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 The Essential
Physics of
Medical Imaging
FOURTH EDITION

JERROLD T. BUSHBERG, PhD

Clinical Professor of Radiology and Radiation Oncology
University of California, Davis
Sacramento, California

J. ANTHONY SEIBERT, PhD

Professor of Radiology
University of California, Davis
Sacramento, California

EDWIN M. LEIDHOLDT Jr, PhD

Clinical Associate Professor of Radiology
University of California, Davis
Sacramento, California

JOHN M. BOONE, PhD

Professor of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering
University of California, Davis
Sacramento, California
Executive Editor: Sharon Zinner
Development Editor: Eric McDermott
Senior Editorial Coordinator: Emily Buccieri
Marketing Manager: Kristin Ciotto
Production Project Manager: Catherine Ott
Design Coordinator: Stephen Druding
Manufacturing Coordinator: Beth Welsh
Prepress Vendor: SPi Global

Fourth Edition

Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer

Copyright © 2012 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business.

Copyright © 2002 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Copyright © 1994 by Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part
of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by
any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the
copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and
reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their
official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-
mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Wolters Kluwer at Two
Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at
[email protected], or via our website at shop.lww.com (products and
services).

987654321

Printed in Mexico

Cataloging-in-Publication Data available on request from the Publisher

ISBN: 978-1975-1-0322-4

This work is provided “as is,” and the publisher disclaims any and all warranties,
express or implied, including any warranties as to accuracy, comprehensiveness, or
currency of the content of this work.

This work is no substitute for individual patient assessment based upon healthcare
professionals' examination of each patient and consideration of, among other
things, age, weight, gender, current or prior medical conditions, medication
history, laboratory data and other factors unique to the patient. The publisher does
not provide medical advice or guidance and this work is merely a reference tool.
Healthcare professionals, and not the publisher, are solely responsible for the use
of this work including all medical judgments and for any resulting diagnosis and
treatments.

Given continuous, rapid advances in medical science and health information,

independent professional verification of medical diagnoses, indications, appropriate
pharmaceutical selections and dosages, and treatment options should be made
and healthcare professionals should consult a variety of sources. When prescribing
medication, healthcare professionals are advised to consult the product
information sheet (the manufacturer's package insert) accompanying each drug to
verify, among other things, conditions of use, warnings and side effects and
identify any changes in dosage schedule or contraindications, particularly if the
medication to be administered is new, infrequently used or has a narrow
therapeutic range. To the maximum extent permitted under applicable law, no
responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons
or property, as a matter of products liability, negligence law or otherwise, or from
any reference to or use by any person of this work.

shop.lww.com
Not authorised for sale in United States, Canada, Australia, New
Zealand, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Virgin Islands.

Executive Editor: Sharon Zinner

Development Editor: Eric McDermott
Senior Editorial Coordinator: Emily Buccieri
Marketing Manager: Kristin Ciotto
Production Project Manager: Catherine Ott
Design Coordinator: Stephen Druding
Manufacturing Coordinator: Beth Welsh
Prepress Vendor: SPi Global

Fourth Edition

Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer

Copyright © 2012 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business.

Copyright © 2002 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Copyright © 1994 by Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part
of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by
any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the
copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and
reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their
official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-
mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Wolters Kluwer at Two
Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at
[email protected], or via our website at shop.lww.com (products and
services).
987654321

Printed in Mexico

Cataloging-in-Publication Data available on request from the Publisher

ISBN: 978-1975-1-0322-4

This work is provided “as is,” and the publisher disclaims any and all warranties,
express or implied, including any warranties as to accuracy, comprehensiveness, or
currency of the content of this work.

This work is no substitute for individual patient assessment based upon healthcare
professionals' examination of each patient and consideration of, among other
things, age, weight, gender, current or prior medical conditions, medication
history, laboratory data and other factors unique to the patient. The publisher does
not provide medical advice or guidance and this work is merely a reference tool.
Healthcare professionals, and not the publisher, are solely responsible for the use
of this work including all medical judgments and for any resulting diagnosis and
treatments.

