Introduction to Biomedical Imaging 2nd Edition Webb pdf download
Introduction to Biomedical Imaging 2nd Edition Webb pdf download
https://ebookname.com/product/introduction-to-biomedical-
imaging-2nd-edition-webb/
https://ebookname.com/product/introduction-to-biomedical-
engineering-2nd-ed-edition-john-enderle/
https://ebookname.com/product/webb-s-physics-of-medical-imaging-
second-edition-flower/
https://ebookname.com/product/biomedical-imaging-1st-edition-
karen-m-mudry/
https://ebookname.com/product/android-programming-in-kotlin-
starting-with-an-app-1st-edition-james/
Software Development First Edition Marvin Zelkowitz
Ph.D. Ms Bs.
https://ebookname.com/product/software-development-first-edition-
marvin-zelkowitz-ph-d-ms-bs/
https://ebookname.com/product/the-new-testament-a-translation-
second-edition-david-bentley-hart/
https://ebookname.com/product/young-offenders-and-the-law-how-
the-law-responds-to-youth-offending-1st-edition-raymond-arthur/
https://ebookname.com/product/philosophy-of-language-the-key-
thinkers-1st-edition-barry-lee/
https://ebookname.com/product/driving-a-passenger-vehicle-2nd-
edition-publication-of-kuebec/
Wine Flavour Chemistry Second edition Jokie Bakker
https://ebookname.com/product/wine-flavour-chemistry-second-
edition-jokie-bakker/
ISTUDY
Introduction to Biomedical Imaging
IEEE Press
445 Hoes Lane
Piscataway, NJ 08854
Second Edition
Andrew Webb
Leiden University Medical Center
Leiden
The Netherlands
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise,
except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without
either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the
appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers,
MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to
the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at
http://www.wiley.com/go/permission.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best
efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the
accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied
warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or
extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained
herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where
appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other
commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other
damages. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed
or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher
nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but
not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please
contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the
United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in
print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products,
visit our web site at www.wiley.com.
Contents
Preface xv
Introduction xix
About the Companion Website xxxi
3 Nuclear Medicine 85
3.1 General Principles of Nuclear Medicine 85
3.2 Radioactivity and Radiotracer Half-life 87
3.3 Common Radiotracers Used for SPECT 89
3.4 The Technetium Generator 90
3.5 The Distribution of Technetium-Based Radiotracers within
the Body 92
3.6 Instrumentation for SPECT and SPECT/CT 94
3.6.1 Collimators 94
3.6.2 Scintillation Crystal and Photomultiplier Tube-Based Detectors 98
3.6.3 The Anger Position Network and Pulse Height Analyzer 100
3.6.4 Solid-State Detectors and Specialized Cardiac Scanners 102
3.7 Image Reconstruction 103
3.7.1 Attenuation Correction 104
3.7.2 Scatter Correction 105
3.8 Image Characteristics 106
3.8.1 Signal-to-Noise 106
3.8.2 Spatial Resolution 107
3.8.3 Contrast-to-Noise 107
3.9 Clinical Applications of SPECT 107
3.9.1 Brain Imaging 108
3.9.2 Bone Scanning and Tumor Detection 108
3.9.3 Cardiac Imaging 110
3.9.4 The Respiratory System 110
viii Contents
Index 341
xv
Preface
Looking back 20 years to when the first edition of this book came out, it is
impressive to see by how much medical imaging technology has changed and
improved, and the extent to which that first edition is now completely out of date.
This second edition tries to incorporate as much of the current state-of-the-art
technology as possible, with significant updates to the sections on computed
tomography, nuclear medicine, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging.
Specifically, new sections have been added on:
(i) Digital flat-panel X-ray detectors, modern-day 256–320 slice CT system
design, fast and efficient CT iterative reconstruction schemes, spectral/dual
energy CT methods, mobile and portable CT systems, and the first photon
counting CT scanners.
(ii) New solid-state detectors for SPECT and PET, integrated SPECT/CT and
PET/CT scanners, updated scatter and attenuation correction methods,
developments in iterative reconstruction, and new total body PET scanners.
(iii) Beam-forming for ultrasound imaging, new contrast agents, super-resolution
techniques, and point of care systems.
(iv) New helium-free and high-temperature superconductor magnet designs for
MRI, point-of-care scanners, and image reconstruction methods using under-
sampled data for rapid scanning.
A general introduction has been added at the start of the book, in which the
historical development of medical imaging techniques is summarized, and an
outlook for future developments is given. Two new short chapters have been
added, one on optical imaging techniques and the other on the ever-increasing
role of artificial intelligence (AI) in biomedical imaging. Overall, about 30% new
material has been added, there is a significant expansion of the problem sets, and
errors in the original text have been corrected without, hopefully, introducing an
equal number of new ones!
xvi Preface
The general aim of the textbook remains the same, namely to have a text-
book that is suitable for a one-semester/one-term course. As part of the IEEE
Press Series in Biomedical Engineering, the approach and level of the material
are aimed at junior- to senior-level undergraduates in bioengineering and/or
other engineering disciplines. The content, however, should also be suitable for
practitioners in more clinically related professions, in which imaging plays an
important role. Overall, this means that the coverage is necessarily more succinct
than other, more encyclopedic volumes either on medical imaging as a whole, or
one of the specific modalities. Reference to these textbooks is given at appropriate
places in the text. The approach of this book is to cover the physical principles,
instrumental design, data acquisition strategies, image reconstruction tech-
niques, and clinical applications of the imaging techniques most commonly used
in clinical medicine as well as in academic and commercial research. Emphasis
is very much on human rather than animal imaging, but reference to the latter is
made where appropriate. The sections on clinical applications are relatively brief,
comprising a few examples illustrative of the types of images that provide useful
diagnostic information. Many hundreds of specialized diagnostic clinical imaging
books exist, written by authors with far more expertise in these areas.
