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Core_11_Statistics-and-Probability_q4_CLAS8-Correlation-JOSEPH-AURELLO

This document is a contextualized learning activity sheet for Grade 11 Statistics and Probability, focusing on Pearson's Sample Correlation Coefficient and Correlation Analysis. It includes objectives, practice questions, and examples to help students understand the concept of correlation and how to compute it. The document also outlines the development team and provides guidelines regarding copyright and borrowed materials.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
7 views

Core_11_Statistics-and-Probability_q4_CLAS8-Correlation-JOSEPH-AURELLO

This document is a contextualized learning activity sheet for Grade 11 Statistics and Probability, focusing on Pearson's Sample Correlation Coefficient and Correlation Analysis. It includes objectives, practice questions, and examples to help students understand the concept of correlation and how to compute it. The document also outlines the development team and provides guidelines regarding copyright and borrowed materials.

Uploaded by

verylzadi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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11

NAME:_____________________________________
STRAND/BLOCK:__________________________

STATISTICS
AND PROBABILITY
Quarter IV – Week 8
Pearson’s Sample Correlation Coefficient
and Correlation Analysis

CONTEXTUALIZED LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS


SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PUERTO PRINCESA CITY
Statistics and Probability – Grade 11
Contextualized Learning Activity Sheets (CLAS)
Quarter IV - Week 8: Pearson’s Sample Correlation Coefficient and Correlation
Analysis
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, Section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for the exploitation of such work for a
profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment
of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this CLAS are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.

Published by the Schools Division of Puerto Princesa City

Development Team of the Contextualized Learning Activity Sheets

Writer: Rossinie M. Peneyra

Content Editors: Vergelio A. Legarde, Jr. and Christian Dave M. Balatero

Language Editor: Edna Imelda O. Legaspi

Proofreader: Vergelio A. Legarde, Jr.

Reviewers: Marie Vic C. Velasco PhD, Haydee C. Hitosis, Evelyn C. Silvestre,


Joseph D. Aurello and Maricar T. Caliwag

Illustrator: Rossinie M. Peneyra

Layout Artist: Marchelle M. Casilan

Management Team:
Servillano A. Arzaga, CESO V, SDS
Loida P. Adornado, PhD, ASDS
Cyril C. Serador, PhD, CID Chief
Ronald S. Brillantes, EPS-LRMS Manager
Marie Vic C. Velasco, PhD, EPS-Mathematics
Eva Joyce C. Presto, PDO II
Rhea Ann A. Navilla, Librarian II

Division Quality Assurance Team: Ronald S. Brillantes, Warly L. Salido,


Haydee C. Hitosis, Joseph D. Aurello, Maricar T. Caliwag

Division of Puerto Princesa City-Learning Resource Management Section (LRMS)


Sta. Monica Heights, Brgy. Sta. Monica, Puerto Princesa City
Telephone No.: (048) 434 9438
Email Address: [email protected]
Let’s Try
Directions: Read each question carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on the
space provided before the number.

______1. Which of the following measures the strength and direction of a linear relationship
between two quantitative variables?
A. hypothesis
B. Pearson’s sample correlation coefficient
C. regression
D. scatter Plot

_______2. Which of the following is the Pearson r formula?


𝑛(Σxy)−(Σ𝑥)(Σy)
A. 𝑟=
√[𝑛(Σ𝑥2 )−(Σ𝑥)2 ][𝑛 (Σ𝑦2 )−(Σy)2 ]

𝑛(Σxy)−(Σ𝑥)(Σy)
B. 𝑟 =
√[𝑛(Σ𝑥)2 −(Σ𝑥)2 ][𝑛 (Σ𝑦2 )−(Σy)2 ]

𝑛(Σxy)−(Σ𝑥)(Σy)²
C. 𝑟 =
√[𝑛(Σ𝑥)²−(Σ𝑥)2 ][𝑛 (Σ𝑦2 )]

(Σxy)−(Σ𝑥)(Σy)²
D. 𝑟 =
√[𝑛(Σ𝑥)²−(Σ𝑥)2 ][𝑛 (Σ𝑦2 )]