Given continuous, rapid advances in medical science and health information,

independent professional verification of medical diagnoses, indications, appropriate
pharmaceutical selections and dosages, and treatment options should be made
and healthcare professionals should consult a variety of sources. When prescribing
medication, healthcare professionals are advised to consult the product
information sheet (the manufacturer's package insert) accompanying each drug to
verify, among other things, conditions of use, warnings and side effects and
identify any changes in dosage schedule or contraindications, particularly if the
medication to be administered is new, infrequently used or has a narrow
therapeutic range. To the maximum extent permitted under applicable law, no
responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons
or property, as a matter of products liability, negligence law or otherwise, or from
any reference to or use by any person of this work.

shop.lww.com
I am dedicating the fourth edition of this textbook to
my brother Siri who is the very role model of an
amazing teacher (albeit not in the physical sciences)
and to my fellow teachers of medical physics and to
the giants upon whose shoulders we all stand.
Education's contribution to one's foundation, upon
which they will develop their gifts, is immeasurable.
As teachers, we strive to simplify the complex and
make abstract concepts accessible to our students.
None of this would be possible of course without the
tireless efforts of those who have come before. Their
contributions to our profession both grand and
otherwise have all contributed in their own way to
the body of knowledge upon which we rely. Let me
also take this opportunity to extend my most sincere
and heartfelt appreciation to all the teachers in my
life, both inside and outside of academia, who have
contributed so much to my education. Among the
most important of these, I want to especially
acknowledge my wife Lori who has contributed so
much over so many years. Words are insufficient to
express how grateful I am for you.
Teachers never know the true impact of their
teaching or of their ability to influence the lives of
others. Do our words, insights, and creative teaching
methods cause a mere ripple in the pond, or do they
promote such energy that the “flow of knowledge”
permanently changes allowing students to forge new
pathways and channels? How do we provoke and
challenge students to the extent that they transform
and grow? Medical physics teachers provide the
power of education to today's radiology residents
and biomedical engineers, thereby providing another
piece of the puzzle with the hope that they will, in
turn, use it to contribute to a better future for us all.
J.T.B.

My parents, Nancy and Jim, have provided the values

and opportunities for life, liberty, and happiness I
have enjoyed throughout my existence. For each
serendipitous turn of events with the ups and downs
of growing up with my six brothers and one sister,
they have been a steady source of support and
inspiration through thick and thin, and beyond! In
fact, my 96-year-old father is still showing me the
ropes on how to be a thriving survivor! I truly owe
them a debt of gratitude and deepest thanks—this
book is dedicated to you, mom and dad!
J.A.S.

To my family, especially my parents and my

grandmother Mrs. Pearl Ellett Crowgey, and my
teachers, especially my high school mathematics
teacher Mrs. Neola Waller, and Drs. James L. Kelly,
Roger Rydin, W. Reed Johnson, and Denny D.
Watson of the University of Virginia. To two superb
nuclear medicine physicists, Drs. Mark W. Groch and
L. Stephen Graham, who contributed to earlier
editions of this book, but did not live to see this
edition. And to my wife, Jacalyn Killeen, who makes
it all worthwhile.
E.M.L.

This book has been a staple of my life for 3 decades,

and with each edition, one marks the passage of
time. With the first edition, I stepped carefully across
the kitchen floor due to the scattering of Cabbage
Patch Kids dolls and Hot Wheels lying about. My two
children are now in their early 30s and thriving.
Daughter Emily recently married her girlfriend Rachel
—two beautiful young women—teachers—planning
their future together. Son Julian is making plans for
graduate school after living on five different
continents for the past 5 years—and with this, his
genuine passion and knowledge of history will be
passed on to a new generation of students. After 30
years of marriage, I found myself single some years
ago, adrift in a sea of introspection—while pondering
my pending Medicare status. But from those
uncertain waters, an angel appeared, beautiful,
powerful, capable, and amazingly familiar—Lori was
my high school sweetheart, and now Lori Cooper
Boone and I are married and are busy making up for
the 50-year gap in our love story. De las cenizas
prevalece la esperanza.
Once again, I am honored to share front cover
credits on this fourth edition with my friends Tony,
Jerry, and Ed—the cuatro amigos ride again!
J.M.B.
[From the ashes, hope prevails]
 Preface to the Fourth Edition

