1) ________ is a decision-making skill demonstrated by the A) batches

ability to draw conclusions based on data. B) networks

A) Data interlinking C) samples
B) Process benchmarking D) lots
C) Rational subgrouping E) sets
D) Statistical thinking
E) Qualitative modeling 9) Which of the following is not one of the alternative names
for one hundred percent samples?
2) ________ is based on the concept that all work occurs in a A) screening samples
system of interconnected processes. B) sorting samples
A) Statistical thinking C) rectifying samples
B) Qualitative modeling D) detailing samples
C) Process benchmarking E) stabilizing samples
D) Rational subgrouping
E) Data interlinking 10) ________ is useful because it ensures independence
among observations.
3) Producer's risk is also called a ________ error. A) Process capability
A) type I B) Optimization
B) non-response C) Population distribution
C) type II D) Process stability
D) processing E) Randomization
E) response
Answer: A 11) To ________ means to sample in such a way that every
piece of product has an equal chance of being selected for
4) Consumer's risk is also called a ________ error. inspection.
A) processing A) randomize
B) non-response B) optimize
C) type II C) stabilize
D) response D) rectify
E) type I E) modify
Answer: C
12) Samples can be ________ according to time or according
5) ________ is the probability that a good product will be to sequence.
rejected. A) random
A) Retailer's risk B) uncontrollable
B) Consumer's risk C) indefinite
C) Manufacturer's risk D) systematic
D) Management's risk E) stochastic
E) Producer's risk
13) A ________ subgroup is a group of data that is logically
6) ________ is the probability that a nonconforming product homogeneous.
will be available for sale. A) primary
A) Producer's risk B) rational
B) Consumer's risk C) process
C) Retailer's risk D) variable
D) Management's risk E) stable
E) Manufacturer's risk 14) Variation within the data in a ________ subgroup can
provide a yardstick for computing limits on the standard
7) ________ happens when statistical quality analysis fails to variation between subgroups.
result in the scrapping or reworking of a defective product. A) process
A) Management's risk B) variable
B) Producer's risk C) primary
C) Manufacturer's risk D) stable
D) Retailer's risk E) rational
E) Consumer's risk
15) Which of the following provides a documented, proactive
8) To ensure that processes are stable, data are gathered in approach to defining how to respond when process control
________. charts show a process is out of control?
A) response charts C) 0.53
B) control plans D) 0.12
C) control charts E) 0.38
D) response plans
E) process plans 22) A 50-volt battery must be between 55 and 45 volts when
it leaves the factory. Two hundred samples of batteries have
16) The ________ is the difference between the largest yielded the following data: average charge of 49 volts with a
measurement and the smallest measurement in a particular standard deviation of 2.5 volts. What is the probability of
sample. producing an out-of-spec battery?
A) range A) 0.06
B) median B) 0.80
C) mode C) 0.53
D) standard deviation D) 0.12
E) mean E) 0.32

17) A ________ is used when data are geometrically 23) The diameter of a mason jar is 3 inches but can be as
distributed. large as 3.03 inches and as small as 2.97 inches. Twenty five
A) p chart samples of mason jars are taken and it is discovered that
B) u chart these components have a grand mean of 3.01 inches and a
C) c chart standard deviation of 0.02 inches. What is the capability of
D) h chart this process?
E) g chart A) 0.08
B) 0.16
18) ________ refers to the ability of a process to produce a C) 0.33
product that meets specifications. D) 0.49
A) Process stability E) 0.66
B) Process attribute
C) Process variability 24) The upper and lower specifications for metal head plates
D) Process capability are 5 ±0.1 cm. A sample of the metal head plates in 25
E) Process conformance undergraduates yields a mean of 5.05. We know that the
population standard deviation is 0.04. What is the population
19) World-class levels of process capability are measured by capability index?
________ defect levels. A) 2.15
A) parts per million B) 2.51
B) parts per hundred thousand C) 1.25
C) parts per ten thousand D) 1.52
D) parts per thousand E) 0.42
E) parts per hundred
25) The upper and lower specifications for metal head plates
20) The diameter of a mason jar is 3 inches but can be as are 5 ±0.1 cm. A sample of the metal head plates in 25
large as 3.03 inches and as small as 2.97 inches. Twenty-five undergraduates yields a mean of 5.05. What is the population
samples of mason jars are taken and it is discovered that standard deviation if the population capability index is 1.666?
these components have a grand mean of 3.01 inches and a A) 0.01
standard deviation of 0.02 inches. What is the probability of B) 0.02
producing a bad product? C) 0.03
A) 0.60 D) 0.04
B) 0.18 E) 0.05
C) 0.33
D) 0.45 26) Statistical thinking is a decision-making skill
E) 0.84 demonstrated by the ability to draw conclusions based on
data.
21) A 50-volt battery must be between 55 and 45 volts when
it leaves the factory. Two hundred samples of batteries have 27) Statistical thinking is based on the concept that
yielded the following data: average charge of 49 volts with a understanding variation and increasing variation are
standard deviation of 2.5 volts. What is the process important keys to success.
capability?
A) 0.06 28) One of the reasons that statistical tools are deemed to fail
B) 0.80 is because people have a poor understanding of the scientific
method.
46) Process control requires that data be gathered in samples.
29) Statistical tools focus on causes rather than effects. Discuss random sampling and systematic sampling and
provide examples of each sampling method.
30) In the study of quality, Type I error is called consumer's Answer: Random sampling ensures interdependence among
risk. observations in that every piece of product has an equal
chance of being selected for inspection. Random sampling is
31) Producer's risk is the probability that a nonconforming the preferred method but difficult to achieve. Products are
product will be available for sale. randomly selected for inspection.
Systematic sampling is done according to time or sequence.
32) Consumer's risk happens when statistical quality analysis Examples would be inspections every hour or inspections
fails to result in the scrapping or reworking of a defective every 15th product off the manufacturing line.
product.
47) What is the difference between a variable and an
33) Process charts are graphs designed to signal process attribute?
workers when nonrandom variation is occurring in a process. Answer: A variable is a continuous measurement such as
weight, height, or volume. In contrast, an attribute is an
34) One hundred percent samples are also known as either-or situation. Examples of attributes include: The motor
screening samples. is either starting or not starting, or either the lens is scratched
or it is not.
35) If a sample is systematic according to time, the product is
inspected at regular intervals of time. 48) ________ variation is centered on a mean and occurs
with a somewhat consistent amount of dispersion.
36) The cusum chart is used for monitoring variables and A) Nonrandom
measurement on a continuous scale. B) Specific
C) Systematic
37) The moving average chart uses past information to D) Abnormal
predict what the next process outcome will be. E) Random

