Human Sexuality

a. Concepts
1. A person’s sexuality encompasses the complex behaviors, attitudes and
emotions and preferences that is related to sexual self and eroticism
2. Sex is basic and dynamic aspect of life
3. During reproductive years, the nurse performs as resource person on human
sexuality
15 – 44 y.o. – age of reproductivity CBQ

b. Definitions related to sexuality

Gender Identity – sense of feminity and masculinity – developed @age 3 or 2 -4 y.o.
Role Identity – attitudes, behaviours and attitudes that differentiate roles
Sex – biologic male or female status. sometimes referred to as specific sexual behavior
such as sexual intercourse
Sexuality - behavior of being a girl or boy and is identity subject to a lifelong dynamic
change

II. Sexual Anatomy and Physiology

a. Female Reproductive System

1. External – Vulva/ Pudenda
a. Mons pubis/ veneris – mountain of venus, a pad of fatty tissues that lies
over the symphysis pubis covered by skin and at puberty covered by pubic
hair that serves as a cushion or protection to the symphysis pubis

Stages of Pubic Hair Development (Tool Used: Tanner’s Scale/ Sexual Maturity Rating)

Stage 1 – Pre adolescence

 no pubic hair, fine body hair
Stage 2 – Occurs bet. 11 – 12 y.o
 sparse, long, slightly pigmented and curly that develop along
labia
Stage 3 – Occurs bet. 12 – 13 y.o.
 hairs become darker and curlier develops along pubis
symphysis
Stage 4 – 13 – 14 y.o.
 hair ssumes normal appearance of an adult but is not so thick
and does not appear to the inner aspect of the upper thigh
Stage 5 – Sexual Maturity
 assumes the normal appearance of an adult, appears at the
inner aspect of thigh

b. Labia Majora – large lips latin, longitudinal fold from perenium to pubis
symphysis
c. Labia Minora – aka Nymphae, soft and thin longitudinal fold created between
labia majora
 Clitoris – “key”, pea – shaped erectile tissue composed of sensitive
nerve endings; sight of sexual arousal in females
 Fourchet – tapers posteriorly of the labia majora. Site for episotomy

1
 - sensitive to manipulation, torn during pregnancy
d. Vestibule – almond shaped area that contains the hymen, vaginal orifice and
batholene’s gland
 Urinary Meatus – small opening of urethra/ opening for urination
 Skene’s Gland – aka Paraurethral Gland, 2 small mucus secreting
glands for
lubrication
 Hymen – membranous tissue that covers the vaginal orifice
 Vaginal Orifice – external opening of the vagina
 Bartholene’s Gland – paravaginal gland, secretes alkaline
substance, neutralizes acidity of the vagina
o Doderleins Bacillus – responsible for vaginal acidity
o Parumculae Mystiformes – healing of a hymen
e. Perenium – muscular structure in between lower vagina and anus

2. Internal
a. Vagina – female organ for ovulation, passageway of menstruation, ¾ inches
8 – 10 cm long containing rugae
o Rugae – permits considerable stretching withouit tearing
during delivery CBQ
b. Uterus – hollow muscular organ, varies in size, weight and shape, organ of
menstruation
Size : 1 x 2 x 3
Shape : pear shaped, pregnant - ovoid
Weight : Uterine involution CBQ
Non pregnant : 50 – 60 g
Preganant : 1000 g
4th stage of Labor : 1000 g
2nd week after of Delivery : 500 g
3rd weeks after delivery : 300 g
5 – 6 Weeks after delivery: 50 – 60 g
Three Parts of Uterus
 Fundus – upper cylindrical layer
 Corpus/ Body – upper triangular layer
 Cervix – lower cylindrical layer
Isthmus – lower uterine segment during pregnancy

Muscular Composition: 3 main Muscles making possible expansion in all direction

a. Endometrium muscle layer for menses
o Lines the non-pregnant uterus
o Volumes the non pregnant uterus
o Decidua – slouching off of endometrium during menstruation
o Endometriosis
❖ Ectopic Endometrium
❖ Common site is ovaries
❖ Proliferation of abnormal growth of lining of outer part
❖ Persistent dysmenorrhea, low back pain
❖ Dx Exam: biopsy,laparoscopy
❖ Tx: Lupron (luprolide) inhibits FSH & LH
❖ Tx: Danazol (Danacrine) DOC
1. Inhibits ovulation

2
 2. stop menstruation
b. Myometrium
o Power of labor
o Smooth muscles is considered to be LIVING LIGATURE
(muscles of delivery, capable of closing) of the body
o Largest portion of the uterus
c. Peremetrium
o Protects the entire uterus
c. Ovaries
 2 female sex gland
 almond shape
 Fxn: Ovulation,production of 2 hormones( estrogen and progesterone)
d. Fallopian Tube
 2 – 3 inches long that serves as a passageway of the sperm from the
uterus to the ampulla or the passageway of the mature ovum or fertilized
ovum from the ampulla to the uterus
 4 significant segments
o Infundibulum – most distal part, trumpet shape, has fimbrae
o Ampulla – outer 3rd or 2nd half, site of fertilization, common site for
ectopic preg.
o Isthmus – site for sterilization, site for BTL
o Interstitial – most dangerous site for ectopic pregnancy

b. Male Reproductive System

1. External
 Penis
 The male organ of copulation and urination
 Contains of a body or shaft consisting of 3 cylindrical layers and erectile
tissues
o 2 corpora cavernosa
o 1 corpus spongiosum
 At the tip is the most sensitive area comparable to clitoris = glans penis
 Scrotum
 Pouch hanging below the pendulous penis, with medial septum deviding
into 2 sacs each containing testes
 Requires 2 degrees celcius for continuous spermatogenesis
 Cooling mechanism of testes
2. Internal
The Process of Spermatogenesis

Testes
(900 coiled seminiferous tubules)

epididymis
(site of maturation of sperm 6 m)

Vas Deferens
(conduit pathway of sperm)

Seminal Vesicle
(secreted: fructose form of glucose, nutritative value
3
 Prostaglandin: causes reverse contraction of uterus)

Ejaculatory Duct
(conduit of semesn)

Prostate Gland
(release alkaline substances)

Cowpers Gland
(release alkaline substance)

Urethra
Hypothalamus GNRH

APG

FSH – maturation of sperm
LH – testosterone production
Leydig Cells – releases testosterone

Male & female Homologues

Male Female
Penile Glans Clitoris
Penile Shaft Clitoral shaft
Testes Ovaries
Prostate Skene’s gland
Cowper’s Glands Bartholin’s Gland
Scrotum Labia Majora

III. Basic Knowledge on Genetics and Obstetrics

1. DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid – carries genetic code

2. Chromosomes – threadlike structure of hereditary material known as the DNA
3. Normal amount of ejaculated sperm – 3 – 5 cc/ 1 teaspoon
4. Ovum is capable of being fertilized within 24 – 36 hours after ovulation.
5. Sperm 48 – 72 days viability
6. Reproductive cells divide by the process of MEIOSIS (haploid number)
 Spermatogenesis – process of maturation of sperm
 Oogenesis – process of maturation of ovum
o 30 weeks AOG – 6 million immature ovum
o @ birth – 1 million immature oocytes
o @ puberty – 300 – 400 immature oocytes
o @ 13 y/o – 300 – 400 mature oocytes
o @ 23 y/o – 180 – 280 mature ovum
o @ 33 y/o – 60 – 160 mature ovum
o @ 36 y/o – 24 – 124 mature ovum
o @46 y/o – 4 mature ovum
 Gametogenesis – process of formation of two haploid into diploid
7. Age of reproductivity – 15 – 44 y/o childbearing age – 20 – 35 y/o
High risk <18 & >35 y.o. With Risk 18 – 20; 30 – 35

4
8. Menstruation
 Menstrual Cycle – beginning of menstruation to the beginning of the next
menstruation
 Average menstrual cycle – 28 days
 Average menstrual period – 5 days
 Normal blood loss – 50 cc/ ¼ cup accompanied by FIBRINOLYSIS – prevents
clot formation
 Related terminologies
o Menarche – 1st menstruation
o Dysmenorrhea – painful menstruation
o Metrorrhagia – bleeding in between menstruation
o Menorrhagia – Excessive bleeding during menstruation
o Amenorrhea – absence of menstruation
o Menopause – cessation of menstruation (Average Age- 51 y.o.)
▪ Tofu – has isoflavone – estrogen of plant that mimics the estrogen
with a woman
9. Functions of Estrogen and Progestin
 ESTROGEN – hormone of woman
o Primary function
▪ Responsible for the development of secondary characteristics in
females
▪ inhibit production of FSH
o Other function
▪ Hypertrophy of the myometrium
▪ Spinnbarkeit and Ferning Pattern (Billings Method)
▪ Ductile structure of the breast
▪ Osteoblastic bone activity (causes increased in height)
▪ Early closure of the epiphysis of the bone
▪ Sodium retention
▪ Increased sexual desire
▪ Responsible for vaginal lubrication
 PROGESTERONE – Hormone of the mother
o Primary function – prepares the endometrium for implantation making it
thick and tortous
o Secondary Function – inhibit uterine contractibility
o Others
▪ Inhibit LH (hormone of ovulation) production
▪  GI motility
▪  Permeability of kidneys to lactose and dextrose causing + 1 sugar
in urine
▪ Mammary gland development
▪  BBT
▪ Mood swings

10. Menstrual Cycle

4 phases of menstrual cycle
1. Proliferative
2. Secretory
3. Ischemic

5
 4. Menses

1. On the initial phase of menstruation, the estrogen level is , this level stimulates the
hypothalamus to release GnRH/ FSHRF
2. GnRH/ FSHRF stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release FSH
 FSH Function
o Stimulate ovaries to release estrogen
o Facilitate the growth of primary follicle to become
GRAAFIAN FOLLICE structure that secretes large amount of
estrogen that contain mature ovum
3. Proliferative Phase (estrogen)
Follicular Phase – responsible for the variation and irregularity of mense
Postmenstrual Period – after menstruation
Preovulatory Phase – happen before menstruation
4. 13th day of menstruation, estrogen level is PEAK while progesterone is , these
stimulates the hypothalamus to release GnRH/ LHRF
5. GnRH/ LHRF stimulates the Anterior Pituitary Gland to release LH
 Functions of LH
o Stimulates the release of progesterone
o Hormone for ovulation
6. 14th day estrogen level is  while progesterone level is 
 S/S
o Rupture of the graafian follicle - OVULATION
o Mittelschsmerz – slight abdominal pain lower right
quadrant
7. 15th day, after ovulation day, graafian follicle starts to degenerate, estrogen level ,
progesterone , causing degeneration of the graafian follicle becoming yellowinsh
known as CORPUS LUTEUM – secretes large amount of progesterone
8. Secretory Phase
Lutheal Phase (progesterone)
Postovulatory phase
Premenstrual Phase
9. 24th day – Corpus Albicans (whitish) corpus luteum degenerates and becomes white
10. 28th day – if no sperm united the ovum, the uterine begins to slough off to have the next
menstruation
Note:
 if there is no fertilization, corpus luteum continues functioning
 Ovarian Cycle – from primary follicle – corpus albicans
 Stages:
o 1 – 5 days – menses
o 6 – 14 – proliferative
o 15 – 26 – secretory
o 27 – 28 – ischemic

