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 9 C Formatted Input/Output

All the news that’s fit to print.

—Adolph S. Ochs

What mad pursuit? What

struggle to escape?
—John Keats

Objectives
In this chapter, you’ll:
■ Use input and output
streams.
■ Use all print formatting
capabilities.
■ Use all input formatting
capabilities.
■ Print with field widths and
precisions.
■ Use formatting flags in the
printf format control
string.
■ Output literals and escape
sequences.
■ Format input using scanf.
 Self-Review Exercises 565

Self-Review Exercises
9.1 Fill in the blanks in each of the following:
a) All input and output is dealt with in the form of .
ANS: streams.
b) The stream is normally connected to the keyboard.
ANS: standard input.
c) The stream is normally connected to the computer screen.
ANS: standard output.
d) Precise output formatting is accomplished with the function.
ANS: printf.
e) The format control string may contain , , ,
and .
ANS: Conversion specifiers, flags, field widths, precisions, literal characters.
f) The conversion specifier or may be used to output a signed
decimal integer.
ANS: d, i.
g) The conversion specifiers , and are used to dis-
play unsigned integers in octal, decimal and hexadecimal form, respectively.
ANS: o, u, x (or X).
h) The modifiers and are placed before the integer conversion
specifiers to indicate that short or long integer values are to be displayed.
ANS: h, l.
i) The conversion specifier is used to display a floating-point value in expo-
nential notation.
ANS: e (or E).
j) The modifier is placed before any floating-point conversion specifier to in-
dicate that a long double value is to be displayed.
ANS: L.
k) The conversion specifiers e, E and f are displayed with digits of precision
to the right of the decimal point if no precision is specified.
ANS: 6.
l) The conversion specifiers and are used to print strings and
characters, respectively.
ANS: s, c.
m) All strings end in the character.
ANS: NULL ('\0').
n) The field width and precision in a printf conversion specifier can be controlled with
integer expressions by substituting a(n) for the field width or for the pre-
cision and placing an integer expression in the corresponding argument of the argument
list.
ANS: asterisk (*).
o) The flag causes output to be left justified in a field.
ANS: - (minus).
p) The flag causes values to be displayed with either a plus sign or a minus
sign.
ANS: p) + (plus).
q) Precise input formatting is accomplished with the function.
ANS: scanf.
566 Chapter 9 C Formatted Input/Output

r) A(n) is used to scan a string for specific characters and store the characters
in an array.
ANS: scan set.
s) The conversion specifier can be used to input optionally signed octal, dec-
imal and hexadecimal integers.
ANS: i.
t) The conversion specifiers can be used to input a double value.
ANS: le, lE, lf, lg or lG.
u) The is used to read data from the input stream and discard it without as-
signing it to a variable.
ANS: assignment suppression character (*).
v) A(n) can be used in a scanf conversion specifier to indicate that a specific
number of characters or digits should be read from the input stream.
ANS: field width.
9.2 Find the error in each of the following and explain how the error can be corrected.
a) The following statement should print the character 'c'.
printf( "%s\n", 'c' );
ANS: Error: Conversion specifier s expects an argument of type pointer to char.
Correction: To print the character 'c', use the conversion specifier %c or change 'c'
to "c".
b) The following statement should print 9.375%.
printf( "%.3f%", 9.375 );
ANS: Error: Trying to print the literal character % without using the conversion specifier %%.
Correction: Use %% to print a literal % character.
c) The following statement should print the first character of the string "Monday".
printf( "%c\n", "Monday" );
ANS: Error: Conversion specifier c expects an argument of type char.
Correction: To print the first character of "Monday" use the conversion specifier %1s.
d) printf( ""A string in quotes"" );
ANS: Error: Trying to print the literal character " without using the \" escape sequence.
Correction: Replace each quote in the inner set of quotes with \".
e) printf( %d%d, 12, 20 );
ANS: Error: The format control string is not enclosed in double quotes.
Correction: Enclose %d%d in double quotes.
f) printf( "%c", "x" );
ANS: Error: The character x is enclosed in double quotes.
Correction: Character constants to be printed with %c must be enclosed in single
quotes.
g) printf( "%s\n", 'Richard' );
ANS: Error: The string to be printed is enclosed in single quotes.
Correction: Use double quotes instead of single quotes to represent a string.
9.3 Write a statement for each of the following:
a) Print 1234 right justified in a 10-digit field.
ANS: printf( "%10d\n", 1234 );
b) Print 123.456789 in exponential notation with a sign (+ or -) and 3 digits of precision.
ANS: printf( "%+.3e\n", 123.456789 );
c) Read a double value into variable number.
ANS: scanf( "%lf", &number );
d) Print 100 in octal form preceded by 0.
ANS: printf( "%#o\n", 100 );
 Exercises 567

e) Read a string into character array string.

ANS: scanf( "%s", string );
f) Read characters into array n until a nondigit character is encountered.
ANS: scanf( "%[0123456789]", n );
g) Use integer variables x and y to specify the field width and precision used to display the
double value 87.4573.
ANS: printf( "%*.*f\n", x, y, 87.4573 );
h) Read a value of the form 3.5%. Store the percentage in float variable percent and elim-
inate the % from the input stream. Do not use the assignment suppression character.
ANS: scanf( "%f%%", &percent );
i) Print 3.333333 as a long double value with a sign (+ or -)in a field of 20 characters with
a precision of 3.
ANS: printf( "%+20.3Lf\n", 3.333333 );

Exercises
9.4 Write a printf or scanf statement for each of the following:
a) Print unsigned integer 40000 left justified in a 15-digit field with 8 digits.
ANS: printf( “%-15.8u”, ( unsigned int ) 40000 );
b) Read a hexadecimal value into variable hex.
ANS: scanf( “%x”, &hex );
c) Print 200 with and without a sign.
ANS: printf( “%+d %d\n”, 200, 200 );
d) Print 100 in hexadecimal form preceded by 0x.
ANS: printf( %#x\n”, 100 );
e) Read characters into array s until the letter p is encountered.
ANS: scanf( “%[^p]”, s );
f) Print 1.234 in a 9-digit field with preceding zeros.
ANS: printf( “%09.3f\n”, 1.234 );
g) Read a time of the form hh:mm:ss, storing the parts of the time in the integer variables
hour, minute and second. Skip the colons (:) in the input stream. Use the assignment
suppression character.
ANS: scanf( “%d%*c%d%*c%d”, &hour, &minute, &second );
h) Read a string of the form "characters" from the standard input. Store the string in
character array s. Eliminate the quotation marks from the input stream.
ANS: scanf( “\”%[^\”]”, s );
i) Read a time of the form hh:mm:ss, storing the parts of the time in the integer variables
hour, minute and second. Skip the colons (:) in the input stream. Do not use the as-
signment-suppression character.
ANS: scanf( “%d:%d:%d:”, &hour, &minute, &second );
9.5 Show what is printed by each of the following statements. If a statement is incorrect, indi-
cate why.
a) printf( "%-10d\n", 10000 );
ANS: 10000
b) printf( "%c\n", "This is a string" );
ANS: A string cannot be printed with the %c specifier.
c) printf( "%*.*lf\n", 8, 3, 1024.987654 );
ANS: 1024.988
d) printf( "%#o\n%#X\n%#e\n", 17, 17, 1008.83689 );
ANS:
021
0X11
1.008837e+03
568 Chapter 9 C Formatted Input/Output

e) printf( "% ld\n%+ld\n", 1000000L, 1000000L );