The first edition of this text was published in 1993, followed by

subsequent editions in 2002 and 2012. With this fourth edition
published in 2020, we have established a tradition of writing a new
edition per decade. It is hard to even imagine the largely analog
nature of medical imaging when we started this project in the early
1990s. Screen-film radiography was the most widely used modality
in every section of radiology at that time, and every radiologist knew
how to read a chest x-ray. The change to digital imaging and newer
technologies—many of them three-dimensional—has started to
supplant the once-ubiquitous two-dimensional planar radiograph.
And with the increasing prevalence of these new technologies, the
skill sets of radiologists have also adapted to meet the demands of
image interpretation with a far more capable and complicated fleet
of instruments. Instead of 1–10 images per study of the past, these
higher-tech imaging systems can easily produce studies with a
thousand or more images. No wonder radiologists are so busy!
Back in the early 1990s when we started this, some of the
authors had darker hair, more hair, or trimmer waistlines, and we all
had more time. Back then we were more involved in the operation of
the imaging equipment discussed throughout the pages of this
textbook. Fast-forward 30 years, our seniority and administrative
responsibilities have grown and we have specialized in particular
technical areas. Today, no one person is likely to be a true expert in
all of the imaging modalities and subspecialty areas that comprise
the science of medical imaging. Recognizing this, with this fourth
edition, we have recruited about a dozen outstanding scientists who
are well-known experts in their field of medical imaging science.
They have helped shape the outline of specific chapters and indeed
have contributed significantly to the chapters' accuracy, timeliness,
and quality. The list of these authors is provided in the Contributing
Authors section. Thank you all!
In the third edition, we reported that population dose data from
the NCRP (NCRP 160, 2006) showed an alarming increase in
radiation exposure to the U.S. population due to the increased use of
computed tomography and other imaging systems with ionizing
radiation. With this fourth edition, we are happy to report that
according to NCRP 184, radiation dose reduction efforts over the
past decade have led to a 15%–20% reduction in the annual
radiation levels to the population from medical imaging procedures.
It is likely that further reductions in radiation dose from medical
imaging procedures will be realized with the growing use of artificial
intelligence and specifically convolutional neural network techniques,
which have demonstrated considerable potential for dose reduction
though denoising and other methods. Requirements for radiation
dose reporting (e.g., California legislation SB 1237, 2012) have also
helped the imaging community better identify high-dose procedures
through the reporting process, and this enhanced data-gathering
effort has improved our ability to focus on dose reduction protocols.
Much of the writing of this fourth edition has occurred during the
time of the global COVID-19 pandemic. This pandemic has made the
entire medical imaging community realize the complexity of imaging
extremely sick patients with a highly contagious and deadly disease.
The reality of spending 60 minutes decontaminating a CT suite in
which the scan took 15 minutes may help us all plan and prepare for
the next pandemic, which the experts predict will happen. Should we
design decontamination ports or UV lights right into the scanners,
and site critical imaging systems in positive pressure rooms? The
pandemic has also helped us better appreciate the power of remote
viewing (and the IT professionals who help support it) in a crisis,
where with the right workstation hardware at home, radiologists can
perform image interpretations efficiently and quickly while practicing
physical distancing measured in miles. The pandemic has also forced
many medical professionals to communicate more efficiently using
technology, and hopefully, these lessons will not be forgotten.
 It is probably true that the book's title The Essential Physics of
Medical Imaging (EPMI) was never completely accurate as both
“Essentials” and “Physics” are a bit misleading. In its fourth edition,
it is now well over 1,000 pages. The text also includes a thorough
review of the radiation sciences related to medical imaging as well as
comprehensive treatments of radiation protection and radiation
biology. We also realize that the target audience has broadened from
our original focus on radiologists-in-training to include biomedical
engineers, medical physicists, and other imaging scientists. Hence,
the breadth of discussion has grown to fully embrace this broader
readership.
To address the original goal of providing a compendium of
information that focuses more on the didactic needs of radiologists,
other physicians, and clinical medical physicists who will be
preparing for their professional board examinations, we have
developed the EPMI Study Guide organized with three sections for
each chapter. The first section contains a summary of the textbook
chapter's key points and illustrations. The second section contains
sample questions and explanatory answers for that chapter's
material, which are keyed (hyperlinked in the e-edition) to the
textbook for more in-depth information. The third section has a list
of key equations, symbols, quantities, and units introduced in the
chapter. We hope that the EPMI Study Guide will serve the original
intent of the “Essentials” and that this textbook will complement the
Study Guide for those who desire to understand the material at a
deeper level.
 Foreword

