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The document outlines the various areas and applications of artificial intelligence (AI), including search, logic, planning, and machine learning. It discusses the definition of AI, its goals, and the challenges faced in achieving human-level intelligence. Additionally, it describes the components of AI systems, such as agents, problem-solving techniques, and control strategies for effective decision-making.

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2 views2 pages

AI mid

The document outlines the various areas and applications of artificial intelligence (AI), including search, logic, planning, and machine learning. It discusses the definition of AI, its goals, and the challenges faced in achieving human-level intelligence. Additionally, it describes the components of AI systems, such as agents, problem-solving techniques, and control strategies for effective decision-making.

Uploaded by

gooshiko02
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Areas of AI : Search – Logic – Planning – Knowledge Representation – Machine Learning – NLP –

Vision – Robotics – Expert systems.


Applications of AI : Game Playing: Deep Blue Chess program beat world champion Gary
Kasparov. Speech Recognition: PEGASUS spoken language interface to American Airlines'
EAASY SABRE reservation system Computer Vision: Face recognition programs in use by banks,
government, etc. Handwriting recognition, electronics and manufacturing inspection, photo
interpretation, baggage inspection. Diagnostic Systems: MYCIN system for diagnosing bacterial
infections of the blood and suggesting treatments.
What is artificial intelligence? intelligence is ability to acquire, understand and apply the
knowledge to achieve goals in the world, and it’s the study of the mental faculties through the use
of computational models. OR it can be describes as an attempt to build machines that like
humans can think and act, able to learn and use knowledge to solve problems on their own.
Thought Systems that think like humans Systems that think rationally
Behavior Systems that act like humans Systems that act rationally
The Turing Test approach >> a human questioner cannot tell if there is a computer or a human
answering his question, via teletype. >> The computer must behave intelligently
The total Turing Test: Includes two more issues: 1. Computer vision: to perceive objects (seeing)
2. Robotics: to move objects (acting)
Intelligent behavior >> to achieve human-level performance in all cognitive tasks.
Rational behavior: doing the right thing >>The right thing: that which is expected to maximize
goal achievement, given the available information
What are Goals of AI? >> To make computers more useful by letting them take over dangerous
or tedious tasks from human >> Understand principles of human intelligence
Problems of AI >> Intelligence does not imply perfect understanding >> Many points on the
spectrum of intelligence versus cost are viable, from insects to humans. >> AI seeks to
understand the computations required from intelligent behavior and to produce computer
systems that exhibit intelligence.
Building AI Systems a- Perception b- Reasoning c- Action
Agent: An Agent is anything that can be viewed as perceiving its environment through sensors and
acting upon that environment through actuators.
Percept: We use the term percept to refer to the agent's perceptual inputs at any given instant.
Percept Sequence: An agent's percept sequence is the complete history of everything the agent
has ever perceived.
Agent function: Mathematically speaking, we say that an agent's behavior is described by the
agent function that maps any given percept sequence to an action.
Agent program: Internally, the agent function for an artificial agent will be implemented by an
agent program. It is important to keep these two ideas distinct.
goal-based agent: An intelligent agent is trying to find a set or sequence of actions to achieve a
goal.
What choices are we searching through?
>> Problem solving -- Natural language -- Computer vision -- Machine learning -- Motion planning
General problem solving: Problem solving is a process of generating solutions from observed
data • Problem is characterized by a set of goals, • Set of objects, and • Set of operations.
How To build a system to solve a problem: 1. Define the problem precisely 2. Analyze the
problem 3. Isolate and represent the task knowledge that is necessary to solve the problem
4. Choose the best problem-solving techniques and apply it to the particular problem.
Search Space Definitions: State: A description of a possible state of the world Includes all
features of the world that are pertinent to the problem. >> Initial state: Description of all pertinent
aspects of the state in which the agent starts the search. >> Goal test: Conditions the agent is
trying to meet. >> Goal state: Any state which meets the goal condition. >> Action: Function that
maps from one state to another. >> Problem formulation: Describe a general problem as a
search problem. >> Solution: Sequence of actions that transitions the world from the initial state
to a goal state. >> Solution cost: Sum of the cost of operators, Alternative: sum of distances,
number of steps, etc. >> Search: Process of looking for a solution. >> Execution: Process of
executing sequence of actions.
Problem Formulation: 1. Initial state 2. Operators 3. Goal test 4. Solution cost
Control strategies: ➢Control Strategies means how to decide which rule to apply next during
the process of searching for a solution to a problem. ➢ It should cause motion. ➢It should
explore the solution space in a systematic manner.

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