2015 International Conference on Energy Systems and Applications (ICESA 2015)

Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Engineering and Technology, Pune, India 30 Oct - 01 Nov, 2015

Dynamic Modelling of Microgrid with

Distributed Genration for Grid Integration
Vilas S Bugade Dr. P K Katti
Research Scholar Professor and Head of Electrical Engineering
Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere, Raigad, Maharashtra ,India – 402103

Abstract – Distributed energy sources are likely to play a vital (AC or DC) and its control strategy to achieve the voltage
role in small to medium scale in the existing grid. However profile of the system. As the levels of the converters increases
integration of these sources towards formation of Smart Grid smooth output is obtained. This paper presents, the use of
(SG) is the significant aspect of the study. Generally voltage
source inverters are employed for interface with distributed
system. renewable energy based system because they have capability
to reduce the emission of carbon and other harmful gases up
This paper looks into the aspects of integration of distributed
energy sources such as Photo Voltaic (PV) solar, wind and fuel
to approximately 80% to 90% in environments as well as the
cell at distributed level. In respect of this looking to the clean and green energy (power) can be generated. Due to use
interconnection parameters for synchronized operation a control of multi-level converter based hybrid system with L-C filter
strategy to achieve required voltage profile. A mathematical before the point of common coupling (PCC), it results in the
model has been developed. This takes into consideration the power quality [4].
dynamic variation of distributed sources and the parameters of
grid system. The results of an integrated operation for the II. PROPOSED SYSTEM
distributed operation for the distributed sources and the grid The proposed system consists of RES connected to the dc-
integration for both mathematical modelling and simulation in link of a grid-interfacing inverter as shown in Fig 1. This
Matlab have been presented for the typical non-linear loads. configuration is fit for the stand-alone hybrid power system
used in remote area. Before introducing this energy into the
Keywords- Smart Grid, Renewable Energy Sources, Distributed
Sources, Grid Interconnection.
existing grids, the conversions of electricity from solar, wind,
fuel cell are carried out. The three energy sources are
I. INTRODUCTION connected in parallel to a common D.C. bus line through their
An emerging trend in the recent developments for individual converters. Then such a D.C. power is converted
electricity power generation with exiting generation system for back to A.C. power at fundamental grid frequency of 50 Hz
faster switching, communication and exchange of electricity is by using multi-level inverter.
gaining more popularity with the SG. Renewable energy The power generated by RES need to be properly
resources (RES) like solar energy, wind energy, biomass, fuel conditioned before delivering to the grid. Accordingly Solar
cells, etc. taking as a leading energy demand suppliers for the PV and fuel cell systems having low D. C. voltage will be
stake holders or consumers as compare to the burning of fossil conditioned through D.C. / D.C. (boost) conversion. The
fuels. The disadvantage of burning fossils fuels is that it variable A.C. output of wind turbine generator is converted
increases air pollution, global warming, diminishing of fossil A.C. to D.C. and all these are brought to common D. C. bus
fuels and their increasing cost have made it necessary to look and interfaced to the grid through multi-level inverter.
towards RES as a future energy solution. A. WIND POWER GENERATION
Photo voltaic ( PV) Solar energy and wind energy is clean,
inexhaustible, unlimited and environmental friendly source of Wind is natural phenomenon related to movement of air
energy. However all renewable energy sources have drawback masses caused primarily by the differential solar heating of
but their characteristics have attracted the energy sector to use the earth’s surface. The wind turbine [6] captures the winds
renewable energy sources on a larger scale. Wind and solar kinetic energy in a rotor consisting of two or more blades
sources is dependent on unpredictable factors such as weather mechanically coupled to an electrical generator. An important
and climatic conditions. Due to both sources complementary factor in how much power your wind turbine will produce is
nature, some of these problems can be overcome the the height of its tower hence turbine is mounted on a tall
weaknesses of one with the strengths of the other. This brings tower to enhance the energy capture. For input to wind
us to the hybrid solar-wind power plant [2] concept. Hybrid generator i.e. asynchronous machine, the reference voltage
energy stations have proven to be advantageous for decreasing and power are provided in Matlab- simulink.
the depletion rate of fossil B. PV SOLAR POWER GENERATION
fuels as well as supplying energy to remote rural areas, without
harming the environment. The solar modules (photovoltaic cell [7] generates DC
In this paper RES are integrated at distribution level is electricity whenever sunlight falls in solar cells. PV cell is very
termed as distributed generation (DG).A multi-level converters similar to that of the classical diode with a PN junction formed
[3] are used for conversion of power to standard bus voltage by semiconductor material. When the junction absorbs light,
the energy of absorbed photon is transferred to the electron-