11. Stages of Human Sexual Response

Initial Response:
VASOCONGESTION – constriction of blood vessels
MYOTONIA – increased muscle tension
 Excitement Phase
  muscle tension, moderate VS

6
  erotic stimuli causing  sexual tension, may last from minutes to hours
 Plateu Phase
  and sustained tension near orgasm
 may last 30 sec – 30 minutes
 Orgasm
 Involuntary release of sexual tension accompanied by physiologic and
psychologic release,
 immeasurable peak of experience 2 – 3 seconds
 Resolution
 Return to normal state
 VS return to normal

REFRACTORY PERIOD – only period present in male, wherein he cannot restimulated for
about 10 – 15 minutes

IV. Wonders of Fertilization

a. Fertilization
1. Phonones – song of sperm
2. Capacitation – ability of sperm to release proteolytic enzyme and penetrate the
ovum
b. Stages of Fetal Growth and Development
1. Pre Embryonic Stage
I. Zygote fertilized ovum (3 – 4 days travel, 4 days floating)> from fertilization
II. Morula mulberry-liked ball containing 16 – 50 cells
III. Blastocyst enlarging cell forming a cavity that later becomes the embryo covered by
thropoblast which later becomes the placenta and membrane
IV. Implantation 7 – 10 days after fertilization
 Thropoblast – covering of blastocyst that become placenta
 S/Sx of Implantation Slight pain, Slight Vaginal Spotting
 3 Processes
o Apposition
o Adhesion
o Invasion
2. Embryonic Stage
Zygote – fertilization to 14 days
Embryo – 15th – 2 mos/ 8 weeks
Fetus – 2 mos to birth
c. Decidua – thickened endometrium, latin word for “falling off”
1. Basalis – located directly under the fetus where placenta developed
2. Caspularis – encapsulates the fetus
3. Vera – remaining portion of and endometrium
d. Chorionic Villi – 10 – 11 weeks
1. Chorionic Villi Sampling (CVS) – removal of tissue from the fetal postion of the
developing placenta
 For genetic screening
 Fetal limb defects, missing digits of toes
e. Cytothrophoblast – outer layer, LANGHAN’S LAYER, protect the fetus against syphilis
(24 weeks/ 6 months)
f. Synsitiotrophoblast – syncitial layer – responsible for hormone production
1. Amnion – inner most layer 2. Chorion
I. Umbilical cord (Funis) – whitish gray (50 – 60 cm)

7
  Short abruptio placenta, uterine inversion
 Long cord prolapse, cord coil
 3 vessels (AVA) – Artery Vein Artery
 Wharton’s Jelly – protects the umbilical cord
II. Amniotic fluid bag of water clear color, musty/mousy odor
 With crystallized forming pattern, slightly alkaline
 500- 1000 cc Normal
o Oligohydramnios – kidney malformation
o Hydramnios – GIT , TEF/ TEA
 Functions
o Cushion the fetus against sudden blow or trauma
o Maintains temperature
o Facilitate muscuskeletal development
o Prevents cord compression
o Helps in development process

Diagnostic Test for Amniotic Fluid Amniocentesis

 Purpose: obtain sample of amniotic fluid by inserting a needle hrough the abdomen into
the amniotic sac
 Fluid is tested for:
 Genetic screening
 Determination of fetal maturity primarily by evaluating factors indicative of lung
maturity
 Done with empty bladder
 Complication
> Most common side effect : INFECTION
> Late : pre term labor
> Early : spontaneous abortion
 Indication for Amniocentesis:
> Early in Pregnancy Advance Maternal Age
> Later in Pregnancy Diabetic Mothers
  - down syndrome
  - neural tube defect, spina befida
 L/S ratio : 2:1 (Lecitin/ Spingomyelin)
 Definitive test = Phosphatiglycerol: PG + best Answer
 Greenish – Meconium Stains (Fetal Distress)
 Yellowish – jaundice, hyperbilirubinemia
 Cloudy – Infection
 Most Important Consideration Needle insertion site
 Amnioscopy – direct examination through intact fetal membrane via ultrasound
 Fern Test – a test determining if bag of water has rupture or not
 Nitrazine Paper Test – differentiate amniotic fluid and urine Blue geen + rupture of bag
of H2O

2. Chorion – outermost layer

a. Placenta – AKA Secundines chorionic Villi and basalis
 Pancake in latin
 500 grams in weight
 15 – 28 cotyledons

8
  15 – 20 cm in diameter and 2 – 3 cm in depth
 Functions
o Respiratory 02 – CO2 exchange via simple diffusion
o GIT glucose transport via facilitated diffusion
o Excretory via 2 arteries, carries unoxygenated blood
then detoxify by maternal liver
o Circulatory fetoplacental circulation by SELECTIVE
OSMOSIS
o Endocrine
▪ HCG – primary maintain corpus luteum/
secondary basis of pregnancy test
▪ Human Placental Lactogen – aka
Somatomammothrophin
 Responsible for the development of
mammary gland
 Diabetogenic Effect – insulin antagonist
▪ Relaxin – softening of maternal joints and bones
o Serves as protective barrier against some microorganism
▪ Can pass: HIV CMV Rubella
▪ PINOCYTOSIS – transport of virus

Pregnancy – 266 – 288 days/ 37 – 42 weeks

FETAL STAGE: Fetal Growth and Development

First Trimester : Period of organogenesis, most critical period

First Month
FHT, CNS Develops, GIT and Respi Tract remains as single tube
Differentiation of Primary Germ Layer
 Endoderm
o Thyroid – responsible for basal metabolism
o Thymus – immunity
o Liver
o GIT
o Linings of Upper GI Tract
 Mesoderm
o Heart
o Musculoskeletal
o Reproductive Organ
o Kidney
 Ectoderm
o Brain
o CNS
o Skin
o 5 senses
o Hair, nails
o Anus
o Mouth
Second Month
 Life span of corpus luteum ends
 All vital organs are formed

9
  Placenta is developed
 Sex organ is developed
 Meconium is present
Third Month
 Placenta is complete
 Kidneys are functional
 Fetus begins to swallow amniotic fluid
 Buds of milk appear
 Sex is distinguishable
 FHT audible via dopples @ 10 – 12 weeks
Terratogens – any drug or irradiation, the exposure to which may cause damage to the fetus
 DRUGS
o Streptomycin – anti – TB – (quinine) damage to the 8th cranial nerve poor learning
and deafness/ ototoxic
o Tetracycline – stoning the tooth enamel, inhibits long bone growth
o Vitamin K – hemolysis, destruction of RBC, jaundice, hyperbilirubenemia
o Iodides – enlargement of thyroid and goiter
o Thalidomides – anti-emetics Amelia or Pocomelia absence of distal part of
extremities
o Steroids – cleft lip or palate and even abortion
o Lithium – congenital maformation
 ALCOHOL – LBW, fetal alcohol syndrome ( characterized by microcephaly)
 SMOKING – LBW
 CAFFEINE – LBW
 COCCAINE – LBW, abruptio placenta
 TORCH – group of infections that can cross the placenta or ascend through the birth canal
and adversely effect fetal growth
o Toxoplasmosis – cat lovers
o Others - Hepa AB, HIV, Syphillis
o Rubella – CHD,
▪ Rubella Titer – N @ 1:10 or  = immunity to rubella = notify doctor
▪ Rubella vaccine after delivery for 3 mos. No pregnancy for 3 mos.
o Cytomegalo virus
o Herpes Simplex virus

Second Trimester : continuous growth and development (focus lengh of fetus)

Fourth Month
 Lanugo begins to appear
 Buds of permanent teeth appear
 FHT audible via Fetuscope @ 18 – 20 weeks
Fifth Month
 Quickening : 1st fetal movement Primi: 18 – 20, Nulli - 16 - 18
 Lanugo covers the body
 FHT audible via stethoscope or w/out instrument
 Actively swallow amniotic fluid
 Fetus : 19 – 25 cm
Sixth Month
 Skin is red and wrinkled
 Vernix caseosa covers the skin

10
  Eyelids open
 Exhibits startle reflex
3rd Trimester : period of most rapid growth and development Focus: weight
Seventh Month
 Surfactant development
 Male: the testes begins to descent into the scrotal sac
 Female : clitoris is prominent and labia majora are small doesn’t cover the minora
Eight Month
 Active moro reflex
 Lanugo begins to disappear
 Sub q fats deposits, steady weight gain, nails to fingers
Ninth Month
 Lanugos and vernix caseosa is evident in body fold
 Birth position assumed
 Amniotic fluid somewhat decrease
 Sole of the foot has few creases
Tenth Month
 Bone ossification in the fetal skull
 Vernix caseosa is evident in body

PHYSIOLOGIC ADAPTATION TO PREGNANCY

Systemic Changes
1. Cardiovascular System
  blood volume 30 – 50%
 1500 cc; additional 500 cc for multiple pregnancy
  plasma volume
  cardiac workload – easy fatigability/ slight ventricular hypertrophy
 Epistaxis due to hyperemia of nasal membrane
 Palpitation due to SNS stimulation
 Physiologic Anemia/ pseudoanemia in pregnacy
o Normal Value
Hct : 32 – 42%
Hgb: 10.5 – 14 g/dl
o Criteria
1st & 3rd Trimester : Hct > 33% Hgb > 11 g/dl
2nd Trimester : Hct > 32% Hgb > 10.5 g/dl
o Pathologic Anemia
▪ Iron Defficiency Anemia is the most common hematologic disorder. It
affects 20% of pregnant women
▪ Assesment reveals:
 Pallor
 Slowed capillary refill = Normal = 2 – 3 sec
 Concave fingernails (late sign of progressive anemia) – clubbing
= chronic tissue hypoxia
 constipation
▪ Nursing care
 Nutritional instruction
o Source of iron
▪ Kangkong

