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FIBER LASERS
 FIBER LASERS
Fundamentals with MATLAB®
Modelling

Johan Meyer, Justice Sompo, and

Suné von Solms
MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The
MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s
use or discussion of MATLAB® software or related products does not constitute
endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or
particular use of the MATLAB® software.
First edition published 2022
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
and by CRC Press
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
© 2022 selection and editorial matter, Johan Meyer, Justice Sompo, Suné von Solms;
individual chapters, the contributors
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author
and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the
consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright
holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if
permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not
been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted,
reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other
means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and
recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission
from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access
www.copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood
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Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks
and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

ISBN: 978-0-367-54348-8 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-032-18816-4 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-25638-0 (ebk)

DOI: 10.1201/9781003256380

Typset in Times
by MPS Limited, Dehradun
 Dedication

This book contains the authors’ original research. It thus represents a

new contribution to the development and modelling of optical fiber
lasers.

Each chapter of the book was scrutinised and reviewed before

inclusion in the book. The book as a whole was subjected to a double-
blind peer review by three independent experts in the field of optical
systems and fiber lasers. At least one of the peer reviewers were of
international origin. All the review reports as well as the authors’
responses thereto, have been kept. After the round of critical peer
review, changes were suggested based on the comments received
from the peer reviewers.

The authors revised the book contents taking into consideration the
comments and suggestions from the peer reviewers.

This book contributes to the scholarly knowledge of the development

and understanding of optical fiber lasers. The intended audience of
the book include scholars, designers, mathematical modellers, and
manufacturers of optical systems and fiber lasers.
Contents
Preface.....................................................................................................................xiii

Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Fiber Lasers............................................................. 1

1.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 1
1.2 Interest of Lasers in Fiber Form ..............................................1
1.3 Chronological Review of Fiber Lasers ....................................3
1.3.1 Erbium and the Ytterbium Co-doping........................ 3
1.3.2 Continuous-wave and Pulsed Fiber Lasers ................ 4
1.3.3 Single Longitudinal Mode Fiber Lasers..................... 5
1.3.4 Power Scalability and High Power Fiber Lasers ....... 6
1.3.5 Other Types of Fiber Lasers....................................... 8
1.4 Fiber Laser Applications .......................................................... 8
1.4.1 Manufacturing.............................................................. 8
1.4.2 Medical Applications .................................................. 8
1.4.3 Spectroscopy................................................................ 9
1.4.4 Various Scientific Applications .................................. 9
1.5 Conclusion ................................................................................ 9
References............................................................................................ 9

Chapter 2 Optical Fibers ....................................................................................13

2.1 Introduction .............................................................................13
2.1.1 Ray Optic Description............................................... 14
2.2 Wave Optic Description .........................................................20
2.2.1 Number of Transverse Modes .................................. 33
2.2.2 Linearly Polarized (LP) Modes ................................ 35
2.3 Attenuation and Losses in Optical Fibers..............................37
2.3.1 Attenuation Coefficient ............................................. 38
2.3.2 Material Absorption .................................................. 38
2.3.3 Rayleigh Scattering ................................................... 39
2.3.4 Bending Losses.......................................................... 40
2.4 Dispersion in Single-Mode Fibers .........................................40
2.4.1 Modal Dispersion ...................................................... 41
2.4.2 Group Velocity Dispersion ....................................... 41
2.4.3 Material Dispersion ................................................... 42
2.4.4 Waveguide Dispersion .............................................. 43
2.4.5 Polarization Mode Dispersion................................... 43
2.5 Non-linear Effects in Optical Fiber .......................................44
2.5.1 Stimulated Light Scattering ...................................... 45
2.5.2 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering................................. 45

vii
viii Contents

2.5.3 Stimulated Raman Scattering.................................... 47

2.6 Optical Fiber Materials...........................................................49
2.6.1 Silica Glass ................................................................ 50
2.6.2 Fluoride Glass and ZBLAN...................................... 51
2.6.3 Other Types of Glass ................................................ 52
2.7 Optical Fiber Fabrication Techniques....................................52
2.7.1 Vapour Phase Deposition Methods .......................... 53
2.7.2 Vapour Axial Deposition (VAD).............................. 56
2.7.3 Rare-Earth Doped Fiber Fabrication Techniques..... 56
2.7.4 Fiber Drawing from a Preform................................. 57
2.8 Summary .................................................................................59
References..........................................................................................59