38) Control chart limits should be updated only when there is 49) Which of the following is true of random variation?
a change to the process. A) It has a cause that can be identified.
B) It can be easily controlled.
39) Process stability refers to the ability of a process to C) It occurs with a somewhat consistent amount of
produce a product that meets specification. dispersion.
D) It results in a process that is not repeatable.
40) World-class levels of process capability are measured by E) It results from a shift in a process mean or some
parts per million defect levels. unexpected occurrence.

41) Quality practitioners should not compare process chart 50) ________ variation results from some event, such as shift
limits with product specifications. in a process mean or some unexpected occurrence.
A) Uncontrollable
42) Processes that achieve capability indexes of 1.25 are B) Nonrandom
world-class capable. C) Stochastic
D) Random
43) A process is capable if only common variation is present E) Indefinite
in the process.
51) Which of the following is true of nonrandom variation?
44) Interlinking is useful in helping to identify causal A) It is uncontrollable.
relationships between variables. B) It is centered on a mean.
C) It occurs with a somewhat consistent amount of
45) Explain why random samples are difficult to achieve in a dispersion.
production environment. D) It results from a shift in a process mean or some
Answer: In a process industry, multiple products are made unexpected occurrence.
by the same machines, workers, and processes in sequence. E) It results in a process that is repeatable.
In this case, there is no statistical independence among
observations because the process results in ordered products 52) Process ________ means that the variation we observe in
that can be subject to machine drift (going out of adjustment the process is random variation and not nonrandom variation.
slowly over time). A) optimization
B) capability C) c chart
C) control D) h chart
D) variability E) g chart
E) stability
63) The ________ reflects a population distribution.
53) Process stability means that the variation we observe in A) p chart
the process is ________ variation. B) s chart
A) abnormal C) u chart
B) specific D) X chart
C) random E) R chart
D) systematic
E) nonrandom 64) Although charts generally are preferred for variables
data, sometimes it is too time consuming or inconvenient to
54) Nonrandom variation is centered on a mean and occurs compute subgroup averages. In these cases, a(n) ________ is
with a consistent amount of dispersion. used.
A) median chart
55) Random variation is also referred to as uncontrollable B) X chart
variation. C) p chart
D) s chart
56) Random variation results from an event such as a shift in E) standard deviation chart
a process mean or some unexpected occurrence.
65) The ________ is often used where variation in a process
57) Nonrandom variation results in a process that is not is small.
repeatable. A) s chart
B) X chart
58) Process stability means that the variation observed in the C) np chart
process is nonrandom variation and not random variation. D) u chart
E) c chart
59) What is the difference between random and nonrandom
variation? 66) ________ are often used in monitoring the production of
Answer: Random variation is centered on a mean and occurs silicon chips for computers.
with a somewhat consistent amount of dispersion. This type A) X charts
of variation cannot be controlled. Hence, we refer to it as B) c charts
"uncontrolled variation." Nonrandom or "special cause" C) np charts
variation results from some event. The event may be a shift D) R charts
in a process mean or some unexpected occurrence. E) s charts
60) The ________ is a process chart used to monitor the 67) A g chart is useful when data are hypergeometrically
average of the characteristic being measured. distributed.
A) chart
B) R chart 68) X chart limits are control limits and not natural limits.
C) c chart
D) p chart 69) If it is too time consuming or inconvenient to compute
E) MR chart subgroup averages, a median chart should be used.