11
 ▪ Liver = best source due to FERRIDIN Content
▪ Red and lean meat
▪ Green Leafy Vegetables
 Parenteral Iron (Imferon)
o Z tract IM
o incorrect causes hematoma
o best given 1 hour before meals (causes GI irritation)
o Maybe given 2 hours after meal (results to poor
absorption)
▪ Given with orange juice to  absorption
 Oral Iron Supplements (ferrous sulfate 0.3 g 3 x a day)
 Monitor for hemorrhage
▪ Alert
 Iron from red meat is better absorbed iron from other sources
 Iron is better absorbed when taken with foods high in Vitamin C
such as orange juice
 Higher iron intake is recommended since circulating blood
volume is increased and heme is required from production of
RBCs
 Edema
o Impeded venous return due to the gravid uterus
o Nursing Intervention
▪ Elevate legs above the hips level
 Varicosities
o Wear support stockings
o Elevate legs
 Vulvar Varicosities
o D/t pressure of gravid uterus
o Side –lying with pillow under the hips
o Modified knee – chest position
 Thrombophlebitis
o Presence of thrombus in inflamed blood vessels
o + Homan’s Sign – pain on the calf upon dorsiflexion
o Medical Management
▪ Anticoagulant/ HEPARIN
 Does not cross the placental barrier
 Monitor APTT
 Antidote: PROTAMINE SULFATE
 No aspirin
 Milk Leg/ Plagmasia Alba Dolens
o Shiny white legs due to stretching of skin & hyperfibrinogenemia
o Nursing intervention
▪ Check dorsalis pedis pulse (compare both)
▪ Never massage
▪ Assess for Homan’s sign only once

2. Respiratory System
 Shortness of Breath d/t gravid uterus
 Nursing intervention: Side-lying – lateral expansion of the lungs

12
3. Gastrointestinal System
 Nausea and vomiting
 Morning Sickness
o Due to  HCG levels
o Crackers 30 min before arising
o AM – Carb diet 30 mins
o PM – small frequent meal
 Constipation
o Due to PROGESTERONE =  fluid reabsorption due to  GIT motility
o Nursing intervention
  Fluid
  Fiber
 Exercise
 Flatulence
o Due to increased progesterone
o Avoid gas forming foods
 Heartburn (pyrosis)
o Reflux of stomach content into esophagus
o Nursing Intervention
 Small frequent meals
 Sips of milk
 Avoid fatty and spicy foods
 Proper body mechanics
o Waist Above – Acid
o Waist Below – Base
 Hemorrhoids
o Due to gravid uterus
o Hot sitz bath for comfort
 Ptyalism
o  salivation
o Mouthwashes to relieve
4. Urinary System
 Normal = + 1 sugar due to Progesterone via BENEDICT’S TEST
 First Trimester - Frequency
 Second Trimester - normal
 Third Trimester - Frequency
5. Muscoloskeletal
 Calcium sources
o Milk -  Ca  P – 1 pint/ day or 3 – 4 servings/ day
o Cheese, Yogurt, Head of Fish, Sardines, Anchovies, Brocolli
 Lordosis
o Pride of Pregnacy
 Waddling Gait
o Awkward gait while walking due to relaxin
o Prone to accidental falls
▪ Wear low healed shoes
 Leg Cramps
o Ca – P Imbalance during pregnancy
o Lumbo-sacral nerves by pressure of gravid uterus during labor

13
 o Over sex
o Dorsiflex the foot affected
o 3-4 servings/ 4 cups/day sa milk, sardines, dilis

A. Local Chnages

 Vagina
o Chadwick’s Sign – bluish discoloration
o Leukorrhea – whitish gray, moderate in amount, mousy odor
 Cervix
o Goodel’s Sign – change in consistency of uterus
o Operculum – mucus plug to seal bacteria/ progesterone
 Uterus
o Hegar’s Sign – change in consistency

Vagina Chadwick’s
Cervix Goodel’s
Uterus Hegar’s

Problems related to the changes of Vaginal Environment

a. Vaginitis - AVOCADO
 Trichomonas Vaginalis
o Flagellated protoxzoan, Loves alakaline environment
 Signs and Symptoms
o Greenish, cream, colored, frothy, irritably itchy, foul smelling vaginal discharge
o Vaginal edema
 Management
o Drug of choice: METRONIDAZOLE (Flagyl)
▪ Antiprotozoan
▪ Carcinogenic
▪ Not given in 1st trimester
 vaginal douche as substitue
o 1 qt Water = 1 tbsp white vinegar
o Treat partner as well to prevent reinfection
o No alcohol – due to antabuse effect
b. Moniliasis - CHEESE
 Candida Albicans
 Transvaginal transfer in fetus – Oral Trush
 Signs and Symptoms
o White Cheeselike patches that adheres to the walls of the vagina
 Management
o Antifungals
▪ Mycostatin
▪ Contrimazole – Canisten
▪ Gentian Violet

1. Abdominal Changes
 Striae Gravidarum
o Due to destruction of the subcutaneous tissue by the enlarge uterus

2. Skin Changes

14
  Melasma/ Chloasma
o White light brown pigmentation related to  melanocytes
 Linea Nigra
o Brown pinkish line from symphysis pubis to umbilicus

3. Breast Changes
 Due to hormonal changes
 Change in color and size of nipple and areola
 Precolostrum – 6 weeks
 Colustrum – 3rd trimester
 Supine with pillow under the back
4. Ovaries – rest period, no ovulation
5. Signs and Symptoms of Pregnancy
Presumptive Probable Positive
S/sx felt and observed by the Signs observed by Undeniable signs confirmed
mother but does not confirm the members of the by the use of instrument
the diagnosis of pregnancy health care team
First Breast changes Goodel’s sign Ultrasound Evidence
trimester Urinary changes Chadwick’s sign
Fatigue Hegar’s sign
Amenorrhea Elevated BBT
Morning sickness Positive HCG
Enlarge uterus
Second Chloasma Ballotement
Trimester Linea Nigra Enlarge Abdomen etal Heart Tone
Increase Skin Pigmentation Braxton Hicks etal movement
Striae gravidarum Contraction etal outline
Quickening etal parts palpable

CBQ Cancer of the Breast quadrant B

Mamography 35 and above 1/ year
Ballotement bouncing of the fetus
may be present in uterine myoma
Transvaginal Ultrasound – empty bladder
Abdoiminal ulrasound – full bladder

Placenta Grading System

 Grade 0 – immature
 Grade 1 – slightly mature
 Grade 2 – moderately mature
 Grade 3 – fully mature
 What is deposited? calcium

VI. Psychological Adaptation to Pregnancy – Reva Rubin

First Trimester
 No tangible s/sx
 Feeling of surprise
 Ambivalence
 Denial of pregnancy maladaptation
 Developmental Task: Accept biological facts of pregnancy

15
  Health Teaching: Body changes of pregnancy and Nutrition

Second Trimester
 Tangible s/sx
 Mother identifies fetus as separate entity due to quickening
 Fantasy
 Developmental Task: Accept growing fetus as a baby to nurture
 Health Teaching: Growth and development of fetus

Third Trimester
 Mother has personally identifies with the appearance of the baby
 Developmental Task: Prepare child birth and parenting the child
 Health Teaching: responsible parenthood, prepare baby’s layette, Lamaze Class
 Address Mother’s fear let she hear the FHT

VII. Pre – Natal Visit

Basic Consideration
1. Frequency of Visit
 1 – 7th mos. once a month
 8 – 9th mos. twice per month
 10th month every week
2. Personal Data
 Home Based Mother’s Record/ HBMR determines high risk pregnancy
 Pseudocyesis false pregnancy appearance of presumptive & probable signs
 Comade Syndrome psycosomatic disorder, father experience what the mother
goes through
3. Diagnosis of Pregnancy
 Urine Exam HCG 40 – 100th day; peak 60 – 70th day
 ELISA beta subunits of HCG is detected as early as 7 – 10th day
 RIA beta subunits of HCG is detected as early as 8th day
 Home Pregnancy Kit
4. Baseline Data
 Roll – Over Test test of pre-eclampsia by the use of BP
 Weight monitoring
Normal Weight Gain
1st Trimester = 1.5 – 3 lbs 1 lb/ mo
2nd Trimester = 10 – 12 lbs 4 lbs/mo
3rd Trimester = 10 – 12 lbs 4 lbs/mo

Minimum allowable weight gain 20 – 25 lbs

Optimal weight gain 25 – 35 lbs

5. Obstetrical Data

a. Gravida no. of pregnancy

b. Para no. of viable pregnancy
16
Viability the ability of the fetus to live outside the uterus at the earliest possible gestational age

1 abortion 1 39TH Week, 1 miscarriage, 1 still birth, 1 2nd mo. preg

1 pregnancy 3rd mos. G4P2 G4 T1 P1 A1 L1

G2P0 G2 T0 P0 A1 L0

c. Important Estimates
1. Nagele’s Rule
 Use to determine expected date of delivery
 Jan – Mar +9 months +7 days
 Apr – Dec -3 months +7 days + 1 year

2. McDonald’s Rule
 Determines age of gestation in weeks
 Fundic Height x 7/8 = AOG in weeks
3. Bartholomew’s Rule
 Determines age of gestations
o 3 mos – above pubis symphysis
o 5 mos – level of umbilicus
o 9 mos – below xiphoid process
o 10 mos – level of 8th mos

4. Haases Rule
 Determines the length of fetus in cm.
 1st half square each month
 2nd half month x 5

d. Tetanus Immunization
 TT1 – anytime or early during pregnancy
 TT2 – 1 month after TT1 3 years protection
 TT3 – 6 months after TT2 – 5 years of protection
 TT4 – 1 year after TT3 10 years of protection
 TT5 – 1 year after TT4 lifetime protection

5. Physical Examinations
a. Danger Signs of Pregnancy
Chills & Fever
Cerebral Disturbances
Abdominal Pain epigastric pain auro of impending convulsion
Boardlike Abdomen Abruptio placenta
Blurred Vission pre eclampsia
Bleeding abortion/ ectopic pregnancy – 1st trimester
H Mole/ Incompetent Cervix – 2nd trimester
Placental Anomalies – 3rd Trimester
BP ↑
Swelling
Scotoma – spots in the eye
Sudden gush of fluid – PROM – premature rupture of membrane

17
6. Pelvic Examination
▪ Pelvic examination or IE – empty bladder, precaution
▪ 1st visit – Chadwicks, Goodle’s sign, etc.
▪ Position : dorsal recumbent, lithotomy
▪ Pap smear – done 1st visit
▪ Cytological exam – determine presence of cancer cells.
▪ Result :
o Class I – normal
o Class II A – cytology without evidence of malignancy
B – suggestive of inflammation
o Class III – cytology suggestive of malignancy
o Class IV – cytology suggestive og malignancy
o Class V – conclusive for malignancy
▪ Most common cancer report organ : cervical cancer
▪ Most common site for pap smear – external OS of cervix (squamocolumnar tissue)
▪ Common site of cervical cancer. maternal – speculum (open)
▪ Stages of cervical cancer
o 0 – carcinoma in situ
o 1 – Ca strictly confined to cervix
o 2 – from cervix extends to the vagina
o 3 – pelvic metastasis
o 4 – affectation to bladder & rectum