ANS:
1000000
+1000000
f) printf( "%10.2E\n", 444.93738 );
ANS: 4.45E+02 preceded by one space
g) printf( "%10.2g\n", 444.93738 );
ANS: 4.4e+02 preceded by two spaces
h) printf( "%d\n", 10.987 );
ANS: A floating point value cannot be printed with the %d conversion specifier.
9.6 Find the error(s) in each of the following program segments. Explain how each error can be
corrected.
a) printf( "%s\n", 'Happy Birthday' );
ANS: printf( “%s\n”, “Happy Birthday” );
b) printf( "%c\n", 'Hello' );
ANS: printf( “%s\n”, “Hello” );
c) printf( "%c\n", "This is a string" );
ANS: printf( “%s\n”, “This is a string” );
d) The following statement should print "Bon Voyage":
printf( ""%s"", "Bon Voyage" );
ANS: printf( “\“%s\””, “Bon Voyage” );
e) char day[] = "Sunday";
printf( "%s\n", day[ 3 ] );
ANS: printf( “%s\n”, day ); // to print the entire string
or
printf( “%scc\n”, day[3] ); // to print day[3]
f) printf( 'Enter your name: ' );
ANS: printf( “%s", "Enter your name: “ );
g) printf( %f, 123.456 );
ANS: printf( “%f”, 123.456 );
h) The following statement should print the characters 'O' and 'K':
printf( "%s%s\n", 'O', 'K' );
ANS: printf( “%c%c\n”, ‘O’, ‘K’ );
i) char s[ 10 ];
scanf( "%c", s[ 7 ] );
ANS: scanf( “%c”, &s[ 7 ] );
9.7 (Differences Between %d and %i) Write a program to test the difference between the %d and
%i conversion specifiers when used in scanf statements. Ask the user to enter two integers separated
by a space. Use the statements
scanf( "%i%d", &x, &y );
printf( "%d %d\n", x, y );

to input and print the values. Test the program with the following sets of input data:
10 10
-10 -10
010 010
0x10 0x10

ANS:

1 // Exercise 9.7 Solution

2 #include <stdio.h>
3
4 int main( void )
5 {
6 int i; // loop counter
 Exercises 569

7 int x; // first integer from user

8 int y; // second integer from user
9
10 // loop four times
11 for ( i = 1; i <= 4; ++i ) {
12 printf( "%s", "\nEnter two integers: " );
13 scanf( "%i%d", &x, &y );
14 printf( "%d %d\n", x, y );
15 } // end for
16 } // end main

Enter two integers: 10 10

10 10

Enter two integers: -10 -10

-10 -10

Enter two integers: 010 010

8 10

Enter two integers: 0x10 0x10

16 0

9.8 (Printing Numbers in Various Field Widths) Write a program to test the results of printing
the integer value 12345 and the floating-point value 1.2345 in various size fields. What happens
when the values are printed in fields containing fewer digits than the values?
ANS:

1 // Exercise 9.8 Solution

2 #include <stdio.h>
3
4 int main( void )
5 {
6
7 // print the integer 12345
8 printf( "%10d\n", 12345 );
9 printf( "%5d\n", 12345 );
10 printf( "%2d\n\n", 12345 );
11
12 // print the floating-point value 1.2345
13 printf( "%10f\n", 1.2345 );
14 printf( "%6f\n", 1.2345 );
15 printf( "%2f\n", 1.2345 );
16 } // end main

12345
12345
12345

1.234500
1.234500
1.234500
 570 Chapter 9 C Formatted Input/Output

9.9 (Rounding Floating-Point Numbers) Write a program that prints the value 100.453627
rounded to the nearest digit, tenth, hundredth, thousandth and ten-thousandth.
ANS:

1 // Exercise 9.9 Solution

2 #include <stdio.h>
3
4 int main( void )
5 {
6 printf( "%.0f\n", 100.453627 );
7 printf( "%.1f\n", 100.453627 );
8 printf( "%.2f\n", 100.453627 );
9 printf( "%.3f\n", 100.453627 );
10 printf( "%.4f\n", 100.453627 );
11 } // end main

100
100.5
100.45
100.454
100.4536

9.10 (Temperature Conversions) Write a program that converts integer Fahrenheit temperatures
from 0 to 212 degrees to floating-point Celsius temperatures with 3 digits of precision. Perform the
calculation using the formula
celsius = 5.0 / 9.0 * ( fahrenheit - 32 );

to perform the calculation. The output should be printed in two right-justified columns of 10
characters each, and the Celsius temperatures should be preceded by a sign for both positive and
negative values.
ANS:

1 // Exercise 9.10 Solution

2 #include <stdio.h>
3
4 int main( void )
5 {
6 int fahrenheit; // holds fahrenheit temperature
7 double celsius; // holds celcius temperature
8
9 printf( "%10s%10s\n", "Fahrenheit", "Celsius" );
10
11 // convert fahrenheit to celsius and display temperatures
12 // showing the sign for celsius temperatures
13 for ( fahrenheit = 0; fahrenheit <= 212; ++fahrenheit ) {
14 celsius = 5.0 / 9.0 * ( fahrenheit - 32 );
15 printf( "%10d%+10.3f\n", fahrenheit, celsius );
16 } // end for
17 } // end main
 Exercises 571

Fahrenheit Celsius
0 -17.778
1 -17.222
2 -16.667
3 -16.111
4 -15.556
5 -15.000
6 -14.444
7 -13.889
.
.
.
204 +95.556
205 +96.111
206 +96.667
207 +97.222
208 +97.778
209 +98.333
210 +98.889
211 +99.444
212 +100.000

9.11 (Escape Sequences) Write a program to test the escape sequences \', \", \?, \\, \a, \b, \n,
\r and \t. For the escape sequences that move the cursor, print a character before and after printing
the escape sequence so it’s clear where the cursor has moved.
ANS:

1 // Exercise 9.11 Solution

2 #include <stdio.h>
3
4 int main( void )
5 {
6 // test all escape sequences
7 puts( "The single quote : \'" );
8 puts( "The double quote : \"" );
9 puts( "The question mark: \?" );
10 puts( "The backslash : \\" );
11 puts( "The bell. \a\n" );
12 puts( "Move cursor back one position on current line. *\b*" );
13 puts( "Move cursor to the beginning of next line. *\n*" );
14 puts( "Move cursor to the beginning of current line. *\r*" );
15 puts( "Move cursor to the next horizontal tab position. *\t*" );
16 } // end main
 572 Chapter 9 C Formatted Input/Output

The single quote : '

The double quote : "
The question mark: ?
The backslash : \
The bell.

