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Experiment 5_ QPSK Modulation

The document outlines Experiment 5 on QPSK modulation in a digital communication lab, detailing the theory, circuit architecture, and objectives of the experiment. It explains the components used for QPSK modulation, including signal generators and various ICs, and discusses the advantages of π/4-QPSK over standard QPSK in mobile communication systems. The experiment aims to generate a Pseudo-Random Bit Sequence and modulate a message signal using QPSK techniques.

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abhirajranjan2004
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2 views

Experiment 5_ QPSK Modulation

The document outlines Experiment 5 on QPSK modulation in a digital communication lab, detailing the theory, circuit architecture, and objectives of the experiment. It explains the components used for QPSK modulation, including signal generators and various ICs, and discusses the advantages of π/4-QPSK over standard QPSK in mobile communication systems. The experiment aims to generate a Pseudo-Random Bit Sequence and modulate a message signal using QPSK techniques.

Uploaded by

abhirajranjan2004
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment 5: QPSK Modulation

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LABORATORY [EC39002]

Abhiraj Ranjan, 22EC30067

Group: 17

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

Department of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering

29th March 2025


Theory
Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is a digital modulation technique where the phase of a
carrier signal is varied to represent digital data. Instead of modifying the
amplitude (as in Amplitude Shift Keying) or the frequency (as in Frequency Shift
Keying), PSK encodes information by changing the phase of the signal.
Types of PSK:
​ 1.Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK):​
Previously, we had performed BPSK Modulation and Demodulation, its features
are:
​ a.)Uses two phase shifts: 0° and 180°.
​ b.)Each phase shift represents a single bit (0 or 1).
​ c.)Simple but highly noise-resistant.

​ 2.Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)


​ Uses four phase shifts: 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°.
​ Encodes two bits per symbol, doubling data rate compared to BPSK.

Constellation diagram for QPSK


Circuit Architecture
The whole circuit for QPSK Modulation consists of several components:
1.)​Signal Generator: Generates Sine wave.
2.)​Differentiator: Differentiates the generated Sine wave to get the
corresponding Cosine wave.
3.)​Subtractor: Used to get 180 degree phase delayed Sine wave( i.e. the
-Sine wave) and corresponding -Cosine Wave.
4.)​Voltage Controlled Switches: To multiplex the +- Sine, +- Cosine given the
input PN Sequence.
5.)​Adders: For adding the outputs of Voltage controlled switches, tho get the
final Output.
6.)​4-bit Serial Shift register: For generating the Pseudorandom Sequence.
7.)​D flip flops: To implement a clock divider circuit, and to get Even and Odd
parity.

Block Diagram for QPSK Modulation


Components Used
●​ Breadboard
●​ Signal Generator
●​ Oscilloscope (MSO)
●​ Multimeter
●​ Resistors
●​ Connecting Wire
●​ DC Supply Voltage
●​ Potentiometer
●​ IC 4016 (Switching IC)
●​ IC 741 OP-AMP
●​ IC 7404 (NOT Gate)
●​ IC 7474 (D flip-flop)
●​ IC 7495 (LFSR)
●​ IC 7486 (XOR Gate)
●​ IC 7432 (OR Gate)
●​ IC 7402 (NOR Gate)

Objectives
1.​ At first, we have to generate a Pseudo-Random Bit Sequence (PRBS)
using LFSR IC 7495 and XOR gate. Using this we can get a 15 bits of
random data sequence.
2.​ We have to QPSK Modulate the message signal which is a combination of
00, 01, 10 and 11 signals with the help of sine wave which is the carrier
wave.
Circuit Diagram
We first generated the sine wave using the signal generator, and passed it
through an op-Amp subtractor with other voltage as ground to get -sine wave. We
then passed sine wave through the differentiator to get cosine wave, and passed
it through an op-Amp subtractor in a similar way to get -cosine wave. Then we
generated the Pseudorandom sequence (like we did in Experiment 2) and then
implemented a Clock divider circuit using a D Flip Flop, and then Generated
Even and Odd Parity Sequences from the Pseudorandom Sequence to give
them as Select inputs to the voltage controlled Switches. The circuit Diagram is
given below:

Circuit Diagram for QPSK Modulation


Observations

QPSK Modulated Output (Blue) vs Clock(Yellow)

QPSK Modulated Output(Blue) vs PN Seq Message (Yellow)


Discussion
π/4-QPSK is a refined version of Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) that
improves performance in nonlinear communication channels. Unlike standard
QPSK, where symbols occupy four phase states (0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°),
π/4-QPSK introduces an alternating 45° offset, resulting in eight constellation
points, though only four are used per symbol transition (45°, 135°, 225°, and
315°). This ensures that consecutive symbols never undergo a direct 180° phase
shift, reducing sudden phase transitions and minimizing signal distortion in
nonlinear amplifiers. Because of this, π/4-QPSK is widely used in mobile
communication systems, such as GSM, where power efficiency and robustness
against phase jitter are essential.

Similar to QPSK, π/4-QPSK operates by modulating two bits per symbol through
in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components, which are orthogonal carrier
signals. The input bitstream is divided into even and odd bit sequences: even bits
modulate the I-component, while odd bits modulate the Q-component. This
separation allows independent processing of the two streams and reduces
inter-symbol interference (ISI). For example, if the binary input sequence is
10110010, the even bits (1, 1, 0, 1) form the I-component, and the odd bits (0, 1,
0, 0) form the Q-component. These components are then separately
BPSK-modulated and combined, ensuring smooth phase transitions in
π/4-QPSK.

While standard QPSK remains effective in applications such as satellite


communication and linear amplification, its abrupt 180° phase shifts can be
problematic in nonlinear systems. π/4-QPSK mitigates this issue by enforcing
smoother phase variations, making it more suitable for mobile and
RF-constrained environments. Moreover, its compatibility with differential
encoding simplifies receiver design, enhancing reliability in wireless networks.
This balance between spectral efficiency and robustness makes π/4-QPSK the
preferred choice in modern communication systems, especially where amplifier
efficiency and phase continuity are crucial.

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