This fourth edition of the best recognized and most widely used
medical imaging physics textbook contains quite a number of
welcome updates as the field has progressed dramatically since the
2012 third edition. The authors are perhaps the most qualified of
any who have written a medical physics textbook with well over 130
years of combined teaching experience and 30+ years teaching an
international physics review course for radiology residents. The
authors include the senior vice-president of the National Council on
Radiological Protection and Measurements, a Gold Medal Winner of
the RSNA, an AAPM William D. Coolidge gold medal recipient, a
Warren K. Sinclair medal winner for excellence in radiation science, a
governor of the American Board of Radiology, and fellowships of
more professional societies than I care to count. This edition also
has added a number of new internationally recognized contributing
authors.
There has been a significant update of all chapters but
particularly involving informatics, new DICOM and HL7 standards
and methods, breast imaging, tomosynthesis, radiation dosimetry,
dose reduction strategies, new detectors, and innovations in MRI
and ultrasound. While there has been an effort to substantially
reduce the description of older technology, there has been an effort
to retain and concisely present important historical concepts. There
are sections on both radiation biology and radiation protection
incorporating new epidemiology and recent recommendations of the
NCRP and NRC.
The previous edition was just over 1,000 pages with more than
700 wonderfully clear illustrations. The new edition is approximately
the same size with hundreds of new illustrations. While the title
contains the word “Essential,” this is a fully complete and almost an
Discovering Diverse Content Through
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Chats on
English China
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
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are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: Chats on English China

Author: Arthur Hayden

Release date: May 9, 2018 [eBook #57124]

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Susan Skinner and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHATS ON

ENGLISH CHINA ***
 COMPANION VOLUME BY THE SAME AUTHOR

CHATS ON
ENGLISH EARTHENWARE
With Coloured Frontispiece and 150 Illustrations and Tables of over
200 Illustrated Marks.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
I.How to Collect: A Chapter for Beginners
II. Early Ware
III.English Delft
IV. Stoneware
Early Staffordshire Ware—Thomas Whieldon: His
V.
Contemporaries and Successors
VI. Salt-glazed Ware, Staffordshire
VII. Josiah Wedgwood
VIII. The School of Wedgwood
IX. Leeds and other Factories
X. Transfer-printed Ware
XI. Staffordshire Figures
XII. Swansea and other Factories
XIII. Lustre Ware
XIV. Late Staffordshire Ware
Index
CHATS ON
ENGLISH CHINA

