PHYSICAL EDUCATION

KASHISH NAVIN
OLYMPISM
Concept of Olympism
• Founder: Pierre de Coubertin, creator of the Modern Olympic Movement.
• Philosophy: Olympism is a philosophy of life that places sports at the service of
humanity, blending sports with culture and education to promote the balanced
development of body, will, and mind.
• Purpose: To bring communities together, promote fair competition, and foster
friendship, togetherness, and fair play.
Significance & ACHIEVEMENT of Olympism
• Main Aim: To use sports to develop better citizens by harmonizing mind, body, and spirit.
• Global Impact: Olympism fosters better relationships between nations and communities,
promoting a peaceful society and the preservation of human dignity.

• Human Rights: It emphasizes that sports are a universal human right, accessible to
everyone.
Achievements of Olympism
• IOC's Role: Since its establishment on June 23, 1894, the International Olympic
Committee (IOC) has promoted Olympism worldwide.

• Promotion: The IOC uses the Olympic Games to promote sports, culture, education, and
positive values while supporting fair play and combating unethical practices like doping
and match-fixing.
Olympic Values / Values of Olympism
1.Excellence: Striving for the highest quality in sports and life, focusing on doing
one's best rather than just winning.
2.Friendship: Encouraging inclusivity, respect, and understanding, even across
cultural differences. The Olympics foster friendships among participants and
nations, helping to overcome political, economic, and social barriers.
3.Respect: Encompasses self-respect, respect for others, rules, sports, and the
environment. It embodies fair play, ethical behavior, and the fight against doping.
Olympic Values and Educational Themes
ANCIENT GREEK INFLUENCE

• Warrior Spirit: The ancient Greeks valued nurturing people with a warrior spirit who were loyal to their country and
skilled at making friends to avoid unnecessary wars.

• Modern Adaptation: The Olympic Movement’s core values of Excellence, Respect, and Friendship are modern
adaptations of ancient Greek values.

OLYMPIC VALUES
1. Excellence:
1. Meaning: Doing your best in sports and life.
2. Goal: Strive to be your best, not just to win.

2. Respect:
1. Meaning: Respect for yourself, others, and the environment.
2. Goal: Play fair and treat everyone with respect.

3. Friendship:
1. Meaning: Building friendships even with those from different cultures.
2. Goal: Use sports to bring people together.
Olympic Educational Themes
• Established by IOC: In 2016, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) established five key
educational themes to help young people practice and understand the principles of Olympism.

• Five Educational Values: These values are recognized under the three core Olympic values
(Excellence, Respect, Friendship)

1. Joy of Effort

• Development: Young people develop physical, behavioral, and intellectual skills through
challenging activities and sports.

• Encouragement: Inspirational methods should be used to encourage participation in sports,

leading to joy and fulfillment.
2. Fair Play

• Concept: Originated in sports but applies to all areas of life, emphasizing the importance of obeying rules
and showing respect in competition.

• Application: Athletes, coaches, and parents should commit to fair play, respecting opponents and officials,
and promoting ethical behavior.

3. Respect for Others

• Acceptance of Diversity: Respect for others is developed through understanding and accepting cultural
differences.

• Promotion of Peace: The Olympic Movement aims to build a peaceful world by educating youth through
sports, and promoting respect for diversity.

4. Pursuit of Excellence

• Positive Choices: Focusing on excellence encourages young people to make healthy, positive choices and
strive to be their best in life.

• Healthy Community: A supportive environment free from discrimination and fear is essential for nurturing
excellence in sports and life.
5. Balance Among Body, Will, and Mind

• Holistic Development: Sports help balance the body, will, and mind, contributing to a well-
rounded, balanced approach to life.

• Legacy of Coubertin: Pierre de Coubertin emphasized that the revival of the Olympic Games
would stimulate interest in physical activity, fostering moral and intellectual development.
CONCLUSION:

• Core Olympic Values: The three fundamental Olympic values (Excellence, Respect,
Friendship) are supported by five educational values (Joy of Effort, Fair Play, Respect for
Others, Pursuit of Excellence, Balance Among Body, Will, and Mind).

