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Design and Analysis
of Experiments
Ninth Edition

DOUGLAS C. MONTGOMERY
Arizona State University

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 k

Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

ISBN: 9781119113478 (PBK)

ISBN: 9781119299455 (EVALC)

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Names: Montgomery, Douglas C., author.

Title: Design and analysis of experiments / Douglas C. Montgomery, Arizona
State University.
Description: Ninth edition. | Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [2017] |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017002355 (print) | LCCN 2017002997 (ebook) | ISBN
9781119113478 (pbk.) | ISBN 9781119299363 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119320937 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Experimental design.
Classification: LCC QA279 .M66 2017 (print) | LCC QA279 (ebook) | DDC
519.5/7—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017002355

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 k

Preface

Audience
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This is an introductory textbook dealing with the design and analysis of experiments. It is based on college-level
courses in design of experiments that I have taught for over 40 years at Arizona State University, the University of
Washington, and the Georgia Institute of Technology. It also reflects the methods that I have found useful in my own
professional practice as an engineering and statistical consultant in many areas of science and engineering, including
the research and development activities required for successful technology commercialization and product realization.
The book is intended for students who have completed a first course in statistical methods. This background
course should include at least some techniques of descriptive statistics, the standard sampling distributions, and an
introduction to basic concepts of confidence intervals and hypothesis testing for means and variances. Chapters 10, 11,
and 12 require some familiarity with matrix algebra.
Because the prerequisites are relatively modest, this book can be used in a second course on statistics focusing
on statistical design of experiments for undergraduate students in engineering, the physical and chemical sciences,
statistics, mathematics, and other fields of science. For many years I have taught a course from the book at the first-year
graduate level in engineering. Students in this course come from all of the fields of engineering, materials science,
physics, chemistry, mathematics, operations research life sciences, and statistics. I have also used this book as the
basis of an industrial short course on design of experiments for practicing technical professionals with a wide variety
of backgrounds. There are numerous examples illustrating all of the design and analysis techniques. These examples
are based on real-world applications of experimental design and are drawn from many different fields of engineering
and the sciences. This adds a strong applications flavor to an academic course for engineers and scientists and makes
the book useful as a reference tool for experimenters in a variety of disciplines.

About the Book

The ninth edition is a significant revision of the book. I have tried to maintain the balance between design and analysis
topics of previous editions; however, there are many new topics and examples, and I have reorganized some of the
material. There continues to be a lot of emphasis on the computer in this edition.

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iv Preface

Design-Expert, JMP, and Minitab Software

During the last few years a number of excellent software products to assist experimenters in both the design and
analysis phases of this subject have appeared. I have included output from three of these products, Design-Expert,
JMP, and Minitab at many points in the text. Minitab and JMP are widely available general-purpose statistical software
packages that have good data analysis capabilities and that handles the analysis of experiments with both fixed and
random factors (including the mixed model). Design-Expert is a package focused exclusively on experimental design.
All three of these packages have many capabilities for construction and evaluation of designs and extensive analysis
features. I urge all instructors who use this book to incorporate computer software into your course. (In my course, I
bring a laptop computer, and every design or analysis topic discussed in class is illustrated with the computer.)

Empirical Model
I have continued to focus on the connection between the experiment and the model that the experimenter can develop
from the results of the experiment. Engineers (and physical, chemical and life scientists to a large extent) learn about
physical mechanisms and their underlying mechanistic models early in their academic training, and throughout much
of their professional careers they are involved with manipulation of these models. Statistically designed experiments
offer the engineer a valid basis for developing an empirical model of the system being investigated. This empirical
model can then be manipulated (perhaps through a response surface or contour plot, or perhaps mathematically) just
as any other engineering model. I have discovered through many years of teaching that this viewpoint is very effective
in creating enthusiasm in the engineering community for statistically designed experiments. Therefore, the notion of
an underlying empirical model for the experiment and response surfaces appears early in the book and continues to
receive emphasis.
k k
Factorial Designs
I have expanded the material on factorial and fractional factorial designs (Chapters 5–9) in an effort to make the
material flow more effectively from both the reader’s and the instructor’s viewpoint and to place more emphasis on
the empirical model. There is new material on a number of important topics, including follow-up experimentation
following a fractional factorial, nonregular and nonorthogonal designs, and small, efficient resolution IV and V designs.
Nonregular fractions as alternatives to traditional minimum aberration fractions in 16 runs and analysis methods for
these design are discussed and illustrated.

Additional Important Changes

I have added material on optimal designs and their application. The chapter on response surfaces (Chapter 11) has
several new topics and problems. I have expanded Chapter 12 on robust parameter design and process robustness
experiments. Chapters 13 and 14 discuss experiments involving random effects and some applications of these concepts
to nested and split-plot designs. The residual maximum likelihood method is now widely available in software and I
have emphasized this technique throughout the book. Because there is expanding industrial interest in nested and
split-plot designs, Chapters 13 and 14 have several new topics. Chapter 15 is an overview of important design and
analysis topics: nonnormality of the response, the Box–Cox method for selecting the form of a transformation, and other
alternatives; unbalanced factorial experiments; the analysis of covariance, including covariates in a factorial design,
and repeated measures. I have also added new examples and problems from various fields, including biochemistry and
biotechnology.

Experimental Design
Throughout the book I have stressed the importance of experimental design as a tool for engineers and scientists to use
for product design and development as well as process development and improvement. The use of experimental design

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Preface v

in developing products that are robust to environmental factors and other sources of variability is illustrated. I believe
that the use of experimental design early in the product cycle can substantially reduce development lead time and cost,
leading to processes and products that perform better in the field and have higher reliability than those developed using
other approaches.
The book contains more material than can be covered comfortably in one course, and I hope that instructors will
be able to either vary the content of each course offering or discuss some topics in greater depth, depending on class
interest. There are problem sets at the end of each chapter. These problems vary in scope from computational exercises,
designed to reinforce the fundamentals, to extensions or elaboration of basic principles.

Course Suggestions
My own course focuses extensively on factorial and fractional factorial designs. Consequently, I usually cover Chapter
1, Chapter 2 (very quickly), most of Chapter 3, Chapter 4 (excluding the material on incomplete blocks and only
mentioning Latin squares briefly), and I discuss Chapters 5 through 8 on factorials and two-level factorial and fractional
factorial designs in detail. To conclude the course, I introduce response surface methodology (Chapter 11) and give
an overview of random effects models (Chapter 13) and nested and split-plot designs (Chapter 14). I always require
the students to complete a term project that involves designing, conducting, and presenting the results of a statistically
designed experiment. I require them to do this in teams because this is the way that much industrial experimentation
is conducted. They must present the results of this project, both orally and in written form.

k The Supplemental Text Material k

For this edition I have provided supplemental text material for each chapter of the book. Often, this supplemental
material elaborates on topics that could not be discussed in greater detail in the book. I have also presented some
subjects that do not appear directly in the book, but an introduction to them could prove useful to some students and
professional practitioners. Some of this material is at a higher mathematical level than the text. I realize that instructors
use this book with a wide array of audiences, and some more advanced design courses could possibly benefit from
including several of the supplemental text material topics. This material is in electronic form on the World Wide
Website for this book, located at www.wiley.com/college/montgomery.

Website
Current supporting material for instructors and students is available at the website www.wiley.com/college/
montgomery. This site will be used to communicate information about innovations and recommendations for
effectively using this text. The supplemental text material described above is available at the site, along with electronic
versions of data sets used for examples and homework problems, a course syllabus, and some representative student
term projects from the course at Arizona State University.

Student Companion Site

The student’s section of the textbook website contains the following:
1. The supplemental text material described above
2. Data sets from the book examples and homework problems, in electronic form
3. Sample Student Projects

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vi Preface

Instructor Companion Site

The instructor’s section of the textbook website contains the following:
1. Solutions to the text problems
2. The supplemental text material described above
3. PowerPoint lecture slides
4. Figures from the text in electronic format, for easy inclusion in lecture slides
5. Data sets from the book examples and homework problems, in electronic form
6. Sample Syllabus
7. Sample Student Projects
The instructor’s section is for instructor use only, and is password-protected. Visit the Instructor Companion Site
portion of the website, located at www.wiley.com/college/montgomery, to register for a password.

