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Implementation of Modulation Techniques for Satellite Communication Using

Matlab and Simulink

Conference Paper · April 2024

DOI: 10.1109/I2CT61223.2024.10544288

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 2024 IEEE 9th International Conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT)
Pune, India. Apr 5-7, 2024

Implementation of Modulation Techniques for

Satellite Communication Using Matlab and
Simulink
2024 IEEE 9th International Conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT) | 979-8-3503-9447-4/24/$31.00 ©2024 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/I2CT61223.2024.10544288

Jayshree Das B.R.Sanjeeva Reddy Snigdha Balijepalli

Department of Electronics Department of Electronics Department of Electronics
and Communication and Communication and Communication
Engineering Engineering Engineering
B V Raju Institute of Technology B V Raju Institute of Technology B V Raju Institute of Technology
Telangana,India Telangana,India Telangana,India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Shaik Mahanoor Tihani Sayyeda Hajera Saniya P. Sri Lohith Charan

Department of Electronics Department of Electronics Reddy
and Communication and Communication Department of Electronics
B V Raju Institute of Technology B V Raju Institute of Technology and Communication
Telangana,India Telangana,India B V Raju Institute of Technology
[email protected] [email protected] Telangana,India
[email protected]

Abstract—This paper represents the comparative study of of BER (Bit Error Rate), Power Spectrum and Occupied
digital modulation techniques, this comparative study is used Bandwidth.
for satellite communication in terms of BER, Power spectrum
and Occupied Bandwidth. In satellite communication, higher II. LITERATURE SURVEY
order digital modulation schemes are needed for efficient data
transmission. The novelty of the work is implementation of vari- This section presents the work carried out in the last few
ous modulation schemes for space application. Binary Frequency decades.
Shift Keying (BFSK), Four-Frequency shift Keying (4-FSK), 16- Shadhbhawana jain and Shailendra Yadav conveys the impor-
FSK, 32-FSK, Binary Phase shift Keying (BPSK), Quadrature tance of wireless communication and accuracy of wireless
Phase Shift Keying (QPSK),16-PSK and 32-PSK modulation
schemes are implemented using MATLAB and Simulink.This communication which results in effective long distance data
work observes that BPSK is best in terms of BER (0.0059) Transmission. It is also mentioned that digital modulation has
compared to other schemes, 32-PSK is best in terms of power additional benefits over analog modulation and it can be easily
efficiency and occupies less bandwidth (39.2977 mHz). detected at receiver in the existence of noise than an analog
Index Terms—BER, Power Spectrum, Occupied Bandwidth, signal which can possibly gives infinite number of values[1].
FSK, PSK
Daniel J.Mulally and Don K. Lefevre have proposed a com-
parative study on various digital modulation techniques by
I. I NTRODUCTION
comparing parameters like bit error rate ,spectral efficiency.
In this era of high-speed communication, wireless connec- The spectral efficiency could majorly effect the bandwidth
tivity plays a pivotal role. Wireless communication is the on which the data needs to be accommodated. For a proper
fastest growing technological field, which has made it possible record of spectral efficiency they have used filters to increase
for us to communicate through satellites. From broadcasting bandwidth and prevent interference in channels[2].
to internet connectivity, forecasting to scientific research satel- Shanaz Akter, Nusrat Sharmin, Md. Iftekharul Islam have
lites provide seamless communication across the world. Long proposed a detailed study on digital modulation schemes and
distance communication and reliable transmission is possible have explained their constellations diagrams focusing on the
due to the use of modulation schemes. Modulation is the number phase shifts taken in each of the phase shift keying
process where encoding of the transmitting signal takes place. and they also gave calculation of Bit Error Rate of BPSK,
Digital modulation schemes provide high data transmission QPSK modulation schemes and how the bandwidth and power
capacity, better signal quality and high data security. Digital spectrum is effected. The BER is analysed using gray code in
modulation schemes involve the encoding of digital informa- Matlab[3].
tion. This paper revolves around the performance comparison Dhananjay Singh, Saloni Samant, Kapil Agnihotri proposed
of digital modulation schemes over AWGN channel in terms the implementation of digital modulation techniques BASK

979-8-3503-9447-4/24/$31.00 ©2024 IEEE 1

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and BFSK, to transmit binary data over band pass communi- Where, N is the number of bits necessary
cation channel with fixed frequency limits set by channel with M is the number of levels or combinations possible with N-
the help of MATLAB software[4]. bits.
For example, 8-level signaling is capable of transmitting 3 bits
III. IMPLEMENTATION OF FSK AND PSK per symbol.
MODULATION SCHEMES
Satellite communications generally employ FSK and PSK
modulation schemes, as they have better noise immunity than
ASK. FSK and PSK schemes provide higher power efficiency,
high bit rate and are less prone to errors. So, the comparison
is done between both the schemes considering the parameters
to know which is more suitable for satellite communication.