978-1-4673-6817-9/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE 103

proton system of the material, creating charge carriers that are “pollutant” is clean water. This power generator produces
high quality electric power 110V or 230V AC & 12V, 24V
or 48 DC (other voltages on request). The fuel cell power
generator provides electricity in grid back up, military system,
telecommunication system etc. Its main advantages are: quite
in operation, small in size & light weight, produces zero-
emissions, minimal maintenance, reliable, stable & quick start
operation.

Fig.3. Fuel Cell module

III. HYBRID SOLAR-WIND SYSTEM
A hybrid RES system consists of two or more energy
sources, usual combinations may consist of wind and
solar PV. These systems as a larger part suitable for most
of the applications. The reliability of the system can be
obtained by solar PV and wind during a seasonal change
Fig. 1 Grid interconnection of RES and thus maintain system. A typical solar PV- wind
system is shown in fig. 1.
separated at the junction. The charge carriers in the junction
region create a potential gradient, get accelerated under the Few significant applications can be: 1) Remote and rural area
electric field, and circulate as current through an external
electrification 2) Power supply to telecommunication network
circuit. To obtain high power, numerous such cell are
connected inseries and parallel circuits on a panel (module) 3) Surface lighting at residential colony’s and gardens 4)
[7], the solar array or panel is a group of a several modules Street light schemes etc.
electrically connected in series parallel combination to
generate the required current and voltage. IV. MATHEMATICAL MODEL
As shown in Fig. 2, a solar cell can be represented by a The mathematical model is mainly for verifying the results
current source parallel with a diode, a high resistance and with simulation module of exiting grid and RES. Let ‫ ܩ‬ൌ
series with a small resistance. The above model contains a ሺ‫ݒ‬ǡ ߝǡ ߪǡ ߬ሻ be a directed graph for knowing the path of
current source, one diode, internal shunt resistance (RSh) and a microgrid sources, where ‫ ݒ‬is the set of nodes, ߝ is the set of
series resistance (RS) which represents the resistance inside
edges, and ; V, W : ߝ o ‫ ݒ‬are two functions such that edge e
each cell of module. The total current (I) which is given by
solar panel is the difference between the photo current and the İgoes from the source node V (e) to the terminal node W (e).
normal diode current (ID). Photo-Voltaic cell [8] is a P-N [1]
junction. When light incident on the P-N junction of the solar V.
cell, electron hole pair is generated in the depletion layer of Let us define a path ϐ௫௬ from node ‫ ݔ‬to node ‫ ݕ‬as a sequence
solar cell. So if a load is connected to the terminal of solar of consecutive edges (regardless of their orientation and
cell, the excess charges i.e. a current flow through the load. without repetitions) connecting node x and y. G is a tree from
fig 4, if for every pair of nodes i, j, İ, ‫ ݒ‬there is exactly one
path
VI. connecting them.
I If ‫ ݒ‬is a node of the graph, it will define by 1v the vector of
ID ISh RS
IL size equal to the number of nodes of G, and whose value is 1
RSh in the position corresponding to ‫ݒ‬, and 0 every here else. The
V vectors of same size is denoted by 1 and ¯ denote by the
operation of element-wise complex conjugation, and by T the
operation of matrix transposition.