• Guidance for Athletes: These values guide athletes in both their sports and personal careers,
helping them achieve success and contribute to making the world a better place.
ANCIENT OLYMPICS
• Olympic Games started in Olympia Valley in 776 BC

• Hercules (son) and god ZEUS is associated with the Olympics.

• Olympic Games started in Olympia Valley in 776 BC

• Hercules son and god ZEUS is associated with the Olympics

• Held every 4 year

• Offering prayers (for games)

• Animal sacrifice

• Oath and declaration

Rules & Regulations (engrave on a bronze plate)
• Only Greek and physically fit people can participate.
• Punished individuals cannot participate
• Compulsory to stay in Olympia for one month before the beginning of the
Olympic games
• Women are not allowed to see and participate.
• Only amateur players can participate. (not professional)
Opening ceremony(organized for 5 days)
1. 400 yard walking (724 BCE)
2. Three miles race(720 BCE)
3. Pentathlon(708 BCE)
• Discuss throw
• Long jump
• Javelin throw
• Running(180- 200 m)
• Wrestling
4. Boxing(688 BCE)
5. Horse race(648 BC)
Five-Day Ancient Olympic Games Schedule
• 1st day - Religious functions
• 2nd day - March past, introduction, chariot race, horse race, pentathlon.
• 3rd day - In the morning ritual of sacrifice of animals
• 4th day - Athletic events, wrestling and boxing
• 5th day - recreational programmes were organised
awards
• RESPECT & HONOUR.
• FOOD GRAINS & ANIMALS.
• OLIVE LEAVES CROWN.
• ESTABLISH STATUE OF WINNERS.
• POEMS IN PRAISE OF WINNERS
❑Who stopped the ancient Olympic games?

-BANNED BY KING THEODOSIUS IN 394 A.D.

MODERN OLYMPIC GAMES
Initiator: Pierre, Baron de Coubertin of France is credited with starting the modern Olympic
Games.

Background:

• Born on 1 January 1862 in Paris.

• Initially joined a military academy but later shifted to studying political science.

• Coubertin believed that international and national problems could be solved through sports.

Revival of the Olympics:

• Coubertin aimed to revive the ancient Olympic Games at a global level.

• In 1893, he called a meeting of various countries, but only a few supported the idea.

• A second meeting on 16 June 1894 in Paris, with 13 countries and 75 representatives, led to the
resolution to hold sports competitions every four years, modeled on the ancient Greek Olympics.
First Modern Olympics:
The first modern Olympic Games were held in Athens in 1896.
Initially, only 14 countries participated.

Growth:
Participation grew over the years, reaching 122 countries in the 1972 Munich Olympic Games.
The Olympics were not held during the World Wars.

Rules for Competitors

Eligibility: Both males and females can participate in the Olympic Games.

Amateur Status: Traditionally, only amateur athletes were allowed, but now professionals can
participate in some sports.

Approval: Athletes must be approved and recommended by their National Olympic Committee to
compete.
OPENING CEREMONY OF OLYMPIC GAMES
1. Olympic Torch Lighting: The Olympic torch is lit in Olympia, Greece, using sunrays.
2. Torch Relay: The torch is then transported to the host city of the Olympic Games.

3. March Past: Athletes from participating nations enter the stadium in a march past.
4. Oath-Taking: Athletes take the Olympic oath, pledging fair play and sportsmanship.
5. Official Opening: The President or Prime Minister of the host country officially declares the
games open.