Student Solutions Manual

The purpose of the Student Solutions Manual is to provide the student with an in-depth understanding of how to apply
the concepts presented in the textbook. Along with detailed instructions on how to solve the selected chapter exercises,
insights from practical applications are also shared.
Solutions have been provided for problems selected by the author of the text. Occasionally a group of “continued
exercises” is presented and provides the student with a full solution for a specific data set. Problems that are included
in the Student Solutions Manual are indicated by an icon appearing in the text margin next to the problem statement.
k This is an excellent study aid that many text users will find extremely helpful. The Student Solutions Manual k
may be ordered in a set with the text, or purchased separately. Contact your local Wiley representative to request the
set for your bookstore, or purchase the Student Solutions Manual from the Wiley website.

Acknowledgments
I express my appreciation to the many students, instructors, and colleagues who have used the eight earlier editions of
this book and who have made helpful suggestions for its revision. The contributions of Dr. Raymond H. Myers, Dr. G.
Geoffrey Vining, Dr. Brad Jones, Dr. Christine Anderson-Cook, Dr. Connie M. Borror, Dr. Scott Kowalski, Dr. Rachel
Silvestrini, Dr. Megan Olson Hunt, Dr. Dennis Lin, Dr. John Ramberg, Dr. Joseph Pignatiello, Dr. Lloyd S. Nelson, Dr.
Andre Khuri, Dr. Peter Nelson, Dr. John A. Cornell, Dr. Saeed Maghsoodloo, Dr. Don Holcomb, Dr. George C. Runger,
Dr. Bert Keats, Dr. Dwayne Rollier, Dr. Norma Hubele, Dr. Murat Kulahci, Dr. Cynthia Lowry, Dr. Russell G. Heikes,
Dr. Harrison M. Wadsworth, Dr. William W. Hines, Dr. Arvind Shah, Dr. Jane Ammons, Dr. Diane Schaub, Mr. Mark
Anderson, Mr. Pat Whitcomb, Dr. Pat Spagon, and Dr. William DuMouche were particularly valuable. My current
and former School Director and Department Chair, Dr. Ron Askin and Dr. Gary Hogg, have provided an intellectually
stimulating environment in which to work.
The contributions of the professional practitioners with whom I have worked have been invaluable. It is impossi-
ble to mention everyone, but some of the major contributors include Dr. Dan McCarville, Dr. Lisa Custer, Dr. Richard
Post, Mr. Tom Bingham, Mr. Dick Vaughn, Dr. Julian Anderson, Mr. Richard Alkire, and Mr. Chase Neilson of the
Boeing Company; Mr. Mike Goza, Mr. Don Walton, Ms. Karen Madison, Mr. Jeff Stevens, and Mr. Bob Kohm of
Alcoa; Dr. Jay Gardiner, Mr. John Butora, Mr. Dana Lesher, Mr. Lolly Marwah, Mr. Leon Mason of IBM; Dr. Paul
Tobias of IBM and Sematech; Ms. Elizabeth A. Peck of The Coca-Cola Company; Dr. Sadri Khalessi and Mr. Franz
Wagner of Signetics; Mr. Robert V. Baxley of Monsanto Chemicals; Mr. Harry Peterson-Nedry and Dr. Russell Boyles
of Precision Castparts Corporation; Mr. Bill New and Mr. Randy Schmid of Allied-Signal Aerospace; Mr. John M.
Fluke, Jr. of the John Fluke Manufacturing Company; Mr. Larry Newton and Mr. Kip Howlett of Georgia-Pacific; and
Dr. Ernesto Ramos of BBN Software Products Corporation.

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Preface vii

I am indebted to Professor E. S. Pearson and the Biometrika Trustees, John Wiley & Sons, Prentice Hall, The
American Statistical Association, The Institute of Mathematical Statistics, and the editors of Biometrics for permission
to use copyrighted material. Dr. Lisa Custer and Dr. Dan McCorville did an excellent job of preparing the solutions
that appear in the Instructor’s Solutions Manual, and Dr. Cheryl Jennings provided effective and very helpful proof-
reading assistance. I am grateful to NASA, the Office of Naval Research, the Department of Defense, the National
Science Foundation, the member companies of the NSF/Industry/University Cooperative Research Center in Quality
and Reliability Engineering at Arizona State University, and the IBM Corporation for supporting much of my research
in engineering statistics and experimental design over many years.

DOUGLAS C. MONTGOMERY
TEMPE, ARIZONA

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Contents

Preface iii

1
Introduction 1
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1.1 Strategy of Experimentation 1
1.2 Some Typical Applications of Experimental Design 7
1.3 Basic Principles 11
1.4 Guidelines for Designing Experiments 13
1.5 A Brief History of Statistical Design 19
1.6 Summary: Using Statistical Techniques in Experimentation 20
1.7 Problems 21

2
Simple Comparative Experiments 23
2.1 Introduction 24
2.2 Basic Statistical Concepts 25
2.3 Sampling and Sampling Distributions 28
2.4 Inferences About the Differences in Means, Randomized Designs 33
2.4.1 Hypothesis Testing 33
2.4.2 Confidence Intervals 39
2.4.3 Choice of Sample Size 41
2.4.4 The Case Where 𝜎12 ≠ 𝜎22 44
2.4.5 The Case Where 𝜎12 and 𝜎22 Are Known 47
2.4.6 Comparing a Single Mean to a Specified Value 47
2.4.7 Summary 48
2.5 Inferences About the Differences in Means, Paired Comparison Designs 50
2.5.1 The Paired Comparison Problem 50
2.5.2 Advantages of the Paired Comparison Design 52
2.6 Inferences About the Variances of Normal Distributions 53
2.7 Problems 55

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Experiments with a Single Factor: The Analysis of Variance 64
3.1 An Example 65
3.2 The Analysis of Variance 67
3.3 Analysis of the Fixed Effects Model 69
3.3.1 Decomposition of the Total Sum of Squares 69
3.3.2 Statistical Analysis 72
3.3.3 Estimation of the Model Parameters 76
3.3.4 Unbalanced Data 78
3.4 Model Adequacy Checking 78
3.4.1 The Normality Assumption 79
3.4.2 Plot of Residuals in Time Sequence 81
3.4.3 Plot of Residuals Versus Fitted Values 81
3.4.4 Plots of Residuals Versus Other Variables 86
3.5 Practical Interpretation of Results 86
3.5.1 A Regression Model 87
3.5.2 Comparisons Among Treatment Means 88
3.5.3 Graphical Comparisons of Means 88
3.5.4 Contrasts 89
3.5.5 Orthogonal Contrasts 92
3.5.6 Scheffé’s Method for Comparing All Contrasts 93
3.5.7 Comparing Pairs of Treatment Means 95
3.5.8 Comparing Treatment Means with a Control 98
k 3.6 Sample Computer Output 99 k
3.7 Determining Sample Size 103
3.7.1 Operating Characteristic and Power Curves 103
3.7.2 Confidence Interval Estimation Method 104
3.8 Other Examples of Single-Factor Experiments 105
3.8.1 Chocolate and Cardiovascular Health 105
3.8.2 A Real Economy Application of a Designed Experiment 107
3.8.3 Discovering Dispersion Effects 109
3.9 The Random Effects Model 111
3.9.1 A Single Random Factor 111
3.9.2 Analysis of Variance for the Random Model 112
3.9.3 Estimating the Model Parameters 113
3.10 The Regression Approach to the Analysis of Variance 119
3.10.1 Least Squares Estimation of the Model Parameters 120
3.10.2 The General Regression Significance Test 121
3.11 Nonparametric Methods in the Analysis of Variance 123
3.11.1 The Kruskal–Wallis Test 123
3.11.2 General Comments on the Rank Transformation 124
3.12 Problems 125

4
Randomized Blocks, Latin Squares, and Related Designs 135
4.1 The Randomized Complete Block Design 135
4.1.1 Statistical Analysis of the RCBD 137
4.1.2 Model Adequacy Checking 145
4.1.3 Some Other Aspects of the Randomized Complete Block Design 145
4.1.4 Estimating Model Parameters and the General Regression Significance Test 150

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 4.2 The Latin Square Design 153
4.3 The Graeco-Latin Square Design 160
4.4 Balanced Incomplete Block Designs 162
4.4.1 Statistical Analysis of the BIBD 163
4.4.2 Least Squares Estimation of the Parameters 167
4.4.3 Recovery of Interblock Information in the BIBD 169
4.5 Problems 171