7. Leopolds Maneuver
▪ Purpose: Done to determine the attitude, fetal presentation, lie, presenting part, degree of
descent an estimate of the size, and no. of fetuses
▪ Procedure
1. 1st maneuver
o place patient in supine position with knees slightly flexed. Put towel under head and
right hip. With both hands palpate uppe4r abdomen and fundus. Assess size, shape,
movement and firmness of the part
o determine the presenting parts:
2. 2nd maneuver
o with both hands moving down, identify the back of the fetus where the ball of the
stethoscope is placed to determine FHT.
o PR of mother : uterine soufflé – MHR
o fundic soufflé – FHR
3. 3rd maneuver
o using the right hand, grasp the symphysis pubis part using the thumb and fingers.
o Assess whether the presenting part is engaged in the pelvis.
o Alert! If the head is engaged it will not be movable
4. 4th maneuver
o the examiner changes the position by facing the patient’s feet. With two hands, assess
the descent of the presenting part by locating the cephalic prominence or brow.
o When the brow is on the same side as the back, the head is extended. When the brow
is on the same side as the small parts, the head 8is flexed and vertex presenting.
▪ Attitude – relationship of fetus to one another.
▪ Full Flexion – when the chin touches the chest

8. Assessment of Fetal Well-being

18
a. Daily fetal Movement Counting (DFMC)
▪ Done starting 27th week
▪ Consideration
▪ fetal sleep wake pattern
▪ maternal food intake
▪ drug-nicotine use
▪ environmental stimuli
▪ maternal dose
▪ Cardiff count to 10 method – one method currently available
o begin at the same time each day (usually in the morning after breakfast ) and
count each fetal movement, noting how long it takes to count 10 fetal
movements (FMs)
o expected findings – 10 movements in 1hrs or less
o warning signs – 10-12 movements in 1hr or less
▪ more than 1hr to reach 10 movements
▪ less than 10 movements in 12hrs
▪ longer time to reach 10 FMs than on previous days.
▪ movements are becoming weaker, less vigorous
▪ movement alarm signal <3 FMs in 12hrs
o warning signs should be reported to healthcare provider immediately; often
require further testing. Eg. Non stress test (NST), biophysical profile (BPP)

b. Nonstress Test
o to determine the response of the fetal heart rate to the stress to activity.
o Indications – pregnancies at risk for
o placental insufficiency
o Postmaturity
 pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH), diabetes
 warning signs noted during DFMC
 maternal history of smoking, inadequate nutrition
o Procedure :
 Done within 30mins wherein the mother is in semifowlers position; external
monitor is applied to document fetal activity; mother activates the “mark button”
on the electronic monitor when she feels fetal movement. Attach external
noninvasive fetal monitors
 tocotransducer over fundus to detect uterine contractions and fetal movements
(FMs)
 ultrasound transducer over abdominal site where most distinct fetal heart
sounds are detected
 monitor until at least 2 FMs are detected in 20mins.
o if no FM after 40mins provide women with a light snack or gently stimulate fetus through
abdomen
o If no FM after 1hr further testing may be indicated, such as a CST
o Result :
 Noncreative Nonstress Not Good
 Reactive Response is Real Good
o Interpretation of results
 Reactive result – real good
▪ baseline FHR between traction beteen 120 and 160 beats per min.
▪ at least two accelerations of the FHR of at least 15 beats per min., lasting
at least 15secs in a 10 to 20 min period as a result of FM

19
 ▪ good variability – normal irregularity of cardiac rhythm representing a
balanced interaction between the parasympathetic (↓ FHR) and
sympathetic (↑ FHR) nervous system; noted as an uneven line on the
rhythm strip
▪ result indicates a healthy fetus with an intact nervous system
o Nonreactive result – not good
▪ stated criteria for a reative result are not met
▪ could be indicative of a compromised fetus requires further evaluation
with another NST, biophysical profile, (BPP) or contraction stress test
(CST)

9. Health Teachings
o do nutritional assessment
o daily food intake
o determine habit
o if ↓ folic acid – lead to spina bifida/open neural tube defect
o HIGH RISK MOTHERS
 pregnant teenagers – poor compliance to health regimen
 extremes in wt – underwt – eg. Elite models overwt – eg. DM/HPN
 low social economic status. Refer to OSWD
 vegetarian mothers because ↓ intake of vit B12 (Cyanocobalamin) – formation
of folic acid (cell DNA & RNA formation)
 types :
▪ strict vegetarian – prone to develop anemia
▪ lacto vegetarian – milk
▪ lacto-ovo vegetarian – milk & egg

a. Recommended Nutrient Requirement that Increases During Pregnancy

Nutrients Requirements Food sources
Calories
Essential to supply energy for 300 calories/day above the Caloric ↑ should reflect
 metabolic rate prepregnancy daily requirement  foods of high nutrient value
 Utilization of nutrients to maintain ideal body weight such as protein, complex
and meet energy requirement of carbohydrates (whole grains,
 Protein sparing so it can
activity level vegetables, fruits)
be used for :
 begin ↑ in 2nd Trimester  variety of foods representing
o growth of fetus
o development of  use wt-gain pattern as an food sources for the nutrients
structures requires indication of adequacy of required during pregnancy
for pregnancy calories intake  no more than 30% fat
including placenta,  failure to meet caloric
amniotic fluid, tissue requirements can lead to Na – 3gms/day – eat in
growth ketosis as fat & protein are moderation
used for energy, ketosis has CHON x 4K Cal
been associated with fetal CHO x 4K Cal
damage. Fats x 9K Cal

Non pregnant: 2200 calories

Pregnant: 2500 calories
2200+500 @ lactation=2700 cal
Protein
Essential for 60mg/day or an ↑ of 10% above Protein ↑ should reflect
 fetal tissue growth daily requirements for age  Lean meat, poultry, fish
group
20
  maternal tissue growth  Eggs, cheese, milk
including uterus and Adolescents have a higher  Dried beans, lentils, nuts
breasts. protein requirement than mature  Whole grains
 Development of essential women since adolescents must
pregnancy structures supply protein for their own Vegetarians must take note of
 Formation of RBC and growth as well as protein to the amino acid content of
meet the pregnancy CHON foods consumed to
plasma proteins
requirement ensure ingestion of sufficient
Inadequate protein intake has quantities of all amino acids
been associated with onset of
pregnancy induced
hypertension (PIH)
Calcium-Phosphorous
Essential for Calcium ↑ of Calcium ↑ should reflect
 Growth and development  1200mg/day representing  Dairy products, milk, yogurt,
of fetal skeleton and tooth an ↑ of 50% above pre ice cream, cheese, egg yolk
buds pregnancy daily  Whole grain, tofu
 Maintenance of requirement  Green leafy vegetables
mineralization of maternal  1600mg/day is  Canned salmon & sardines
bones and teeth recommended for with bones
 Current research is adolescent  Ca fortified foods such as
demonstrating an  10mcg/day of vitamin D is orange juice
association between required since it enhances  Vitamin D sources fortified
adequate calcium intake absorption of both calcium milk, margarine, egg yolk,
and the prevention of and phosphorous butter, liver, seafood
pregnancy induced
hypertension

Iron
Essential for Non Pregnat:15mg/day
 Expansion of blood volume & Pregnant : 30mg/day Iron ↑ should reflect
RBC formation - representing a doubling  liver, red meat, fish, poultry,
 Establishment of fetal iron of the prepregnant daily eggs
stores for first few months of life requirement  enriched, whole grain
 Begin supplementation at cereals & breads
30mg/day in second  dark green leafy
trimester, since diet alone is vegetables, legumes
unable to meet pregnancy  nuts, dries fruits
requirement
 vitamin C sources: citrus
 60 – 120mg/day along with fruits & juices, strawberries,
copper and zinc cantaloupe, tomatoes,
supplementation for women green peppers, broccoli or
who have low Hgb values cabbage, potatoes
prior to pregnancy or who
 iron form food sources is
have iron deficiency anemia
more readily absorbed
 70mg/day of vitamin C
when served with foods
which enhances iron high in vit C
absortion
o Inadequate iron intake
results in maternal
effects anemia,
depletion of iron stores,
↓ energy and appetite,

21
 cardiac stress especially
during labor & birth
o fetal effects ↓ availability
of oxygen thereby
affecting fetal growth
 iron deficiency anemia is
the most common
nutritional disorder of
pregnancy
Zinc
Essential for 15 g/day representing an ↑ of Zinc ↑ should reflect
 the formation of enzymes 3mg/day over prepregnant daily  liver, meats
 maybe be important in the requirement  shell fish
prevention of congenital  grains, legumes, nuts
malformation of the fetus
Folic acids, folacin, folate
Essential for 400mcg/day representing an ↑ ↑ should reflect
 Formation of RBC & of more than 2x the daily  Liver. Kidney, lean beek,
prevention of anemia prepregnant requirement veal
 DNA synthesis & cell  Dark, green leafy
formation; may play a role 300mcg/day supplement for vegetables, broccoli,
in the prevention of neural women with low folate levels or asparagus, artichokes,
tube defects (spina bifida), dietary deficiency legumes
abortion, abruption  Whole grains, preanuts
placenta
Additional requirements
Minerals ↑ requirements of pregnancy
 Iodine 175mcg/day can easily be met with a
 Magnesium 320mg/day balanced diet that meets the
 Selenium 65mcg/day requirement for calories and
includes food sources high in
the other nutrients needed
during pregnancy
Vitamins
E 10mg/day
Thiamine 1.5mg/day
Riboflavin 1.6mg/day
Pyridoxine (B6) 2.2mg/day
B12 2.2mcg/day
Niacin 17mg/day

b. Sexual Activity
 Principles of sex in Pregnancy
o Should be done in moderation
o Should be done in a private place
o That the mother should be placed in a comfortable position
o It must be avoided 6 weeks prior to EDD
o Avoid blowing of air during cunnilingus
 Contraindication in sex:
o vaginal spotting – 1st tri
o incompetent cervix – 2nd tri
o placenta previa, abruption placenta – 3rd tri
o pre-term labor R: prostaglandin – oxytocin – contraction
22
 o PROM – infection
 Changes in sexual appetite during pregnancy:
o 1st tri - ↓
o 2nd tri - ↑
o 3rd tri - ↓

c. Exercise
 strengthen muscle to be used during the delivery process
 Walking – best form of exercise
 Squatting – strengthen perineum & ↑circulation to the perineum (raise the buttocks before
head to prevent postural hypotension)
 Tailor sitting – same purpose with squatting
 Kegel exercise – strengthen pubococcygeal muscle
 Abdominal exercise – muscle of the abdomen ( done as if blowing a candle)
 Shoulder circling exercise – strengthen muscle of the chest
 Pelvic rocking exercise or pelvic tilt – relieve low back pain & maintain good posture
(arching back for 3 sec)
 Principles of exercise
o must be done in moderation
o must be individualized

d. Childbirth Preparation
 Overall goal: To prepare patents physically & psychologically while promoting wellness
behavior that can be used by parents & family thus, helping them achieved a satisfying &
enjoying childbirth experiences.