BOOKS FOR COLLECTORS

With Frontispieces and many Illustrations.
CHATS ON ENGLISH CHINA.
By Arthur Hayden.
CHATS ON OLD FURNITURE.
By Arthur Hayden.
CHATS ON OLD PRINTS.
(How to collect and value Old Engravings.)
By Arthur Hayden.
CHATS ON COSTUME.
By G. Woolliscroft Rhead.
CHATS ON OLD LACE AND NEEDLEWORK.
By E. L. Lowes.
CHATS ON ORIENTAL CHINA.
By J. F. Blacker.
CHATS ON OLD MINIATURES.
By J. J. Foster, F.S.A.
CHATS ON ENGLISH EARTHENWARE.
(Companion volume to “Chats on English China.”)
By Arthur Hayden.
CHATS ON AUTOGRAPHS.
By A. M. Broadley.
CHATS ON PEWTER.
By H. J. L. J. Massé, M.A.
CHATS ON POSTAGE STAMPS.
By Fred. J. Melville.
CHATS ON OLD JEWELLERY AND TRINKETS
By MacIver Percival.
CHATS ON COTTAGE AND FARMHOUSE FURNITURE.
(Companion volume to “Chats on Old Furniture.”)
By Arthur Hayden.
CHATS ON OLD COINS
By Fred. W. Burgess.
CHATS ON OLD COPPER AND BRASS.
By Fred. W. Burgess.
CHATS ON HOUSEHOLD CURIOS.
By Fred. W. Burgess.
CHATS ON OLD SILVER.
By Arthur Hayden.
CHATS ON JAPANESE PRINTS.
By Arthur Davison Ficke.
CHATS ON MILITARY CURIOS.
By Stanley C. Johnson.
CHATS ON OLD CLOCKS AND WATCHES.
By Arthur Hayden.
CHATS ON ROYAL COPENHAGEN PORCELAIN.
By Arthur Hayden.
CHATS ON OLD SHEFFIELD PLATE.
(Companion volume to “Chats on Old Silver.”)
By Arthur Hayden.
BYE PATHS OF CURIO COLLECTING.
By Arthur Hayden.
With Frontispiece and 72 Full page Illustrations. 21s. net.

LONDON: T. FISHER UNWIN, LTD.

NEW YORK: F. A. STOKES COMPANY.
 WORCESTER VASE.
From the Collection of the late
Lady Charlotte Schreiber in the
Victoria and Albert Museum.
 Reproduced by permission of the
Board of Education.

Chats on
English China
BY
ARTHUR HAYDEN
AUTHOR OF “CHATS ON ENGLISH EARTHENWARE,”
“CHATS ON OLD SILVER,” ETC.

Bloor Derby Teapot

WITH 150 ILLUSTRATIONS

T. FISHER UNWIN LTD

LONDON: ADELPHI TERRACE

First Edition 1904

Second Edition 1906
Third Impression 1907
Third Edition 1909
Fifth Impression 1910
Sixth Impression 1912
Seventh Impression 1917
Eighth Impression 1919
Fourth Edition 1920

(All rights reserved)

TO
JOSEPHINE HAMILTON
 PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION
A certain amount of necessary revision has been given to the
volume.
The prices obtained at public auction for representative examples
have been brought up to date, and ten new illustrations have been
added.
ARTHUR HAYDEN.
September, 1920.
 PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION
This edition has been slightly revised and corrected. Throughout the
volume many new illustrations appear in place of those in the first
edition, and their selection has been made in order to show more
clearly the characteristics of the china as dealt with in the
letterpress.
In addition to these, twenty new illustrations have been added, and
I have to acknowledge my indebtedness to Messrs. Wedgwood &
Sons, by whose courtesy I am enabled to reproduce examples from
their museum at Etruria, and fine examples after Flaxman, including
specimens of dinner-ware which are now being manufactured by the
firm from the old designs by that artist.
I have similarly to acknowledge my obligation to Messrs. W. T.
Copeland & Sons, of Stoke-upon-Trent (the successors of Spode), for
several illustrations of the ware from their factory, and to Messrs.
Minton for some fine specimens of their productions.
It is my hope that this improvement will make the volume more
useful as a practical working handbook for the collector.
To the great number of enthusiasts who have written to me in
connection with this volume and with the Dilettante pages in the
Lady’s Pictorial, I tender a grateful and appreciative
acknowledgment.
ARTHUR HAYDEN.
March, 1906.