61) The ________ chart is used in monitoring process 70) The s chart is often used where variation in a process is
dispersion. large.
A) chart
B) c chart 71) Describe the purpose of an s chart.
C) p chart Answer: The s chart or standard deviation chart is often used
D) R chart where variation in a process is small. For example, s charts
E) X chart are often used in monitoring the production of silicon chips
for computers.
62) A(n) ________ is used when data are hypergeometrically
distributed. 72) Describe x charts and R charts. List and describe the
A) p chart basic components of each.
B) u chart Answer: The x chart is a process chart used to monitor the
average of the characteristic being measured. The R chart is
used to monitor the dispersion of the process. The R chart is A) attributes
used in conjunction with the x chart when the process B) variables
characteristic is a variable. Each chart has a center line C) elements
indicating the process average, upper and lower control limits D) criteria
that are usually three standard deviations from the center line, E) paradigms
and the graphical measurements of the process are plotted on
the chart. 80) Proportion defective, number defective, number
nonconforming in a consistent sample space, and number
73) ________ are tools for monitoring process variation. defects per unit are examples of ________.
A) Pareto charts A) criteria
B) Control charts B) paradigms
C) Histograms C) elements
D) Scatter diagrams D) variables
E) Cause-and-effect diagrams E) attributes

74) A(n) ________ is a continuous measurement such as 81) What is the lower limit of R for sample sizes less than or
weight, height, or volume. equal to six?
A) variable A) -1
B) attribute B) 6
C) paradigm C) 0
D) criterion D) -6
E) element E) 1

75) A(n) ________ is an either-or-situation resulting from a 82) The ________ is used for monitoring variables and
binomial process. measurement on a continuous scale.
A) variable A) cusum chart
B) paradigm B) c chart
C) criterion C) X chart
D) attribute D) np chart
E) element E) moving average chart

76) Which of the following is an example of a variables 83) The ________ uses past information to predict what the
chart? next process outcome will be.
A) u chart A) np chart
B) c chart B) u chart
C) np chart C) moving average chart
D) p chart D) cusum chart
E) X chart E) p chart
84) The ________ is used to identify slight but sustained
77) Which of the following is an example of an attributes shifts in a universe where there is no independence between
chart? observations.
A) s chart A) cusum chart
B) R chart B) moving average chart
C) p chart C) s chart
D) MR chart D) np chart
E) X chart E) R chart

78) What is the first step in developing process control 85) Statistical process control charts are tools for monitoring
charts? process variation.
A) Identify critical product characteristics.
B) Select the appropriate process control chart. 86) An attribute is a continuous measurement such as weight,
C) Determine whether the critical product characteristic is a height, or volume.
variable or an attribute.
D) Identify critical operations in the process. 87) X chart is an example of a variables chart.
E) Establish the control limits.
88) The first step in developing process control charts is to
79) Process population average, mean, range, moving range, identify critical product characteristics.
and standard deviation are examples of ________.
89) The central limit theorem states that when we plot the D) natural variation
sample means, the sampling distribution approximates a E) process run
normal distribution.
97) In a variables control chart, which of the following is
90) The R chart is a process chart used to monitor the average likely to occur if large jumps of more than three or four
of the characteristic being measured. standard deviations take place?
A) erratic behavior
91) The lower limit of R is zero for sample sizes less than or B) nonrandom event
equal to six. C) process drift
D) natural variation
92) What are the steps used in developing process control E) process run
charts?
Answer: Statistical process control charts (also referred to as 98) In a variables control chart, five points in succession are
process charts or control charts) are tools for monitoring called a process run.
process variation. Following are the steps used in developing
process control charts: 99) In a variables control chart, large jumps of more than
• Identify critical operations in the process where three or four standard deviations result in process drift.
inspection might be needed.
• Identify critical product characteristics. 100) Provide two examples of process chart data point
• Determine whether the critical product characteristic is a interpretations that are not necessarily "out of control" but
variable or an attribute. would still merit further investigation and have potential for
• Select the appropriate process control chart from among corrective actions.
the many types of control charts. Answer: There are many examples of nonrandom situations
• Establish the control limits and use the chart to occurring that are not necessarily out of control, as in outside
continually monitor and improve. the upper and lower control limits, but still merit further
• Update the limits when changes have been made to the investigation. One example would be a process run, which is
process. a succession of five points either all above or all below the
center line. Another example would be a process drift, which
93) Design a control chart to monitor the gas mileage in your is indicated by seven points either all increasing or
car. Collect the data over time. decreasing. Interpretations of control chart data help us
Answer: The control chart would include an x-bar chart and understand when a process is or is not in control and when a
an r-chart. A sample would be recorded every time you process requires additional attention.
bought gas. The samples would be correlated, not
independent. The student should comment on this.

94) In a variables control chart, which of the following has

likely occurred if two points in succession are farther than
two standard deviations from the mean?
A) erratic behavior
B) nonrandom event
C) process drift
D) natural variation
E) process run
95) In a variables control chart, which of the following has
occurred if five points are in succession, either all above or
below the center line?
A) erratic behavior
B) nonrandom event
C) process drift
D) natural variation
E) process run

96) In a variables control chart, which of the following has

occurred if seven points, either increasing or decreasing, are
in succession?
A) erratic behavior
B) nonrandom event
C) process drift