Suggestions are made at the end of each chapter for further reading. These cover
recent books, journal publications, and scientific review articles.
Andrew Webb
Leiden, The Netherlands
Preface xvii
Additional Resources
Medical Imaging Textbooks
Prince, J.L. and Links, J.M. (2014). Medical Imaging: Signals and Systems. Pearson:
2nd ed.
Suetens, P. (2017). Fundamentals of Medical Imaging, 3rde. Cambridge University
Press.
Samei, E. (2018). Hendee’s Medical Imaging Physics. 5th ed., Wiley-Blackwell.
Jerrold, T., Bushberg, J., Seibert, A. et al. (ed.) (2020). The Essential Physics of Medical
Imaging, 4the. Wolters Kluwer.
Azhari, H., Kennedy, J.A., Weiss, N., and Volokh, L. (2020). From Signals to Image:
A Basic Course on Medical Imaging for Engineers. Springer.
Introduction
Figure 1 Electromagnetic spectrum highlighting the range of wavelengths/frequencies/energies relevant to medical imaging modalities.
Introduction xxi
Historical Developments
On 8 November, 1895, Wilhelm Röntgen saw the bones of his hand on a pho-
tographic plate placed on one side of a Crookes cathode ray tube. Röntgen also
imaged his wife’s hand, which showed her wedding ring very clearly, and is proba-
bly the most reproduced medical image in history. Röntgen was awarded the Nobel
Prize for Physics in 1901. Since the technology was relatively simple, it was very
quickly taken up by physicians across the world, finding widespread application
in military medicine during the first World War.
Nuclear Medicine
Radioactivity was first “discovered” by Antoine Henri Becquerel in 1896, with
Marie and Pierre Curie making many of the early breakthroughs in elucidating
the nature of the phenomenon. In the 1920s and 1930s, the production of artifi-
cial radioactivity through nuclear bombardment was studied in many countries,
resulting in the development of the cyclotron. The first radiotracer experiments
were performed in rabbits using bismuth-210 labeled antisyphilitic drugs. Human
nuclear medicine has its origins in both therapy and imaging. In 1946, radioactive
iodine-131 was used in the treatment of thyroid tumors, and it was noted that if the
γ-rays could be detected then an image of the radioactivity could be produced. The
instrumentation required to perform such imaging was developed in the 1950s,
with the result being termed an “Anger camera” after its inventor Hal Anger. This
camera formed the basis for planar imaging of many different radioactive isotopes.
Clinical utilization was significantly enhanced by the development and commer-
cialization of the technetium generator, which could be delivered on a weekly basis
to a nuclear medicine department. Parallel developments were occurring in instru-
mentation development for PET, again with a key development being the synthesis
of still the most widely-used imaging agent, 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose. Clinically,
two-camera single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) systems were
introduced in the 1980s for both brain and cardiac applications. PET scanners
were also introduced commercially into the clinic, with improved spatial resolu-
tion using time of flight (TOF) becoming available in the 1990s. Improvements in
detector technology for both SPECT and PET in the last two decades has resulted in
higher spatial resolution and faster imaging times. The other major development
has been the integration of a CT scanner into essentially all SPECT and PET sys-
tems, in order to provide efficient attenuation correction and also a high resolution
anatomical image on which to overlay the functional radioactivity scans.
Ultrasound
Similar to the case of nuclear medicine, ultrasound was first developed for thera-
peutic applications, specifically noninvasive procedures in which a focused beam
was used to thermally destroy various pathologies. The history of ultrasound
imaging began in the 1940s, with the first gynecological images of the unborn
fetus, uterus, and pelvis published in 1958 by Ian Donald. Advances in transducer
technology enabled real-time images to be acquired, and many researchers,
particularly in Japan, developed the instrumentation for Doppler techniques to
image blood flow. Ultrasound developed rapidly as a clinical technique in the
1970s, with phased array transducer technology improving the image quality and
ease-of-use tremendously. Developments in transmit and receive beamforming,
increased channel count, and three-dimensional capability have continued to
improve the imaging capabilities. Ultrasound contrast agents were introduced
in the 1980s, and new agents based on gas-filled microbubbles, together with
techniques such as harmonic imaging, have improved tissue contrast, and
reduced the contribution of image speckle.
Language: French
TOME TROISIÈME
HISTOIRE
DE LA
LITTÉRATURE ANGLAISE
PAR H. TAINE
TOME TROISIÈME
È É É
QUATRIÈME ÉDITION REVUE ET AUGMENTÉE
PARIS
LIBRAIRIE HACHETTE ET Cie
79, BOULEVARD SAINT-GERMAIN, 79
1878
Tous droits réservés.
HISTOIRE
DE LA
LITTÉRATURE ANGLAISE.
LIVRE III.
L'ÂGE CLASSIQUE.
CHAPITRE I.
La Restauration.
§ 1. LES VIVEURS.
§ 2. LES MONDAINS.
§ 1. LES VIVEURS.
II
III
IV
VI
Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.
ebookname.com