 Psychological
o Bradley Method – Dr. Robert Bradley – discoverer
▪ advocated active participation of husband during labor & delivery to serve as
coach, based on “imitation of nature”
▪ Features:
 darkened room
 quiet & calm environment
 relaxation technique
 close eyes
o Grantly Dick Read Method
▪ fear can lead to tension while tension can lead to pain. (break cycle by
removing the fear-by abdominal breathing exercises & relaxation technique)
 Psychosexual
o Kitzinger Method – Dr. Shiella Kitzinger
▪ pregnancy, labor & birth & the care of the newborn is an important turning point
in a woman’s life cycle. “flowing with contractions rather than struggle with
contractions”
 Psychoprophylaxis
o Lamaze – Dr. Ferdinand Lamaze
▪ Prevention of pain thru mind & requires discipline, conditioning & concentration
with the husband’s help.
▪ Features:
 conscious relaxation

23
  cleansing breathe – inhaling thru nose & exhaling thru mouth
 effleurage – gentle circular massage
 over abdomen to relieve pain
 imaging
 Different methods of delivery
o birthing chain – semi-fowlers – mother
o bathing bed – dorsal recumbent
o squatting – position relieve on back pain & maintain good posture
o Leboyer’s method
▪ features :
 darkly lighted room
 quiet & calm environment
 room temp.
 soft music
o Birth under water

IX. INTRAPARTAL NOTES

A. Admitting the laboring Mother
 Personal data
 Baseline data
 Obstetrical data
 Physical exams
 Pelvic exams
B. Basic knowledge in intrapartum
 Theories of the Onset of Labor
o Uterine Stretch Theory – any hollow organ once stretched to its maximum potential
will always contract & expel its content
o Oxytocin Theory – released by PPG, contraction effect
o Prostaglandin Theory – stimulation by Arachidonic acid, causes contraction of uterus
o Aging Placenta – 42wks (lifespan) by 36wks placenta begins to degenerate causes
contraction
o Progesterone deprivation theory - ↓ level of progesterone will facilitate contraction of
the uterus
 The 4 Ps of Labor
o Passenger – fetus
▪ fetal head
 is the largest presenting part
 ¼ of its length
 Bones – 6 bones (sphenoid, temporal, ethmoid) Frontal, occipital & 2
parietal bones
 Sutures/intermembranous spaces – allows molding
 Molding – the overlapping of the sutures of the skull to permit passage
of the head to the pelvis
o Sagittal bones – connect to parietal bones
o Cororontal bones – connect to parietal & frontal bones
o Lambdoidal bones – connect to parietal & occipital bones
 Fontanels
o 6 fontanels only 2 palpable
▪ anterior fontanel/Bregma
 diamond in shape
24
  3cm x 4cm size
 close 12-18 mos post delivery
 ↑ 5cm – hydrocephalus
▪ posterior fontanel/lambda
 triangular in shape
 1 x 1cm size
 close 2-3mos post delivery
 Measurements of fetal head :
o transverse diameter
▪ Bi-parietal - largest transverse diameter- 9.25cm
▪ Bi-temporal - 8cm
▪ Bi-mastoid - smallest transverse diameter - 7cm
o AP diameter
▪ Suboccipitobregmatic – complete flexion
▪ Occipitofrontal – partial flexion - 12cm
▪ Occipitotemporal – largest AP diameter; hyperextended
(13.5cm)
▪ Submentobrgmatic - face presentation; poor flexio
o Passageway – vagina & pelvis
▪ Pelvis
 4 main pelvic types
o gynecoid – round, wide, deeper, most suitable for pregnancy
o android – heart shape “male pelvis” – anterior pointed post part
– shallow
o Anthropoid – oval “ape-like pelvis“ AP wider transverse narrow
o Platypelloid – flat transverse oval AP narrow transverse – wider
– c/s for delivery
 Problem :
o mother who encounter accident
o ↓ 4’9”
o ↓ 18y/o – R: pelvis not achieve its full pelvic growth
▪ Bones of pelvis
 4bones
o 2 hips (2 innominate bones)
▪ 3parts of 2 innominate bones
 Ileum – lateral/side of hips
o Iliac crest – flaring superior border that
forms prominence of hips; common site
for bone marrow aspiration
 Ischium – inferior portion
o Ischial tuberosities of the area where we
o Sit; basis in getting external measurement
of pelvis
 Pubis – anterior portion
o Symphysis pubis – junction in between
o sacrum – posterior portion
▪ Sacral prominence – basis internal measurement of
pelvis

25
 o 1 coccyx - 4 small bones that compresses during vaginal
delivery
 universal precaution in measurement of pelvis is to empty bladder first
 Important Measurements
o Diagonal Conjugate
▪ measure between Sacral promontory & inferior margin of
the symphysis pubis
▪ Measurement 11.5-12.5 cm
▪ Basis in getting the true conjugate.
o True Conjugate/Conjugate Vera
▪ Measure between the anterior surface of the sacral
promontory & superior margin of the symphysis pubis.
▪ Measurement: 11.0 cm
▪ Diagonal conjugate: 1.5 cm = true conjugate.
o Obstetrical Conjugate
▪ smallest AP diameter of the pelvis measuring 10cm or
more.
o Tuberoischii Diameter
▪ transverse diameter of the pelvic outlet.
▪ Approx by a fist- 8cm & above.
o Power
▪ the forces acting to expel the fetus & placenta
 involuntary contractions
 voluntary bearing down efforts
 characteristics: wave like
 timing: frequency, duration, intensity
▪ myometrium – power of labor
o Psyche/person
▪ psychological stress exist when the mother is fighting the labor experience.
 cultural interpretation preparation
 past experience
 support system
 Pre-eminent signs of labor
o Preeminent Signs
▪ lightening
 settling of the presenting part into the pelvis brim (shooting pain
radiating to the legs, urinary frequency)
 primi- early 2 weeks prior to EDD
 engagement – settling of presenting part into pelvic inlet (not signs of
labor)
▪ Braxton Hicks Contractions – painless irregular contractions
▪ Increase Activity of the Mother – Nesting
 Instinct (mgt: save energy)
 epinephrine production (hormone that ↑ the activity of the mother)
▪ Ripening of the cervix –butter softness
▪ Decrease in weight – 1.5-3 lbs.
▪ Bloody show
 pinkish vaginal discharge (blood + leucorrhea + operculum = pink in
color)

26
 ▪
Rupture of membranes
 check FHT
 IE check for cord prolapse
 after several hrs – check temp.
o Premature Rupture of Membranes (PROM)
▪ contraction drop in intensity even though very painful
▪ contraction drop in frequency
▪ uterus tense &/or contracting between contractions
▪ abdominal palpitations
▪ Nursing Care:
 administer analgesics (morphine)
 attempt manual rotation for ROP or LOP
 bear down with contractions
 adequate hydration
 sedation as ordered
 cesarean delivery may be required, especially if fetal distress is noted
o Cord Prolapse
▪ a complication when the umbilical cord falls or is washed through the cervix
into the vagina.
▪ Danger Signs:
 PROM
 Presenting part has not yet engaged
 Fetal distress
 Protruding cord from vagina – cerebral palsy – ↑ 5 mins., irreversible
brain damage mgt: CS
▪ Nursing Care
 Positioning – knee chest or trendelenberg, place wet sterile gauze R: to
make it slippery
 Observe for fetal distress
 Provide emotional support
 Prepare for cesarean section

 Difference Between True and False Contraction

True False
 No in intensity  There is an in intensity
 Pain confined in the abdomen  Pain begins @ the lower back
 Pain is relieved by walking to abdomen
 No cervical changes  Pain is intensified by walking
 Cervical effacement (thinning of
the cervix, measured thru %) &
dilatation (widening of the
cervix, measurement thru cm)
*best/major sign of true labor

 Duration of Labor
o Primipara – 14 hrs but not more than 120 hrs
o Multipara – 8 hrs but not more than 14 hrs
 Nursing Interventions in Each Stage of Labor
o First Stage: onset of contractions to full dilatation & effacement of the cervix
o stage of effacement & dilatation

27
 ▪ Latent Phase:
 Assessment:
o Dilatations 0-3 cm
o Frequency 5-10 mins
o Duration 20-40 mins
o Intensity mild
o Mother is excited, apprehensive but can communicate
 Nursing Care:
o Encourage walking : shortens 1st stage of labor
o Encourage to void q 2-3 hrs : full bladder inhibits uterine
contraction
o breathing (chest breathing technique)
▪ Active Phase:
 Assessment:
o Dilatations 4-8 cm
o Frequency q 3-5 mins lasting for 30-60 secs
o Duration 30-60 secs
o Intensity moderate
 Nursing Care:
o M – edications – have meds ready
o A – ssessment include: v/s, cervical dilatation & effacement,
fetal monitor, etc
o D – ry lips – oral care (ointment), dry linens
o Breathing – abdominal breathing
▪ Transitional Phase:
 Assessment:
o Dilatations 8-10cm
o Frequency q 2-3 mins contractions
o Duration 45-90 sec
o Intensity strong
o Mood of mother suddenly change accompanied by
hyperesthesia (hypersensitivity of mother to touch) of the skin
 Management
o sacral pressure, cold compress
 Nursing care:
o T – tires
o I – inform of progress (to relieve emotional support)
o R – restless support her breathing technique
o E – encourage & praise
o D – discomfort
o Pelvic Exams
▪ Effacement & Dilatation
 Station – relationship of the presenting part to the ischial spine
o 5 - -1 = the presenting part is above the ischial spine
o Engagement 10 = the presenting part is in line with the ischial
spine
o (-) fetus is floating
o (+) below the ischial spine
 Presentation
o the relationship of the long axis of the fetus to the long axis of
the mother.
28
 o spine relationship of the spine of the mother & the spine of the
fetus

o Two Types
▪ Longitudinal Lie (Parallel)/ Vertical
 Cephalic – when the fetus is completely flexed
o Vertex
o Face
o Brow
o Chin
 Breech
o Complete breech – thigh rest on
abdomen while legs rest on thigh
o Incomplete breech
▪ Frank – thigh resting on abdomen
while legs extend to the head
▪ Footling
▪ Kneeling
▪ Transverse Lie (Perpendicular)/Horizontal lie
 Position – relationship of the fetal presenting part
to specific quadrant of the mother’s pelvis.
o ROA/LOA
▪ left occipito anterior
▪ most common & favorable position
o ROT/LOT – left occipito transverse
o ROP/LOP – left occipito posterior

o L/R- side of maternal pelvis

o Middle – presenting part

o ROP/ROT – most common malposition

o ROP/LOP – most painful mgt: pelvis
squatting

o Breech – sacro
▪ place the stethoscope above the
umbilicus
o Chin – mentum
o Shoulder – acromnio dorso
▪ Monitoring the contractions & fetal heart tone
 spread the finger lightly over the fundus to monitor the contraction
 Increment/Cresendro - beginning of contraction until it increases
 Apex/Acne – height of contraction
 Decrement/Decresendro – from height of contraction until it decreases
 Duration – beginning of contraction to the end of the same contraction
 Interval – from end of contraction to the beginning of the next
contraction