Move cursor back one position on current line. *

Move cursor to the beginning of next line. *
*
*ove cursor to the beginning of current line. *
Move cursor to the next horizontal tab position. * *

9.12 (Printing a Question Mark) Write a program that determines whether ? can be printed as
part of a printf format control string as a literal character rather than using the \? escape sequence.
ANS:

1 // Exercise 9.12 Solution

2 #include <stdio.h>
3
4 int main( void )
5 {
6 puts( "Did the \? print at the end of the sentence?" );
7 } // end main

Did the ? print at the end of the sentence?

9.13 (Reading an Integer with Each scanf Conversion Specifier) Write a program that inputs the
value 437 using each of the scanf integer conversion specifiers. Print each input value using all the
integer conversion specifiers.
ANS:

1 // Exercise 9.13 Solution

2 #include <stdio.h>
3
4 int main( void )
5 {
6 int array[ 5 ]; // holds the value 437 five times
7 size_t loop; // loop counter
8
9 // array of table headers
10 char *s[] = { "Read with %d:", "Read with %i:", "Read with %o:",
11 "Read with %u:", "Read with %x:"};
12
13 // prompt the user and read 5 values
14 printf( "%s", "Enter the value 437 five times: " );
15 scanf( "%d%i%o%u%x", &array[ 0 ], &array[ 1 ], &array[ 2 ],
16 &array[ 3 ], &array[ 4 ] );
17
18 // loop through all 5 values
19 for ( loop = 0; loop <= 4; ++loop ) {
 Exercises 573

20
21 // print each of the 5 values
22 printf( "%s\n%d %i %o %u %x\n\n", s[ loop ], array[ loop ],
23 array[ loop ], array[ loop ], array[ loop ], array[ loop ] );
24 } // end for
25 } // end main

Enter the value 437 five times: 437 437 437 437 437
Read with %d:
437 437 665 437 1b5

Read with %i:

437 437 665 437 1b5

Read with %o:

287 287 437 287 11f

Read with %u:

437 437 665 437 1b5

Read with %x:

1079 1079 2067 1079 437

9.14 (Outputting a Number with the Floating-Point Conversion Specifiers) Write a program
that uses each of the conversion specifiers e, f and g to input the value 1.2345. Print the values of
each variable to prove that each conversion specifier can be used to input this same value.
ANS:

1 // Exercise 9.14 Solution

2 #include <stdio.h>
3
4 int main( void )
5 {
6 float a[ 3 ]; // holds the value 1.2345 three times
7
8 // array of table headers
9 char *s[] = { "Read with %e: ", "Read with %f: ", "Read with %g: " };
10
11 // prompt the user and read 3 values
12 printf( "%s", "Enter the value 1.2345 three times: " );
13 scanf( "%e%f%g", &a[ 0 ], &a[ 1 ], &a[ 2 ] );
14
15 printf( "%s%e\n\n", s[ 0 ], a[ 0 ] );
16 printf( "%s%f\n\n", s[ 1 ], a[ 1 ] );
17 printf( "%s%g\n\n", s[ 2 ], a[ 2 ] );
18 } // end main
 574 Chapter 9 C Formatted Input/Output

Enter the value 1.2345 three times: 1.2345 1.2345 1.2345

Read with %e: 1.234500e+000

Read with %f: 1.234500

Read with %g: 1.2345

9.15 (Reading Strings in Quotes) In some programming languages, strings are entered surround-
ed by either single or double quotation marks. Write a program that reads the three strings suzy,
"suzy" and 'suzy'. Are the single and double quotes ignored by C or read as part of the string?
ANS:

1 // Exercise 9.15 Solution

2 #include <stdio.h>
3
4 int main( void )
5 {
6 char a[ 10 ]; // first string
7 char b[ 10 ]; // second string
8 char c[ 10 ]; // third string
9
10 // prompt user and read three strings
11 puts( "Enter the strings suzy, \"suzy\", and 'suzy':" );
12 scanf( "%s%s%s", a, b, c );
13
14 printf( "%s %s %s\n", a, b, c ); // display strings
15 } // end main

Enter the strings suzy, "suzy", and 'suzy':

suzy "suzy" 'suzy'
suzy "suzy" 'suzy'

9.16 (Printing a Question Mark as a Character Constant) Write a program that determines
whether ? can be printed as the character constant '?' rather than the character constant escape se-
quence '\?' using conversion specifier %c in the format control string of a printf statement.
ANS:

1 // Exercise 9.16 Solution

2 #include <stdio.h>
3
4 int main( void )
5 {
6 const char questionMark = '?'; // define '?' as a char constant
7
8 printf( "This %c can be printed without using the \\\?\n",
9 questionMark );
10 } // end main
 Exercises 575

This ? can be printed without using the \?

9.17 (Using %g with Various Precisions) Write a program that uses the conversion specifier g to
output the value 9876.12345. Print the value with precisions ranging from 1 to 9.
ANS:

1 // Exercise 9.17 Solution

2 #include <stdio.h>
3
4 int main( void )
5 {
6 int i;
7 for (i = 1; i<=9; i++)
8 printf( "Precision: %d, value = %.*g\n", i, i, 9876.12345 );
9 } // end main

Precision: 1, value = 1e+004

Precision: 2, value = 9.9e+003
Precision: 3, value = 9.88e+003
Precision: 4, value = 9876
Precision: 5, value = 9876.1
Precision: 6, value = 9876.12
Precision: 7, value = 9876.123
Precision: 8, value = 9876.1234
Precision: 9, value = 9876.12345
576 Chapter 9 C Formatted Input/Output
Exercises 577
578 Chapter 9 C Formatted Input/Output
Exercises 579
580 Chapter 9 C Formatted Input/Output
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 HECLA POWDER is a brand of American dynamite.
HELAGON is a German perchlorate explosive made by the Köln-
Rottweil Pulverfabriken. It contains not more than 10 per cent. of
potassium perchlorate, not more than 5 per cent. of zinc-aluminium
alloy, aromatic nitro-bodies and neutral nitrates, excepting those of
potassium and barium. It may also contain flour or potato meal and
neutral substances.
HELIT is a similar explosive to Helagon, except that it contains
dinitro-chlorhydrin, not more than 6 per cent., in the place of the
zinc-aluminium alloy.
HELLHOFITE}
HELLITE} are different names for what is practically the
same explosive of the Sprengel type. It consists of a mixture of
strong nitric acid and various nitro-compounds, e.g.—
Dinitro-benzene 1 Nitro-benzene 1
Nitric acid 1·5 Nitric acid 2·5
A form of this explosive was tried by Gruson as a charge for shell
many years ago. See also Panclastite.
*HENRITE is a smokeless shot-gun powder of the fibrous 33-
grain bulk type. A sample examined in 1902 had the composition—
Nitrocellulose, insoluble 71·0
” soluble 7·1
Metallic nitrates 7·5
Nitro-compounds 7·6
Paraffin 5·5
Moisture 1·3