5
Introduction to Factorial Designs 179
5.1 Basic Definitions and Principles 179
5.2 The Advantage of Factorials 182
5.3 The Two-Factor Factorial Design 183
5.3.1 An Example 183
5.3.2 Statistical Analysis of the Fixed Effects Model 186
5.3.3 Model Adequacy Checking 191
5.3.4 Estimating the Model Parameters 194
5.3.5 Choice of Sample Size 196
5.3.6 The Assumption of No Interaction in a Two-Factor Model 197
5.3.7 One Observation per Cell 198
5.4 The General Factorial Design 201
5.5 Fitting Response Curves and Surfaces 206
k 5.6 Blocking in a Factorial Design 215 k
5.7 Problems 220

6
The 2k Factorial Design 230
6.1 Introduction 230
6.2 The 22 Design 231
6.3 The 23 Design 240
6.4 The General 2k Design 252
6.5 A Single Replicate of the 2k Design 254
6.6 Additional Examples of Unreplicated 2k Designs 268
6.7 2k Designs are Optimal Designs 280
6.8 The Addition of Center Points to the 2k Design 285
6.9 Why We Work with Coded Design Variables 290
6.10 Problems 292

7
Blocking and Confounding in the 2k Factorial Design 308
7.1 Introduction 308
7.2 Blocking a Replicated 2k Factorial Design 309
7.3 Confounding in the 2k Factorial Design 311
7.4 Confounding the 2k Factorial Design in Two Blocks 311
7.5 Another Illustration of Why Blocking Is Important 319
7.6 Confounding the 2k Factorial Design in Four Blocks 320

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 7.7 Confounding the 2k Factorial Design in 2p Blocks 322
7.8 Partial Confounding 323
7.9 Problems 325

8
Two-Level Fractional Factorial Designs 328
8.1 Introduction 329
8.2 The One-Half Fraction of the 2k Design 329
8.2.1 Definitions and Basic Principles 329
8.2.2 Design Resolution 332
8.2.3 Construction and Analysis of the One-Half Fraction 332
8.3 The One-Quarter Fraction of the 2k Design 344
8.4 The General 2k−p Fractional Factorial Design 351
8.4.1 Choosing a Design 351
8.4.2 Analysis of 2k−p Fractional Factorials 354
8.4.3 Blocking Fractional Factorials 355
8.5 Alias Structures in Fractional Factorials and Other Designs 360
8.6 Resolution III Designs 362
8.6.1 Constructing Resolution III Designs 362
8.6.2 Fold Over of Resolution III Fractions to Separate Aliased Effects 364
8.6.3 Plackett–Burman Designs 367
8.7 Resolution IV and V Designs 376
k 8.7.1 Resolution IV Designs 376 k
8.7.2 Sequential Experimentation with Resolution IV Designs 377
8.7.3 Resolution V Designs 383
8.8 Supersaturated Designs 384
8.9 Summary 385
8.10 Problems 386

9
Additional Design and Analysis Topics for Factorial
and Fractional Factorial Designs 405
9.1 The 3k Factorial Design 406
9.1.1 Notation and Motivation for the 3k Design 406
9.1.2 The 32 Design 407
9.1.3 The 33 Design 408
9.1.4 The General 3k Design 413
9.2 Confounding in the 3k Factorial Design 413
9.2.1 The 3k Factorial Design in Three Blocks 413
9.2.2 The 3k Factorial Design in Nine Blocks 416
9.2.3 The 3k Factorial Design in 3p Blocks 417
9.3 Fractional Replication of the 3k Factorial Design 418
9.3.1 The One-Third Fraction of the 3k Factorial Design 418
9.3.2 Other 3k−p Fractional Factorial Designs 421
9.4 Factorials with Mixed Levels 422
9.4.1 Factors at Two and Three Levels 422
9.4.2 Factors at Two and Four Levels 424
9.5 Nonregular Fractional Factorial Designs 425

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 9.5.1 Nonregular Fractional Factorial Designs for 6, 7, and 8 Factors in 16 Runs 427
9.5.2 Nonregular Fractional Factorial Designs for 9 Through 14 Factors in 16 Runs 436
9.5.3 Analysis of Nonregular Fractional Factorial Designs 441
9.6 Constructing Factorial and Fractional Factorial Designs Using
an Optimal Design Tool 442
9.6.1 Design Optimality Criterion 443
9.6.2 Examples of Optimal Designs 443
9.6.3 Extensions of the Optimal Design Approach 453
9.7 Problems 454

10
Fitting Regression Models
(online at www.wiley.com/college/montgomery) 460
10.1 Introduction 461
10.2 Linear Regression Models 461
10.3 Estimation of the Parameters in Linear Regression Models 462
10.4 Hypothesis Testing in Multiple Regression 473
10.4.1 Test for Significance of Regression 473
10.4.2 Tests on Individual Regression Coefficients and Groups of Coefficients 475
10.5 Confidence Intervals in Multiple Regression 478
10.5.1 Confidence Intervals on the Individual Regression Coefficients 478
10.5.2 Confidence Interval on the Mean Response 478
k k
10.6 Prediction of New Response Observations 479
10.7 Regression Model Diagnostics 480
10.7.1 Scaled Residuals and PRESS 480
10.7.2 Influence Diagnostics 483
10.8 Testing for Lack of Fit 483
10.9 Problems 485

11
Response Surface Methods and Designs 489
11.1 Introduction to Response Surface Methodology 490
11.2 The Method of Steepest Ascent 492
11.3 Analysis of a Second-Order Response Surface 497
11.3.1 Location of the Stationary Point 497
11.3.2 Characterizing the Response Surface 499
11.3.3 Ridge Systems 505
11.3.4 Multiple Responses 506
11.4 Experimental Designs for Fitting Response Surfaces 511
11.4.1 Designs for Fitting the First-Order Model 511
11.4.2 Designs for Fitting the Second-Order Model 511
11.4.3 Blocking in Response Surface Designs 518
11.4.4 Optimal Designs for Response Surfaces 521
11.5 Experiments with Computer Models 535
11.6 Mixture Experiments 542
11.7 Evolutionary Operation 553
11.8 Problems 558

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Robust Parameter Design and Process Robustness
Studies (online at www.wiley.com/college/montgomery) 569
12.1 Introduction 569
12.2 Crossed Array Designs 571
12.3 Analysis of the Crossed Array Design 573
12.4 Combined Array Designs and the Response Model Approach 576
12.5 Choice of Designs 582
12.6 Problems 585

13
Experiments with Random Factors 589
13.1 Random Effects Models 589
13.2 The Two-Factor Factorial with Random Factors 590
13.3 The Two-Factor Mixed Model 597
13.4 Rules for Expected Mean Squares 602
13.5 Approximate F-Tests 605
13.6 Some Additional Topics on Estimation of Variance Components 609
13.6.1 Approximate Confidence Intervals on Variance Components 609
13.6.2 The Modified Large-Sample Method 613
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13.7 Problems 615

14
Nested and Split-Plot Designs 618
14.1 The Two-Stage Nested Design 619
14.1.1 Statistical Analysis 619
14.1.2 Diagnostic Checking 624
14.1.3 Variance Components 626
14.1.4 Staggered Nested Designs 626
14.2 The General m-Stage Nested Design 628
14.3 Designs with Both Nested and Factorial Factors 630
14.4 The Split-Plot Design 634
14.5 Other Variations of the Split-Plot Design 640
14.5.1 Split-Plot Designs with More Than Two Factors 640
14.5.2 The Split-Split-Plot Design 645
14.5.3 The Strip-Split-Plot Design 649
14.6 Problems 650

15
Other Design and Analysis Topics
(online at www.wiley.com/college/montgomery) 656
15.1 Nonnormal Responses and Transformations 657
15.1.1 Selecting a Transformation: The Box–Cox Method 657
15.1.2 The Generalized Linear Model 659

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 15.2 Unbalanced Data in a Factorial Design 666
15.2.1 Proportional Data: An Easy Case 667
15.2.2 Approximate Methods 668
15.2.3 The Exact Method 670
15.3 The Analysis of Covariance 670
15.3.1 Description of the Procedure 671
15.3.2 Computer Solution 679
15.3.3 Development by the General Regression Significance Test 680
15.3.4 Factorial Experiments with Covariates 682
15.4 Repeated Measures 692
15.5 Problems 694

Appendix (online at www.wiley.com/college/montgomery) 697

Table I. Cumulative Standard Normal Distribution 698
Table II. Percentage Points of the t Distribution 700
Table III. Percentage Points of the 𝜒 2 Distribution 701
Table IV. Percentage Points of the F Distribution 702
Table V. Percentage Points of the Studentized Range Statistic 707
Table VI. Critical Values for Dunnett’s Test for Comparing Treatments
with a Control 709
Table VII. Coefficients of Orthogonal Polynomials 711
Table VIII. Alias Relationships for 2k−p Fractional Factorial Designs
with k ≤ 15 and n ≤ 64 712
k k
Bibliography (online at www.wiley.com/college/montgomery) 724
Index 731