_______3. Which of the following is NOT a possible value of coefficient correlation?


A. 1.2
B. 0
C. 0.1
D.1

_______4. A survey shows that as the weather gets hotter, air conditioning consumption
increases. Which of the following values of r represents the result?
A. 0.31
B. 0.95
C. 0
D. -0.88

For Numbers 5 -8, please refer to table of bivariate data below.

x y
6 28
2 38
0 41
6 34
3 31
5 22

______5. In the given bivariate data, n or the total numbers of ordered pairs is:
A. 5 B. 6
C. 12 D. 22
1
______6. In solving the Pearson correlation coefficient, what is the next step after
constructing a table, computing for the product paired scores xy, getting the
square of x scores?
A. Construct a table
B. Get the sum of all entries in all columns in the table
C. Simplify and compute for the value of r
D. Substitute all the sum and n in the formula

______7. In the given bivariate data above, what is the value of r?


A. -0.72 B. 0.51 C. -0.32 D. 0.81

______8. What is the strength of the computed Pearson r in item number 7?


A. strong negative correlation
B. moderate positive correlation
C. very weak/negligible correlation
D. strong positive correlation

_______9. “As the weather becomes hotter, the number of milk teas sold increases.” Which
of the following is the appropriate value of r for the statement?
A. -0.89
B. 0
C. 0.78
D. 0.45

_______10. r = 0.43: weak negative correlation :: r = 0.94 : ___________?


A. strong negative correlation
B. moderate positive correlation
C. very weak/negligible correlation
D. strong positive correlation

2
Lesson 1
Pearson’s Sample
Correlation Coefficient
MELC: The learner calculates the Pearson’s sample correlation coefficient.
(M11/12SP-IVh-2)

Objectives: 1. Define Pearson’s correlation coefficient, r.


2. Compute Pearson’s correlation coefficient, r.

Let’s Explore and Discover


The correlation coefficient computed from the sample
Unlocking of data measures the strength and direction of a linear
Difficulties relationship between two quantitative variables.
• Correlation The symbol for the sample correlation coefficient is r.
coefficient
explained in this
lesson is called the
The range of the correlation coefficient is from -1 to +1.
Pearson product If there is a strong positive linear relationship between the
moment correlation variables, the value of r will be close to +1. If there is a strong
coefficient (PPMC),
named after the negative linear relationship between the variables, the value
statistician Karl of r will be close to -1. When there is no linear relationship
Pearson who
pioneered research
between the variables or only a weak relationship, the value
in this area. of r will be close to 0.
• Bivariate Data is
Strong negative No linear Strong positive
data on each of two
linear relationship relationship linear relationship
variables, where
each value of one of
the variables is
paired with a value -1 0 +1
of the other variable.

Formula for the Correlation Coefficient r

𝑛(Σxy) − (Σ𝑥)(Σy)
𝑟=
√[𝑛(Σ𝑥2 ) − (Σ𝑥)2 ][𝑛 (Σ𝑦2 ) − (Σy)2 ]
Where:
n = number of data pairs Σxy = the sum of products of paired scores
Σx = sum of x scores Σx² = sum of squared x scores
Σy = sum of y scores Σy² = sum of squared y scores

3
Example 1. A researcher wishes to see whether there is a relationship between number of
absences and the final grade of the seven students in the statistics class. Compute the
value of the correlation coefficient for the data obtained in the study.
Student Number of absences Final grade (%)
A 6 82
B 2 86
C 15 88
D 9 75
E 12 80
F 5 90
G 8 78

Solution
Step 1. Construct a table.
Student Number Final grade xy x² y²
of absences x y (%)

A 6 82
B 2 86
C 15 73
D 9 75
E 12 80
F 5 90
G 8 78

Step 2. Find the values of xy (multiply the entries in x column with the entries in y column),
x² (square the values of x), and y² (square the values of y); place these values in the
corresponding columns of the table.

Student Number Final grade xy x² y²


of absences x y (%)

A 6 82 492 36 6,724
B 2 86 172 4 7,396
C 15 73 1,095 225 5,329
D 9 75 675 81 5,625
E 12 80 960 144 6,400
F 5 90 450 25 8,100
G 8 78 624 64 6,084

Step 3. Get the sum of all the entries in x, y, xy, x² and y² column.