Chapter 3 Rare-Earth Ions and Fiber Laser Fundamentals...............................67

3.1 Introduction .............................................................................67
3.2 General Properties and Electronic Structure of
Rare-Earths..............................................................................67
3.3 Energy Levels of Rare-Earth Ions .........................................70
3.3.1 Atomic Interactions of the Free Ions and Crystal
Field Influence........................................................... 70
3.3.2 Terms Symbols—Spin-orbit Coupling ..................... 71
3.3.3 Atomic Interactions and Energy Levels Splitting .... 73
3.4 Light Emission and Absorption by Lanthanides—Basis
Aspects ....................................................................................75
3.4.1 Selection Rules .......................................................... 75
3.4.2 The “Puzzle” of 4f Electron Optical
Spectra—Selection Rules .......................................... 76
3.5 Intensities of One-Photon Transitions—Judd-Ofelt Theory..76
3.6 Light—Matter Interaction.......................................................78
3.6.1 Blackbody Radiation ................................................. 78
3.6.2 Boltzmann’s Statistics ............................................... 79
3.6.3 Radiation-Matter Interaction—Einstein
Coefficients ................................................................ 79
3.6.4 Transition Cross Section ........................................... 83
3.6.5 Ladenburg-Fuchtbauer Relation................................ 84
3.6.6 McCumber Theory of Emission Cross Sections ...... 88
3.6.7 Lifetimes .................................................................... 91
3.7 Linewidth and Broadening .....................................................91
3.7.1 Homogeneous Broadening ........................................ 91
3.7.2 Natural Broadening ................................................... 92
3.7.3 Collisional Broadening.............................................. 93
3.7.4 Inhomogeneous Broadening...................................... 93
3.8 Ions-Ions Interaction ...............................................................94
3.8.1 Energy Transfer Mechanisms ................................... 95
3.8.2 Cooperative Up-conversion....................................... 95
Contents ix

3.8.3 Cross Relaxation........................................................ 95

3.9 General Considerations on Fiber Laser Operation ................96
3.9.1 Laser General Gain Coefficient ................................ 96
3.9.2 Resonators: Linear and Ring Cavity ...................... 100
References........................................................................................104

Chapter 4 Mathematical Methods for Fiber Lasers.........................................109

4.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 109
4.2 Rate Equations for the Gain Medium.................................. 110
4.2.1 Two Energy Levels Systems .................................. 111
4.2.2 Systems with More than 3 Energy Levels ............. 113
4.3 Coupled Propagation Equations ........................................... 115
4.4 Solutions Algorithms ............................................................118
4.5 Shooting Methods ................................................................. 119
4.6 Relaxation Methods ..............................................................121
4.7 Finite Difference Methods....................................................122
4.8 Conclusion ............................................................................124
References........................................................................................125

Chapter 5 Continuous-Wave Silica Fiber Lasers ............................................ 127

5.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 127
5.2 Architecture and Theory of Operation................................. 127
5.2.1 Amplifying Medium................................................ 128
5.2.2 Optical Resonators and Feedback........................... 134
5.3 Continuous Wave Fiber Laser Modeling.............................145
5.3.1 Formalism ................................................................ 145
5.3.2 Linear Cavity Fiber Laser....................................... 146
5.3.3 Ring Cavity Fiber Laser.......................................... 156
5.3.4 The Case of DFB Fiber Lasers............................... 166
5.3.5 DFB Fiber Laser Output Power Computation ....... 169
5.4 Conclusion ............................................................................184
5.5 MATLAB® Code ..................................................................184
5.5.1 Output Characteristics of Ring Cavity Fiber
Laser Computed with Shooting Algorithm .......... 184
5.5.2 Function “Propa” Called in the Above
Function ................................................................. 188
5.5.3 Script to Compute Fabry-Perot Fiber Laser
Characteristics in the Case of Forward
Pumping................................................................. 189
5.5.4 Script to Compute the Characteristics of
Fabry-Perot Fiber Laser in the Backward
Pumping Scheme................................................... 195
5.5.5 Pump Power Forward............................................ 200
5.5.6 Pump Power Backward......................................... 202
5.5.7 Laser Power Forward ............................................ 203
x Contents