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You can not sing it alone. All over the Market Square they took it up, and
folks that couldn’t sing, and me that can’t sing a note except when there’s
nobody around that would recognize me if they ever saw me again—we all
sung together, there in the dark, with the tree in the midst.
And we seemed long and long away from the time when the leader in
one of them singing choirs had left the other choir because the bass in the
other choir was the bass in the other choir. And it was like the Way Things
Are had suddenly spoke for a minute, there in the singing choirs come out
of their separate lofts, and in all the singing folks. And in all of us—all of
us.
Then up hopped Eppleby Holcomb on to a box in front of the tree, and
he calls out:
“Merry Christmas! Merry Christmas—on the first annual outdoor
Christmas-tree celebration of Friendship Village!”
When he said that I felt—well, it don’t make any difference to anybody
how I felt; but what I done was to turn and make for the edge of the crowd
just as fast as I could. And just then there come what Eppleby’s words was
the signal for. And out on the little flagstaff balcony of the Town Hall Jerry
Bemus stepped with his bugle, and he blew it shrill and clear, so that it
sounded all over the town, once, twice, three times, a bugle-call to say it
was Christmas. We couldn’t wait till twelve o’clock—we are all in bed long
before that time in Friendship Village, holiday or not.
But the bugle-call said it was Christmas just the same. Think of it ... the
bugle that used to say it was war. And the same minute the big tree went
out, all still and quiet, but to be lit again next year and to stay a living thing
in between.
When I stepped on to Daphne Street, who should I come face to face
with but Mis’ Postmaster Sykes. I was feeling so glorified over, that I never
thought of its being strange that she was there. But she spoke up, just the
same as if I’d said: “Why, I thought you wasn’t coming near.”
“The children was bound to come,” she says, “so I had to bring ’em.”
 “Yes,” I thought to myself, “the children know. They know.”
And I even couldn’t feel bad when I passed the post-office store and see
Silas sitting in there all sole alone—the only lit store in the street. I knew
he’d be on the Market Square the next year.
They went singing through all the streets that night, Ben Cory and his
carolers. “Silent night, holy night” come from my front gate when I was
’most asleep. It was like the whole town was being sung to by something
that didn’t show. And when the time comes that this something speaks clear
all the time,—well, it ain’t a very far-off time, you know.
 EXIT CHARITY
“Yes, sir,” said Silas Sykes, “we got to get some charity goin’ in this
town.”
“Charity,” I says over, meditative. “How do you mean, Silas?”
“How do I mean?” says Silas, snappy. “Don’t you know your Bible,
woman?”
“I ain’t so sure I do as I use’ to be,” I told him. “I use’ to think charity
was givin’ things away. Then I had a spell I use’ to think it was coverin’ up
their faults. Now I dunno as I’m clear what it is.”
Silas bridled some and snorted soft.
“Charity,” says he, “charity, Calliope Marsh, is doin’ nice things for
folks.”
“Doin’ nice things for folks,” I says over—and I wanted to remember
them words of Silas and I longed to feed ’em to him some time. But I just
took up my pound of prunes and went out the post-office store, thoughtful.
Outside on the walk, I come on Absalom. He stood kicking his heels on
the hydrant and looking up and down the street like he was waiting, for
something that there wasn’t any such thing, and he knew it. Absalom Ricker
he was, that has work in the canning factory, when any. I’d been wantin’ to
see him.
“Evenin’, Ab,” says I. “How’s Gertie?”
“She ain’t on her feet yet,” says he, rueful.
“How’s your mother’s rheumatism?”
“It ain’t in her fingers yet,” says he, bright.
“How’re you?”
“Oh, me!” he says. “I’m rosy.”
“Your arm,” says I; “will it let you go to work yet?”
“Not yet,” he says, “the thermometer actin’ up zero, so. But still, I’m
rosy—rosy.”
“Well,” says I, “bein’ you’re more rosy than busy, I wonder if you
couldn’t do something for us ladies. You know,” I says, “that nice, new,
galvanized iron garbage tank us ladies bought and run one season, collectin’
up garbage? Well, I dunno but what we’ve got to sell it, the Council refusin’
to run it, ’count of economy. And I wondered if you’d go and hev a look at
it, and tell us what we’d ought to get for it, and where.”
“Why, sure I will,” says Absalom. “I’d be glad,” says he, kind of
pleasant and important, “to accommodate.”
He went off down the street, walking sidewise, like he does, his coat and
beard blowing out the same side, his pockets sagging till they looked like
mouths smiling, and his hat trained up to a peak. Everybody liked Absalom
—he had such a nice, one-sided smile and he seemed to be so afraid he was
going to hurt your feelings. He’d broke his right arm in Silas’s canning
factory that fall, and he’d been laying off ever since. His wife done
washings, and his mother finished vests from the city, and the children
stuffed up cracks in the walls and thought it was a game.
They was others in the town, come lately, and mostly in the factory, that
was the same way: the Bettses and the Doles and the Haskitts and the
Hennings. They lived in little shacks around, and the men worked in the
canning factory and the gas-works and on the tracks, and the women helped
out. And one or two of ’em had took down ill; and so it was Silas, that likes
to think of things first, that up and said “do something.” And it was him put
the notice in the papers a few nights later to all citizens—and women—
that’s interested in forming a Charity Society to meet in Post-Office Hall,
that he has the renting of.
I was turning in the stairway to the hall that night when I heard
somebody singing. And coming down the walk, with her hat on crooked
and its feather broke, was old Bess Bones. Bess has lived in Friendship
Village for years—and I always thought it was real good for the town that
she done so. For she is the only woman I ever knew of that ain’t
respectable, and ain’t rich or famous either, and yet that goes to everybody’s
house.
She does cleaning and scrubbing, and we all like to get her to do it, she
does it so thoroughly conscientious. She brings us in little remedies she
knows about, and vegetables from her own garden, and eggs. Sometimes
some of us asks her to set down to a meal. Once she brought me a picked
chicken of hers. And it’s good for Friendship Village because we all see
she’s human, and mostly with women like that we build a thick wall and
don’t give ’em a chance to even knock out a brick ever after.
“I was just goin’ to see you, Miss Marsh,” she says. “I got kind o’
lonesome and I thought I’d bring you over a begonia slip and set a while.”
“I’m sorry, Bess,” I says. “I’m going to a meeting.”
“What kind of meetin’?” she says. “P’litical?”
“Yes,” I says, “something like that.” And that was true, of course, being
politics is so often carried on by private charity from the candidates.
“I’d kind of like to go to a meeting again,” she says, wistful. “I sung to
revival meetings for a month once, when I was a girl.”
“I guess you wouldn’t like this one,” I says. “Come to see me to-morrow
and I’ll tell you about it.”
And then I went up-stairs and left her standing there on the sidewalk,
and I felt kind of ashamed and sneaking. I didn’t know why. But I says to
myself, comforting, that she’d probably of broke out and sung in the middle
of the meeting, if she had come. Her head ain’t right, like the most of ours;
but hers takes noisy forms, so you notice more.
Eleven of us turned out to the meeting, which was a pretty good
proportion, there being only fifteen hundred living in Friendship Village all
together. Silas was in the chair, formal as a funeral.
“The idear, as I understand it,” says Silas, when the meeting was open,
“is to get some Charity going. We’d ought to organize.”
“And then what?” asks Mis’ Toplady.
“Why, commence distributin’ duds and victuals,” says Silas.
“Well-a,” says Mis’ Toplady, “and keep on distributing them all our
lives?”
“Sure,” says Silas, “unless you’re goin’ to be weary in well-doing. Them
folks’ll keep right on being hungry and nekked as long as they live.”
“Why will they?” says Mis’ Toplady, puzzled.
“Well, they’re poor folks, ain’t they?” says Silas, scowling.
“Why, yes,” says Mis’ Toplady; “but that ain’t all they is to ’em, is it?”
“What do you mean?” says Silas.
“Why, I mean,” says Mis’ Toplady, “can’t they be got goin’ so’s they
sha’n’t be poor folks?”
 Silas used his face like he smelled something. “Don’t you know no more
about folks than that?” says he. “Facts is facts. You’ve got to take folks as
they are.”
“But you ain’t taking folks nowheres. You’re leavin’ ’em as they are,
Silas,” says Mis’ Toplady, troubled.
Mis’ Silas Sykes spoke up with her way of measuring off just enough for
everybody.
“It’s this way Silas means,” she says. “Folks are rich, or medium, or
poor. We’ve got to face that. It’s always been so.”
Mis’ Toplady kind of bit at her lower lip a few times in a way she has,
that wrinkles up her nose meditative. “It don’t follow out,” she says, firm.
“My back yard used to be all chickweed. Now it’s pure potatoes.”
“Folks,” says Mis’ Sykes, real witherin’, “folks ain’t dirt.”
“That’s what I thought,” says Mis’ Toplady, dry.
Silas went right over their heads, like he does.
“We’ve all been doin’ what we could for these folks,” he says, “but we
ain’t been doin’ it real wise. It’s come to my notice that the Haskitts had
four different chickens give to ’em last Christmas. What we want to do is to
fix up some sort of a organization so’s our chickens won’t lap.”
“Well,” says Timothy Toplady, “then let’s organize. That ain’t hard. I
move it be done.”
It was done, and Silas was made president, like he ever loves to be, and
Timothy treasurer, and me secretary, because they could get me to take it.
“Now,” says Silas, “let’s get down to work and talk over cases.”
“Cases!” says Mis’ Toplady, distasteful. “They ain’t got the smallpox,
have they? Say folks.”
“I guess you ain’t very used to Charity societies,” says Silas, tolerant.
“Take the Haskitts. They ain’t got a pane o’ glass in their house.”
“Nor no wood, much,” says Timothy. “When I went to get the rent the
cat was asleep on the cook-stove.”
“What rent do they give you, Timothy?” says Silas.
“Five dollars,” he says, pursin’ his lips.
“That’s only three per cent. on the money. I don’t see how you can afford
it.”
 “I am indulgin’ myself a little,” Timothy admits. “But I been thinkin’ o’
raisin’ it to six. One thing, though; I ain’t give ’em any repairs. If I’d had a
six-dollar family in there I’d had to fixed the window-glass and cleaned out
the cistern and mended the roof. It about evens itself up.”
“Yes,” says Silas, agreeful, “I guess it does. Well, they can have some
boxes to burn, out of the store. I’ll take ’em on my list. You can’t go givin’
’em truck, Timothy. If you do, they’ll come down on to you for repairs.
Now the Ricker’s....”
Abigail Arnold spoke up. “They’re awful,” she says. “Mis’ Ricker ain’t
fit to wash, and the children just show through. Ab’s arm won’t let him
work all winter.”
“You take him, Silas,” says Timothy. “He’s your own employee.”
Silas shakes his head. “He’s been chasin’ me for damages ever since he
got hurt,” he says.
“Ain’t he goin’ to get any, Silas?” says Mis’ Toplady, pitiful.
“Get any?” says Silas. “It was his own fault. He told me a week before
about them belts bein’ wore. I told him to lay off till I could fix ’em. But no
—he kep’ right on. Said his wife was sick and his bills was eatin’ him up.
He ain’t nobody to blame but his own carelessness. I told him to lay off.”
I looked over to Mis’ Toplady, and she looked over to me. And I looked
at Abigail and at Mis’ Holcomb, and we all looked at each other. Only Mis’
Sykes—she set there listening and looking like her life was just elegant.
“Can’t you take that case, Mis’ Toplady?” says Silas.
“I’ll go and see them folks,” she says, troubled. And I guess us ladies felt
troubled, one and all. And so on during all the while we was discussing the
Doles and the Hennings and the Bettses and the rest. And when the meeting
was over we four hung around the stove, and Mis’ Sykes too.
“I s’pose it’s all right,” Mis’ Toplady says. “I s’pose it is. But I feel like
we’d made a nice, new apron to tie on to Friendship Village, and hadn’t
done a thing about its underclothes.”
“I’m sure,” says Mis’ Sykes, looking hurt for Silas that had cut out the
apron, “I’m sure I don’t see what you mean. Faith, Hope, and Charity, and
the greatest of these is Charity. Does that mean what it says, or don’t it?”
“Oh, I s’pose it does,” says Mis’ Toplady. “But what I think is this: Ain’t
there things that’s greater than the whole three as most folks mean ’em?”
 Mis’ Sykes, she sort of gasped, in three hitches. “Will you tell me what?”
she says, as mad as if she’d been faith, hope, and charity personally.
“I dunno ...” says Mis’ Toplady, dreamy, “I dunno the name of it. But
ladies, it’s something. And I can feel it, just as plain as plain.”