Student Number Final grade xy x² y²


of absences x y (%)

A 6 82 492 36 6,724
B 2 86 172 4 7,396
C 15 73 1,095 225 5,329
D 9 75 675 81 5,625
E 12 80 960 144 6,400
F 5 90 450 25 8,100
G 8 78 624 64 6,084

Σx = 57 Σy = 564 Σxy = 4,468 Σx² = 579 Σy² = 45,658

4
Step 4. Substitute the values in the formula and solve for r. Here, n=7 because there are
seven (7) pairs of values.
Given:
n=7
Σx = 57
Σy = 564
Σxy = 4,468
Σx² = 579
Σy² = 45,658

𝑛(Σxy)−(Σ𝑥)(Σy)
𝑟=
√[𝑛(Σ𝑥 2 )−(Σ𝑥)2 ][𝑛 (Σ𝑦 2 )−(Σy)2 ]

7(4,468)−(57)(564)
𝑟=
√[7(579)−(57)2 ][7 (45,658)−(564)2 ]

31,276−32,148
𝑟=
√[4053−3249][319,606−318096]

31,276−32,148
𝑟=
√[804][1510]

31,276−32,148
𝑟=
√1,214,040

−872
𝑟=
1101.8348

𝒓 = - 0.79

The value of r is a negative number. This represents a negative relationship between


the number of absences a student has and a student’s final grade.

Quick Facts on Correlation

1) The order of variables in a correlation is not important.


2) r has no units and does not change when the units of measure of x, y, or both are
changed.
3) The correlation r is always a number between -1 and 1.
4.) Correlations provide evidence of association, not causation.

Pearson r Assumptions:
• Correlation requires that both variables be quantitative.
• Correlation describes linear relationships. Correlation does not describe curve
relationships between variables, no matter how strong the relationship is.

5
Let’s Practice

Directions: Fill the blank parts of the table with the correct values. After completing
the table, get the sum of each column. Then, substitute the values obtained in the
given formula. Lastly, perform the indicated operations to calculate the value of r.

A researcher wants to find out if a relationship exists between the height and
weight of Senior High School Students of Marcelino A. Javarez National High School.
Data were as follows:

Student 1 2 3 4 5 6
Height in cm (x) 160 162 148 155 170 165
Weight (y) 62 60 50 63 75 65

x y Xy x² y²
160 62 9,920 25,600 3,844
162 60 26,244
148 50 7,400 2,500
155 63 24,025
170 75 12,750 5,625
165 65 27,225
𝛴𝑥 =960 Σy = Σxy = 60,280 Σ𝑥² = Σ𝑦² =23,763

𝑛(Σxy)−(Σ𝑥)(Σy)
𝑟=
√[𝑛(Σ𝑥 2 )−(Σ𝑥)2 ][𝑛 (Σ𝑦 2 )−(Σy)2 ]

6(60,280)−(960)( )
𝑟=
√[6( )−(960)2 ] [6 (23,763)−(375)2 ]

361,680−360,000
𝑟=
√[923,388−921,600][319,606− ]

361,680−360,000
𝑟=
√[1,788][1,953]

361,680−360,000
𝑟=
√3,491,964

1,680
𝑟=

𝒓 = 0.90

6
Directions: Using the completed table for bivariate data below, substitute each to the formula
of Pearson’s sample correlation coefficient. Then, solve for the value of r. Choose your answer
from the box. Write your answer on the space provided for the value of r.

0.44 -0.56 0.95 0.27

n 𝛴x 𝛴y 𝛴xy 𝛴x 𝛴y r
1. 5 58 149 1,753 702 660,565
2. 8 47 151 911 305 125, 605
3. 7 108 77 1,126 1,794 197,418
4. 9 240 55 1,469 6,520 281, 813

Let’s Do More

Directions: Arrange from 1-4 the following steps in calculating the Pearson’s sample
correlation coefficient, r. Write your answers on the space provided.

______1. Get the sum of all the entries in x, y, xy, x² and y² column.

______2. Find the values of xy (multiply the entries in x column with the entries in y
column), x² (square the values of x), and y² (square the values of y); place
these values in the corresponding columns of the table.

