12345 UNIT-5

COMMUNIOCATION AND CONNECTIVITY TECHNOLOGIES

IOT COMMUNICATION MODEL:-

IoT devices are found everywhere and will enable circulatory intelligence in the
future. For operational perception, it is important and useful to understand how
various IoT devices communicate with each other. Communication models used
in IoT have great value. The IoTs allow people and things to be connected any
time, any space, with anything and anyone, using any network and any service.
Types of Communication Model :

1. Request & Response Model –

This model follows a client-server architecture.
The client, when required, requests the information from the server. This
request is usually in the encoded format.
This model is stateless since the data between the requests is not retained
and each request is independently handled.
The server Categories the request, and fetches the data from the database
and its resource representation. This data is converted to response and is
transferred in an encoded format to the client. The client, in turn, receives
the response.
On the other hand — In Request-Response communication model client
sends a request to the server and the server responds to the request. When
the server receives the request it decides how to respond, fetches the data
retrieves resources, and prepares the response, and sends it to the client.

2. Publisher-Subscriber Model –
This model comprises three entities: Publishers, Brokers, and Consumers.
 Publishers are the source of data. It sends the data to the topic which are
managed by the broker. They are not aware of consumers.
Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker.
Hence, Brokers responsibility is to accept data from publishers and send it
to the appropriate consumers. The broker only has the information regarding
the consumer to which a particular topic belongs to which the publisher is
unaware of.

3. Push-Pull Model –
The push-pull model constitutes data publishers, data consumers, and data
queues.
Publishers and Consumers are not aware of each other.
Publishers publish the message/data and push it into the queue. The
consumers, present on the other side, pull the data out of the queue. Thus,
the queue acts as the buffer for the message when the difference occurs in
the rate of push or pull of data on the side of a publisher and consumer.
Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the producer and
consumer. Queues also act as a buffer which helps in situations where there
is a mismatch between the rate at which the producers push the data and
consumers pull the data.
4. Exclusive Pair –
Exclusive Pair is the bi-directional model, including full-duplex
communication among client and server. The connection is constant and
remains open till the client sends a request to close the connection.
The Server has the record of all the connections which has been opened.
This is a state-full connection model and the server is aware of all open
connections.
WebSocket based communication API is fully based on this model.

CLOUD COMPUTING IN IOT:-

One component that improves the success of the Internet of Things is Cloud
Computing. Cloud computing enables users to perform computing tasks using
services provided over the Internet. The use of the Internet of Things in
conjunction with cloud technologies has become a kind of catalyst: the Internet
of Things and cloud computing are now related to each other. These are true
technologies of the future that will bring many benefits.
Due to the rapid growth of technology, the problem of storing, processing, and
accessing large amounts of data has arisen. Great innovation relates to the
mutual use of the Internet of Things and cloud technologies. In combination, it
will be possible to use powerful processing of sensory data streams and new
monitoring services. As an example, sensor data can be uploaded and saved
using cloud computing for later use as intelligent monitoring and activation
using other devices. The goal is to transform data into insights and thus drive
cost-effective and productive action.
Benefits And Functions of IoT Cloud:
There are many benefits of combining these services –
1.IoT Cloud Computing provides many connectivity options, implying large
network access. People use a wide range of devices to gain access to cloud
computing resources: mobile devices, tablets, laptops. This is convenient for
users but creates the problem of the need for network access points.
2.Developers can use IoT cloud computing on-demand. In other words, it is a
web service accessed without special permission or any help. The only
requirement is Internet access.
3.Based on the request, users can scale the service according to their needs.
Fast and flexible means you can expand storage space, edit software
settings, and work with the number of users. Due to this characteristic, it is
possible to provide deep computing power and storage.
4.Cloud Computing implies the pooling of resources. It influences increased
collaboration and builds close connections between users.
5.As the number of IoT devices and automation in use grows, security
concerns emerge. Cloud solutions provide companies with reliable
authentication and encryption protocols.
6.Finally, IoT cloud computing is convenient because you get exactly as
much from the service as you pay. This means that costs vary depending on
use: the provider measures your usage statistics. A growing network of
objects with IP addresses is needed to connect to the Internet and exchange
data between the components of the network.
It is important to note that cloud architecture must be well-designed since
reliability, security, economy, and performance optimization depends upon it.
Using well-designed CI/CD pipelines, structured services, and sandboxed
environments results in a secure environment and agile development.
Comparison of Internet of Things and Cloud Computing:
Cloud is a centralized system helping to transfer and deliver data and files to
data centers over the Internet. A variety of data and programs are easy to
access from a centralized cloud system.
The Internet of Things refers to devices connected to the Internet. In the IoT,
data is stored in real-time, as well as historical data. The IoT can analyze and
instruct devices to make effective decisions, as well as track how certain
actions function.
Cloud computing encompasses the delivery of data to data centers over the
Internet. IBM divides cloud computing into six different categories:
1.Platform as a Service (PaaS) –
The cloud contains everything you need to build and deliver cloud
applications so there is no need to maintain and buy equipment, software,
etc.
2.Software as a Service (SaaS) –
In this case, applications run in the cloud and other companies operate
devices that connect to users’ computers through a web browser.
3.Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) –
IaaS is an option providing companies with storage, servers, networks and
hubs processing data for each use.
4.Public cloud –
Companies manage spaces and provide users with quick access through the
public network.
5.Private cloud –
The same as a public cloud, but only one person has access here, which can
be an organization, an individual company, or a user.
6.Hybrid cloud –
Based on a private cloud, but provides access to a public cloud.
Now, the Internet of Things refers to connecting devices to the Internet.
Everyday devices such as cars and household appliances may have an Internet
connection, and with the advancement of the Internet of Things, more and
more devices will join this list.
Pairing with edge computing:

Data processing at the network edge or edge computing is used with IoT
solutions and enables faster processing and response times. To get a better
understanding of how this works, consider a large factory with many
implemented IoT sensors. In this situation, it makes sense, before sending data
to the cloud for processing, to aggregate it close to the border to prevent cloud
overload by reducing direct connections.
Data centers with this approach make data processing much faster. Yet, an
approach that is only based on the edge will never provide a complete view of
business operations. If there is no cloud solution, then the factory only controls
each unit individually. Also, it has no way of imagining how these units work in
relation to each other. This is why only the combination of the edge and the
cloud will enable businesses to benefit from IoT developments.
The Role of Cloud Computing on the Internet of Things:

Cloud computing works to improve the efficiency of daily tasks in conjunction

with the Internet of Things. Cloud computing is about providing a path for data
to reach its destination while the Internet of Things generates a huge amount
of data.
According to Amazon Web Services, there are four benefits of cloud computing:
1.No need to pre-guess infrastructure capacity needSaves money, because
you only need to pay for those resources that you use, the larger the scale,
the more savings
2.In a few minutes, platforms can be deployed around the world
4.Flexibility and speed in providing resources to developers

IOT CLOUD ARCHITECTURE:-

What is IoT Cloud Architecture?

IoT cloud architecture is a structured system that connects IoT devices,

sensors, networks, and cloud resources. This setup lets you ensure smooth
communication, data handling, and intelligent decision-making. It acts as your
bridge between the physical world and digital platforms.
Critical Components of IoT Cloud Architecture

IoT gadgets and Sensors: These gadgets collect data from their
surroundings.
Connectivity Layer: The Connectivity Layer enables your devices to
communicate with the cloud. It uses MQTT and CoAP protocols, as well as
gateways and networks.
Cloud Infrastructure: AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud supply your primary
infrastructure.
Data Processing and Analytics: Your cloud system converts raw data into
useful insights, allowing you to make faster choices.
Application Layer: Software and dashboards in this layer use your IoT data
to provide services. These services cover areas like smart cities, healthcare,
and industrial automation.

Key Functionalities:-

Scalability: Your system can grow to handle more data and devices.
Real-time Data Processing: You can process data instantly, which is ideal
for applications needing quick responses.
Data Integration and Interoperability: Your architecture allows smooth
communication between various devices and systems.
Predictive Analytics: Advanced tools help you predict maintenance needs
and detect problems before they occur.
Reliability and Fault Tolerance: Your system has backup plans to ensure
it’s always running.
IoT cloud architecture plays a significant role in developing new technologies. It
helps you manage data efficiently and supports the creation of apps that
improve user experiences.