5.5.8 Laser Power Backward ......................................... 205

5.5.9 Population Density Function................................. 207
5.5.10 Uniform Grating .................................................... 208
5.5.11 π-phase Shifted Fiber Bragg Grating ................... 210
5.5.12 Shooting Algorithm for Simple DFB Fiber
Laser Without CUP............................................... 213
5.5.13 Shooting Algorithm for DFB Fiber Laser
with CUP ............................................................... 215
5.5.14 DFB Simulation..................................................... 217
5.5.15 DFB Simulation2................................................... 219
5.5.16 Rate Equations Single Solver ............................... 222
5.5.17 Rate Equation Pair Solver..................................... 224
References........................................................................................228

Chapter 6 Q-switched Fiber Laser ...................................................................233

6.1 Introduction: Working Principle ........................................233
6.2 Fundamental Mathematical Description ............................234
6.3 Switching Methods .............................................................240
6.4 Active Q-switched Fiber Lasers.........................................241
6.4.1 Mechanical Devices .............................................. 241
6.4.2 Electro-optic Modulator ........................................ 241
6.4.3 Acousto-optic Modulator ...................................... 241
6.5 Passive Q-switched Fiber Lasers .......................................244
6.6 Theoretical Analysis of Active Q-switched Fiber Laser... 245
6.6.1 Gain Medium Modelling with Rate Equations .... 246
6.6.2 Solution Algorithm................................................ 250
6.6.3 Parameters Used in the Simulation ...................... 252
6.7 Characteristics of the Active Q-switched Fiber Laser ......252
6.7.1 Influence of the Length of the Doped Fiber ........ 252
6.7.2 Influence of the Pump Power ............................... 253
6.7.3 Influence of Concentration.................................... 254
6.7.4 Influence of AOM Rise Time............................... 255
6.7.5 Influence of the Core Diameter ............................ 257
6.7.6 Influence of the AOM Repetition Rate ................ 259
6.8 Modelling of Passive Q-switched Fiber Laser ..................263
6.8.1 Type of Saturable Absorbers ................................ 263
6.8.2 Rate Equations of Passive Q-switched
Fiber Laser............................................................. 265
6.9 Q-switched Fiber Laser: State of the Art ..........................272
6.10 MATLAB Code ..................................................................277
6.10.1 Active Q-switch Fiber Laser Function ............. 277
6.10.2 Distribution Function ........................................ 281
6.10.3 Multiple Pulse Active Q-switched Function .... 284
6.10.4 Long Cavity Active Q-switched Function........ 289
6.10.5 Laser Output Function ...................................... 295
Contents xi

6.10.6 Propa Function .................................................. 298

6.10.7 Boundary Function ............................................ 300
6.10.8 Boundary2 Function .......................................... 300
6.10.9 Passive Q-switched Fiber Laser........................ 301
6.10.10 Script to Plot the Dynamics of the Output
Characteristics of Passive Q-switched Fiber
Laser .................................................................. 305
References........................................................................................306

Chapter 7 Narrow Linewidth Fiber Lasers...................................................... 313

7.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 313
7.2 Fundamental Concepts of Narrow Linewidth
Fiber Lasers .......................................................................... 313
7.3 Narrow Linewidth Fiber Lasers ........................................... 315
7.4 Linear Cavity Single Longitudinal Mode Fiber Lasers ......317
7.4.1 Tunable Short Cavity Lasers .................................. 320
7.4.2 Efficiency Enhancement Yb3+ Co-doping ............. 321
7.5 Ring Cavities Single Longitudinal Mode Fiber Lasers.......326
References........................................................................................335

Chapter 8 High-Power Fiber Lasers ................................................................ 341