______3. Substitute the values in the formula and solve for r.


______4. Construct a table having the columns for x, y, xy, x² and y².

7
Directions: Read and understand the statements below. Write T if the statement is
correct and F if it is not. Write your answer before the number.

_________1. In the formula of Pearson sample correlation coefficient, n represents the


number of data pairs.
_________2. If an r has a value of -1, it means that there is no linear relationship between
the variables.
_________3. In constructing a table of values, x column is for independent variable and y
column is for the dependent variable. If in any case that the x and y values are
switched, the value of r will remain unchanged.
_________4. The range of the correlation coefficient is from -1 to +2.

_________5. Karl Pearson is the mathematician who developed the correlation coefficient
that bears his name.

Let’s Sum It Up
Activity 1
Directions: Complete the statement by filling in the blanks with the words in the boxes
below.

correlation
0 coefficient -1 to +1 negative +1

The 1.)____________________ computed from the sample data measures the strength and
direction of the relationship between two quantitative variables. The symbol for the
correlation coefficient is r. The range of the correlation coefficient is from
2.) ____________________. If there is a strong positive linear relationship between the
variables, the value of r will be close to 3.) ____________________. If there is a strong
4.) ____________________linear relationship between the variables, the value of r will be close
to -1. When there is no linear relationship between the variables or only a weak
relationship, the value of r will be close to 5.) ____________________.

8
Lesson 2
Solving Problems Involving
Correlation Analysis

MELC: The learner solves problems involving correlation analysis. (M11/12SP-IVh-3)

Objectives: 1. Compute the Pearson’s sample correlation coefficient r


2. Interpret the strength of correlation between two variables based on the
computed correlation coefficient
3. solve real life problems using Pearson’s sample correlation coefficient

Let’s Explore and Discover

Unlocking of A correlation between variables indicates that as one


Difficulties variable changes in value, the other variable tends to change in
a specific direction. Understanding that relationship is useful
A scatter plot
displays the because we can use the value of one variable to predict the value
strength, direction, of the other variable.
and form of the In statistics, a correlation coefficient is a quantitative
relationship between assessment that measures both the direction and the strength
two quantitative of this tendency to vary together. There are different types of
variables.
correlation that you can use for different kinds of data. In this
lesson, we will continue to discuss the most common type of
A correlation correlation—Pearson’s correlation coefficient.
coefficient measures The value of r is always between +1 and –1. To interpret
the strength of
relationship between
its value, look at the scale that gives both strength and direction
two quantitative of correlation.
variables.

-1 - 0.70 - 0.50 - 0.30 0 + 0.30 + 0.50 + 0.70 +1

strong moderate weak negligible negligible weak moderate strong


negative negative negative positive positive positive

no
perfect perfect
correlation
negative positive
correlation correlation

9
The sign of the coefficient of correlation indicates the direction of the relationship
between the two variables. A positive correlation coefficient means that variables obtaining
high scores in the first variable tend to obtain high scores in the second variable. A negative
correlation coefficient means that for every increase in one variable, there is a
corresponding decrease on the second variable or for every decrease in one variable, there
is a corresponding increase on the second variable.

In Example 1 of Lesson 1 of this module, the value of r is a negative number. We


computed a value of -0.79. Looking at the correlation interpretation scale, a correlation
coefficient value of -0.79 shows a strong negative relationship between the two quantitative
variables which means that the more absences a student has, the lower is her or his final
grade.

Take a look at the examples below.


Situation1. There is a survey wherein the correlation coefficient r between the age and
wealth of the richest man in the Philippines is -0.18.
Interpretation: By looking at the scale, -0.18 shows a very weak or negligible relationship.
This means that there is a very weak or negligible relationship between the age and
wealth of a man.
Situation 2. There is a survey wherein the correlation coefficient r between the
temperature and the number of milk teas sold in a certain store is 0.73.
Interpretation: There is a strong positive correlation between the temperature and the
number of milk teas sold in a certain store.
Situation 3. The correlation coefficient r between the number of hours spent in watching
TV and the exam result is -0.86.
Interpretation: There is a strong negative correlation between the number of hours spent
in watching TV and the exam result.
Situation 4. There is a survey wherein the correlation coefficient r is -0.31 between the
father’s weight and the weight of the son.
Interpretation: There is a weak negative correlation between father’s weight and the weight
of the son.
Situation 5. The correlation coefficient r between the teacher’s weight and the salary is 0.
Interpretation: There is no correlation between teacher’s weight and the salary.
Situation 6. There is a survey wherein the amount of coffee intake and number of hours
you stay awake is 0.51.
Interpretation: There is a moderate negative correlation between coffee intake and number
of hours you stay awake.
Situation 7. In a survey, the correlation between the educational attainment and amount
of income was found to be 0.47.
Interpretation: There is a weak positive correlation between the educational attainment
and amount of income.

