Technical Report Writing for CA#2

Name: Anawesha Mitra

University Roll no:18731722027
Stream : CSE (CYBER SECURITY)
Semester:2nd
Subject: Chemistry
Paper code: BS CH 201

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A journey from Ideal to real gas :
theory, correction factors, and
equation

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Ideal and Real Gas
The ideal gas is made up of tiny particles that move around at random and engage in elastic
collisions. Real gases are those that do not adhere to gas law's ideal relations. The assumption
that volume decreases with pressure causes real gas to behave differently from ideal gas
behaviour. Because the molecules will occupy some space that cannot be further compressed,
the volume will approach zero but will not be zero.

Deviation from Ideal behaviour

The theoretical model accurately matches the experimental gas observation. The problem
arises when determining whether the ideal gas equation, pV = nRT, accurately depicts the
actual gas pressure-volume-temperature relationship. Let us plot the pV versus V graph to
verify this point. The pV relation will remain the same at a constant temperature. A straight
line will run parallel to the x-axis on the pV versus p graph.

The graph constructed from actual data for some gases at 273 K is depicted in the preceding
figure.

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 It can be seen that the pV vs p plot for real gases is not a straight line at constant
temperature. A significant deviation from the ideal behavior can be observed. In the case of
hydrogen and helium, pV rises in tandem with an increase in the value of p. In other
situations, such as carbon dioxide and methane, there is initially a negative deviation from the
ideal behavior; however, as the pressure rises, the value of pV decreases until it reaches its
lowest point. The pV value begins to rise once it reaches the minimum, crosses the ideal gas
line, and then displays positive deviation continuously.
At all temperatures and pressures, it can be concluded that the actual gases do not conform to
the ideal gas equation.

When the pressure versus volume graph is plotted, you can also see how real gas behaves
differently from ideal gas behavior. The experimental data, which represent the actual gas,
and the theoretical data, which are calculated in accordance with Boyle's law, ought to be on
the same side of the pressure versus volume graph.
At high pressure, it has been observed that the gas's measured volume exceeds its calculated
volume. However, the calculated and measured volumes approach one another at low
pressure. So, it can be said that real gases don't always follow Charles', Boyle's, and
Avagadro's laws at all pressures and temperatures.

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Van der Waals Equation
In 1873, the ideal gas law was modified to give the Van der Waals equation. He provided the
explanations for the actual gases' deviations from ideal behavior.
The two postulates used in the kinetic theory of gas molecules, according to Van der Waals,
are not applicable to actual gases. These two hypotheses are that the gas molecules are either
point masses or virtually devoid of volumes.
The gas molecules do not have any attraction between them.
The real gases' size effect and intermolecular attraction effect were first discovered by Van
der Waals. The Van der Waals equation has these two effects or factors because he took into
account the size and attraction between gas molecules.
Under the ideal gas equation's volume and pressure corrections, these two effects in
chemistry learning are discussed.

Liquefaction of Gases
The particle possesses a specific volume as seen from the way that gases can be liquified or
set at low temperatures and high strain. The thermal energy, or specific heat, of the gas
molecules decreases with pressure, promoting liquefaction, diffusion, or solidification.
Atoms, ions, or molecules in crystalline solids are extremely resistant to further compression,
whereas gas molecules can be compressed.
The ideal gas equation's mathematical correction or calculation formula, PiVi = nRT, was
first proposed by Van der Waals.

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CORRECTION FACTORS
Volume Correction Factor
When learning chemistry or physics, it is assumed that real gas molecules are rigid, hard
spheres. As a result, there is less space than the original molar volume for the molecules to
move freely. As a result, the available space for the free movement of 1-mole real gas
molecules is Vi = V - b, where b is the volume correction factor and Vi and V is the molar
volume of ideal and real gases, respectively.

Pressure Correction Formula

The pressure of the gas is created when the gas molecules collide with the wall. However, the
molecules that collide will experience an inward pull as a result of intermolecular attraction.
As a result, the molecules in real gases will exert less pressure than in ideal gases.
There is no attraction between molecules in ideal gases.
Pideal > Preal or Pideal = Preal + Pa, where Pa is the pressure-correcting term for real gases. The
larger the pressure-correcting term, the greater the gas molecules' intermolecular attraction.
As a result, the frequency of molecular collisions determines the pressure correction term. Pa,
which is inversely proportional to the square of the density of the gas molecules, decreased
the average pressure that the molecules applied.
Since density is 1/V, Pa equals a/V2, where a is the Van der Waals constant for gases.

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Derivation of the Van der Waals equation
The Van der Waals equation for a 1-mole real gas is (P + a/V2)(V - b) = RT. For n-mole real
gases, the volume must change because it is a thermodynamically important property in this
equation. Therefore, for n-mole real gases, the Van der Waals equation of state is (P +
an2/V2)(V - nb) = nRT.

Important points

Gases where a = 0 but b ≠ 0

For gases of Van der Waals that have no intermolecular attraction (a = 0), but size effects are
taken into account (b ≠ 0).
Preal > Preal = nRT/(V - nb) indicates that the molecular size effect (repulsive interaction) of
the molecules results in a pressure greater than the ideal gas law and that the mass or volume
of the gas molecules is negligible.

Gases where b = 0 but a ≠ 0

For actual gases with an attractive force of less than zero (a) but no size effect (b = 0).
Because of this, the intermolecular attraction reduces the pressure of actual gases in situations
like these, Preal.

Units of Van der Waals constant a and b

The Van der Waals equation is used to calculate the units and dimensions of the constants a and b.
From the Van der Waals equation for n-mole real gases, Pa = an2/V2, where Pa is the unit of
internal pressure. As a result, the unit of the Van der Waals constant is atm lit2 mol2 Again, nb is
the unit of volume; as a result, the unit of the Van der Waals constant is lit mol1 In the SI system.

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Significance of Van der Waals constant

Significance of pressure correction factor

The intermolecular attraction is the source of the pressure correction factor (a), and Pa =
an2/V2 is the equation. As a result, the pressure correction factor can be used to determine the
gas's internal pressure.

Intermolecular attraction and gas liquefaction ease with increasing pressure correction factor
greater value.
Carbon dioxide has a Van der Waals constant (a) of 3.95, while hydrogen has a constant of
0.22.

Significance of volume correction factor

Molecular size and repelling forces are both measured by a second constant volume
correction factor (b).
The larger the gas molecule, the higher the value of b. For carbon dioxide, the Van der Waals
constant b is 0.04, but for hydrogen, it is 0.02.

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 CONCLUSION

The behavior of real gas cannot be explained by the real gas equation. That is the
reason to infer the actual condition of gas the Van der Waals condition is created.
The molecular forces between the gases, which can be attractive or repellent, are
described by the Van der Waals equation.

The equation of state is another name for the Van der Waals equation.

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REFERENCE
• www.wikipidia.com
• www.vedantu.com
• www.oracle.com

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