8.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 341
8.2 High-Power Fiber Lasers Design .......................................341
8.2.1 Cavity Configurations............................................ 341
8.3 Increasing Output Power: Cladding Pumping ...................343
8.3.1 Brightness Enhancement in Cladding Pumped
Fiber Lasers ........................................................... 345
8.3.2 Cladding-Pumping Scheme................................... 346
8.3.3 Pump Combination Schemes ................................ 348
8.4 Rare-earth Ions for High-Power Fiber Lasers ...................349
8.5 High-Power Fiber Laser Efficiency ...................................352
8.6 Beam Quality Analysis.......................................................353
8.7 Doped and Undoped Fibers................................................354
8.7.1 Rare-Earth Doped Fibers ...................................... 354
8.7.2 Undoped Fibers for High-Power Applications..... 355
8.8 Detrimental Effect Affecting High-Power Operation........356
8.9 Stimulated Brillouin and Stimulated Raman Scattering....357
8.9.1 Stimulated Raman Scattering................................ 357
8.9.2 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering............................. 358
8.10 Self-Phase Modulation and Four-Wave Mixing................358
8.11 Influence of Optical Damage .............................................359
8.12 Influence of Photodarkening ..............................................359
8.13 Influence of Transverse Mode Instabilities (TMI) ............360
8.14 Working Regimes of High-Power Fiber Lasers ................360
8.14.1 Single-Fiber, Single-Mode CW Output Power .. 361
xii Contents

8.14.2 Pulsed Fiber Laser Parameter Space .................. 362

8.15 Other Fiber Lasers ..............................................................362
8.16 Conclusion .......................................................................... 363
References........................................................................................363

Index......................................................................................................................373
Preface
It is over 60 years since the first fiber laser was experimentally demonstrated. Fiber
laser is a technology for the creation of light by the process of simulated emission
using an active medium made of optical fiber that has been doped with rare-earth
material such as Erbium, Ytterbium, Neodymium, Thulium, Praseodymium, and
Holmium. Since its invention, we have witnessed its presence in various applications
in the field of science and engineering. The scientific and technological improvements
have allowed fiber laser light beams to be produced from continuous-wave operation
up to as short as a femtosecond and below. The wavelengths covered spanning almost
the entire optical spectrum with output powers of magnitude up to the order of
terawatt. The possible wavelength range, power scale, pulse width, and light
coherence length make fiber lasers suitable for a variety of industrial and scientific
applications. The creation of the Internet and World Wide Web was possible due to
tremendous scientific advancement created by photonics devices including light
sources, optical fibers, and optical detectors. Fiber lasers can be engineered for
industrial machining for materials processing and marking.
This book serves to introduce professionals to the basic concepts of light
propagation in optical fiber and the working principles of fiber lasers. The book
provides a coherent presentation of the issues of computational photonics applied to
fiber lasers. The main motivation for developing an approach described in the book
was to establish the foundations needed to understand the working principles of fiber
lasers and their different component through step-by-step mathematical modelling
and simulation. In this book authors propose a simulation-type approach to explain
the fundamentals of fiber lasers. A self-contained development that includes
theoretical foundations of fiber lasers and the MATLABⓇ code aimed at detailed
the simulation of different fiber laser cavity configurations both in continuous-wave
and pulsing operating regime based on the Q-switching technique are presented. The
modelling coverage of fiber lasers given in this book is unique and should serve as a
very good research guideline and design understanding to the subject of fiber lasers.
The book has evolved from the research and lectures given by the authors to
scholars and professionals in Photonics. The authors believe that one can master the
concepts of fiber lasers by studying not only the theory but also by developing
numerical models and performing numerical experiments via computer simulations
using commercial software or those developed and customized in-house. With this
methodology of presentation approach, the authors are of the view that readers
should have some sense of perspective of the design and implementation of fiber
laser cavity configuration which, unfortunately, current literature does make not
make it easy to read due to considerable mathematical complexity.
The book contains 8 chapters. An important part of the book is the MATLAB
code provided to solve the mathematical models and simulate key concepts
elaborated in each chapter. The first chapter introduces the history, technological
progress milestones in the field of fiber laser. Chapter 2 discusses the important
concepts of fiber optics and doped optical fiber which are key components in the

xiii
xiv Preface

fiber laser system. Chapter 3 discusses the physics of rare-earth ions and introduce
general concepts of lasers. Numerical methods used throughout the book are
presented in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 is about modelling continuous wave fiber laser
systems. In Chapter 6, Q-switched fiber laser modelling and simulation are
discussed. Chapter 7 and 8 are chronological presentations of state of art of
narrow linewidth and high-power fiber lasers, respectively. Finally, I would like to
wish the potential readers the similar joy of reading the book and experimenting
with programs as I had reading it.

Dr Kaboko Jean-Jacques Monga

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