Fig. 2 Photo-Voltaic model

C. FUELCELL POWER GENERATION

Hydrogen Fuel Cell (fig. 3) Power System, producing

nominal electric power using the Proton Exchange Membrane
(PEM) technology. The membrane on the fuel cell stack is
converting hydrogen into electric power and the only

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 ݅ ഥ
ೄ
௩ୀ ഥೡ 
ೠೡ

which is a static constant power model for each node v. In

other words, we assumed that loads and micro-generators
behave as constant power loads with a first-order dynamic.
Consider, the incidence matrix A of G, and the diagonal
matrix Z whose elements are the impedances ‫ݖ‬௘ of the edges
of the graph and then define the complex-value Laplacian of
the graph as,
‫ ܮ‬ൌ  ‫ି ܼ ்ܣܣ‬ଵ

The quadratic form defined by the Laplacian appears, for

example, as the power running through a circuit with given
voltages at each point and unit resistances on each edge.
Graph theorists actually use the Laplacian for correspond to
either using a different preferred basis for the space of
functions f:VĺR or varying physical properties of the graph
(e.g. changing resistances, adding a potential).

By writing Kirchhoff current law for each node of the graph,

we obtain the following relation between voltages uv and
currents iv,
VII. ‫ݑ‬଴ ݅଴
‫ ۍ‬Ǥ ‫ې‬ ‫ۍ‬Ǥ‫ې‬
Fig. 4 Graph model of a microgrid ‫ۑ ێ‬ ‫ۑ ێ‬
‫ ێ ܮ‬Ǥ ‫  ۑ‬ൌ  ‫ ێ‬Ǥ ‫ ۑ‬ሺ͵ሻ
(based on the IEEE37 test feeder). The nodes represent ‫ ێ‬Ǥ ‫ۑ‬ ‫ێ‬Ǥ‫ۑ‬
microgenerators (circled), loads, and the PCC (node 0). ‫ݑۏ‬௡ ‫ے‬ ‫݅ۏ‬௡ ‫ے‬
The right-hand side is the set of injected currents, left-hand
The incidence matrix A of a graph is defined via its elements side describe edge currents in terms of voltage difference
െͳ݂݅‫ ݒ‬ൌ VሺUሻ
across the edges and of edge impedances, it is possible to
‫ ݒ݁ܣ‬ൌ  ൝ ͳ݂݅‫ ݒ‬ൌ WሺUሻ
show that, given L, there exists a unique, symmetric, matrix X
Ͳ‫݁ݏ݅ݓݎ݄݁ݐ݋‬ such that
If the graph G is connected, then 1 is the only vector in kerA. ܺ‫ ܮ‬ൌ ‫ ܫ‬െ ͳͳ்଴
൜ ሺͶሻ
The graph kernels is simple ways of comparing graphs which ܺͳ଴ ൌ Ͳ
are based on pairwise comparing of nodes or edges, possible It can also be shown that the elements of the matrix X can be
in quadratic time, by the structure of the graph. It is useful for directly obtained from the network topology and parameters.
counting the number of common random walks between two If ϐ଴௛ and ϐ଴௞ are the paths connecting the PCC to nodes h
graphs. and k respectively, then the element ܺ௛௞ is the impedance of
From distributes network model, the steady state of a the intersection between the two paths, i.e.
microgrid is described by the following system variables: ܺ௛௞ ൌ ෍ ‫ݖ‬௘ ሺͷሻ
uv; v = 0; : : : ; n, i.e. the grid voltage at node v; ௘‫א‬ϐ೚೓ ‫ת‬ϐ೚ೖ
iv; ‫ = ݒ‬0; : : : ; n, i.e. the current injected by node v Note that ϐ଴଴ is empty, and therefore the first row and column
into the grid. of X are zero, i.e.
Each node v of the microgrid is characterized by a law Ͳ Ͳ
relating its injected current ݅௩ with its voltage‫ݑ‬௩ . The model ܺൌቂ ቃሺ͸ሻ
Ͳ ܺ
node 0, corresponding to the PCC, as a constant
voltage generator i.e. By left-multiplying (3) by X, express the voltages as an affine
‫ݑ‬଴ ൌ ܷ଴ ǡሺͳሻ function of the currents:
for the remaining nodes (loads and micro-generators), the
following dynamic model can be adopted as: ‫ݑ‬଴ ݅଴
‫ ۍ‬Ǥ ‫ې‬ ‫ۍ‬Ǥ‫ې‬
‫ۑ ێ‬ ‫ۑ ێ‬
݀݅௩ ܵ௩ҧ ܺ‫ ێ ܮ‬Ǥ ‫ ۑ‬ൌ ܺ ‫ ێ‬Ǥ ‫ۑ‬
W௩ ൌ  െ݅௩ ൅ ǡ ‫ ݒ‬ൌ ͳǡ ǥ ǥ Ǥ ǡ ݊ሺʹሻ ‫ ێ‬Ǥ ‫ۑ‬ ‫ێ‬Ǥ‫ۑ‬
݀‫ݐ‬ ‫ݑ‬ത௩ 
‫ݑۏ‬௡ ‫ے‬ ‫݅ۏ‬௡ ‫ے‬
where, Wv is the characteristic time constant, and ‫ݏ‬௩ is a and therefore, via (4)
constant reference complex power. The steady state is a static ‫ݑ‬଴ ݅଴
‫ ۍ‬Ǥ ‫ې‬ ‫ۍ‬Ǥ‫ې‬
constant power model for each node, like loads and micro- ‫ ێ‬Ǥ ‫ۑ‬ ‫ۑ ێ‬
generators behave as constant power loads with a first-order ‫ ۑ ێ‬ൌ ܺ ‫ ێ‬Ǥ ‫ ۑ‬൅  ‫ݑ‬଴ ͳሺ͹ሻ
dynamic from equation (2) , ‫ ێ‬Ǥ ‫ۑ‬ ‫ێ‬Ǥ‫ۑ‬
‫ݑ ۏ‬௡ ‫ے‬ ‫݅ۏ‬௡ ‫ے‬