Now that you understand IoT cloud architecture, let’s look at the various layers
it uses.
Key Layers of IoT Cloud Architecture:-

Understanding the key layers of IoT Cloud Architecture is essential for using its
full potential. Each layer is vital in enabling functionality, efficiency, and
effectiveness. Let’s explore each component:

Perception Layer
The Perception Layer is where data collection occurs. This layer acts as the
foundation of your IoT system. These layers include:

Sensors: These devices detect physical properties and convert them into
digital data. For example:
Temperature Sensors
Humidity Sensors
Motion Sensors
Actuators: These devices perform actions based on data received. For
instance:
Electric Motors
Valves
The Perception layer is crucial because it gathers the necessary data to inform
decisions and actions throughout the system.

Network/Transport Layer
The Network/Transport Layer facilitates data movement from devices to the
cloud. This layer ensures that data is transmitted efficiently and securely. Here
are some typical applications of the network layer:

Communication Protocols: You use communication protocols to ensure

your IoT devices exchange data smoothly with each other and the cloud. Here
are some standard devices:
Wi-Fi
Cellular Networks
LoRaWAN
Zigbee
 Bluetooth
Data Transmission: You rely on routers and gateways in the data
transmission layer to manage data traffic.
Security Measures: You implement network security protocols to protect
your data during transmission.

Processing Layer
The Processing Layer enhances the speed and reliability of data handling
through edge computing and cloud-based processing. Here are some methods
that businesses use:

Edge Computing: You use Edge Computing to process data closer to where
it’s generated. Benefits:
You can analyze data on-site, allowing immediate decision-making, such as
triggering alarms or alerts.
By processing data locally, you minimize the amount of information sent to
the cloud, saving bandwidth.
Cloud-Based Processing: You rely on Cloud-Based Processing to handle
large volumes of data analysis. Key advantages include:
Cloud systems can scale to accommodate increasing data.
The cloud can identify complex patterns and generate insights using
powerful algorithms.
Data Integration: This layer integrates data from various sources, and you
get a comprehensive analytics and reporting feature.
Application Layer
The Application Layer is where you visualize and analyze data. This layer
delivers the user interface for interacting with the IoT system.

Dashboards: These provide real-time visual representations of data. They

allow you to monitor system performance and track critical metrics easily.
Data Analytics Tools: Various tools enable more profound analysis. For
instance:
Predictive Analytics: Uses documented data to predict future
possibilities, such as equipment failures.
Machine Learning Models: Automatically analyze data patterns to
improve decision-making.
User Interface (UI): An intuitive UI is essential for effective interaction. This
can be through mobile apps, web interfaces, or specialized software.
Business Layer
The Business Layer is the layer that connects your IoT insights to your
organizational goals. This layer focuses on strategic decision-making and
ensuring that IoT initiatives deliver value. Here are some features of the
business layer:
Focuses on the overall management and optimization of the IoT system.
It includes business intelligence tools and analytics that help organizations
make data-driven decisions.
You can evaluate the financial impact of IoT investments by measuring
productivity and customer satisfaction improvements against implementation
costs.

COMMON IOT CLOUD ARCHITECTURE MODEL:-

IoT Cloud Architecture Models refer to the different frameworks and

structures you can adopt to manage IoT systems effectively. These
models vary based on how data is processed, stored, and integrated
with cloud services.

Here’s a breakdown of the most used models:

Centralized Cloud Model:-

The Centralized Cloud Model relies on a central cloud server for data
processing. In this model, all IoT devices send data to a single cloud
server for processing and storage. This approach simplifies
management, but it can also create bottlenecks.

As your IoT network grows, you can quickly increase cloud resources
without significant infrastructure changes. Here, the initial
investment is often lower. Therefore, you can utilize existing cloud
services rather than deploying extensive edge infrastructure.
However, operational costs can increase with data volumes. This is
particularly true for bandwidth and storage.

A notable drawback of the cloud model is latency. Data must travel to

and from the cloud, which can slow response times. This delay can be
critical in applications where timely actions are essential.
 Hybrid Cloud Model:-
You use the Hybrid Cloud Model to integrate centralized cloud
resources with edge computing capabilities. In this setup, you process
data both locally and in the cloud. Edge devices handle real-time
processing for immediate actions.