AUTHOR’S NOTE
In regard to English Earthenware, which appeals to a wide circle of
collectors, I have, in response to many readers who have written to
me on the subject, prepared a companion volume to this, entitled
“Chats on English Earthenware.” The subject is treated from a
collecting point of view, and a large number of carefully selected
photographic reproductions of typical examples illustrate the
letterpress.
Those who are interested in the outline sketch of English
Earthenware given in the concluding chapters of this volume, and
desire greater detail, will find a completer record in the companion
volume.
A. H.
January, 1909.
 BOW TEAPOT.
With leaf as spout, and grape-vine handle.
 PREFACE
This little volume has been primarily written with a view to enable
the possessors of old china to determine the factories at which their
ware was produced. A modest attempt has been made to show that
the china-shelf is a record of men’s triumphs and failures, and the
fantastic shepherds and shepherdesses, lustrous bowls, queer
printed dishes, and bizarre decorated jugs, may be regarded by a
reflective mind as so many symbols representing something less
perishable than the clay of the potter.
These “Chats” originally appeared in the pages of Our Home. In
collecting them in volume form I trust that they will appeal to a
wider circle of readers.
Never was a greater interest taken in Art, and the growth of popular
literature has developed a taste for objects of art in the home. The
china-shelf is now regarded as worthy of keen and discriminating
study. Its treasures, often heirlooms, have been brought into the
light of day, and amateur collectors can now be numbered by
thousands.
I am enabled to include a useful feature in the list of prices obtained
at recent sales, by kind permission of the proprietors of the
Connoisseur, whose “Sale Prices,” published monthly, is most
valuable to the collector.
It is hoped that the Bibliography of works on china and pottery may
be of use to those who wish to study the subject more deeply, and a
copious Index will prove useful for ready reference.
The “Chats” relating to Lustre Ware, Old English Mugs, and
Wedgwood are not upon English china, but deal with earthenware;
they are included in the volume in order to increase its scope and
usefulness.
My thanks are due to Mr. W. G. Honey, of Cork, for kindly allowing
me to reproduce specimens from his collection which was exhibited
at the Cork Exhibition. I am indebted to Mr. A. Merrington Smith,
Fine Art Dealer, of Lowestoft, for information concerning the recent
unearthing of moulds and fragments of china on the site of the old
factory at Lowestoft, a discovery of very great value. By permission
of the Coalport Company I am giving specimens of their modern
productions and some of their marks not published before.
ARTHUR HAYDEN.
 CONTENTS
PAGE
PREFACE xi
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xv
BIBLIOGRAPHY xxi
GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED xxiii
CHAT
I. OLD DERBY 1
II. CHELSEA CHINA 27
III. THE BOW CHINA FACTORY 49
IV. OLD WORCESTER 67
V. PLYMOUTH AND BRISTOL CHINA 91
VI. THE LOWESTOFT FACTORY 111
VII. COALPORT 133
VIII. SPODE AND HIS SUCCESSORS 149
IX. NANTGARW AND SWANSEA 163
X. MINTON 179
XI. OLD ENGLISH EARTHENWARE 191
XII. LUSTRE WARE 219
XIII. LIVERPOOL WARE 235
XIV. WEDGWOOD 247
INDEX 279
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Frontispiece.
Worcester Vase. From the Collection of the late Lady
Charlotte Schreiber in the Victoria and Albert
Museum.
Chat I.—Old Derby.
PAGE
Bloor Derby Teapot v
Early Crown Derby Cup and Saucer 3
Old Derby Marks 7
Derby Figure Group 9
Crown Derby Pastille-burner 11
Crown Derby Mug and Saucer 13
Bloor Derby Marks 16
Crown Derby Vase and Bloor Derby Pastille-
17
burner
Later Derby Marks 20
Chat II.—Chelsea China.
Chelsea Figure 27
Figure of Carpenter 29
Chelsea Vase in British Museum 31
Chelsea Marks 34
Chelsea Marks 35
“Foundling” Vase 38
Derby-Chelsea Marks 39
Chat III.—The Bow China Factory.
Bow Vase, with Cover Facing page 48
Bow Inkstand 49
Bow Figure 50