It was three-four weeks before the new Charity Association got really to
running, and had collected in enough clothes and groceries so’s we could
start distributing. On the day before the next monthly meeting, that was to
be in Post-Office Hall again, we started out with the things, so’s to make
our report to the meeting. Mis’ Toplady and I was together, and the first
place we went to was Absalom Ricker’s. Gertie, Absalom’s wife, was
washing, and he was turning the wringer with his well hand, and his mother
was finishing vests by the stove, and singing a tune that was all on a straight
line and quite loud. And the children, one and all, was crying, in their
leisure from fighting each other.
“Well,” says Mis’ Toplady, “how you getting on now? Got many
washings to do?”
Gertie Ricker, she set down on the wood-box all of a sudden and begun
to cry. She was a pretty little woman, but sickly, and with one of them
folding spines that don’t hold their folks up very good.
“I’ve got three a week,” she says. “I can earn the rent all right.”
“I tell her,” says Absalom, “if she didn’t have no washings, then there’d
be something to cry for.”
But he said it sort of lack-luster, and like it come a word at a time.
“Do you get out any?” says Mis’ Toplady, to improve the topic.
“Out where?” says Gertie. “We ain’t no place to go. I went down for the
yeast last night.”
It kind of come over me: Washing all day and her half sick; Absalom by
the stove tending fire and turning wringer; his old mother humming on one
note; the children yelling when they wasn’t shouting. I thought of their
cupboard and I could see what it must hold—cold boiled potatoes and
beans, I bet. I thought of their supper-table ... of early mornings before the
fire was built. And I see the kind of a life they had.
 And then I looked over to the two loaves of bread and the can of fruit
and the dozen eggs and the old coat of Timothy’s that we’d brought, and it
seemed to me these touched the spot of what was the trouble in that house
about as much as the smoke that oozed into the room from the chimney.
And I glanced over to Mis’ Toplady and there she set, with ideas filterin’
back of her eyes.
“We’ve brought you a few things, being you’re sick—” she begun, sort
of embarrassed; but Absalom, he cut in short, shorter than I ever knew him
to speak.
“Who’s we?” he says.
“Why-a,” says Mis’ Toplady, stumbling some over her words, “the new
society.”
Absalom flushed up to the roots of his hair. “What society?” says he,
sharp.
Mis’ Toplady showed scairt for just a minute, and then she met his eyes
brave. “Why,” she says, “us—and you. You belong to it. We had it in the
paper, and met to the Post-Office Hall the other night. It’s for everybody to
come to.”
“To do what?” says Absalom.
“Why-a,” says Mis’ Toplady, some put to it, “to—to do nice things for—
for each other.”
“The town?” says Absalom.
“The town,” agrees Mis’ Toplady—and pressed ahead almost like she
was finding something to explain with. “We meet again to-morrow night,”
says she. “Couldn’t you come—you and Gertie? Come—and mebbe
belong?”
Absalom’s mad cooled down some. First he looked sheepish and then he
showed pleased. “Why, I dunno—could we, Gertie?” he says.
“Is it dress-up?” says Gertie.
“Mercy, no,” says Mis’ Toplady, “it’s every-day. Or not so much so.
You’ll come, won’t you?”
“Mebbe,” says Gertie.
When we got outside, I looked at Mis’ Toplady, kind of took aback; and
it was so that she looked at me.
 “Silas’ll talk charity his way to that meeting, you know,” I says. “I’m
afraid he’ll hurt Absalom and Gertie. I’m afraid....”
Mis’ Toplady looked kind of scairt herself. “I done that before I meant to
do it no more’n nothing in this world,” she says, “but I dunno—when I
begun handin’ ’em out stuff I was ashamed to do it without putting it like I
done.”
“I know,” I says, “I know.” And know I did. I’ve give things to poor
folks lots of times and glowed up my spine with a virtuous feeling—but
something big was always setting somewhere inside me making me feel
ashamed of the glow and ashamed of the giving. Who am I that I should be
the giver, and somebody else the givee?
We went to the Bettses’ and caught Mis’ Betts washing up two days’ of
dishes at four o’clock in the afternoon, and we heard about Joe’s losing his
job, and we talked to the canary. “We’d ought not to afford him,” Mis’ Betts
says, apologetic. “I always hate to take the money to get him another
package of seed—and we ain’t much of any crumbs.”
And we went to the Haskitts’ and found her head tied up with the
toothache. Folks looks sick enough with their heads tied up around; but
when it comes to up and down, with the ends sticking up, they always look
like they was going to die. And we went to the Doles’ and the Hennings’
and carried in the stuff; and one and all them places, leaving things there
was like laying a ten-cent piece down on a leper, and bowing to him to help
on his recovery. And every single place, as soon as ever we’d laid down the
old clothes we’d brought, we invited ’em to join the organization and to
come to the meeting next night.
“What’s the name of this here club?” Joe Betts asks us.
By that time neither Mis’ Toplady nor me would have tied the word
“Charity” to that club for anything on earth. We told him we was going to
pick the name next night, and told him he must come and help.
“Do come,” Mis’ Toplady says, and when Mis’ Betts hung off: “We’re
goin’ to have a little visiting time—and coffee and sandwiches afterwards,”
Mis’ Toplady adds, calm as her hat. And when we got outside: “I dunno
what made me stick on the coffee and the sandwiches,” she says, sort of
dazed, “but it was so kind of bleak and dead in there, I felt like I just had to
say something cheerful and human—like coffee.”
 “Well,” I says, “us ladies can do the refreshments ourselves, so be the
rest of the Board stands on its head at the idee of doing ’em itself. As I
presume likely it will stand.”
And this we both of us presumed alike. So on the way home we stopped
in to the post-office store and told Silas that we’d been giving out a good
many invitations to folks to come to the meeting next night, and mebbe
join.
“That’s good,” says Silas, genial; “that’s good. We need the dues.”
“We kind of thought coffee and sandwiches to-morrow night, Silas,”
says Mis’ Toplady, experimental, “and a little social time.”
“Don’t you go to makin’ no white-kid-glove doin’s out o’ this thing,”
says Silas. “You can’t mix up charity and society too free. Charity’s religion
and society’s earthy. And that’s two different things.”
“Earthy,” I says over. “Earthy! So’m I. Ain’t it a wonderful word, Silas?
Well, us two is going to do the coffee and sandwiches for to-morrow night,”
I added on, deliberate, determined and serene.
When Silas had done his objecting, and see he couldn’t help himself
with us willing to solicit the whole refreshments, and when we’d left the
store, Mis’ Toplady thought of something else: “I dunno,” she says, “as
we’d ought to leave folks out just because they ain’t poor. That,” she says,
troubled, “don’t seem real right. Let’s us telephone to them we can think of
that didn’t come to the last meeting.”
So we invited in the telephone population, just the same as them that
didn’t have one.