6. Olympic Flag Hoisting: The Olympic flag is raised in the stadium.

7. Olympic Flame Lighting: The Olympic flame in the stadium is lit using the torch.
8. Cultural Programs: Recreational and cultural programs are presented to celebrate the
opening.
Closing Ceremony
• Assembly of Athletes: Sportspersons from all participating countries gather in the stadium.
• Escort of Officials: The mayor of the host city and the president of the managing committee
escort the President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) (Dr Thomas Bach) to the
stadium.
• Declaration of Closure: The President of the IOC officially declares the games closed.
• Flag Lowering: The Olympic flag is lowered.
• Flag Handover: The lowered Olympic flag is handed over to the mayor of the host city.
• Cultural Programs: Various cultural programs are organized to celebrate the conclusion of the
games.
• Flame Extinguishing: The Olympic flame is extinguished.
• Olympic Song: The ceremony concludes with the Olympic song.
The Olympic Symbol
Structure: The Olympic symbol consists of five interlocked rings.

Colors:

• Top rings: Blue, black, and red.

• Bottom rings: Yellow and green.

Meaning:

• The rings symbolize the universality of Olympism.

• They represent the five continents: Europe, Asia, Africa, America, and Australia.

• The rings also signify the coming together of athletes from all over the world.

Color Representation: At least one of the five ring colors or the white background is present on the flag of
every competing nation.

Symbolic Expression: The Olympic Symbol reflects the activity of the Olympic Movement and the global
unity in sports.
The Olympic Anthem
Composition:

• Music by Spiros Samaras.

• Lyrics by Greek poet Kostis Palamas in 1896.

Adoption: Officially adopted by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1958.

Ceremonial Use:

• Played at the opening and closing ceremonies of the Olympic Games.

• Played during all official IOC ceremonies.

National Anthem: The national anthem of the first-place winner is played when each medalist's
national flag is raised.
Olympic Motto
1. Current Motto: "Citius-Altius-Fortius-Communis," meaning "Faster-Higher-Stronger-Together"
in Latin.

2. Previous Motto: Coined by French educator Father Didon in 1895.

Olympic Flag
1. Creation: The Olympic flag was created in 1913 at the suggestion of Baron de Coubertin.

2. Inauguration: First inaugurated in Paris in June 1914.

3. First Use: Hoisted for the first time in the Olympic stadium during the 1920 Antwerp Games.

4. Design:
1. Made of white silk.
2. Features five interlocking rings/circles in five colors: yellow, green, red, blue, and black.
3. The rings represent the five continents: America, Europe, Australia, Asia, and Africa.
4. The interlocking rings symbolize cooperation and friendship.
Olympic Flame
1. Symbolism: Represents knowledge, life, happiness, and peace.
2. Lighting: The flame is lit in Olympia, Greece, and carried by runners to the host city, where it
burns throughout the Games.

3. First Use: The Olympic flame was first lit in the stadium at the 1928 Amsterdam Games.
4. Torch Relay: Introduced at the 1936 Berlin Olympics.
5. Torch Details: The Olympic torch weighs 1.2 kg.

6. Extinguishing: The flame is extinguished at the end of the closing ceremony.

Olympic Awards
Medals:
• Gold: Awarded to first-place holders.

• Silver: Awarded to second-place holders.

• Bronze: Awarded to third-place holders.
Certificates:

• Awarded to the top three medalists along with their medals.

• Also awarded to the next five position holders (4th to 8th place).
Olympic Oath
1. Oath Ceremony: Held during the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games.

2. Procedure:
o A representative of the host country, holding the Olympic flag, leads the oath.
o Flag bearers of the competing nations take their positions.

3. Oath Content: Athletes swear to participate in the Games with loyalty, respect
for the rules, and true sportsmanship for the honor of their country and the glory
of sports.
Olympic Movement Structure
International Olympic Committee (IOC)
• Role: Governing body of the Olympic Games, supports and promotes sports worldwide.

• Headquarters: Lausanne, Switzerland.

• Founded: 23 June 1894 by Pierre Baron de Coubertin.

• First President: Greek Demetrios Vikelas.

• Membership: 105 active members and 32 honorary members.

