C Programming

● Installation
■ IDE (Integrated Development Environment) --> VS Code
■ Compiler --> Mingw - gcc
■ Extensions --> C C++, Code runner

● Syntax

● Basic Flow - BTS - gcc -Wall -save-temps main.c

■ Preprocessing --> .i (remove comments, include files)
■ Compilation --> .s (convert .I file into assembly level instructions)
■ Assembly --> .o (convert .s file into machine level instructions)
■ Linking --> .exe (executable file)
■ Loading --> Program load in RAM

● C Program --> Keywords + Identifiers + Literal / Constant + String + Symbols

● Variable Declaration
■ A name given to a memory location
■ Declared by writing type variable_name;
■ Initialized and declared by type variable_name = value;

● Valid / Invalid Variable name

■ Can contain alphabets, digits, and underscore ( _ )
■ A variable name can start with an alphabet and underscore only.
■ Can't start with a digit.
■ No white space & reserved keywords are allowed.
■ Valid variable names: int deepak, float deepak123, char _deepak34
■ Invalid variable names: $deepak, int 77 deepak, char long;

● Valid / Invalid declaration

● Data Types
■ Basic Data Types
◆ Int ( 4 byte ) --> 1, 2, 3 etc
◆ Float ( 4 byte ) --> 1.2, 2.2 etc
◆ Double ( 8 byte ) --> same as float
◆ Char ( 1 byte ) --> a, b, c etc
■ Derived Data Types
◆ Array

◆ Pointer

◆ Structure

◆ Union

■ Enumeration Data Types

◆ Enum

■ Void Data Type

◆ void (null)

● Operators
■ Arithmetic Operators
◆ +, -, *, /, % --> modulus
■ Relational / Conditional / Comparison Operators
◆ ==, >=, <=, <, >, !=
■ Logical Operators
◆ && --> AND, || --> OR, ! --> NOT
■ Assignment Operators
◆ =, +=, -=, *=, /=

● Keyword or Functions
■ Printf(); --> use to print the character / result / output
■ Scanf(); --> use to read character / value assign
 ■ Sizeof(); --> use to check size of data types

● Format Specifier of Data Types

■ Int --> %d Ex: scanf(‘’%d’’, &a);
■ Char --> %c
■ String --> %s
■ Float --> %f
■ Long --> %l
■ Double --> %lf
■ Long double --> %LF

● Constant --> const, #define

● Escape Sequences --> \a, \b, \n, \t, \v, \\, \’, \”

● Comments in C --> //---------, /* --------- */

● A program of Hello World!

● A program to Add two numbers

● Arithmetic Operation b/w -->

■ Int + int = int
■ Int + float = float
■ Float + float = float

● Operator Precedence in C
■ 1st --> !
■ 2nd --> *, /, %
■ 3rd --> +, -
■ 4th --> <, >, <=, >=
■ 5th --> ==, !=
■ 6th --> &&
 ■ 7th --> ||
■ 8th --> =

● Ex-1 : Print multiplication table of a number entered by the user - 2 X 1 = 2

● If Else
■ If
■ Else
■ Else if
■ Nested If
■ Exercise:
◆ C program to convert temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius and Celsius to
Fahrenheit (F = (C x 1.8)+ 32) (C = (F - 32) x 0.556)
◆ C program to check whether a character is an alphabet or not

◆ C program to check vowels or consonants.

◆ C program to check whether the triangle is valid or not if angles are given

◆ C program to enter student marks and find percentage and grade

A college has the following rules for the grading system:
1. Below 25% – F
2. 25% to 45% – E
3. 46% to 50% – D
4. 51% to 60% – C
5. 61% to 80% – B
6. Above 80% – A
Ask the user to enter the mark of 5 subjects and print the corresponding grade.

● Ternary Operator

● Switch Case
■ Rules:
◆ Switch expression must be int or char.

◆ Case value must be an integer or character.

◆ Break is not a must.

■ Exercise:
◆ Write a C program to print day of week name using switch case.
 ◆ Write a C program print total number of days in a month using switch case.
◆ Write a C program to check whether an alphabet is vowel or consonant using switch
case.
◆ Write a C program to find the maximum between two numbers using a switch case.
◆ Write a C program to check whether a number is even or odd using a switch case.
◆ Write a C program to check whether a number is positive, negative or zero using a
switch case.
◆ Write a C program to create Simple Calculator using a switch case.

● Loops
■ Types:
◆ While Loop

◆ Do While Loop

◆ For Loops

■ Advantages:
◆ Code reuse-ability.

◆ Saves time

◆ Traversing Arrays

● Break;

● Continue;

● Functions
■ Used to divide a large c program into smaller pieces.
■ A function can be called multiple times to provide reusability to the C program.
■ Also called procedure or subroutine

● Recursion / Recursive Function

■ Recursive functions or Recursion is a process when a function calls a copy of itself to work
on a smaller problem.
■ Any function which calls itself is called a recursive function.
■ A termination condition (base case) is set to prevent infinite self-copies.
● Arrays --> An array is a collection of similar elements

● Pointers --> Data type which holds the address of other data types

● Strings
■ C language does not support strings as a data type.
■ We express strings using an array of characters terminated by a null character ('\0').
■ String: array of characters terminated by NULL character / null terminated character array
■ Gets(); --> to take string from user
■ Puts(); --> to print string as output
■ We can create a character array using the following ways:
◆ Char name[] = "deepak";

◆ Char name[] = {‘d’,’e’,’e’,’p’,’a’,’k’,’\0’};

● String Functions --> C Library: <string.h>

■ Strlen(str) --> used for count the string length
■ Strrev(str) --> used to show reverse of a string
■ Strcpy(target, source) --> used for copy the code from source to target
■ Strcat(str1, str2) --> concatenate two strings
■ Strcmp(str1, str2) --> used to compare two strings

● Structures --> Structure is a collection of non-similar elements

● Typedef

● Unions --> Union is a collection of similar / non-similar elements but we can use only one at a
time

● Memory is a very useful resource.

■ Clearly we need a way to request memory on runtime.

■ Dynamic Memory Allocation is a way in which the size of a data structure can be changed
during the runtime.
■ Methods

◆ Malloc --> memory allocation ptr = (int*) malloc (n * sizeof (int));

 ◆ Calloc --> contiguous allocation ptr = (int*) calloc (n, sizeof (int));
◆ Realloc --> reallocation ptr = (int*) realloc (ptr, n * sizeof (int));
◆ Free --> free the allocated memory free (ptr);

● File Modes-- <stdlib.h>

■ FILE *variable_name;
■ var = Fopen("filename.txt", "mode"); --> Open a file / create a file;
■ variable_name --> return Null when file does not exist
■ Modes
◆ w → Writes to a file / open a file / create a file
◆ a → Appends new data to a file
◆ r → Reads from a file
■ Fclose (variable_name); --> close a file
■ Fprintf (variable_name, "Some text"); --> to write text in opened file
● Fgets (string_variable, 100, variable_name); --> read content from fileEnum --> define
integer in a string form

● Dynamic memory allocation --> <stdlib.h>

■ A statically allocated variable or array has a fixed size in memory.
■ We have learnt to create big enough arrays to fit in our inputs but this doesn't seem like
an optimal way to allocate memory.
■