The next night us ladies got down to the hall early to do the finishing
touches. And on Daphne Street, on my way down, I met Bess Bones again,
kind of creeping along. She’d stopped to pat the nose of a horse standing
patient, hitched outside the barber-shop saloon—- I’ve seen Bess go down
Daphne Street on market-days patting the nose of every horse one after
another.
“Hello, Mis’ Marsh,” Bess says. “Are you comin’ down with another
meeting?”
 “Yes, sir, Bess,” I says, “I am.” And then a thought struck me. “Bess,” I
says—able now to hold up my head like my skull intended, because I felt I
could ask her—“you come on up, too—you’re invited to-night. Everybody
is.”
Her face lit up, like putting the curtain up.
“Honest, can I?” she says. “I’d love to go to a meeting again—I’ve
looked in the window at ’em a dozen times. I’ll get my bread and be right
up.”
I tell you, Post-Office Hall looked nice. We’d got in a few rugs and
plants, and the refreshment table stood acrost one corner, with a screen
around the gas-plate, and the cups all piled shiny and the sandwiches
covered with white fringed napkins. And about seven o’clock in come three
pieces of the Friendship Village Stonehenge Band we’d got to give their
services, and they begun tuning up, festive. And us ladies stood around with
our hands under our white aprons; and you’d have thought it was some
nice, human doings instead of just duty.
Before much of anybody else had got there, in come them we’d invited
first: Absalom Ricker and Gertie, her looking real nice with a new-ironed
bow to her neck, and him brushed up in Timothy’s old coat and his hair
trained to a high peak. And the Bettses—Joe with his beard expected to
cover up where there wasn’t a necktie and her pretending the hall was chilly
so’s to keep her cloak on over whatever wasn’t underneath. And the
Haskitts, him snapping and snarling at her, and her trying to hush him up by
agreeing with him promiscuous. And Mis’ Henning that her husband didn’t
show up. We heard afterwards he was down in the barber-shop saloon,
dressed up to come but backed out after. And most everybody else come—
not only the original ’leven, but some of the telephone folks, and some that
the refreshment-bait always catches.
Silas come in late—he’d had to wait and distribute the mail—and when
he see the Rickers and the rest of them, he come tearing over to us women
in the refreshment corner.
“My dum!” he says, “look at them folks setting down there—Rickerses
and Henningses and Bettses and them—how we goin’ to manage with them
here? The idear of their coming to the meeting!”
“Ain’t it some their meeting, Silas?” I says. “The whole society was
formed on their account. Seems to me they’ve got a right—just like in real
United States Congress doings.”
“But, my dum, woman,” says Silas, “how we going to take up their cases
and talk ’em over with them setting there, taking it all in? Ain’t you got no
delicacy to you?” he ends up, ready to burst.
And of course, when you come to think of it, Congress always does do
its real business in committees, private and delicate.
Mis’ Toplady was ready for Silas.
“You’re right about it,” she says. “We can’t do that, can we? Suppose we
don’t do so very much business to-night? Let’s set some other talk goin’.
We thought mebbe—do you s’pose your niece would sing for us, Silas?”
“Mebbe,” says Silas, some mollified, through being proud to sinning of
his visiting niece; “but I don’t like this here—” he was going on.
“Ask her,” says Mis’ Toplady. “She’ll do it for you, Silas.”
And Silas done so, ignorant as the dead that he’d been right down
managed. Then he went up stage and rapped to begin.
Well, of course I had to read the minutes, being secretary so, and I was
ready, having set up half the night before to make them out. And of course,
the job was some delicate; but I’d fixed them up what I thought was real
nice and impersonal. Like this:
“A meeting of citizens of Friendship Village was held, ——, in Post-Office Hall, for
the purpose of organizing a society to do nice things for folks. (Then I give the names of
the officers.) Several plans was thought over for making presents to others and for
distributing the same. Several families was thought of for membership. It was voted to
have two kinds of members, honorary and active. The active pay all the dues and provide
the presents, but everybody contributes what they can and will, whether work or similar. A
number of ways was thought of for going to work. Things that had ought to be done was
talked over. It was decided to hold monthly meetings. Meeting adjourned.”