10
The images are
data graphed in a catter
plot. This illustrates
what the relationships
might look like at
different degrees of
strength or different
values of r.

For a correlation
coefficient of zero, the
points have no
direction, the shape is
almost round, and a line
does not fit to the points
on the graph. As you
can observe, as the
correlation coefficient increases, the observations group closer together in a linear shape.
The line is difficult to detect when the relationship is weak (e.g., r = -0.3), but becomes
clearer as relationships become stronger (e.g., r = -0.99).

Let’s Practice

Directions: Given the following details, make an interpretation for each data. The first
one is done for you.

1. In a survey, the correlation coefficient r between engine size and fuel consumption
was found to be -0.9.

Interpretation: There is a strong negative correlation between the engine size and
fuel consumption.

2. In a survey, the correlation between the number of hours per week studetns spent
studying and their performance in an exam was found to be 0.72.

Interpretation: ________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________.

3. In a survey, the correlation between the height of Senior High School students
and their shoe size was found to be 0.48.

Interpretation: ________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________.
11
Directions: Using the correlation scale, identify the strength of each r value.

Values of Correlation Coefficient, r Strength of Correlation


1. 0.15 very weak/ negligible correlation
2. 0.43
3. -0.94
4. 0
5. 0.57

Let’s Do More

Directions: Based on the scatter plot, circle its corresponding strenght of


correlation and select the value of r from the box below.

Scatter Plot Strength of Correlation Value of r

a. Perfect positive
1. Correlation

b. Perfect Negative
Correlation

c. No Correlation
a. Strong positive
Correlation
2.
b. Moderate
Negative Correlation

c. No Correlation
a. Weak positive
Correlation

b. Weak Negative
3.
Correlation

c. Perfect negative
Correlation

12
a. Weak positive
Correlation
4.
b. Weak Negative
Correlation

c. Perfect negative
Correlation

a. Strong positive
Correlation
5.
b. Moderate
Negative Correlation

c. No Correlation

0.9 -1 -0.5 1 0

Directions: With the given data, calculate the Pearson’s sample correlation
coefficient and interpret the result using the correlation scale. Show your solution.

The table shows the average number of hours spent weekly by students watching
korean drama and the average mark they achieved in their summative exams.

Hours spent
watching Korean 6 2 0 6 3 5
Drama weekly
Average scores in
28 38 41 34 31 22
their exam

Solution:

Correlation Coefficient: ___________________________________________________


Interpretation:____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

13
Let’s Sum It Up
Activity 1

Directions: Complete the statement by filling in the blanks.

1. In statistics, a ______________________ is a quantitative assessment that measures


both the direction and the strength of this tendency to vary together.
2. A positive correlation coefficient means that variables obtaining
______________________scores in the first variable tend to obtain high scores in the
second variable.

5. 6.
4.

3. 7.

Fill the boxes with the corresponding strength of correlation.

8. The correlation coefficient between the exam score in Probability and Statistics and exam
score in Earth and Life Science was found to be 0.76. How will you interpret the result?

____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

14
Let’s Assess
Directions: Read each question carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on the
space provided before the number.