HERCULES POWDER.—The name of a brand of American

dynamite.
HERCULITE.—This name has been given to several explosives.
One was a mixture of sawdust, camphor, potassium nitrate and
other substances, which was used for blasting. There was a coal-
mine explosive of this name on the Permitted List, made by the
British Explosives Syndicate, Ltd.—
Date of Permit 22-6-14
Nitroglycerine 33
Collodion cotton 1
Potassium perchlorate 27
Wood meal 10
Ammonium oxalate 29

Limit charge 16 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) 2·72”
but the permit has been repealed.
HIMALAYITE.—A high explosive made from potassium chlorate,
potato starch and a drying oil. The chlorate and starch are first
heated together with water, and when dry the oil is mixed in. The
explosive is said to have been adopted by the Portuguese for filling
shell. It passed the chemical tests in England, but no licence was
taken out for its manufacture.
HUDSON’S EXPLOSIVE.—A stiff blasting gelatine made by
incorporating nitroglycerine and collodion cotton together with the
aid of acetone. It was tried in America in 1889 for filling shell, but is
not used now for this purpose.
HYGRADE COAL POWDER NO. 2 is an American coal-mine
explosive on the Permissible List. It is a nitroglycerine explosive.

*IDEAL POWDER is a shot-gun powder made by Nobels.

IMPERIALITE is of no practical importance, but is interesting,
as its history is that of the explosive one meets in the comic papers.
The Marquis R. Imperiali had large private means and some
knowledge of chemistry. He took out patents for a number of
explosive mixtures and built a small factory in N. Italy, which started
work in 1911. An explosion occurred the first day and killed five of
the fifteen workers. Imperiali escaped and re-erected his factory.
The day after it was restarted it blew up again and Imperiali was
killed. The composition of the explosive that was being made is not
known, but several of the mixtures for which Imperiali had taken out
patents were decidedly dangerous.
*INDURITE was a smokeless powder patented by C. E. Munroe
in 1893. It was made by incorporating guncotton with nitro-benzene
to a hard mass. It was used for a time in the American Navy.
Samples made in 1891 were still stable apparently in 1914, but some
cases of instability occurred and it was given up.
INGÉLITE is the same in composition as ANTIGEL DE
SÛRETÉ.

*Poudre J.—A French smokeless powder used for shot-guns and

revolvers. Its composition is—
Nitrocotton 83
Ammonium bichromate 14
Potassium bichromate 3
Moisture about 3
It is incorporated with the aid of ether-alcohol and pressed into
strips, which are cut into cubes and then converted into grains of
irregular shape. The fine siftings are used for revolver and practice
ammunition.
JUDSON POWDER.—A mild blasting explosive used in America.
It is a sort of crude gunpowder coated with nitroglycerine to
increase the violence of the explosion. The percentage of
nitroglycerine may vary from 5 to 20, but is generally near the lower
limit. Judson Powder R.R.P. has the composition—
Nitroglycerine 5 Nitroglycerine 5
Sodium nitrate 64 or Sulphur, coal and resin 35
Sulphur 16 Sodium nitrate 60
 Cannel coal 15
The sodium nitrate is mixed with the combustibles and the mixture is
heated beyond the melting-point of the sulphur and resin. The
slightly porous mass thus formed is then coated with nitroglycerine.
The explosive is fired with a priming cartridge of dynamite. The
following four grades are made by the Du Pont Co.—
FFF 20 % nitroglycerine
FF 15 ”
F 10 ”
RRP 5 ”

KANITE A is an American coal-mine explosive on the Permissible

List. It is an ammonium nitrate explosive.
KARBONIT. See CARBONITE.
KAUSOLIT.—An ammonium perchlorate explosive, introduced
about 1915 by the Stockholm Superphosphaten-fabriks A.-b.
KENT POWDER was a coal-mine explosive made by the Cotton
Powder Co. It was of the Carbonite type and was on the Permitted
List. It is now no longer “permitted.”
Date of Permit 10-2-14
Nitroglycerine 24
Potassium nitrate 32·5
Wood meal 33·5
Ammonium oxalate 10

Limit charge over 32 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) 2·01”

KENTITE is a coal-mine explosive made by British Westfalite,

Ltd. It was on the old Permitted List and also passed the Rotherham
Test, and so is still “permitted”—
 Ammonium nitrate 34
Potassium nitrate 34
Trinitro-toluene 17
Ammonium chloride 15

Limit charge 18 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) 2·64”

KIESELBACHER CHLORATSPRENGSTOFF.
See MIEDZIANKIT.
KINETIT.—A German explosive made by gelatinising nitro-
cellulose with nitro-benzene, and incorporating it with potassium
nitrate and chlorate. It is somewhat sensitive to blows, etc. Early
samples contained also antimony sulphide which rendered them
decidedly dangerous.
KIWIT.—A German chlorate explosive introduced during the
War. It contains not more than 77 per cent. of sodium or potassium
chlorate, carbon carriers such as paraffin, naphthalene, vaseline,
meal or oil, also not more than 15 per cent. of liquid trinitro-toluene,
and may contain dinitro-toluene, dinitro-naphthalene, sodium
chloride and not more than 4 per cent. of guncotton.
KOHLENKARBONIT. See CARBONITE.
KOLAX.—A coal-mine explosive of the Carbonite type formerly
on the Permitted List, made by Curtis’s and Harvey—
Nitroglycerine 25
Potassium nitrate 26
Barium nitrate 5
Wood meal 34
Starch 10

SUPER-KOLAX was a modification of this to meet the

requirements of the Rotherham Test—
 No. 2.
Date of Permit 1-9-13 7-4-14
Nitroglycerine 25·5 28·5
Collodion cotton — 1
Potassium nitrate 25·5 16·5
Barium nitrate 5 5
Wood meal 29·5 30·5
Starch 7·5 9
Ammonium oxalate 7 9·5

Limit charge 30 over 32 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) 2·10 2·21”
The permits of both have been repealed.

KORONIT, also known as FAVORIT, is a German chlorate

blasting explosive introduced during the War. See also Coronite.
Gesteins-Koronit (or -Favorit) contains not more than 85 per
cent. of potassium or sodium chlorate, not more than 15 per cent. of
nitro-bodies (but no trinitro-compounds), paraffin or fatty oils,
naphthalene, vegetable meal, powdered coal, inert substances, and
not more than 4 per cent. of blasting gelatine.
Kohlen-Koronit (or -Favorit) contains not more than 68 per cent.
of potassium or sodium chlorate, aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-
hydrocarbons (but not more than 12 per cent. of aromatic nitro-
bodies and no trinitro-compounds), sodium chloride or similar salts,
paraffin or fatty oils, vegetable meal or other organic substance; not
more than 4 per cent. of blasting gelatine and not more than 4 per
cent. of powdered coal.
PERKORONIT is similar to Koronit except that it contains
potassium or sodium perchlorate instead of chlorate. Part of the
perchlorate may be replaced by nitrate.
 *K.S., K.S.G.—Kynoch’s Smokeless Powder. It is a fibrous bulk
powder for shot-guns made by Kynochs, Ltd. The following analyses
were given in “Arms and Explosives,” 1917, p. 78—-
Kynoch’s

Smokeless. K.S. K.S.G.