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Based on (1), it can eliminate the voltage and current of the Fig. 5 Wind Turbine Model
PCC (which are trivially defined as ‫ݑ‬଴ = ܷ଴ and ݅଴ =
B. Simulink model of PV model and Fuel Cells:
σ௩‫א‬ణ̳ሼ଴ሽ ݅௩ in (7), and via (6) we obtain
‫ ݑ‬ൌ ܺ݅ ൅  ܷ଴ ͳሺͺሻ Fig. 4 shows the simulation model of PV system and Fuel
where, u and i are the n-dimensional complex-valued vectors Cells [10].
‫ݑ‬ଵ ݅ଵ
‫ ۍ‬Ǥ ‫ې‬ ‫ۍ‬Ǥ‫ې‬ This explain detail about the each PV cell characteristic
‫ۑ ێ‬ ‫ۑ ێ‬ [12]. Output of the PV cell is conditioning by using the
‫ ݑ‬ൌ ‫ ێ‬Ǥ ‫ ۑ‬ǡ݅ ൌ ‫ ێ‬Ǥ ‫ۑ‬
DC/DC converter and then fed to the multi-level inverter.
‫ ێ‬Ǥ ‫ۑ‬ ‫ێ‬Ǥ‫ۑ‬
‫ݑ ۏ‬௡ ‫ے‬ ‫݅ۏ‬௡ ‫ے‬

Finally, plug the expression (8) for voltages in the first order
dynamical equations (2), obtaining ‫ݑ‬଴
݀݅௩ ܵ௩ҧ
߬௩ ൌ  െ݅௩ ൅  ் ǡ‫ ݒ‬ൌ ͳǡ ǥ Ǥ ǡ ݊ሺͻሻ
݀‫ݐ‬ ͳ௩ ܺതଓҧ ൅  ܷ
ഥ଴
This model is a n-dimensional nonlinear dynamic system, in
which the state of the system corresponds to the currents
injected by the nodes, and the coupling between the individual Figgure 6. Simulation model of PV system and Fuel Cells
nodes is due to the matrix X in the denominator. Together
with (8), it provides a nonlinear input-output relation between C. Simulink model of proposed hybrid system
power references ‫ݏ‬௩ and node voltages‫ݑ‬௩ . Fig. 6 shows the simulation model of hybrid system. Both
While model (9) could be easily used for simulation, its
system output is given to the multi-level inverter. This output
nonlinear nature makes it unfit for a mathematical analysis
is fed to filter circuit having L-C filter [13]. Conditioned
and for its use in the design of a controller. The first and the
second term depend only by the current and power reference output is fed to main grid through a transformer. Circuit
of each node, the third term models the couplings between all breakers are used for protection.
the grid nodes via the matrix X. Then obtain the approximated
system
݀݅
ܶ ൌ  െ݅൅‫ܵ א‬ ഥ െ‫א‬ଶ ܵ ഥ ܺതଓ
ഥ
݀‫ݐ‬
Where,