The hybrid cloud model also offers flexible scalability. You can scale
edge and cloud resources based on your specific IoT application
needs, optimizing resource allocation according to real-time demands.

Although the initial investment in edge devices may be higher, the

long-term cost savings are clear. You minimize the data sent to the
cloud, effectively managing bandwidth costs and avoiding overages.

Additionally, processing data locally can reduce latency. This makes

the hybrid model ideal for applications where immediate responses
are essential.

Edge-Cloud Model:-
You use the Edge-Cloud Model to process data at the network’s edge
instead of relying solely on centralized cloud resources. In this setup,
edge devices handle data processing and analysis. This setup also
reduces the need to send large amounts of data to the cloud. You only
transmit critical information or summaries for further processing or
storage.

The Edge-Cloud Model is scalable, but you need to invest in edge

infrastructure. While the initial cost of edge devices may be higher,
this model leads to lower operational costs. You reduce cloud storage
and bandwidth needs, which can result in long-term savings that
outweigh the upfront investment.

This model offers the lowest latency because data is processed close
to its source. Applications that need real-time responses, like
autonomous vehicles or industrial robots, benefit significantly from
this reduced response time.

LOGGING ON TO CLOUD:-
You can log on to Cloud Logging through the Google Cloud console. You can use Cloud
Logging to store, search, analyze, monitor, and alert on logging data.

To set up Cloud Logging

1. Sign in to your Google Cloud account.
2. Create or select a Google Cloud project.
3. Enable billing for your project.
4. Enable the Cloud Logging API.

To view logs in Cloud Logging

1. Go to the Application Integration page in the Google Cloud console.
2. In the navigation menu, click Logs.
3. Click View Cloud Logs.

To configure Cloud Logging

 Configure which logs are stored, which are discarded, and where the logs are stored.
 Route log entries to different destinations, such as other Google Cloud projects.
 Combine your Cloud Logging data with other data by upgrading a log bucket to use Log
Analytics.
You can also use Bindplane to collect data from other applications, on-premises systems,
and hybrid cloud systems.

SELECTING AND CREATING CLOUD SERVICE:-

To select and create a cloud service, you can consider your business
needs, the cloud service provider's capabilities, and the types of cloud
services available.

Selecting a cloud service provider:-

1. 1. Define your needs
Consider your business's storage, computing power, scalability, security, and budget.
2. 2. Evaluate providers
Consider the provider's:
 Certifications and standards
 Technologies and service roadmap
 Data security, data governance, and business policies
 Reliability and performance
 SLAs and reliability
 Flexibility and scalability
 Pricing models
3. 3. Choose a provider
 Select a provider that offers the services and technical capabilities your business
needs.

Creating a cloud service

1. Select a foundation
2. Determine your delivery infrastructure
3. Prepare your network
4. Automate management tasks
5. Integrate components
6. Configure components like subnets, routers, DNS, CSP regions or zones, and traffic
filters

Cloud service types

The main types of cloud computing are:

 Public cloud
 Private cloud
 Hybrid cloud
 Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
 Platform as a service (PaaS)
 Software as a service (SaaS)
 Serverless computing

CLOUD BASED IOT PLATFORMS:-

Cloud-based IoT platforms include Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft
Azure, Google Cloud, IBM, Oracle, and Cisco. These platforms provide the
infrastructure and services to connect and manage IoT devices and applications.

Popular IoT cloud platforms

 AWS IoT Core: Provides secure, scalable device connectivity, and analytics
capabilities
 Azure IoT Hub: Manages communication between IoT applications and devices
 Oracle IoT Platform: Provides real-time data analysis and endpoint data
management

IoT cloud platform features

 Device management: Manage the connectivity of devices and build new mobile
software applications
 Data collection: Collect data from devices and enable business transformation
 Data analysis: Process and analyze IoT data, extract insights, and trigger automated
actions

IoT cloud platform benefits

 Support for large numbers of devices
 Support for industrial, consumer, and commercial purposes
 Enable businesses to make critical decisions
 Enable businesses to get products to market faster