• Functions: Organizes Summer and Winter Olympic Games, with the first Summer Games in
Athens (1896) and the first Winter Games in Chamonix (1924). Since 1992, the Winter Games
have been held in even years between the Summer Games.

•
Members of the IOC
1. President:
1. Election: Elected by IOC members.
2. Term: Eight years, with the possibility of re-election.
3. Current President: Thomas Bach.

2. Vice-Presidents:
1. Number: Four.
2. Election: Elected by IOC members.
3. Term: Four years, with the possibility of reappointment.

3. Executive Board:
1. Composition: Includes the President, four Vice-Presidents, and ten other members.
2. Election: All members are elected by the IOC session through a secret ballot with a majority vote.
3. Responsibilities: Manages the administration and affairs of the IOC.
Main Functions of the IOC
1. Olympic Games Location and Dates: Decide where and when the Games will be held.

2. Rules and Regulations: Establishes fundamental rules and regulations for the Games.

3. Promotion of Ethics: Supports ethical practices in sports.

4. Game Conduct: Ensures the regular conduct of the Games.

5. Unity and Independence: Strengthens the unity and independence of the Olympic
Movement.

6. Anti-Discrimination: Acts against discrimination within the Olympic Movement.

7. Promotion of Women: Supports the promotion of women in sports.

8. Anti-Doping: Leads efforts to combat doping in sports.

9. Sports for All: Encourages the development of sports at all levels.

10.Anti-Commercial Abuse: Opposes political or commercial abuse of sports and athletes.

National Olympic Committees (NOCs)
Role: NOCs are national constituents of the global Olympic movement, recognized
by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
Participation: All IOC-recognized NOCs can participate in the Olympic Games and
continental championships.
Functions of NOCs
1. Sport Development: Promote sports at all levels within their country.
2. Olympic Participation: Send delegations to the Olympic and Youth Olympic Games.
3. Olympic Values: Promote and encourage Olympic movement values.
4. Anti-Doping Efforts: Implement the World Anti-Doping Code and combat doping in
sports.
5. Cultural and Educational Integration: Blend sports with culture and education.
6. Athlete Support: Encourage efforts for athlete’s social and professional futures.
7. Discrimination and Violence: Act against any form of discrimination and violence in
sports
International Sports Federations (IFs)
• Role: IFs manage and monitor the daily operations of sports disciplines worldwide, ensuring their promotion and development.

• Governance: Each IF governs its sport at the global level, ensuring regular competitions and adherence to fair play.

• Recognition: IFs are non-governmental organizations recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).

• Key Responsibilities

1. Rule Establishment: Set and enforce the rules that govern their sports.

2. Olympic Games: Handle the technical aspects of their sports during the Olympic Games.

3. Compliance Requirements:
1. Must have an anti-doping policy.
2. Must organize regular world and continental championships.
3. Must be committed to youth development.
4. Must have strong and independent governance structures.
5. Must take responsibility for their sports' control and direction at the Olympic Games.

• Examples of IFs

• IAAF: International Association of Athletic Federations

• FIFA: Fédération Internationale de Football Association

• FIBA: Fédération Internationale de Basketball

• FIVB: Fédération Internationale de Volleyball

Organising Committees for the Olympic Games (OCOGs)
• Primary Role: OCOGs are responsible for the practical organization and smooth execution of the Olympic Games.

• Timeline: From the city’s selection as the host, OCOGs have seven years to prepare.

• Key Responsibilities:

• Venue Preparation: Create or update competition venues, stadiums, training halls, and the Olympic Village.

• Infrastructure: Provide organizational infrastructure, including transport systems and medical services.

• Cultural Program: Organize cultural activities such as concerts, plays, ballets, and exhibitions.

• Olympic Flag and Flame: Ensure the Olympic flag flies at main venues and bring the Olympic flame to the
stadium.

• Collaboration: Work closely with International Sports Federations (IFs) for efficient planning.

