controverted by A. Geikie[434] and by
M. E. Wadsworth,[435] (the latter having personally inspected
specimens,) on the ground that the rocks were volcanic in origin, and
that, had they been schists, the inference of denudation would not
follow. Dr. Guest declared that ethnologists have fully as good cause as
the botanists to regard Atlantis as a fact.[436] A. J. Weise in treating of
the Discoveries of America adopted the Atlantis fable unhesitatingly,
and supposes that America was known to the Egyptians through that
channel.[437]
That the whole story was invented by Plato as a literary ornament
or allegorical argument, or that he thus utilized a story which he had
really received from Egypt, but which was none the less a myth, was
maintained even among the early Platonists, and was the view of
Longinus. Even after the discovery of America many writers recognized
the fabulous touch in it, as Acosta,[438] who thought, “being well
considered, they are rediculous things, resembling rather to Ovid’s tales
then a Historie of Philosophie worthy of accompt,” and “cannot be held
for true but among children and old folkes”—an opinion adopted by the
judicious Cellarius.[439]
Among more recent writers, D’Anville, Bartoli,[440] Gosselin,[441]
Ukert,[442] approved this view.
Humboldt threw the weight of his great influence in favor of the
mythical interpretation, though he found the germ of the story in the
older geographic myth of the destruction of Lyctonia in the
Mediterranean (Orph. Argonaut., 1274, etc.);[443] while Martin, in his
work on the Timaeus, with great learning and good sense, reduced the
story to its elements, concluding that such an island had never existed,
the tale was not invented by Plato, but had really descended to him
from Solon, who had heard it in Egypt.
Prof. Jowett regards the entire narrative as “due to the imagination
of Plato, who could easily invent ‘Egyptians or anything else,’ and who
has used the name of Solon ... and the tradition of the Egyptian priest
to give verisimilitude to his story;”[444] and Bunbury is of the same
opinion, regarding the story as “a mere fiction,” and “no more intended
to be taken seriously ... than the tale of Er the Pamphylian.”[445] Mr.
Archer-Hind, the editor of the only separate edition of the Timaeus
which has appeared in England, thinks it impossible to determine
“whether Plato has invented the story from beginning to end, or
whether it really more or less represents some Egyptian legend brought
home by Solon,” which seems to be a fitting conclusion to the whole
matter.
The literature of the subject is widely scattered, but a good deal has
been done bibliographically in some works which have been reserved
for special mention here. The earliest is the Dissertation sur l’Atlantide,
by Th. Henri Martin,[446] wherein, beside a carefully reasoned
examination of the story itself and similar geographic myths, the
opposing views of previous writers are set forth in the second section,
Histoire des Systèmes sur l’Atlantide, pp. 258-280. Gaffarel has in like
manner given a résumé of the literature, which comes down later than
that of Martin, in the two excellent treatises which he has devoted to
the subject; he is convinced of the existence of such an island, but his
work is marked by such care, orderliness, and fulness of citations that it
is of the greatest value.[447] The references in these treatises are made
with intelligence, and are, in general, accurate and useful. That this is
not the case with the work of Mr. Donnelly deprives the volume of
much of the value which it might have had.[448]