A. Generation of FSK and PSK Waveforms

Basic modulation and demodulation waveforms of FSK and
PSK schemes are generated using MATLAB codes. Fig. 2. Simulink model for FSK

Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK)

The M-ary number, M is 2, which means one bit is
transmitted per symbol either 0 or 1. Binary 0 is represented
by one frequency (space frequency) and binary 1 is
represented by another frequency (mark frequency).

Four Frequency Shift Keying (4FSK)

The M-ary number, M is 4, which means two bits are
transmitted per symbol. Each symbol is transmitted using a
different carrier deviation. There are four symbols 00,01,10,11.

16-Frequency Shift Keying (16-FSK)

The M-ary number, M is 16, which means 4 bits are
transmitted per symbol. Each symbol is transmitted using a
different carrier deviation. So, there are 16 different carrier
frequencies.

32-Frequency Shift Keying (32-FSK)

The M-ary number, M is 32, which means 5 bits are trans-
mitted per symbol. There are 32 different carrier frequencies.

Fig. 1. Generation of waveforms for FSK and PSK modulation

Fig.1 represents the flow of the matlab codes and also gives
the general ideas of the path of signal in the simulink models.

B. Description of Simulink blocks

Inbuilt blocks provided by communication toolbox of
Fig. 3. Simulink model for PSK
Simulink have been used for analysing the parameters.
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
M-ary signaling scheme The M-ary number, M is 2, where binary 0 is represented
M-ary signaling scheme facilitates the transmission of two by phase shift of 180° and binary 1 represents 0° phase shift.
or more bits simultaneously, instead of transmitting only one This modulation technique only transmits 1 bit per symbol.
bit at a time. This scheme enables higher data rates with the
same bandwidth and power. It is also known as multi-level Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
signaling. The M-ary number, M is 4, it represents 00, 01, 10,
2N = M (1) or 11. This two-bits-per-symbol performance is possible

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because four phase shifts take place in this scheme and there
is a phase shift of pi/2 degrees between each symbol of QPSK.

16-Phase Shift Keying (16-PSK)

The M-ary number, M is 16,there is a phase shift of pi/8
degrees between each symbol of 16-PSK.

32-Phase Shift Keying (32-PSK) The M-ary number,

M is 32, there is a phase shift of pi/16 degrees between each
symbol of 32-PSK.

1) Bernoulli Binary generator: The Bernoulli binary

generator block is used to generate random binary data using
a Bernoulli distribution. Here the random bits generated
by this block acts as the information bits that need to be
transmitted.
Fig. 4. Modulated and Demodulated waveforms of BFSK
2) Digital Base band Modulator and Demodulator:
Communication Toolbox of Simulink provides Digital Base Fig.4 shows the simulation of BFSK, it can be observed
band modulation which modulates symbols into sinusoidal that in BFSK modulated wave for binary input 1 the carrier
waveform waveform. And the alteration of carrier signal frequency is high and for zero it is low. The figure also
according to message signal depends on the modulation shows the effect of white gaussian noise on the signal. At
technique used. The demodulator blocks takes the complex the end, the demodulated output matches the input indicating
signal as input and returns real valued output,which in the the information was received successfully.
message signal.

3) AWGN Channel: Additive White Gaussian Noise

(AWGN) is a type of noise added to a signal to mimic the
random processes in nature that produce noise. When a signal
is passed through this channel,based on the value of Signal
to Noise Ratio (SNR) in the block parameters the noise will
be added to the signal.

4) BER Calculation Block: Bit Error Rate(BER)

Calculation block has two inputs one is transmitter input(Tx)
and the other is receiver input(Rx).It compares both the inputs
and calculates the error between transmitted and received
bits.

5) Display: Display block in Simulink displays the data

given to its input.You can also specify the type of data to
display and also the format of data
Fig. 5. Modulated and Demodulated waveforms of 4FSK

6) Spectrum Analyzer: Spectrum Analyzer available in

simulink displays peaks from a portion of the input signal.It is A. Generated Waveforms
generally used to display frequency domain signals. It provides
us with Power Spectrum and channel features through which Fig.5 shows the simulation of 4FSK, it can be observed that
one can see an efficient occupational bandwidth. in 4FSK modulated wave for different symbols of the input,
there are different frequencies.

IV. RESULTS
B. Analysis of BER vs SNR

In this section the results obtained from the implementation Fig.8 shows the change of Bit error rate with respect to SNR
of MATLAB codes and Simulink models are discussed. (Eb/No in dB) over a range of 1 to 25. From the graph, it can

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 Fig. 6. Modulated and Demodulated waveforms of BPSK

Fig.6 shows the simulation of BPSK, it can be observed that Fig. 8. Comparison of performance of variants of FSK and PSK
in BPSK modulated wave for binary input 1 the carrier has 0
phase shift and for zero there is 180-degree phase shift.
C. Power Spectrum Analysis

Power Spectrum gives the magnitudes of frequencies that

make up a signal and occupied bandwidth gives the bandwidth
containing 99% of the total power in the spectrum.