29
  Frequency – from the beginning of 1 contraction to the beginning of
next contraction
 Intensity – strength of contraction
 if contract – blood vessel constricts; the fetus will get the oxygen on the
placenta reserve which is capable of giving oxygen to the fetus up to
1min.
 Duration of placenta to the fetus should not exceed 1min.
 Significance During active phase, if ↑ to 1min should notify the AMD
 ↑ BP; ↓ FHT : best time to get BO & FHT just after a contraction

NURSING CONSIDERATION DURING THE FIRST STAGE OF LABOR

➢ Bath is necessary
➢ Monitor VS especially BP
o Same BP = rest
o Elevated = notify the physician
➢ NPO
o Prevent aspiration chemical pneuminitis
➢ Enema (per hospital policy)
o Purpose
▪ Cleanse the bowel
▪ Prevent infection
o 12 – 18 inches normal length of tube
o 18 inches optimal length
o Lateral sims position
o If there is contraction clump the tube
o If there is resistance slowly remove
o Before and after administration: check FHT (120 – 160) and contractions
➢ Encourage mother to void
➢ Perennial preparation (rule of 7)
➢ Rest on left side lying position
o Prevent supine vena cava syndrome or supine hypotension
➢ If membrane doesn’t rupture amniotomy
➢ FETAL TRASHING - hyperactivity of fetus due to lack of Oxygen
➢ For Pain
o Systemic analgesic
▪ DEMEROL (Meperidine HCl)
 Narcotic and antispasmonic
 Don’t give during latent phase
 Given @ 6-8 cm dilated
 WOF : Respiratory depression
 Narcan (Naloxone, nalorfan, nalline)
o Antidote for toxicity
o Injected on the baby
▪ Epidural Anesthesia
 WOF : Hypotension
 Prehydrate the client to prevent hypotension
 In case of Hypotension
o Elevate leg
o Fast Drip IV

30
SECOND STAGE OF LABOR (FETAL STAGE)
➢ Complete dilatation and effacement to birth
➢ Crowning occurs
➢ PRIMI – transfer to DR @ 10 cm dilatation
➢ MULTI – transfer to DR @ 7 – 8 cm dilatation
➢ Position in lithotomy both legs at the same time
➢ BULGING OF PERENIUM surest sign of delivery initiation
➢ PANT & BLOW Breathing, fetal pushing should be done on an open glottis
➢ Respiratory alkalosis
o Due to incorrect breathing
o Hyperventilation
o S/sx
▪  RR
▪ Lightheadedness
▪ Tingling sensation
▪ Carpopedal spasm
▪ Circumoral numbness

Episiotomy
➢ Prevent laceration
➢ Widen the vaginal canal
➢ Shortens the 2nd stage of labor
➢ 2 types
o MEDIAN
▪ Less bleeding
▪ Less pain
▪ Easy repair
▪ Possible urethroanal fistula major disadvantage
o MEDIOLATERAL
▪ More bleeding
▪ More pain
▪ Hard to repair and slow healing
➢ Ironing the Perenium prevent laceration

Mechanism of Labor (ED FIRE ERE)

➢ Engagement
➢ Descent
➢ Flexion
➢ Internal Rotation
➢ Extension
➢ External Rotation
➢ Expulsion

PELVIS
➢ 3 Parts
o Inlet – AP diameter narrow, transverse wider
o Cavity – between inner and outer
o Outlet – AP diameter wider, transverse narrow
➢ LINEA TERMINALES

31
Nursing Care

➢ MODIFIED RIGEN’S MANEUVER

o Done by supporting the perenium with a towel during delivery
o Facilitates complete flexion
o Avoids laceration
➢ First intervention: Support the head and suction secretion
➢ Do not milk the cord, wait for pulsation to stop before cutting
o Milking may cause too much blood going to the baby that may cause cardiac overload
➢ When there is still birth, let the mother see the baby to accept the finality of death

THIRD STAGE OF LABOR (PLACENTAL STAGE)

➢ 3 – 10 minutes after child birth
➢ 1st sign Fundus rises CALKIN’S SIGN
➢ Signs of Placental Separation
o Fundus becomes globular and rises calkin’s sign
o Lengthening of the cord
o Sudden gush of blood
➢ BRANT – ANDREW’S MANEUVER
o slowly pulling the cord and wind at the clamp
o rapidly may cause uterine inversion

Types Placental Delivery

➢ SHULTZ (Shiny)
o From center to the edges
o Presenting fetal side
➢ DUNCAN (Dirty)
o Form edges to center
o Presenting the maternal side

Nursing Considerations during placental delivery

➢ Check placental completeness
o Should be 500 g
➢ Check Fundus – Massage if Boggy
➢ BP Check
➢ Methergine, methylergonovine mallate (IM)
➢ Oxytocin (IV) if methergine is not present
➢ Check perenium for lacerations
➢ Assist in episioraphy
➢ Vaginoplasty/ Vaginal Landscape – Virgin again

FOURT STAGE OF LABOR (Recovery Stage)

➢ First 1 – 2 hours after delivery of placenta
➢ Maternal observation – body system stabilize
o 1st hour – q15 min 2nd hour - q 30 min
➢ Placement of fundus
o In between umbilicus and pubis symphysis
o Check bladder, assist in voiding, May lead to uterine atony hemorrhage
➢ Lochia
➢ Perineum
o Check REEDA
32
 ➢ R edness
➢ E dema
➢ E cchymosis
➢ D ischarge
➢ A pproximation
o Fully saturated – 30 – 40 cc
o Weighing – 1 cc = 1 gram Common Board Question

Nursing Consideration during Recovery

➢ Flat on bed to prevent dizziness
➢ If with Chills give blanket due to dehydration
➢ Give nourishment (progression of meal)
o Clear liquids – gatorade, ginger juice, gelatins
o Full liquid – milk, ice cream
o Soft diet
o Regular diet
➢ Check VS/ Pain
➢ Pychic State
➢ Bonding – interaction between mother and newborn
o Strict – 24 hours with mother
o Partial – morning with mother, night nursery

COMPLICATIONS OF LABOR

Dystocia
➢ Difficult labor related to mechanical factor
➢ Primary cause is Uterine Inertia

Uterine Inertia
➢ Sluggishness of contraction
➢ Types
o Primary/ Hypertonic
▪ Intense contraction resulting to ineffective pushing
▪ Management : Sedation
o Secondary/ Hypotonic
▪ Slow, irregular contraction resulting to ineffective pushing
▪ Management : Oxytocin Augmentation
Prolonged Labor
➢ > 20 H for primi
➢ > 14 H for multi
➢ proper pushing should be encourage if inappropriate:
o may cause fetal distress
o caput succedaneum
o cephalhematoma
o maternal exhaustion
➢ monitor contractions and FHT

Precipitate Labor
➢ labor less than 3 hours
➢ causes excessive laceration leading to profuse bleeding hypovolemic shock
➢ s/sx of hypovolemic shock HYPO TACHY TACHY
33
 o HYPOtension
o TACHYpnea
o TACHYcardia
o Cold clammy skin
o Management
▪ Modified trendelenburg
▪ Fast Drip IV

Inversion of Uterus
➢ Situation in which uterus is turn inside out due to:
o Short cord
o Hurrying of placental delivery
o Ineffective fundal push
➢ Cause profuse bleeding hypovolemic
➢ Hysterectomy

Uterine Rupture
➢ Rupture of uterus
➢ Caused by
o Previous classical CS
o Very large baby
o Improper use of oxytocin
➢ S/sx
o Sudden pain
o Profuse bleeding
➢ Prepare fore TAHBSO
Physiologic Retraction Ring boundary between upper and lower uterine segment
Bandl’sPathologic Ring suprapubic depression sign of uterine rupture

Amniotic Fluid/ Placental Embolism

➢ Anaphylactic syndrome of pregnancy
➢ Situation in which placental fragment and amniotic fluid enters maternal circulation
➢ S/Sx
o Dyspnea
o Chest Pain
o Frothy Sputum
o End Stage – DIC
➢ Prepare for CPR, Suction and emergency etc

Trial Labor
➢ Fetal head measurement = measurement of pelvis
➢ 6 hours labor allowance given to mother
➢ monitor FHT and contractions

Preterm Labor
➢ labor after 20 weeks and before 37 weeks
➢ Triad signs
o Premature conditions every 10 minuets
o Effacement of 60 – 80%
o Dilatation of 2 – 3 cm
➢ Home Management

34
 o
CBR
o
Avoid Sex
o
Empty bladder
Drink 3 – 4 Glasses of H2O
o
▪ Full bladder inhibit contraction
➢ Hospital Management
o If Cervix Close (Criteria: cervix is closed if it is 2 – 3 cm dilated only)
▪ 2 – 3 cm dilated, pregnancy can be saved
▪ Tocolytic Therapy
 Yutupar (Ritodine HCl)
o Side effect maternal BP < 90/60
o Check Impt. Presence of crackles
 Brethine (terbutaline) Bricanyl
o DOC
o Side effect: sustained tachycardia
o Antidote: propanolol/ inderal
 Mg SO4
o If cervix is dilated ( > 4cm)
▪ Give steroid dexamethasone
 Promote surfactant maturation
 Immediately cut the cord after delivery to prevent jaundice/
hyperbilirubinemia

POSTPARTAL PERIOD

Puerperium – 5th stage of labor, 1st 6 weeks post partum

Characterize by involution
Involution - return to the normal stage of reproductive organ after pregnancy