Date of
1901 1913 1912
Introduction
42- 33-
Class 42-grain
grain grain
Nitrocellulose,
49·5 40·4 41·5
insoluble
” soluble 5·5 27·0 36·5
Metallic nitrates 25·0 28·0 12·0
Nitro-compound 19·0 — 5·0
Vaseline — 3·0 3·0
Moisture 1·0 1·6 2·0

KYNARKITE is a coal-mine explosive of the Carbonite type

made by Kynoch, Ltd. It is no longer on the Permitted List—
No. 2.
1-9- 15-1-
Date of Permit
13 15
Nitroglycerine 25 26
Potassium nitrate 28 29·5
Barium nitrate 3 —
Dinitro-toluene — 2·5
Wood meal 39 34
Ammonium oxalate 5 8

Limit charge 20 28 oz.

 Power (swing of ballistic pendulum)
2·21 2·06”

KYNITE was a coal-mine explosive on the old Permitted List, but

has been superseded by Kynarkite—
Kynite.
Kynite. Condensed.
Nitroglycerine 26 25
Barium nitrate 33 33·5
Wood meal 40·7 6·5
Starch — 34·7
Calcium carbonate 0·3 0·3

*LAFFLIN AND RAND W.A. was a tubular smokeless powder

tried in America for small arms. It consisted of—
Guncotton 67·25
Nitroglycerine 30
Metallic salts 2·75
gelatinised by means of 40 parts of acetone. A gelatinised dense
shot-gun powder of similar composition was also made.
L.C. PULVER is a German Cheddite.
Gesteins-LEONIT is a German perchlorate explosive for blasting
rock—
Alkali perchlorate about 60%
Ammonium nitrate 10
Nitro-compounds 15
Meal 10
Blasting gelatine 4
It is practically the same as Permonit A.
 Neu-LEONIT is a modification of this for use in coal
I. II.
Potassium perchlorate 35 35
Ammonium nitrate 20 10
Sodium nitrate — 3
Trinitro-toluene 5}
11
Dinitro-toluene 5}
Wood meal 3 2
Vegetable meal 4 5
Blasting gelatine 4 4
Sodium chloride 24 30
It is practically the same as Wetter-Persalit.
LIGDYN is a nitroglycerine explosive similar to American
dynamite made in South Africa. 40 per cent. Ligdyn consists of—
Nitroglycerine 40
Sodium nitrate 45
Wood meal 13
Wheat flour 2

*LIGHTNING.—A 33-grain smokeless shot-gun powder made

by the Schultze Gunpowder Co. See Schultze Powder.
LIGNOSIT is a German blasting explosive containing a
considerable percentage of ammonium nitrate. Lignosit I. contains
also aromatic nitro-compounds, of which not more than 15 per cent.
must be trinitro-compounds or wood meal, and not more than 6 per
cent. of potassium nitrate, not more than I per cent. of collodion
cotton and bauxite or salts, such as sodium chloride or carbonate.
Lignosit II. may contain up to 10 per cent. of collodion cotton,
but no wood meal or nitro-compounds. It is somewhat sensitive.
 Lignosit III. differs from I. in that it may contain up to 4 per cent.
of blasting gelatine and contains no bauxite.
The object of adding the neutral salts is evidently to make the
explosive safer in coal mines. When intended for this purpose it is
called Wetter-Lignosit I. or III.
Lignosit IV. consists of ammonium nitrate, not more than 13 per
cent. of trinitro-toluene, not more than 13 per cent. of aluminium
powder, and wood meal.
LITHOFRACTEUR is a name that has been given to more than
one explosive. One introduced about 1873 by Krebs and Co. of
Deutz, near Cologne, consisted of nitroglycerine absorbed in
kieselguhr mixed with nitrates, charcoal or coal and sulphur. Some of
it was imported into England at one time.
LOEWENPULVER or Castroper Sprengpulver is a German
blasting powder consisting of a compressed or granulated mixture of
sodium nitrate, manganese dioxide, sulphur and carbonaceous
substances such as briquette powder or coal. It may also contain
potassium nitrate, wood meal or tar.
LOMITE NO. 1 is an American coal-mine explosive on the
Permissible List. It is a low-grade dynamite containing hydrated
salts.
LOWINITE NO. 2-B is an American coal-mine explosive on the
Permissible List. It is an ammonium nitrate explosive.
LUXIT I. is a German blasting explosive consisting of ammonium
nitrate, not more than 17 per cent. of trinitro-toluene, and not more
than 5 per cent. of wood meal.
LYDDITE.—A high explosive used in the British Services for
filling shell. It consists simply of picric acid, which is melted under
proper precautions and poured into the shell.

*Poudre M is a shot-gun powder made by the French

Government, and is the one that is most used in France. Its
composition is—
Nitrocotton 71
Barium nitrate 20
Potassium nitrate 5
Camphor. 3
Binding material 1
The nitrocotton has a solubility of only 15 or 20 per cent., and is
partially gelatinised with ether-alcohol aided by the camphor. It is
granulated under edge runners, granulated and drummed.

MACARIT.—A Belgian high explosive for filling shell—

Trinitro-toluene 30
Lead nitrate 70
It has a high density and is not deliquescent. For equal weights its
power is less than that of trinitro-toluene or picric acid, but for equal
volumes it is somewhat greater.
MARKANIT. See SILESIA.
MARSIT.—A sort of Oxyliquit. Liquid oxygen is passed into a
linen bag containing soot.
M.B. POWDER (Modernised Black) is a black powder mixture in
which part of the potassium nitrate has been replaced by potassium
or ammonium perchlorate, generally the potassium salt. It is
manufactured at Bonnybridge, Stirling, at the works originally
erected for making Mitchellite. During manufacture the composition
is heated in steam boilers. (See “Arms and Explosives,” 1911, p. 7.)
M.D. See CORDITE.
MEGANIT is a Hungarian nitroglycerine explosive similar to
American dynamite, except that it contains a small percentage of
nitrated vegetable ivory.
MELANITE.—A Belgian blasting explosive consisting of—
 Nitroglycerine 78
Collodion cotton 4
Sodium nitrate 18
It contains, therefore, a considerable excess of oxygen.