• Official Report: Compile the official report of the Games after their completion.
Athletes, Officials, and Recognized Institutions
• Inclusions:
• Associations and Clubs: Sports associations and clubs recognized by the International
Olympic Committee (IOC).
• Athletes: Individual athletes competing in various sports.
• Officials: Judges, referees, coaches, and other sports technicians.
• Recognized Institutions: Other organizations and institutions acknowledged by the IOC
for their contributions to sports and the Olympic movement.
Paralympic Games
• Overview: Major international multi-sport events for athletes with disabilities such as mobility
impairments, amputations, blindness, and cerebral palsy.

• Frequency: Held every four years, following the Olympic Games.

• Governance: Governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC).

• History:
• First Paralympic Games: Rome, 1960.
• First use of "Paralympic" term: 1988 Seoul Summer Paralympics.
• First Winter Paralympics: 1976 in Sweden.
International Paralympic Committee (IPC)
• Role: Global governing body of the Paralympic movement; organizes Summer and Winter
Paralympic Games.

• Responsibilities: Oversees world championships and competitions for nine sports, aiming to
enable athletes to achieve excellence and inspire the world.

• History: Established on 22 September 1989 in Düsseldorf; headquarters in Bonn, Germany.

• Goal: Develop sports opportunities for people with impairments, from beginner to elite levels.
Ceremonies
• Opening Ceremony:
• Hoisting of the host country's flag and rendition of its national anthem.
• Athletes march past, grouped by nations, with the host country entering last.
• Cultural performances by the host nation.
• Formal opening and lighting of the Paralympic flame.

• Closing Ceremony:
• Flag bearers and athletes enter without national distinction.
• The Paralympic flag is taken down, the games officially closed, and the flame
extinguished.
Awards & Paralympic Motto
Awards
• Medal Presentation: Medals are awarded to the top three competitors/teams in each event.

• Victory Ceremony: Winners stand on the podium, national flags are hoisted, and the anthem of
the gold medalist's country is played.

Paralympic Motto
• Current Motto: "Spirit in Motion" (since 2004 Athens Paralympics).

• Previous Motto: "Mind, Body, and Spirit."

Categories of Disability
• Disability Categories: Ten categories including physical, visual, and intellectual
impairments.
• Physical Impairments: Includes muscle power impairment, limb loss, leg length
difference, short stature, etc.
• Visual Impairments: Includes impairments in one or more components of the visual
system.
• Intellectual Disabilities: Significant impairment of intellectual functioning.

• Focus: IPC mainly serves athletes with physical and visual disabilities, with
intellectual disabilities included in some games.
SPECIAL OLYMPICS
Origin of Special Olympics

• Founder: Eunice Kennedy Shriver, sister of U.S. President John F. Kennedy.

• Purpose: She believed children with intellectual disabilities could excel in sports and realize their potential.

• First Initiative: Started a day camp at her home for children with intellectual disabilities.

First Special Olympics

• Year and Location: Held in July 1968, in Chicago, USA.

• Participants: About 1,000 athletes from the USA and Canada.

• Organizers: Joint venture by the Kennedy Foundation and Chicago Park District.

Expansion and Recognition

• International Participation: France sent athletes in 1970. By 1972, ten nations participated.

• Official Approval: In 1971, the US Olympic Committee approved the use of the name "Olympics."

• Global Recognition: The United Nations declared 1986 as the "Year of Special Olympics."

• IOC Recognition: In 1988, the International Olympic Committee officially recognized the Special Olympics.

• 2003 Milestone: Approximately 7,000 athletes from 150 nations competed in 18 disciplines.

Symbols of Special Olympics

• Logo: Represents growth, confidence, and joy among children and adults with disabilities, symbolizing their journey toward richer, more productive lives.

• Flame of Hope: The torch carried and lit at the Special Olympic Games is named the "Flame of Hope."
THANK YOU