E. Fabulous Islands of the Atlantic in the Middle Ages.—Fabulous

islands belong quite as much to the domain of folk-lore as to that of
geography. The legends about them form a part of the great mass of
superstitions connected with the sea. What has been written about
these island myths is for the most part scattered in innumerable
collections of folk-tales and in out-of-the-way sources, and it does not
lie within the scope of the present sketch to track in these directions all
that has been said. It will not be out of place, however, to refer to a
few recent works where much information and many references can be
found. One of the fullest collections, though not over-well sorted, is by
Lieut. F. S. Bassett,[449] consisting of brief notes made in the course of
wide reading, well provided with references, which are, however, often
so abbreviated as to inflict much trouble on those who would consult
them,—an all too common fault. Of interest is a chapter on Les îles, in
a similar work by M. Paul Sebillot.[450] An island home has often been
assigned to the soul after death, and many legends, some mediæval,
some of great antiquity, deal with such islands, or with voyages to
them. Some account of these will be found in Bassett, and particularly
in an article by E. Beauvois in the Revue de l’histoire de Religion,[451]
where further references are to be found. Wm. F. Warren has also
collected many references to the literature of this subject in the course
of his endeavor to show that Paradise was at the North Pole.[452] The
long articles on Eden and Paradise in McClintock and Strong’s Biblical
Encyclopedia should also be consulted.
In what way the fabulous islands of the Atlantic originated is not
known, nor has the subject been exhaustively investigated. The islands
of classical times, in part actual discoveries, in part born of confused
reports of actual discoveries, and in part probably purely mythical, were
very generally forgotten as ancient civilization declined.[453] The other
islands which succeeded them were in part reminiscences of the islands
known to the ancients or invented by them, and in part products of a
popular mythology, as old perhaps as that of the Greeks, but until now
unknown to letters. The writers who have dealt with these islands have
treated them generally from the purely geographic point of view. The
islands are known principally from maps, beginning with the fourteenth
century, and are not often met with in descriptive works. Formaleoni, in
his attempt to show that the Venetians had discovered the West Indies
prior to Columbus, made studies of the older maps which naturally led
him to devote considerable attention to these islands.[454]
They are also considered by Zurla.[455] The first general account of
them was given by Humboldt in the Examen Critique,[456] and to what
he did little if anything has since been added. D’Avezac[457] treated the
subject, giving a brief sketch of the islands known to the Arab
geographers,—a curious matter which deserves more attention.
 Still more recently Paul Gaffarel has treated the matter briefly, but
carefully.[458] A study of old maps by H. Wuttke, in the Jahresbericht
des Vereins für Erdkunde zu Dresden,[459] gives considerable attention
to the islands; and Theobald Fischer, in his commentary on the
collection of maps reproduced by Ongania, has briefly touched on the
subject,[460] as has Cornelio Desimoni in various papers in the Atti della
Società Ligure di Storia patria, xiv., and other years, in the Atti dell’
Acad. dei Nuova Lincei, in the Gionale ligustico, etc. R. H. Major’s Henry
the Navigator should also be consulted.[461]

Strictly speaking, the term mythical islands ought to include, if not

Frisland and Drogeo, at least the land of Bus, the island of Bimini with
its fountain of life, an echo of one of the oldest of folk-tales, the island
of Saxenburg, and the other non-existent islands, shoals, and rocks,
with which the imagination of sailors and cartographers have connected
the Atlantic even into the present century. In fact, the name is by
common consent restricted to certain islands which occur constantly on
old charts: the Island of St. Brandan, Antillia or Isle of the Seven Cities,
Satanaxio, Danmar, Brazil, Mayda, and Isla Verte. It is interesting to
note that the Arab geographers had their fabulous islands, too, though
so little is known of them that it is at present impossible to say what
relation they bear to those mentioned. They say that Ptolemy assigned
25,000 islands to the Atlantic, but they name and describe seventeen
only, among which we may mention the Eternal Islands (Canaries?
Azores?),[462] El-Ghanam (Madeira?), Island of the Two Sorcerers
(Lancerote?), etc.[463]
There has been some difference of opinion as to which of the
Atlantic islands answer to the ancient conception of the Fortunate
Islands. It is probable that the idea is at the bottom of several of these,
but it may be doubted whether the island of St. Brandan is not entirely
due to the christianizing of this ancient fable.
We proceed now to examine the accounts of some of these islands.

St. Brandan.—St. Brandan, or Brendan, who died May 16, 577, was
Abbot of Cluainfert, in Ireland, according to the legend, where he was
visited by a friend, Barontus, who told him that far in the ocean lay an
island which was the land promised to the saints. St. Brandan set sail
for this island in company with 75 monks, and spent seven years upon
the ocean, in two voyages (according to the Irish text in the MS. book
of Lismore, which is probably the most archaic form of the legend),
discovering this island and many others equally marvellous, including
one which turned out to be the back of a huge fish, upon which they
celebrated Easter. This story cannot be traced beyond the eleventh
century, its oldest form being a Latin prose version in a MS. of that
century. It is known also in French, English, and German translations,
both prose and verse, and was evidently a great favorite in the Middle
Ages. Intimately connected with the St. Brandan legend is that of St.
Malo, or Maclovius, Bishop of Aleth, in Armorica, a disciple of St.
Brandan, who accompanied his superior, and whose eulogists, jealous
of the fame of the Irish saint, provided for the younger a voyage on his
own account, with marvels transcending those found by Brandan. His
church-day is November 17th. The story of St. Brandan is given by
Humboldt and D’Avezac,[464] and by Gaffarel.[465] Further accounts will
be found in the Acta Sanctorum of the Bollandists,[466] and in the
introductions and notes to the numerous editions of the voyages,
among which reference only need be made to the original Latin edited
by M. Jubinal,[467] and to the English version edited by Thomas Wright
for the Percy Society.[468] A Latin text of the fourteenth century is now
to be found in the Acta Sanctorum Hiberniae ex codice Salmanticensi
nunc premium integre edita opera C. de Smedt et J. de Backer (Edinb.
etc., 1888), 4to, pp. 111-154. As is well known, Philoponus gives an
account of the voyages of St. Brandan with a curious map, in which he
places the island N. W. of Spain and N. E. of the Canaries, or Insulae
Fortunatae.[469] The island of St. Brandan was at first apparently
imagined in the north, but it afterward took a more southerly location.
Honoré d’Autun identifies it with a certain island called Perdita, once
discovered and then lost in the Atlantic; we have here, perhaps, some
reminiscence of the name “Aprositos,” which Ptolemy bestows on one of
the Fortunatae Insulae.[470] In some of the earlier maps there is an
inlet on the west coast of Ireland called Lacus Fortunatus, which is
packed with islands which are called Insulae Fortunatae or Beatae, and
sometimes given as 300 or 368 in number.[471] But the Pizigani map of
1367 puts the Isole dicte Fortunate S. Brandany in the place of
Madeira; and Behaim’s globe, in 1492, sets it down in the latitude of
Cape de Verde,—a legend against it assigning the discovery to St.
Brandan in 565.
It is this island which was long supposed to be seen as a
mountainous land southeast of the Canaries. After the discovery of the
Azores expeditions were fitted out to search for it, and were continued
until 1721, which are described by Viera, and have been since retold by
all writers on the subject.[472] The island was again reported as seen in
1759.