Return to Normal Healing

Physiologic Changes
Systemic Changes
➢ Cardiovascular System
o plasma volume
o sudden  in blood volume
o elevated WBC’s up to 30, 000 mm3
o hyperfibrinogenemia
o orthostatic hypertension can be possible
o early ambulation prevents thrombos formation
▪ steps in ambulation
 Flat
 Semifowlers
 Fowlers with dangling
 Walk with assist

➢ Genital Tract
o Fundus
▪ goes down 1 finger breadth a day
▪ 10th day – non palpable behind the symphysis pubis
▪ Subinvolution
 delayed healing of uterus containing quarters or clots of blood
35
  may lead to puerperal sepsis
 Management : D&C
o After Pains
▪ After birth pains
▪ Multiparous breastfeeding – most common to develop
▪ Position = prone
▪ Cold compress
▪ Mefenamic acid
o Lochia
▪ Components
 Blood
 Deciduas
 WBC
 Microorg
▪ 3 types
 Rubra – 1 – 3 days, musty, moderate amount
 Serosa – 4 – 10th day, pink or brown
 Alba – 10 – 21th day, crème white,  amount

➢ Urinary Tract
o Urinary Frequency – due to urinary retention with overflow
o Dysuria
▪ Damage to trigone of the bladder
▪ Urine collection for culture and sensitivity
▪ Stimulate navel to urinate
▪ Palpate bladder
▪ Running water listening
▪ Pull pubic hair - stimulate cremasteric reflex

➢ Colon
o Constipation
▪ Due to NPO
▪ Bearing down may cause pain
➢ Perenium
o Pain relieved by sim’s position
o Cold compress 1st 24 hours if there is pain at episioraphy followed by warm

EMOTIONAL SUPPORT

1. Taking phase
 1st 3 days
 dependent phase
 passive, can’t make decision
 tells about childbirth experience
 focus on: Hygiene
2. Taking Hold
 4 – 7th day
 dependent to independent phase
 active, decides actively
 focus: care of newborn
36
  health teaching : Family planning
3. Letting Go
 Interdependent phase
 Redefines goals, new roles as parents
 May extend till the child grows

Post Partum Blues

 4th – 5th days
 overwhelming feeling of depression, inability of sleep and lack of appetite
 50 – 80% incidence rate
 cause by sudden hormaonal change – progesterone suddenly decreases
 allow crying: therapeutic
 may lead to postpartum psychosis/ depression

Postpartal Complications

Hemorrhage
➢ bleeding within 24 hours postpartum

Early Pospartal Hemorrhage

1. Uterine Atony
➢ boggy fundus
➢ profuse bleeding
➢ interventions
o massage the uterus
o cold compress
o modified trendelenburg
o fast drip IV
o breastfeeding – to release oxytocin

2. Laceration
➢ well contracted uterus with profuse bleeding
➢ assess perenium for laceration
➢ degrees of laceration
o 1st degree – vaginal skin and mucus membrane
o 2nd degree – 1st degree + muscles
o 3rd degree – 2nd degree + external sphincter of rectum
o 4th degree – 3rd degree + mucus membrane of rectum

3. Hematoma
➢ bluish discoloration of subQ tissues of vagina or perenium
➢ candidates
o delivery of very large babies
o pudendal block
o excessive manipulation due to excessive IE
➢ intervention
o cold compress 10 – 20 min then allow 30 minutes rest period for 24 h

4. DIC – disseminated intravascular coagulation

➢ Consumption of pregnancy (otherterm)

37
 ➢ Failure to coagulate
➢ Bleeding in the eyes, ears, nose
➢ Oozing blood
➢ Seen in cases with
o Abruptio placenta
o Still birth / IUFD
➢ Management
o Blood transfusion of cryoprecipitate or fresh frozen plasma
o hysterectomy

Late Postpartum Hemorrhage

Retained placental fragments

➢ manual extraction of fragments is done
➢ uterine massage
➢ D&C except for cases of
o Placenta Acreta – umusual attachment of the placenta to the myometrium
o Placenta Increta – deeper attachment of placemat to the myometrium
o Placenta Percreta – invasion of placenta to the perimetrium
▪ Candidates of these disorders are
 Grand multiparous
 Post CS
▪ All these requires hysterectomy

Infection
➢ Sources
o Endogenous – from normal flora of the body
o Exogenous – from the health care team
▪ Most common – Anaerobic Streptococci
➢ Management
o Supportive care
o  Fluid intake
o TSB if there is fever/ cold compress + paracetamol may also be given
o Analgesics
➢ Given on time to achieve maximum effect
o Culture and sensitivity

Perenial Infection
➢ Same s/ sx with infection
➢ 2 – 3 stitches are dislodges
➢ with purulent drainage
➢ Tx – resuturing

Endometritis
➢ Inflammation of the endometrium
➢ Gen s/sx of infection + abdominal tenderness
➢ Management
o High fowler’s – facilitates drainage & localize infection
o Administer oxytocin

FAMILY PLANNING METHOD

38
Guiding Principles
1. determine your own beliefs first
2. never advise a permanent method of family planning
3. informed concent
4. the method is an individual decision

Natural Method – accepted by the church

Billing’s/ Cervical Mucus/ Spinnbarkeit

 clear watery & stretchable
 13th day – longest due to estrogen
Basal Body Temp – in the morning before arising/ 13th – 14th day due to peak of progesterone
LAM – Lactational Amenorrhea Method
➢ prolactin – inhibits ovulation
➢ breastfeeding – 4 – 6 months no menstrual cycle
➢ bottle fed – 2 – 3 months
Sympthothermal – combination of Billings and BBT – most effective method

Social Methods

Coitus Interuptus
➢ withdrawal
➢ least effective method
Coitus Reservatus
➢ sex w/o ejaculation
Coitus interfemora
➢ between femor
Calendar Method
➢ 14 days before menstrual cycle – ovulation day (regular)
➢ - 4, + 4 days – unsafe period
Origoknause Formula ( irregular menstrual cycle)
➢ get the longest and shortest cycle
➢ subtract 18 to shortest
➢ 11 to the longest
➢ the difference is the unsafe period

PILLS
➢ combined oral contraceptives preventovulation by inhibiting the anterior pituitary gland
roduction of FSH and LH which are essential for he maturation and rupture of a follicle.
➢ Estrogen inhibit FSH which is responsible in the mturation of ovum. Progesterone inhibit LH
which is responsible for ovulation.
➢ contains estrogen that inhibits FSH and progesterone that inhibit LH
➢ 99.9% effective
➢ 21 day feel on the 5th day of mense start taking
➢ 28 day – 1st day of mense
➢ if forgotten, take 2 tablets the following day
➢ adverse effect : breakthrough bleeding
➢ if mother wants to get pregnant
o wait 3 monts
o another 3 months if unsuucessful before consulting gyne
➢ contraindications
o chain smoking

39
 o Hypertension
o DM
o Extreme obesity
o Thrombophlebitis
➢ Side effects (ressembles Hypertension)/ Immediate Discontinuation
o Abdominal paon
o Chest pain
o Headache
o Eye problem
o Severe leg cramp
➢ Alerts on oral contraceptives :
o In case a Mother who is taking an oral contraceptive for almost a long time and plans
to have a baby, she would wait for at least 3mos before attempting to conceive to
provide time for estrogen and progesterone levels to return to normal. If after 6months
the mother did not get pregnant, consult AMD.
o If a new oral contraceptive is prescribed, the mother should continue taking the
previously prescribed contraceptive and begin taking the new one on the first day of
the next menses.
o Discontinue oral contraceptive if there is signs of severe headache as this are an
indication of hypertension associated with increase incidence of CVA and
subarachnoid hemorrhage.
o If forget to drink pill for 1 day, take 2 pills the next day. If forget to drink pills for 2days,
stop the pill and wait for the next mens.
➢ Adverse reaction : breakthrough bleeding

DMPA – Depoprovera
➢ Contains progesterone
➢ Depomedroxy progesterone Acetate
➢ IM q 3 months – never massage the site may decrease effectiveness

NORPLANT
➢ 6 match stick like capsules/ rod
➢ contain progesterone
➢ sub Q planted
➢ good for 5 years

Mechanical Device
IUD
➢ prevent implantation
➢ alters mobility of sperm and ovum
➢ 99.7% effective
➢ best inserted after delivery and during menstruation
➢ Common complication – EXCESSIVE MENSTRUAL FLOW
➢ Common problem – EXPULSION OF THE DEVICE
➢ No protection against STD
➢ Side effects include
o Uterine infection
o Uterine perforation
o Ectopic pregnacy
➢ Major indication for the use is PARITY
➢ HT: monthly check up and regular pap smear
40
CONDOM
➢ Made up of latex
➢ Put in erected penis or lubricated vagina
➢ Prevents sperm to enter the uterus
➢ FEMALE CONDOM – higher protection than that of male

DIAPRAGHM
➢ Dome shaped rubberied material inserted at the cervix to prevent sperm getting inside the
uterus
➢ Reusable
➢ HT : Proper hygiene
o Check for holes
o Must be refitted in case of weight gain of 15 lbs - - board question
o Kept in place for about 6-8 Hours – Board question
➢ Contraindicated to
o Frequent UTI

CERVICAL CAP
➢ More durable than the diaphram
➢ Could stay on place for more than 24 hours
➢ No need to apply spermicides
➢ Contraindicated to – abnormal papsmear

CHEMICAL
SPERMICIDES
➢ FOAMS – most effective
➢ Jellies
➢ Creams
➢ These may cause toxic shock syndrome

SURGICAL METHOD
➢ Bilateral tubal Ligation
o @ isthmus
o 20% probability of reversal
➢ Vasectomy
o Vas deferens is cut
o More than 30 x or 0 sperm count or 2 x negative sperm count before it could be
consider safe sex

HIGH RISK PREGNANCY

HEMORRHAGIC DISORDERS

General management
➢ CBR
➢ Avoid sex
➢ Prepare ultrasound – determine the sac integrity
➢ Assess bleeding and approximation

41
 ➢ Assess hypovolemia
➢ Save discharge for histopathology
o Determine whether the product of labor has been expelled

First Trimester Bleeding

Abortion – termination of labor before age of viability
➢ SPONTANEOUS
o AKA miscarriage
o Causes
1. Chromosomal aberrations due to advanced maternal age
2. Blighted ovum
3. germ plasm defect
o Natures way of expelling defective babies
o Classifications :
1. Threatened
 pregnancy is jeopardized by bleeding and cramping but the cervix is
closed and can be saved.
2. Inevitable
 moderate bleeding, cramping, tissue protrudes from the cervix and the
cervix is open.
o Types :
1. Complete
 all products of conception are expelled.
 Mgt : emotional support
2. Incomplete
 placenta and membranes retained.
 Mgt : D&C
➢ HABITUAL
o 3 or more consecutive pregnancies result in abortion usually related to incompetent
cervix.
o Management (suture of cervix)
1. McDonald procedure
 Temporary circlage
 Side effect – infection
 May have NSD
2. Shirodkar
 CS delivery
➢ MISSED
o fetus dies; product of conception remain in uterus 4 weeks or longer
o signs of pregnancy cease
1. (-) pregnancy test
2. Dark brown
3. Scanty bleeding
o Mgt : induction of labor/ vacuum extraction