MÉLINITE is a high explosive used by the French for filling shell

and other military purposes. It consists essentially of picric acid, to
which other substances are sometimes added. Paraffin wax has been
added to diminish the sensitiveness. Mélinite D is simply picric acid,
but Mélinite O contains also a little Crésilite 2 (q. v.).
MELLING POWDER was a coal-mine explosive on the Permitted
List, made by the Cotton Powder Co. The permit has been repealed.
Date of Permit 1-9-13
Nitroglycerine 5
Ammonium nitrate 53·5
Sodium nitrate 12
Trinitro-toluene 6
Wood meal 4·5
Ammonium oxalate 19

Limit charge 12 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) 2·62”

MERCURIT is a blasting explosive that has been introduced

recently in Germany. It consists of 88 per cent. of potassium chlorate
and 12 per cent. of high boiling neutral tar oil. In Mercurit II. up to
20 per cent. of the chlorate may be replaced by perchlorate.
MERSEY POWDER was a coal-mine explosive on the Permitted
List, made by the Cotton Powder Co. The permit has been repealed.
Date of Permit 3-7-15
Nitroglycerine 5·5
 Ammonium nitrate 51
Sodium nitrate 11
Trinitro-toluene 6
Wood meal 3·5
Ammonium chloride 23

Limit charge 18 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) 2·60”

METEOR AXXO is an American coal-mine explosive on the

Permissible List. It is a low-grade dynamite containing a hydrated
salt.
MIEDZIANKIT (also called Egelit or Kieselbacher
Chloratsprengstoff) is a German chlorate explosive of the Sprengel
class. It consists of porous potassium chlorate impregnated with not
more than 10 per cent. of kerosene, having a flash point not below
30° C. It has met with some unfavourable reports, as it is found that
results are not uniform unless the impregnation be carried out in
special factories, the original idea having been that it was to be done
shortly before use.
During the War a modification of the explosive was introduced for
use in coal mines. This contains up to 30 per cent. of sodium
chloride.
MINERITE.—A coal-mine explosive made by the Forcite Co. of
Baelen Wezel in Belgium, identical in composition with Kohlen-
carbonite and Colinite antigrisouteuse.
MINER’S FRIEND, NOS. 1 to 6. American coal-mine explosives
on the Permissible List. They are ammonium nitrate explosives.
MINITE.—A coal-mine explosive of the Grisounite type which
was on the old Permitted List—
Ammonium nitrate 89
Trinitro-toluene 10
 Ammonium oxalate 1
There was also an explosive of the Carbonite type of this name
made at Arendonck in Belgium—
Nitroglycerine 25
Potassium nitrate 35
Flour 39·5
Soda 0·5

Charge limite 750 g.

MIN-ITE.—American coal-mine explosive on the Permissible List.

Brands A, A-2, B, and B-2 are nitroglycerine explosives, whereas
Nos. 5-D and 6-D are ammonium nitrate mixtures.
MINOLITE.—A Belgian blasting explosive, which is also
approved for transport over the German railways. It contains
ammonium nitrate, dinitro- or trinitro-naphthalene with other
substances added in some cases. A variety for use in coal mines is
called Minolite antigrisouteuse.
Minolite Minolite
antigrisouteuse. nouvelle.
Ammonium nitrate 72 87
Sodium nitrate 23 3
Trinitro-toluene 3 —
Trinitro-naphthalene 2 5
Dinitro-naphthalene — 3
Quebracho — 2

Charge limite 400 g.

There was also a variety containing lead nitrate, but this could not
be used in mines because of the poisonous smoke it evolved.
 *MISCHPULVER is a name given in German to ungelatinised
smokeless nitro-cellulose powders.
MITCHELLITE was an explosive that was formerly licensed for
manufacture in Great Britain, and was made at Bonnybridge, Stirling,
but the factory and the licence were transferred to the M.B. Powder
Co. in 1910. It was apparently a chlorate or perchlorate explosive. It
is said to be manufactured at Monticello, Indiana, U.S.A.
*MODDITE.—A sporting rifle powder made by Eley Bros.
Analysis of a sample showed—
Nitroglycerine 38·7
Nitrocellulose 56·8
Mineral jelly 4·3
Volatile matter 0·2
Of the nitrocellulose about one-third was soluble in ether-alcohol.
It was made in the form of strip.

MONACHIT is a German blasting explosive which was known at

one time as Vigorit. It is distinguished by containing nitro-
compounds derived from naphtha, mostly nitro-xylenes and nitro-
mesitylenes.
Monachit I. contains ammonium nitrate, not more than 15 per
cent. of nitro-compounds, of which not more than 60 per cent. must
be trinitro-bodies, also vegetable meal and potassium nitrate.
Monachit II. contains in addition not more than 1 per cent. of
collodion cotton, not more than 1 per cent. of charcoal, also
hydrocarbons and ammonium oxalate or other salts to act as cooling
agents, and render the explosive suitable for use in coal mines, e. g.
—
Ammonium nitrate 81 64
Potassium nitrate 5 3
Nitro-compounds 13 14
 Collodion cotton — 1
Flour 1 —
Charcoal — 1
Potassium chloride — 17
The collodion cotton is to gelatinise the nitro-compounds when they
are liquid.

MONARKITE is a coal-mine explosive made by Kynoch, Ltd.,

and is on the Permitted List—
Date of Permit 10-2-14
Revised 20-9-19
Ammonium nitrate 49[1]
Sodium nitrate 9
Nitroglycerine 11·5
Collodion cotton 0·3
Starch 3·5
Mineral jelly 2
Sodium chloride 24·7

Limit charge 18 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) 2·30”

MONOBEL is a coal-mine explosive made by Nobel’s Explosives

Co. There are three formulæ which have passed the Rotherham
Test, but A1 is no longer on the Permitted List—
Monobel A1 A2
No. 1. Monobel. Monobel.
Date of Permit 10-2-14 13-5-14 15-1-15
Ammonium nitrate 68 60 59
Nitroglycerine 8·5 10 10
Wood meal 8·5 10 10
Sodium chloride 15 — —
Potassium chloride — 20 20
Magnesium carbonate — — 1

Limit charge 10 28 22 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic
2·81 2·78 2·44”
pendulum)
There is also Quarry Monobel which is not permitted for use in
dangerous coal mines, and presumably contains no alkali chloride.
See also Viking Powder and Victor Powder.
MONOBEL, NOS. 1 to 7 are on the American Permissible List.
Of these, Nos. 4 and 5 are low-freezing explosives, containing a
small percentage of nitro-toluene or similar substance; Nos. 3 and 5
are less violent than the others.
MONOBEL POWDER was the predecessor of the above and
was on the old Permitted List. It is now no longer “permitted.”
Ammonium nitrate 80
Nitroglycerine 10
Wood meal 10

*MULLERITE.—A shot-gun powder made by the Muller Co. in

Belgium. It is a gelatinised dense powder in the form of green
leaflets, and the charge for a 12-bore cartridge was 33 grains. It
contains no inorganic salts.

EXPLOSIFS N. See Favier Explosives.

NAPHTHALIT.—A German chlorate explosive introduced during
the War. It contains not more than 80 per cent. of potassium
chlorate, and aromatic hydrocarbons, such as naphthalene, and not
more than 12 per cent. of nitro-hydrocarbons, but no trinitro-
compounds; also paraffins, fatty oils, flour or other organic
substance. It may contain also alkali chlorides, and not more than 4
per cent. of blasting gelatine.
The prefixes Gesteins- and Wetter- are applied according as the
explosive is intended for rock or coal mines.
Grisou-NAPHTALITE. See FAVIER Explosives.
NATIONALITE.—A coal-mine explosive of the Grisounite class
made by the National Explosives Co., Ltd. The composition, which
was on the old Permitted List, was—
Ammonium nitrate 92
Di- and Trinitro-toluene 8
But to pass the Rotherham Test it was necessary to add alkali
chlorides. There were two formulæ formerly on the Permitted List—
No. 1. No. 2.
Date of Permit 22-6-14 28-1-15
Ammonium nitrate 65·5 64
Trinitro-toluene 15 15
Sodium chloride 19·5 —
Potassium chloride — 21

Limit charge 12 20 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) 2·92 2·63”
The permits have been repealed.