Fig. 7. Modulated and Demodulated waveforms of QPSK

Fig. 9. Power Spectrum of BFSK

Fig.7 shows the simulation of QPSK, it can be observed that Fig.9 shows the power spectrum of the modulated BFSK wave
in QPSK modulated wave for different symbols of the input, is shown, and the occupied bandwidth of the signal can be seen
there are different phase shifts (0,90,180,270). in the channel measurements option given in the spectrum
analyzer. Here, the occupied Bandwidth is 8.0721 Hz.

be seen that the value of BER decreases with increase in SNR.

BPSK, in terms of BER, outperforms all other schemes. As M-
ary number increases PSK is prone to errors when compared
to FSK. So, M-FSK provides better noise rejection.

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 Fig. 10. Power Spectrum of 4-FSK Fig. 13. Power Spectrum of BPSK

Fig.10 shows the power spectrum of the modulated 4-FSK Fig.13 shows the power spectrum of the modulated BPSK
wave. Here, the occupied Bandwidth is 18.8914 Hz. wave, and the occupied bandwidth of the signal is 199.1316
mHz.

Fig. 11. Power Spectrum of 16-FSK

Fig. 14. Power Spectrum of QPSK
Fig.11 shows the power spectrum of the modulated 16-FSK
wave. Here, the occupied Bandwidth is 79.5558 Hz. Fig.14 shows the power spectrum of the modulated QPSK
wave. Here, the occupied Bandwidth is 99.116 mHz.

Fig. 12. Power Spectrum of 32-FSK

Fig. 15. Power Spectrum of 16-PSK
Fig.12 shows the power spectrum of the modulated 32-FSK
wave. Here, the occupied Bandwidth is 81.6255 Hz. Fig.15 shows the power spectrum of the modulated 16-PSK
wave. Here, the occupied Bandwidth is 49.489 mHz.

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 [7] T. Youssef and E. Abdelfattah, ”Performance evaluation of different
QAM techniques using Matlab/Simulink,” 2013 IEEE Long Island Sys-
tems, Applications and Technology Conference (LISAT), Farmingdale,
NY, USA, 2013 28.
[8] Taub and Schilling, Principles Of Communication Systems, Tata
Mcgraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited.
[9] K.Sam Shanmugam, Digital and Analog Communication Systems.

Fig. 16. Power Spectrum of 32-PSK

Fig.16 shows the power spectrum of the modulated 32-PSK

wave. Here, the occupied Bandwidth is 39.2977 mHz, which
is least among all.

V. CONCLUSION

The overall conclusion is that among the digital modulation

techniques that have been compared in the presentation BPSK
has low BER (0.0059) but BPSK is not preferred as it transmits
only one bit per symbol. From BER to SNR graph, it can
be observed that as the M-ary number increases PSK is
more prone to errors when compared to FSK. For signal to
noise ratio (SNR) of 5 db, the BER values are, BFSK =
0.1091, 4FSK = 0.1353, BPSK = 0.0059, QPSK = 0.0518,
16-FSK = 0.2267, 32-FSK = 0.2685, 16-PSK = 0.2301 and
32-PSK = 0.2622. In terms of data rate, both 32-PSK and 32-
FSK transmit 5 bits per symbol and 32-FSK has less BER
than 32-PSK. But 32-FSK occupies very large bandwidth
and has low power efficiency than 32-PSK, which means
that PSK can transmit same amount of information using
lesser bandwidth. So, 32-PSK holds good among the other
modulation schemes in terms of data rate, occupied bandwidth,
and power efficiency.

R EFERENCES

[1] Shadbhawana Jain1* and Shailendra Yadav2* 1M.Tech Student, BTIRT

College, Sagar,India, 2Assistant Professor, BTIRT College, Sagar, India,
31st december 2015.
[2] Daniel J. Mulally, Vice President, and, Don K. Lefevre, President,
cynetics Corporation ,1991.
[3] 3. Superviosr Dr. Satya Prashad Majumder and submitted by Shanaz
Akter,Nusrat Sharmin ,Md. Iftekharul Islam. Department of Electrical
and Electronic Engineering, Summer 2010. BRAC ,University ,Dhaka ,
Bangladesh
[4] Dhananjay Singh, Saloni Samant, Kapil Agnihotri, 2020, Implementa-
tion of Digital Modulation Technique using Matlab .International Journal
Of Engineering And Technology .
[5] Taqi, Ali. Implementation of Digital Modulation Technique and Calcu-
late the Bit Error Rate Performance using Matlab. International Journal
of Scientific and Engineering Research.
[6] L. Hong, K. C. Ho, BPSK and QPSK modulation Classification with
unknown signal levels, MILCOM 2000 -IEEE Military Communications
Conference, No. 2, 2000, pp. 976-980.

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