Antillia, or Isle of Seven Cities.—The largest of these islands, the one

most persistent in its form and location, is Antillia, which is depicted as
a large rectangular island, extending from north to south, lying in the
mid-Atlantic about lat. 35° N. This island first appears on the map of
1424, preserved at Weimar, and is found on the principal maps of the
rest of the century, notably in the Bianco of 1436.[473] On some maps
of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries appears a smaller island
under the name of Sette Citade, or Sete Ciudades, which is properly
another name for Antillia, as Toscanelli says in his famous letter,
wherein he recommended Antillia as likely to be useful as a way-station
on the India voyage. We owe to Behaim the preservation on his globe
of 1492 of the legend of this island. It was discovered and settled,
according to him, by refugees from Spain in 714, after the defeat of
King Roderick by the Moors. The settlers were accompanied by an
archbishop and six bishops, each of whom built him a town. There is a
story that the island was rediscovered by a Portuguese sailor in 1447.
[474]

In apparent connection with Antillia are the smaller islands Danmar

or Tanmar, Reillo or Royllo, and Satanaxio. The latter alone is of special
interest. Formaleoni found near Antillia, on the map of Bianco of 1436,
an island with a name which he read as “Y.d laman Satanaxio,”—a name
which much perplexed him, until he found, in an old Italian romance, a
legend that in a certain part of India a great hand arose every day from
the sea and carried off the inhabitants into the ocean. Adapting this
tale to the west, he translated the name “Island of the hand of
Satan,”[475] in which interpretation Humboldt acquiesced. D’Avezac,
however, was inclined to think that there were two islands, one called
Delamar, a name which elsewhere appears as Danmar or Tanmar, and
Satanaxio, or, as it appears on a map by Beccario at Parma, Satanagio,
[476] and suggests that the word is a corrupt form for S. Atanaxio or S.
Atanagio, i. e. St. Athanasius, with which Gaffarel is inclined to agree.
[477]

Formaleoni saw in Antillia a foreknowledge of the Antilles, and

Hassel believed that North and South America were respectively
represented by Satanaxio and Antillia, with a strait between, just as the
American continent was indeed represented after the discovery. It is
certainly curious that Beccario designates the group of Antillia,
Satanagio, and Danmar, as Isle de novo reperte, the name afterwards
applied to the discoveries of Columbus; but it is not now believed that
the fifteenth-century islands were aught but geographical fancies. To
transfer their names to the real discoveries was of course easy and
natural.[478]