_______1. Which of the following is NOT a possible value of coefficient correlation?


A. 1.2
B. 0
C. 0.1
D.1

_______2. r = 0.43: weak negative correlation :: r = 0.94 : ___________?


A. strong negative correlation
B. moderate positive correlation
C. very weak/negligible correlation
D. strong positive correlation

______3. Which of the following measures the strength and direction of a linear relationship
between two quantitative variables?
A. hypothesis
B. Pearson’s sample correlation coefficient
C. regression
D. scatter Plot

_______4. Which of the following is the Pearson r formula?


𝑛(Σxy)−(Σ𝑥)(Σy)
A. 𝑟 =
√[𝑛(Σ𝑥2 )−(Σ𝑥)2 ][𝑛 (Σ𝑦2 )−(Σy)2 ]

𝑛(Σxy)−(Σ𝑥)(Σy)
B. 𝑟 =
√[(Σ𝑥)2 −(Σ𝑥)2 ][𝑛 (Σ𝑦2 )−(Σy)2 ]

𝑛(Σxy)−(Σ𝑥)(Σy)²
C. 𝑟 =
√[𝑛(Σ𝑥)²−(Σ𝑥)2 ][ (Σ𝑦2 )]

(Σxy)−(Σ𝑥)(Σy)²
D. 𝑟 =
√[𝑛(Σ𝑥)²−(Σ𝑥)2 ][𝑛 (Σ𝑦2 )]

_______5. A survey shows that as the weather gets hotter, air conditioning consumption
increases. Which of the following values of r represents the result?
A. 0.31
B. 0.95
C. 0
D. -0.88

For Numbers 6 -8, please refer to table of bivariate data below.

x y
6 28
2 38
0 41
6 34
3 31
5 22

15
______6. In the given bivariate data, n or the total numbers of ordered pairs is:
A. 5 B. 6 C. 12 D. 22

______7. In solving the Pearson correlation coefficient, what is the next step after
constructing a table, computing for the product paired scores xy, getting the
square of x scores?
A. Construct a table
B. Get the sum of all entries in all columns in the table
C. Simplify and compute for the value of r
D. Substitute all the sum and n in the formula

______8. In the given bivariate data above, what is the value of r?


A. -0.72 B. 0.51 C. -0.32 D. 0.81

______9. What is the strength of the computed Pearson r in item number 8?


A. strong negative correlation
B. moderate positive correlation
C. very weak/negligible correlation
D. strong positive correlation

_______10. “As the weather becomes colder, the number of coffees sold increases.” Which
of the following is the appropriate value of r for the statement?
A.-0.89 B. 0 C. 0.78 D. 0.25

16
Answer Key
LESSON 1
Let’s Try
1. B 1. 0.95
2. A 2. 0.44
3. A 3. 0.56
4. B Let’s Practice 4. 0.27
5. B
Let’s Do More
6. B
7. A
8. C
9. C 1. 3
10. D 2. 2
3. 4
4. 1

1. T
2. F
3. T
4. F
5. T

Let’s Sum It Up
1. Correlation Coefficient
2. -1 to +1
3. +1
4. Negative
5. 0

LESSON 2
Let’s Practice Let’s Do More

1. A,1
2. There is a strong positive correlation
2. C, 0
between the number of hours per week
3. B, 0.5
students spent studying and their
4. C , -1
performance in an exam.
5. A, 0.9
3. There is a weak positive correlation
between the height of Senior High School There is a strong
students and their shoe size negative
correlation
average number
Let’s Sum It Up on the hours
spent weekly by
1.pearson correlation coefficient students
2. High watching korean
3. perfect negative correlation drama and the
4. moderate negative correlation average mark
5. negligible/weak correlation they achieved in
6. strong positive correlation their summative
7. perfect positive correlation exams.
8. strong positive correlation

Let’s Assess
1.A 2.D 3. B 4.A 5.B 6.B 7. B 8. A 9. A 10. A

17
References
1. PDF

Allan G. Bluman. Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach, Eight Edition, Connect Statistics
Hosted by ALEKS Corporation)

2. Websites

Pierce, Rod. "Scatter (XY) Plots". Math Is Fun. Retrieved 24 May 2021,
http://www.mathsisfun.com/data/scatter-xy-plots.html

Diana Mindrila, Ph.D. and Phoebe Balentyne, M.Ed. “Based on Chapter 4 of The Basic Practice
Statistics (6th ed)”. Accessed May 24, 2021 from
www.westga.edu/academics/research/vrc/assets/docs/scatterplots_and_correlation_notes.pdf

Deborah J. Rumsey, PhD. How to Interpret a Correlation Coefficient r. Accessed May 24, 2021,
www.dummies.com/education/math/statistics/how-to-interpret-a-correlation-coefficient-r/

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