*N.C.T. is the name given in the British service to the Nitro-

Cellulose Tubular smokeless powder, made in the same way as the
American service powder. It consists of nitro-cellulose completely
soluble in ether-alcohol, but of comparatively high nitration. It is
gelatinised with ether-alcohol and pressed into cords with either one
or seven perforations running down them length-ways. These are
cut into short cylinders and dried. The powder contains a little
diphenylamine as a stabiliser.
 N.E. See New Explosives Company’s Smokeless Powder.
NEGRO POWDER.—A coal-mine explosive of the Grisounite
class made by Roburite and Ammonal, Ltd. The composition, which
was on the old Permitted List, was—
Ammonium nitrate 88
Trinitro-toluene 10
Graphite 2
and a small quantity of colouring matter.
To enable it to pass the Rotherham Test, sodium chloride has
been added, and Negro Powder No. 2 is now on the Permitted List—
Date of Permit 25-11-13
Ammonium nitrate 57
Trinitro-toluene 15
Graphite 0·7
Sodium chloride 27·3
Colouring matter small quantity

Limit charge 20 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) 2·21”

NEONAL.—A coal-mine explosive made by the New Explosives

Company. Two formulæ were at one time on the Permitted List—
No. 1.
Date of Permit 1-9-13 22-6-14
Nitroglycerine 21 40
Collodion cotton 1 2
Di- and Trinitro-toluene 0·2 —
Wood meal 15·8 5
Potassium perchlorate 37 14
Ammonium oxalate 25 39
 Limit charge 16 30 oz.
Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) 2·56 2·51”
Both have now been repealed.

*NEONITE.—A 30-grain bulk gelatinised smokeless shot-gun

powder introduced by the New Explosives Co. in 1907. According to
an analysis given in “Arms and Explosives,” 1917, p. 76, its
composition is—
Nitrocellulose, insoluble 73·0
” soluble 9·0
Metallic nitrates 10·5
Vaseline 5·9
Moisture 1·6
Neonites are also made for various types of rifled small arms,
including military rifles, cadet rifles, revolvers and rim-fire rifles.
These are all nitrocellulose powders with or without moderants.
*NEW EXPLOSIVES COMPANY’S SMOKELESS POWDER or
N.E.—A 36-grain fibrous bulk powder for shot-guns introduced in
1912. According to an analysis given in “Arms and Explosives,” 1917,
p. 76, its composition is—
Nitrocellulose, insoluble 50·0
” soluble 25·8
Metallic nitrates 12·0
Nitro-hydrocarbons 7·0
Vaseline 3·5
Moisture 1·7

NEW FORTEX. See FORTEX.

NITRALITE. See DENSITE.
 NITRO-DENSITE.—A coal-mine explosive made by Kynoch, Ltd.
It was of the Carbonite type, and was at one time on the Permitted
List—
Date of Permit 1-9-13
Nitroglycerine 18
Barium nitrate 25
Wood meal 5·5
Starch 28·5
French chalk 23

Limit charge 28 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) 1·47”

*NITROKOL.—A gelatinised nitrocellulose powder intended for

use in rifles. It consists of a nitrocellulose, mostly soluble in ether-
alcohol, and gelatinised with that solvent. It is made up in the form
of small square flakes which are graphited.
NITROLIT.—A high explosive used by the Germans for filling
shell. It is a mixture of ammonium nitrate and trinitro-anisol.
The name was formerly given by C. Lamm of Stockholm to a
blasting explosive containing blasting gelatine, ammonium nitrate
and other substances.
NITRO LOW-FLAME, NOS. 1 and 2 are American coal-mine
explosives on the Permissible List. They are nitroglycerine mixtures.
NOBEL AMMONIA POWDER.—A coal-mine explosive which
was on the old Permitted List—
Ammonium nitrate 84
Nitroglycerine 8
Wood meal 8
NOBEL GELATINE DYNAMITE.}
NOBEL GELIGNITE. } Under these names explosives
were introduced during the War with modified compositions, the
potassium nitrate being replaced by sodium nitrate, and the
percentage of nitroglycerine being reduced.
NOBELIT is a German blasting explosive containing blasting
gelatine, carbonaceous substances, inorganic nitrates and sodium or
potassium chloride.
AMMON-NOBELIT contains ammonium nitrate, and the
proportion of blasting gelatine is limited to 4 per cent. It may contain
sodium or potassium oxalate, and various other substances that are
not present in Nobelit.
*NORMAL POWDER.—A smokeless powder which was said to
have been adopted by the Governments of Switzerland, Sweden,
Norway, Denmark and Finland. The following analyses were given in
“Arms and Explosives,” 1917, p. 91—
Rifle. Shot-gun Powders.
Date of Sample 1895 1913 1902
Nitrocellulose, insoluble 93·0 8·8 40·8
” soluble 3·5 89·4 56·1
Resin 2·0 — —
Moisture 1·5 1·8 2·0

NORMANITE.—A coal-mine explosive which was made by the

Cotton Powder Co., and was on the old Permitted List—
Nitroglycerine 33·5
Collodion cotton 1·5
Potassium nitrate 44·5
Wood meal 8
Charcoal 1·5
Ammonium oxalate 11
 Explosifs O are the chlorate explosives made in the French State
factories. O1, O2, O4 and O5 are Cheddites (q. v.). O3 is a Sprengel
explosive, and is dealt with under the heading of Prométhée.
OAKLEY QUARRY POWDER is a blasting explosive consisting
of ammonium nitrate and tetryl.
OAKLITE.—A coal-mine explosive made by the Explosives and
Chemical Products, Ltd., which was on the old Permitted List—
No. 1. No. 2.
Nitroglycerine 25·5 10
Collodion cotton 1 0·5
Potassium nitrate 34·5 —
Ammonium nitrate — 79·3
Wood meal 38·7 10
Magnesium carbonate 0·3 0·2

ODITE.—A coal-mine explosive which was made by the New

Explosives Co., and was on the old Permitted List—
Ammonium nitrate 88
Dinitro-benzene 12

OPHORITE.—A mild but hot explosive consisting of—

Potassium perchlorate 60
Magnesium powder 40
It is used as a bursting charge for incendiary shell, smoke bombs,
etc.
ORKANIT is the same as Alkalsit, but may contain sodium
chloride and similar salts.
OXYLIQUIT is a blasting explosive consisting of liquid oxygen
absorbed in some porous combustile material, such as absorbent
cork, soot or kieselguhr mixed with petroleum. It was discovered in
1895 by Prof. F. C. Linde, and was tried on a large scale in 1899 in
the construction of the Simplon tunnel. It is very cheap, and is safe
in the case of a missfire, because in about half-an-hour the oxygen
has all evaporated off and the charge becomes inexplosive. On the
other hand, it is necessary to have the air liquefying plant near the
scene of operations, and the charge must be fired soon after
charging. These disadvantages prevented the adoption of the
explosive, but during the War fresh trials were made in Germany in
consequence of the scarcity of nitrates.
Liquid oxygen explosives are now used on a considerable scale
by the Germans for military, as well as civil blasting operations. The
name Oxyliquit, however, seems only to be applied to them when
the explosive is made in the manner and with the plant of the Linde
Company. See also Marsit.