That seemed to me to cover everything real neat, nobody ever paying

much attention to the minutes anyway. I suppose that’s why they give ’em
such a small, stingy name. And when Silas got to reports of committees,
Mis’ Toplady was no less ready for him. She hopped right up to say that the
work that had been put in her hands was all finished, the same as was
ordered, and no more to be said about it. And when it come to Unfinished
Business, there was me on my feet again to say that the work that had been
put in my hands wasn’t finished and there’d be more to be said about it
later.
 Then Silas asked for New Business, and there was a pause. And all of a
sudden Absalom Ricker got on to his feet with his arm still in its sling.
“Mr. President,” he says, so nice and dignified. And when Silas had done
his nod, Absalom went on in his soft, unstarched voice: “It’s a real nice
idear,” he says, “to get up this here club. I for one feel real glad it’s going.
You ain’t got up any line around it. Nobody has to be any one thing in order
to get in on it. I’ve thought for a long time there’d ought to be some place
where folks could go that didn’t believe alike, nor vote alike, nor get paid
alike. I’m glad I come out—I guess we all are. Now the purpose of this here
club, as I understand it, is to do nice things for folks. Well, I’ve got a nice
thing to propose for us to do. I’ll pitch in and help, and I guess some of the
rest of us will. Soon as it comes warm weather, we could get a-hold of that
elegant galvanized iron swill-wagon that ain’t in use and drive it around the
town to do what it’s for. Us that don’t have work so awful steady could do
it, nice as a mice. I dunno whether that comes inside what the club was
intended for, but it would be doing a kind of a nice thing for folks, my way
of thinking.”
Up hopped Eppleby Holcomb—Eppleby being one of those prophet men
that can see faint signs sticking up their heads where there ain’t much of
anything showing.
“That’s the ticket, Mr. President,” says he. “Us that don’t have horses or
chickens can sense that all right. If Absalom moves it, I second it.”
“Will you help drive it around, Betts?” says Absalom. “Hank Haskitt?
Ben Dole? We’re all of us home a good deal of the time—we could keep it
goin’, amongst us. All right,” says he, when the men had nodded matter-of-
course nods, “sure I make it a motion.”
Silas put the motion, looking some dazed. And when it carried, hearty, us
ladies sitting over by the refreshment table, and that had bought the wagon,
we all burst out and spatted our hands. We couldn’t help it. And everybody
kind of turned around and passed some remark—and it made a real nice
minute.
Then Silas spoke up from the chair kind of sour—being in the Council
so, that wouldn’t run the wagon.
“The thing’s in the city tool-house now,” says he, “and it’s a good deal in
the way where it is. It had ought to be put somewheres.”
 Up pipes Ben Dole, kind of important and eager, and forgot to address
the chair till he was half through, and then done so and ducked and flushed
and went on anyhow. And the purport of his remarks was, that he could set
that tank in the barn of his lot, that he didn’t have no horse for and no use
of, and keep it there till spring. And I seconded what he meant, and it got
itself carried, and Ben set down like he’d done a thing, same as he had
done.
Then, when Silas said what was the next pleasure of the meeting, Mis’
Toplady mentioned that they needed carpet rags to make up some rugs for
two-three places, and who could give some and help sew them? Mis’ Sykes
said she could, and Mame and Abigail and me and some more offered up,
and Mis’ Toplady wrote our names down, and, “How about you, Gertie?”
says she to Gertie Ricker.
Gertie looked scairt for a minute, and then my heart jumped pleasant in
its socket, for I see Absalom nudge her. Yes, sir, he nudged her to say she
would, and all of a sudden I knew that he wanted his wife to be taking some
part like the rest was; and she says, faint, “I guess so.” And when Mis’
Sykes asked round, Mis’ Haskitt and Mis’ Henning said they didn’t have
much of any rags, but they could come and help sew the rags of them that
did have.
“So do,” says Mis’ Toplady, hearty, “and we’ll meet to my house next
Tuesday at two o’clock, sha’n’t we? And have a cup o’ tea.”
“What else is the pleasure of the meeting?” says Silas, balancing on his
toes as chairman-like as he knew how.
Then on the second row from the back, who should we see getting up but
Bess Bones. I hadn’t seen her come in and I’d forgot all about her. Her hat
was on one side, and the plume that was broke in the middle was hanging
idle, not doing any decorating; and I could see the other ladies thinking with
one brain that ten to one she’d been drinking, and would break out singing
in our very midst. But she hadn’t nor she didn’t. Only what she said went
over the room shrill, as her singing voice was.
“For the land’s sakes,” says Bess, “if you’re goin’ to hold protracted
meetin’s in this hall, why don’t you clean up the floor? I never see such a
hole. I motion I come in an’ scrub it up. I ain’t no thousand dollars to
subscribe, but a cake o’ soap’ll keep you from stickin’ to the boards.”
“Second the motion!” says I, all over me.
 And even Silas broke down and smiled like he don’t think no president
had ought to do. And everybody else kind of laughed and looked at each
other and felt the kind of a feeling that don’t run around among folks any
too often. And when Silas put the motion, kind of grudging, we all voted for
it abundant. And Bess set there showing pleased, like an empty room that
has had a piece of furniture got for it.
I dunno what it was that minute done to us all. I’ve often wondered
since, what it was. But somehow everybody kind of felt that they all knew
something each other knew, only they couldn’t rightly name it. Ab and Joe
Betts, Mame Holcomb and Eppleby, Gertie and Mis’ Toplady and me—we
all felt it. Everybody did, unless it was Silas and Mis’ Sykes. Silas didn’t
sense nothing much but that he hoped the meeting was going to run smooth,
and Mis’ Sykes—well, right in the middle of that glowing minute I see her
catch sight of Mame Holcomb’s new red waist and she set there thinking of
nothing but waist either with eyes or with mind.
But the rest of us was sharing a big minute. And I liked us all to be
feeling that way—I ain’t never liked anything better, without it’s the
Christmas feeling or the Thanksgiving feeling. And this feeling was sort of
like all two. And I betted if only we could make it last—Absalom wouldn’t
be getting done out of his arm’s money-value by Silas, nor the Bettses out
of their decent roof by Timothy, nor they wouldn’t be no club formed to
dole out charity stuff, but we would all know a better way. And things
would be different. Different.
I leaned clear past three chairs and nudged Mis’ Toplady. She looked
round, and I see she was just wiping her eyes on her apron-string—Mis’
Toplady never can find her handkerchief when she most wants to cry. And I
never said a word—I didn’t need to—but we nodded and we both knew
what we both knew: that there was a bigger thing in the room that minute
than ever Silas knew or guessed when he planned out his plan. And it was
what Mis’ Toplady had meant when she told him there was something
“greater than these”—as most folks mean ’em.
I didn’t lose the feeling through the piece by the band that come next,
nor through the selection by Silas’s niece. The music really made the
feeling more so—the music, and our all setting there hearing it together, and
everybody in the room being givers, and nobody givees. But when the
music stopped, and while I was still feeling all glorified up, what did Mis’
Sykes do but break in, something like throwing a stone through a window.
“I should think we might as well get the club name settled to-night,” she
says with her little formal pucker. “Ain’t the Charity Club that we spoke of
real nice and dignified for our title?”
It was Mis’ Toplady that exploded. It just bare happened it wasn’t me,
but it turned out to be her.
“Land, land,” she says, “no! Not one person in fifteen hundred knows
what charity means anyhow, and everybody’d get the wrong idee. Let’s call
it just its plain natural name: The Friendship Village Club. Or, The Whole
World Club. Or I dunno but The Universe Club!”
I knew I wouldn’t have the sense to keep still right through things. I
never do have.
“No, sir!” I says out, “oh, no sir! Universe Club ain’t big enough. For if
they is any other universe anywhere maybe that might feel left out.”
Long before we had settled on any one name, I remember Mis’ Toplady
come out from behind the refreshments screen and says: “Mr. President, the
coffee and sandwiches has come to a boil. Can’t you peter off the meeting
and adjourn it for one week?”
Which wasn’t just exactly how she meant to say it. But it seemed to
come in so pat that everybody rustled, spontaneous, in spite of themselves.
And us ladies begun passing the plates.