Brazil.—Among the islands which prefigured the Azores on

fourteenth-century maps appears I. de Brazi on the Medicean portulano
of 1351, and it is apparently Terceira or San Miguel.[479] On the Pizigani
map of 1367 appear three islands with this name, Insula de Bracir or
Bracie, two not far from the Azores, and one off the south or southeast
end of Ireland. On the Catalan map of 1375 is an Insula de Brazil in the
southern part of the so-called Azores group, and an Insula de Brazil (?)
applied to a group of small islands enclosed in a heavy black ring west
of Ireland. The same reduplication occurs in the Solerio of 1385, in a
map of 1426 preserved at Regensburg, in Bianco’s map of 1436, and in
that of 1448: here de Braxil is the easternmost of the Azores group (i.
e. y de Colombi, de Zorzi, etc.), while the large round island—more like
a large ink-blot than anything else—west of Ireland is y de Brazil d.
binar.[480] In a map in St. Mark’s Library, Venice, dated about 1450,
Brazil appears in four places. Fra Mauro puts it west of Ireland,[481] and
it so appears in Ptolemy of 1519, and Ramusio in 1556; but Mercator
and Ortelius inscribe it northwest of the Azores.
 Humboldt has shown[482] that brazil-wood, being imported into
Europe from the East Indies long before the discovery of America, gave
its name to the country in the west where it was found in abundance,
and he infers that the designation of the Atlantic island was derived
from the same source. The duplication of the name, however, seems to
point to a confusion of different traditions, and in the Brazil off Ireland
we doubtless have an attempt to establish the mythical island of Hy
Brazil, or O’Brasile, which plays a part as a vanishing island in Irish
legends, although it cannot be traced to its origin. In the epic literature
of Ireland relating to events of the sixth and subsequent centuries, and
which was probably written down in the twelfth, there are various
stories of ocean voyages, some involuntary, some voluntary, and
several, like the voyage of the sons of Ua Corra about 540, of St.
Brandan about 560, and of Mailduin in the eighth century, taking place
in the Atlantic, and resulting in the discovery of numerous fabulous
islands.[483] The name of Brazil does not appear in these early records,
but it seems to belong to the same class of legends.[484] It is first
mentioned, as far as I know, by William Betoner, called William of
Worcester, who calls the island Brasyle and Brasylle, and says that July
15, 1480, his brother-in-law, John Jay, began a voyage from Bristol in
search of the island, returning Sept. 18 without having found it.[485]
This evidently belongs to the series of voyages made by Bristol men in
search of this island, which is mentioned by Pedro d’Ayala, the Spanish
ambassador to England, in his famous letter of July 25, 1498, where he
says that such voyages in search of Brazylle and the seven cities had
been made for seven years past, “according to the fancies of the
Genoese,” meaning Sebastian Cabot.[486]
It would seem that the search for Brazil was of older date than
Cabot’s arrival. He probably gave an additional impetus to the custom,
adding to the stories of the fairy isles the legends of the Sette Citade or
Antillia. Hardiman,[487] quoting from a MS. history of Ireland, in the
library of the Royal Irish Academy, written about 1636, mentions an
“iland, which lyeth far att sea, on the west of Connaught, and some
times is perceived by the inhabitants of the Oules and Iris ... and from
Saint Helen Head. Like wise several seamen have discovered it, ... one
of whom, named Captain Rich, who lives about Dublin, of late years
had a view of the land, and was so neere that he discovered a harbour
... but could never make to land” because of “a mist which fell upon
him.... Allsoe in many old mappes ... you still find it by the name of
O’Brasile under the longitude of 03°, 00´, and the latitude of 50° 20
´.”[488] In 1675 a pretended account of a visit to this island was
published in London, which is reprinted by Hardiman.[489]
An account of the island as seen from Arran given in O’Flaherty’s
Sketch of the Island of Arran,[490] is quoted by H. Halliday Sterling,
Irish Minstrelsy, p. 307 (London, 1887). Mr. Marshall, in a note in Notes
and Queries, Sept. 22, 1883 (6th s., viii. 224), quotes Guest, Origines
Celticae (London, 1883), i. 126, and R. O’Flaherty, Ogygia, sive rerum
Hibernicarum chronologiae (London, 1685; also in English translation,
Dublin, 1793), as speaking of O’Brazile. The latter work I have not
seen. Mr. Marshall also quotes a familiar allusion to it by Jeremy Taylor
(Dissuasive from Popery, 1667). This note was replied to in the same
periodical, Dec. 15, 1883, by Mr. Kerslake, “N.” and W. Fraser. Fraser’s
interest had been attracted by the entry of the island—much smaller
than usual—on a map of the French Geographer Royal, Le Sieur Tassin,
1634-1652, and he read a paper before the Geological Society of
Ireland, Jan. 20, 1870, suggesting that Brazil might be the present
Porcupine Bank, once above water. On the same map Rockall is laid
down as two islands, where but a solitary rock is now known.[491] Brasil
appears on the maps of the last two centuries, with Mayda and Isle
Verte, and even on the great Atlas by Jefferys, 1776, is inserted,
although called “imaginary island of O’Brasil.” It grows constantly
smaller, but within the second half of this century has appeared on the
royal Admiralty charts as Brazil Rock.[492]
It would be too tedious to enumerate the numerous other imaginary
islands of the Atlantic to which clouds, fogs, and white caps have from
time to time given rise. They are marked on all charts of the last
century in profusion; mention, however, may be made of the “land of
Bus” or Busse, which Frobisher’s expedition coasted along in 1576, and
which has been hunted for with the lead even as late as 1821, though
in vain.