PANCLASTITE.—A Sprengel explosive made by mixing liquid

nitrogen peroxide with carbon bisulphide, nitro-benzene or nitro-
toluene. It was proposed in 1881 by Turpin, and was tried by
Germany for filling shell, the two constituents being contained in
separate glass containers, which were broken by the shock of
discharge. It was not adopted there on account of the inconvenience
of dealing with a liquid which gives off poisonous fumes. It is a
powerful and violent explosive, and is probably the same as the
“Turpinite” about which sensational statements were made in the
press early in the War.
PANNONIT.—A blasting explosive made by the A. G. Dynamit
Nobel of Austria. It has replaced Progressit in Austria as a coal-mine
explosive. Its composition is—
Nitroglycerine 25·5
Collodion cotton 1·5
Ammonium nitrate 37
Dextrin 4
Glycerine 3
 Nitro-toluene 5
Sodium or potassium chloride 24

PASTANIL.—A German ammonium nitrate blasting explosive

similar to Plastammon.
*P.C./88.—A Swiss smokeless powder for small-arms consisting
of—
Nitrocellulose 82
Trinitro-toluene 18

PERAGON.—A German blasting explosive containing potassium

perchlorate, zinc-aluminium alloy, aromatic nitrocompounds and
some other constituents.
PERCHLORIT is a German blasting explosive introduced
recently. It contains ammonium nitrate, a perchlorate, mono- and
dinitro-compounds, meal, charcoal, and not more than 4 per cent. of
nitroglycerine.
PERDIT.—An explosive used by the Germans for mining and
demolitions and rifle grenades. It consists of—
Ammonium nitrate 76
Potassium perchlorate 6
Wood meal 2
Dinitro-toluene 16

PERILIT.—A German perchlorate blasting explosive made by the

Koeln-Rottweil Pulverfabriken. It contains not more than 65 per cent.
of potassium perchlorate, aromatic nitro-compounds, not more than
6 per cent. of dinitro-chlorhydrin, flour, etc., and nitrates (but not
more than 10 per cent. of potassium nitrate).
PERKORONIT. See Koronit.
PERMON POWDER.—A coal-mine explosive which was on the
Permitted List. It was made by the Carbonite Syndicate in Germany,
and imported into Great Britain—
Date of Permit 25-11-13
Nitroglycerine 12
Collodion cotton 0·4
Ammonium nitrate 55
Sodium nitrate 1
Glycerine 4
Potato flour 10·6
Sodium chloride 17

Limit charge 18 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) 2·57”
The permit was repealed on 21-11-16.
PERMONITE.—A potassium perchlorate explosive made by the
Carbonite Syndicate at Schlebusch in Germany. A number of
mixtures have been placed on the market, but they do not differ
from one another very much. One which was on the old British
Permitted List was—
Potassium perchlorate 32·2
Ammonium nitrate 41
Nitroglycerine 3·5
Collodion cotton 0·3
Trinitro-toluene 12
Starch 8
Wood meal 3
See also Gesteins Leonit.
PERRUMPIT.—A German coal-mine explosive containing
ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, vegetable meal, fatty oils,
graphite and aluminium, cooling agents such as ammonium oxalate
or sodium chloride, and not more than 15 per cent. of trinitro-
toluene.
PERSALIT is a German perchlorate explosive made by the
Westfälisch-Anhaltische Sprengstoff A.-G. It contains not more than
77 per cent. of an alkali or alkali earth perchlorate, organic matter
such as hydrocarbons, resins, meal or nitrated hydrocarbons (with
the proviso that if the percentage of perchlorate exceed 70, there
must not be more than 10 per cent. of trinitro-toluene). There must
also be not less than 4 per cent. of ammonium nitrate, and there
may be an addition of sodium nitrate or other salt that does not
increase the sensitiveness.
WETTER-PERSALIT is a similar explosive, but has been
modified to make it more suitable for use in coal mines. It contains
not more than 35 per cent. of potassium perchlorate, not more than
25 per cent. of ammonium nitrate, aromatic nitro-compounds of
which not more than 20 per cent. must be trinitro-toluene, vegetable
meal, not more than 6 per cent. of nitroglycerine, sodium nitrate,
and neutral salts. It is similar to Neu-Leonit.
PETROKLASTIT or HALOKLASTIT is a modified gunpowder
mixture used in Germany in potash mines and stone quarries. It
contains sodium nitrate, sulphur, coal-tar pitch, potassium nitrate,
not more than 1 per cent. of potassium bichromate, and may have
up to 10 per cent. of charcoal, as, for instance—
Sodium nitrate 69
Potassium nitrate 5
Sulphur 10
Coal-tar pitch 15
Potassium bichromate 1
It is more powerful than ordinary blasting powder, and somewhat
less sensitive to blows. This explosive is also made in Switzerland.
PETROLIT is a German chlorate explosive introduced during the
War. It contains not more than 88 per cent. of potassium chlorate,
nitro-compounds, kerosene, and neutral salts. (This is rather a
dangerous mixture.—A.M.)
PFALZIT.—A German blasting explosive containing ammonium
nitrate, sodium nitrate, not more than 13 per cent. of trinitro-
toluene, not more than 1 per cent. of collodion cotton, meal, sodium
chloride, etc.
PHŒNIX POWDER.—A German coal-mine explosive made by
Dr. R. Nahnsen and Co., of Hamburg. It passed the Woolwich Test
and was on the old Permitted List.
Nitroglycerine 29·5
Collodion cotton 0·5
Potassium nitrate 32
Wood meal 38
 PICROL.—See Shellite.
PIERRITE.—A form of Cheddite which was made at Gamsee,
near Brig, for excavating the Simplon tunnel—
Potassium chlorate 80
Nitro-naphthalene 11·5
Picric acid 2
Castor oil 6·5

PIT-ITE was a coal-mine explosive of the Carbonite type, made

by the New Explosives Co., Ltd. The composition, which was on the
old Permitted List, was—
Nitroglycerine 26
Barium nitrate 33
Wood meal 41
and a little sodium or calcium carbonate.
In order to pass the Rotherham Test, the composition was modified
to the following, No. 2, which was formerly on the Permitted List—
Date of Permit 1-9-13
Nitroglycerine 24
Potassium nitrate 30
Wood meal 38
Ammonium oxalate 8

Limit charge over 32 oz.

Power (swing of ballistic pendulum) 2·15”

PITSEA POWDER NO. 2 was a coal-mine explosive on the

Permitted List, made by the British Explosives Syndicate, Ltd.—
Date of Permit 25-11-13