߬ଵ Ͳ ‫ڮ‬
ܶ ൌ ൥Ͳ ߬ଶ Ͳ ‫ ڭ‬൩,
‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ߬௡
ܵଵ
ܵଵ Ͳ ‫ڮ‬
ܵଶ
ܵ ൌ ൥ Ͳ ܵଶ Ͳ ‫ ڭ‬൩ǡ ܽ݊݀ܵ ൌ  ൦ ൪
‫ڭ‬
‫ڭ‬‫ܵ ڰ‬௡
ܵ௡
From this mathematical model the microgrid derives results Figure 7. Simulation model of hybrid system
which can be verified by using simulation model of it.
VI. RESULTS
V. SIMULATION MODELS
100
A. Simulink model of wind turbine 80
Fig. 3 shows the simulation model of wind turbine.
Voltage (Volt)

60
Turbine is main part of wind energy generation system [11].
40
Aerodynamic design of turbines coverts the wind energy into
the mechanical power. This mechanical power is delivered to 20

the rotor of asynchronous generator which coverts it into the 0

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
electrical form. Output of this system is AC and fed to the Time (Sec)

bridge rectifier to convert into DC form for constant bus

Fig. 8 Common DC Link Voltage Waveform
voltage.

Pm L D

Vf SW

Synchronous AC-DC DC-DC Boost

DC DC B t
Machine Converter Converter

To Tuned
Constant Choke
DC Bus Filter

DC-AC
Converter

106
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VII. CONCLUSION BIOGRAPHIES

From the results and waveform shown in the figure (8 – 11)
Vilas Shamrao Bugade received his degree in Electrical
those have been obtained from mathematics modelling and Engineering (B.E.) from Dr BAMU Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
simulation results shows close coherence in respect in 1998 and Master of Engineering (M.E.) in Electrical Power
interconnection of specified DG source with existing grid are Systems from PVG’s COET. Pune, India in 2007. Presently research
found to be satisfactory. Further as intended the DG sources scholar at Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological
University(BATU), Lonere, Raigad, Maharashtra, India from august
when interconnected would support the variation in load
2012. He is working as faculty member in Padmashree Dr. D.Y.Patil
profile for the given area. Hence it is possible to have Institute of Engg .& Tech. Pune, India. His areas of interest are
satisfactory operation of microgrids in the dynamic mode Hybrid Distributed Generation, Smart Grid, application of energy
when integrated with existing grid . In future it is intended to technology for rural areas and industries.
establish a pilot scheme grid integration at laboratory level.
Pradeep. K. Katti was born in 1961. He graduated from Mysore
University’s degree in Electrical Engineering (Power) from BIET
REFERENCES Davanagere, in 1985. He obtained M.E (Control System) from Govt.
[1] Paper on “A linear dynamic model for microgrid voltages in College of Engineering of Pune University in 1991. He obtained Ph.
presence of distributed generation” by Saverio Bolognani, Guido
Cavraro, Federico Cerruti, and Alessandro Costabeber,
D in Energy system from VNIT-Nagpur –India in 2007. He has wide
Department of Information Engineering,University of Padova, teaching experience, and presently working with Dr. Babasaheb
Italypp. 31-16 “2011 IEEE First International Workshop on Ambedkar Technological University as professor and Head in the
Smart Grid Modeling, Simulation (SGMS) - at IEEE Dept. of Electrical Engineering. He has guided projects at U.G. &
SmartGridComm 2011” P.G. and PhD research level. He has several Publications to his credit
[2] F. Valenciaga and P. F. Puleston, “Supervisor Control for a Stand- at international and national level through conferences, journal,
Alone Hybrid Generation System Using Wind and Photovoltaic magazines etc.
Energy,” IEEE Transaction Energy Conversion, vol. 20, no. 2, pp.
398-405, June 2005.

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