➢ INDUCED
o Therapeutic abortion principle of 2 fold effect
1. Done when mother has class 4 heart disease

Ectopic Pregnancy
 occurs when gestation is location outside the uterine cavity
 Common site : Ampulla or Tubal
42
  Dangerous site: Interstitial
Unruptured Ruptured
 Missed period  sudden, sharp severe unilateral
 Abdominal pain within 3- 5wks of pain, knife like
missed period (maybe  shoulder pain (indicative of
generalized of one sided) intraperitoneal bleeding that
 Scant, dark brown vaginal extends to diaphragm & phrenic
bleeding nerve)
 Vague discomfort  (+) Cullen’s sign – bluish tinged
umbilicus
 syncope/fainting

 Nursing Care :
o vital signs
o administer IV fluids
o monitor for vaginal bleeding
o monitor I&O
o prepare for culdocentesis to determine
o hemoperitoneum
 Mgt : non-surgical Methotrexate

SECOND TRIMESTER BLEEDING

Hydatidiform Mole / “bunch of grapes”
 Gestational Trophoblastic Disease – progressive degeneration of Chorionic Villi
 gestational anomaly of the placenta consisting of a bunch of clear vesicles. This neoplasm is
formed from the swelling of the chronic villi and lost nucleus of the fertilized egg. The nucleus
of the sperm duplicates, producing a diploid number 46xx. It grows and enlarges the uterus
very rapidly.
 Cause : Unknown
 Assessment :
o Early signs
▪ vesicles passed thru the vagina
▪ Hyperemesis gravidarum due to ↑ HCG
▪ Fundal height
▪ Vaginal bleeding (scant or profuse)
o Early in pregnancy
▪ high levels of HCG
▪ Pre ecclampsia at about 12wks
▪ Vesicles look like a “snowstorm” on sonogram
▪ Anemia
▪ Abdominal cramping
o Serious late complications
▪ Hyperthyroidism
▪ Pulmonary embolus
 Nursing care :
o prepare for D&C
o do not give oxytocin drugs due to proneness to embolism
o Health Teaching:
▪ return for pelvic exams as scheduled for one year to monitor HCG and assess
for enlarged uterus and rising titer could be indicative of choriocarcinoma

43
 ▪ Avoid pregnancy for at least one year
▪ Methotrexate therapy

Incompetent Cervix Management:

 McDonald procedure
o temporary circlage of incompetent cervix.
o Delivery : NSVD
o SE: infection
o Health teaching
▪ observe for signs of infection
▪ signs of labor
 Shhirodkar procedure
o permanent procedure.
o Delivery : caesarian section required.

THIRD TRIMESTER BLEEDING “PLACENTAL ANOMALIES”

Placenta Previa
 it occurs when the placenta is improperly implanted in the lower uterine segment, sometime
covering the cervical os.
 Assessment
o Outstanding sign : frank, bright red, painless bleeding
o enlargement (usually has not occurred)
o fetal distress
o abnormal presentation
 Nursing care :
o Initial mgt : NPO candidate for CS
o Bedrest
o prepare to induce labor if cervix is ripe
o administer IV
o No IE, No Sex, No enema – complication : Sudden fetal blood loss
o prepare Mother for double set –up –DR is converted to OR

Abruptio Placenta
 it is the premature separation of the placenta from the implantation site.
 It usually occurs after the twentieth week of pregnancy
 Cause:
o Cocaine user
o Severe PIH
o Accident
 Assessment:
o Outstanding sign : dark red & painful bleeding
o concealed hemorrhage (retroplacental)
o couvelaire uterus (caused by bleeding into the myometrium) (-) contraction
o rigid boardlike abdomen
o severe abdominal pain
o dropping coagulation factor (a potential for DIC)
o sx : bleeding to any part of the body. Mgt : for hysterectomy
 General Nursing care :
o infuse IV, prepare to administer blood
44
  type and crossmatch
o monitor FHR
o insert Foley catheter
o measure bllod loss; count pads
o report s/s of DIC
o monitor v/s for shock
o strict I&O

Placental Succenturiata – 1 or 2 lobes connected to the placenta by a blood vessel

Placenta Bipartita – placenta divided into 2 lobes

HYPERTENSIVE DISORDER

Pregnancy Induced Hypertension

o HPN after 24wks resolved 6wks postpartum which cause pregnancy.
o Types :
o Gestational HPN
▪ HPN without edema & proteinuria.
▪ Mgt : monitor BP
o Pre-eclampsia – triad
o sx : HPN with edema, proteinuria or albuminuria (HEP/A) which cause is unknown or
idiopathic but multifactoral
▪ primis d/t 1st exposure to chorionic villi
▪ multiple pregnancies due to ↑ exposure to chorionic villi
▪ Mothers of low socio-economic status due to ↓ protein intake
▪ Teenagers d/t low compliance to protein intake
o HELLP syndrome – hemolysis with elevated liver enzymes & low platelet count

Transitional Hypertension – HPN between 20-24wks

Chronic or Pre-existing Hypertension
o HPN before the 20th wk not resolved 6wks postpartum
o 3 types of pre-eclampsia
o Sign of pre-eclampsia :
o > 30mmHg systolic
o > 15mmHg diastolic
o Roll over test
▪ 10-15min side lying
▪ Then supine
▪ Then take BP
o mild pre-ecclampsia
▪ 140/90mmHg, w/ +1 O2, +2 proteinuria Early signs : ↑ wt, inability to wear
wedding ring due to developing edema
▪ Signs present
 cerebral & visual disturbances, epigastric pain to liver edema and
oliguria usually indicates an impending convulsion
 Before convulsion : if you see sign of epigastric pain, 1º mgt is to place
tongue depressor and put the side rales up
 During convulsion : observe the Mother for safety
 After convulsion – turn to side to facilitate drainage
o Severe pre-ecclampsia

45
 ▪ 160/110, +3 or +4, proteinuria, visual disturbances
▪ Nursing care
▪ P – promote bedrest
▪ Prevent convulsions by nursing measures
 to ↑ O2 demand & facilitate Na excretion
 Management: quiet & calm environment, minimal handling, avoid
moving the bed
 Heat Acetic Acid – determine protein in the urine
 Prepare the following at bedside
o tongue depressor, Suction machine & O2 tank
▪ E – ensure high protein intake (1g/kg/day)
 Na in moderation
▪ A – antihypertensive drug with hydraluzine
▪ C – CNS depressant with Mg Sulfate for anti-convulsion
 Mgt : evaluate for hypermagnesiumenimia
▪ E – evaluate physical parameters for Magnesium Sulfate toxicity :
 B – BP ↓
 U – Urine output ↓
 R – RR ↓
 P – Patellar reflex is absent
 Antidote : Ca gluconate
o Eclampsia – with seizure
▪ ↑ BUN – sign of glumerular damage

46
Diabetes Mellitus
o cause by absent & lack of Insulin
o Action of Insulin is to facilitate transfer of glucose into the cell
o Dx test : 50gm 1hr Glucose Tolerance Test
o ↑ 130 – hyperglycemia
47
 o ↓ 70 – hypoglycemia
o 80-120 – euglycemia
o if > 130mg/dl, the Mother needs to undergo a 3hr GTT
o Maternal Effects :
o hypoglycemia during the 1st trimester development of the brain sinisipsip ng fetus
yung glucose ng nanay.
o Hyperglycemia during the 2nd & 3rd trimester
▪ HPL effect Mgt : give insulin. OHA are teratogenic.
▪ 1st trimester - ↓ insulin, 2nd trimester - ↑ insulin, post partum – drop suddenly
▪ Frequent infections eg. Moniliasis
▪ Polyhydramnios
▪ Dystocia
o Fetal Effects :
o hypoglycemia during the 1st trimester and Hyperglycemia during the 2nd & 3rd
trimester thru facilitated diffusion
o Macrosomia/LGA .4000gms
o IUGR due to prolonged DM
o Preterm birth promote still birth
o Newborn Effects :
o Hyperinsulinism and Hypoglycemia
▪ 40mg/dl
▪ Normal : 45-55mg/dl
▪ Borderline : 40mg/dl
▪ Sx : ↑ pitched shrill cry, tremors, jitteriness
▪ Dx test : heel stick test to check glucose levels
o Hypocalcemia
▪ < 7mg/dl
▪ Calcemic tetany
▪ Tx : Ca gluconate

Heart Disease
o Classification :
o I – no limitation
o II – Slight limitation, ordinary activity causes fatigue
▪ good prognosis can deliver vaginally
▪ Mgt : sleep of 10hrs/day, rest 30mins after meals
o III – moderate limitation, less than ordinary activity causes discomfort
▪ poor prognosis. Good for vaginal delivery
▪ Mgt : early hospitalization by 7-8mos
o IV – marked limitation of physical activity for even at rest there is fatigue
▪ poor prognosis. Good for vaginal delivery only with regional anesthesia.
▪ Low forceps delivery when unable to push & to shorten the stage of labor
▪ Mgt :
 therapeutic abortion, high semi- fowlers position, left side lying, no
valsalva maneuver - may trigger cardiac arrest, heparin therapy
required, antibiotic therapy for prevention of sub acute bacterial
endocarditis

INTRAPARTAL COMPLICATIONS

48
Cesarean Delivery
 Indications
a. multiple gestation
b. diabetes
c. active herpes II
d. severe toxemia
e. placental previa
f. abruption placenta
g. prolapse of the cord
h. cephalo pelvic disproportion and primary indication
i. breech presentation
j. transverse lie
 procedure :
o classical – vertical incision
o low segment – “bikini”, for aesthetic purposes. Can have vaginal birth after c/s

Genotype – genetic make-up

Phenotype – Physical appearance
Karyotype – pictorial analysis of individual chromosome for detecting chromosomal abnormalities
Autosomal Dominant
 huntington’s chorea
 retinoblastoma
 achondroplasia
 polydactyl
Autosomal Recessive
 sickle cell
 Cystic fibrosis
 Celiac
 PKU
 Galactosemia
X- Linked Recessive
 Hemophilia
 Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy
 Color blindness
X – Linked Dominant
 Rickette’s

49