After they’d all gone, we was picking up the dishes when Silas come in
to see to the stoves.
“Oh, Silas,” I says, “wasn’t it a splendid meeting? Wasn’t it?”
Silas was pinching, gingerish, at the hot stove-door handle, rather than
take his coat-tail for a holder.
“I s’pose you’re satisfied,” he says. “You fed ’em, even if we didn’t get
much done.”
“Not get much done!” I says—“not get much done! Oh, Silas, what more
did you want to do than we see done here to-night?”
 “Well, what kind of a charity meeting was that?” says he, sour and bitter
rolled into one.
I went up to him with all of Mis’ Toplady’s fringed tea-napkins in my
hands that it was going to take her most of the next day to do up.
“Why, Silas,” I says, “I dunno if it was any kind of a charity meeting.
But it was a town meeting. It was a folks’ meeting. It was a human meeting.
Can’t you sense it? Can’t you sense it, Silas?” I put it to him: “We got
something else besides charity going here to-night—as sure as the living
sun.”
“I like to know what?” he snaps back, and slammed the stove door.
Mis’ Toplady, she looked at him tranquil over the tops of her two pairs of
spectacles.
“Something that’s in folks,” says she—and went on hunting up her
spoons.
 THE TIME HAS COME
When the minister’s wife sent for me that day, it was a real bad time,
because I’d been doing up my tomato preserves and I’d stood on my feet till
they was ready to come off. But as soon as I got the last crock filled, I
changed my dress and pushed my hair up under my hat and thought I’d
remember to keep my old shoes underneath my skirt.
The minister’s parlor is real cool and shady—she keeps it shut up all day,
and it kind of smells of its rose jar and its silk cushions and the dried
grasses in the grate; and I sank down in the horse-hair patent rocker, and
was glad of the rest. But I kept wondering what on earth the minister’s wife
could want of me. It wasn’t the season for missionary barrels or
lumberman’s literature—the season for them is house-cleaning time when
we don’t know what all to do with the truck, and we take that way of
getting rid of it and, same time, providing a nice little self-indulgence for
our consciences. But this was the dead of Summer, and everybody sunk
deep in preserves and vacations and getting their social indebtedness paid
off and there wasn’t anything going around to be dutiful about for, say, a
month or six weeks yet, when the Fall woke up, and the town begun to get
out the children’s school-clothes and hunt ’em for moths.
“Well, Calliope,” says the minister’s wife, “I s’pose you wonder what
I’ve got important to say to you.”
“True,” says I, “I do. But my feet ache so,” I says graceful, “I’m
perfectly contented to set and listen to it, no matter what it is.”
She scraped her chair a little nearer—she was a dear, fat woman, that her
breathing showed through her abundance. She had on a clean, starched
wrapper, too short for anything but home wear, and long-sleeved cotton
under-wear that was always coming down over her hands, in July or
August, and making you feel what a grand thing it is to be shed of them—I
don’t know of anything whatever that makes anybody seem older than to
see long, cotton undersleeves on them and the thermometer 90° at the City
Bank corner.
“Well,” says she, “Calliope, the Reverend and I—” she always called her
husband the Reverend—“has been visiting in the City, as you know. And
while there we had the privilege of attending the Church of the Divine
Life.”
“Yes,” says I, wondering what was coming.
“Never,” says she, impressive, “never have I seen religion at so high an
ebb. It was magnificent. From gallery to the back seat the pews were filled
with attentive, intelligent people. Outside, the two sides of the street were
lined with their automobiles. And this not one Sunday, but every Sunday. It
was the most positive proof of the interest of the human heart in—in divine
things. It was grand.”
“Well, well,” says I, following her.
“Now,” she says, “the sermon wasn’t much. Good, but not much. And
the singing—well, Lavvy Whitmore can do just as good when she sets
about it. Then what made folks go? The Reverend and I talked it over. And
we’ve decided it isn’t because they’re any better than the village folks. No,
they’ve simply got in the habit of it, they see everybody else going, and
they go. And it give us an idea.”
“What was that?” says I, encouraging, for I never see where she was
driving on at.
“The same situation can be brought about in Friendship Village,” says
she. “If only everybody sees everybody going to church, everybody else
will go!”
I sat trying to figger that out. “Do you think so?” says I, meantime.
“I am sure so,” she replies, firm. “The question is, How shall we get
everybody to go, till the example becomes fixed?”
“How, indeed?” says I, helpless, wondering which of the three
everybodys she was thinking of starting in on.
“Now,” she continues, “we have talked it over, the Reverend and I, and
we have decided that you’re the one to help us. We want you to help us
think up ways to get this whole village into church for, say, four Sundays or
so, hand-running.”
I was trying to see which end to take hold of.
“Well-a,” I says, “into which church?”
The minister’s wife stared at me.
“Why, ours!” says she.
 “Why into ours?” I ask’ her, thoughtful.
“My goodness,” says she, “what do you s’pose we’re in our church for,
anyway?”
“I’m sure,” says I, “I don’t know. I often wonder. I’m in our particular
one because my father was janitor of it when I was a little girl. Why are you
in it?”
She looked at me perfectly withering.
“I,” she says cold, “was brought up in it. There was never any question
what one I should be in.”
“Exactly,” says I, nodding. “And your husband—why is he in our special
church?”
“My dear Calliope,” says she, regal, “he was born in it. His father was
minister of it——”
“Exactly,” I says again. “Then there’s Mame Holcomb, her mother sung
in our choir, so she joined ours. And Mis’ Toplady, they lived within half a
mile of ours out in the country, and the other churches were on the other
side of the hill. So they joined ours. And the Sykeses, they joined ours when
they lived in Kingsford, because there wasn’t any other denomination there.
But the rest of the congregation, I don’t happen to know what their reasons
was. I suppose they was equally spiritual.”
The minister’s wife bent over toward me.
“Calliope Marsh,” says she, “you talk like an atheist.”
“Never mind me,” I says. “Go on about the plan. Everybody is to be got
into our church for a few Sundays, as I understand it. What you going to
give them when you get them there?”
She looked at me kind of horror-struck.
“Calliope,” says she, “what has come over you? The Reverend is going
to preach, of course.”
“About what?” says I, grim. “Describin’ the temple, and telling how
many courts it had? Or giving us a little something exegitical—whatever
that means?”
For a minute I thought she was going to cry, and I melted myself. If I
hadn’t been preserving all the morning, I wouldn’t never have spoke so
frank.
 “Honest,” I says, “I don’t know what exegitical does mean, but I didn’t
intend it insulting. But tell me this—just as truthful as if you wasn’t a
minister’s wife: Do you see any living, human thing in our church service
here in the village that would make a living, human young folk really want
to go to it?”
“They’d ought to want to go to it,” says she.
“Never mind what they’d ought to want,” says I, “though I ain’t so clear
they’d ought to want it, myself. Just as truthful as if you wasn’t a minister’s
wife—do you?”
“No,” says she, “but——”
“Now,” I says, “you’ve said it. And what is true for young is often true
for old. If you want to meet that, I’m ready to help you. But if you just want
to fill our church up full of folks, I don’t care whether it’s full or not—not
that way.”
“Well,” she says, “I’m sure I only meant what was for the best in my
husband’s work——”
I put out my hand to her. All of a sudden, I saw her as she was, doing her
level best inside the four walls of her—and I says to myself that I’d been a
brute and, though I was glad of it, I’d make up for it by getting after the
thing laying there underneath all the words.
For Friendship Village, in this particular, wasn’t any different from any
other village or any other town or city of now. We had fifteen hundred folks
and we had three churches, three ministers at Eight Hundred Dollars apiece
annually, three cottage organs, three choirs, three Sunday School picnics in
Summer, three Sunday School entertainments in Winter, three sets of
repairs, carpets, conventions and delegates, and six stoves with the wood to
buy to run ’em. And out of the fifteen hundred folks, from forty to sixty
went to each church each Sunday. We were like that.
In one respect, though, we differed from every other town. We had
Lavvy Whitmore. Lavvy was the town soprano. She sung like a bird
incarnate, and we all got her for Sunday School concerts and visiting
ministers and special occasions in general. Lavvy didn’t belong to any
church. She sort of boarded round, and we couldn’t pin her down to any one
choir.
“For one reason,” she said, “I haven’t got enough clothes to belong to
any one choir. I’ve been driven distracted too many times looking at the
same plaid waist and the same red bird and the same cameo pin in choirs to
do it for anybody else. By kind of boarding round the way I do, I can give
them all a change.”
The young minister over to the White Frame church—young Elbert
Kinsman—he took it harder than the rest.
“How are your convictions, Miss Lavvy?” he had once been heard to
say.
“My convictions?” she answered him. “They are that there isn’t enough
difference in the three to be so solemn and so expensive over. Especially the
expensive,” she added. “Is there now?”
“No,” young Elbert Kinsman had unexpectedly replied, “I myself don’t
think there is. But——”
“The only thing is,” Lavvy had put in irreverent, “you can’t get rid of
that ‘but,’ and I have!”
“You send for Lavvy,” I says now to our minister’s wife. “She’ll think of
something.”
So there we were, with a kind of revival on our hands to plan before we
knew it, because our minister’s wife was like that, much more like that than
he was. He had a great deal of emphasis, but she had a great deal of force.
Going home that morning, I went a little out of my way and come round
by Shepherd’s Grove. Shepherd’s Grove lays just on the edge of the village,
not far from the little grassy triangle in the residence part—and it always
rests me to go there. Walking through it that morning I remember I thought:
“Yes, I s’pose this kind of extry effort must be all right—even Nature
enters into it real extensive. Every Summer is an extry effort—a real
revival, I guess. But oh,” I says to myself, wishful, “that’s so spontaneous
and unanimous! I wish’t folks was more like that....”
I was filling in for organist while ours was away on a vacation to her
husband’s relatives. That sounds so grand and I’d ought to explain that I can
only play pieces that are written in the natural. But by picking out judicious,
I can get along through the morning and evening services very nice. I don’t
dare ever attempt prayer-meeting, because then somebody is likely to pipe
up and give out a hymn that’s in sharps or flats, without thinking. I
remember one night, though, when I just had to play for prayer-meeting
being the only one present that knew white notes from black. There was a