ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUIT

(AC CIRCUITS)
TOPICS

• PHASOR AND IMPEDANCE

• PHASOR RELATIONSHIPS FOR CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
• IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE
• IMPEDANCE COMBINATIONS
• APPLICATIONS
• PRACTICE PROBLEMS
• PROBLEM SETS
PHASORS AND COMPLEX NUMBER
• Phasors are complex number contains the two measurements of a sinusoid
which are the amplitude or magnitude and phase of a sinusoid.
• Two form of the complex numbers are rectangular and polar forms.
 PHASOR REPRESENTATION

• cos 𝜃 = real part of 𝑒 ± 𝑗𝜃

• sin 𝜃 = imaginary part of 𝑒 ± 𝑗𝜃
• 𝑉𝑚 𝑒 ±𝑗(𝜔𝑡+𝜃) = 𝑉𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 ± 𝑗𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃)
 COMPLEX EXPONENTIAL
• 𝑉𝑚 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡+𝜃) = 𝑉𝑚 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
• 𝑉𝑚 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 provides the magnitude and phase
• 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃)
= Imaginary[𝑉𝑚 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡+𝜃) ]
= Imaginary[𝑉𝑚 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 ]
= Imaginary [V 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 ]
V = 𝑉𝑚 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 = 𝑉𝑚 < 𝜃
phasor representation
PHASOR DIAGRAM
Note:
In the time domain the value of voltage or current
is instantaneous. It is time dependent and always
real while in the frequency or phasor domain the
value of voltage or current does not depend on
time and generally complex.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. Express these sinusoids as phasors
(a) −5sin(580𝑡 − 110°)
(b) -10cos(4𝑡 + 75°)
(c ) 4cos(2𝑡 + 45°)
2. Find the sinusoids represented by these phasors:
(a) I = -3 +j4 A
(b) V =𝑗8𝑒 −𝑗20° V
𝜋
−𝑗
(c ) I =𝑗2.8𝑒 3 A, 𝜔 = 377
3. Find 20sin 400𝑡 + 10cos(400𝑡 + 60°) − 5sin(400𝑡 + 20°)
PHASOR RELATIONSHIPS FOR CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
• Resistor
R • Time-Domain : 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑖 𝑡 𝑅
+ v (t ) - • Frequency-Domain : 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑅𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃)
i (t) • Phasor Form : V = R𝐼𝑚 < 𝜃
The sinusoidal voltage and current in a resistor are in phase
• Inductor
𝑑𝑖(𝑡)
L • Time-Domain :𝑣 𝑡 =𝐿
𝑑𝑡
+
v (t ) - • Frequency-Domain : 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝜔𝐿𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 + 90°)
i (t) • Phasor Form : V = jω𝐿𝐼 where: I = 𝐼𝑚 < 𝜃

The voltage lead the current by 90o or the current lagging the voltage by 90o
• Capacitor
C 𝑑𝑣(𝑡)
• Time-Domain :𝑖 𝑡 =𝐶
𝑑𝑡
+ v (t ) - • Frequency-Domain : 𝑖 𝑡 = 𝜔𝐶𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 + 90°)
i (t) • Phasor Form : V = 𝐼
where: I = 𝐼𝑚 < 𝜃
𝑗𝜔𝐶

The voltage lag the current by 90o or the current leading the voltage by 90o
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. The voltage v(t) = 12sin(60t+45°) V is applied to a 0.1 H inductor. Find the
steady-state current through the inductor.
2. If voltage v(t) = 6cos(100t - 30°) V is applied to a 50 µF capacitor. Calculate the
current through the capacitor.
3. A voltage v(t) = 150cos (314t) V is applied to a purely resistive branch of
R=30Ω. Write the expression for i as a function of time.
 IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE
• Impedance (Z) is the ratio of a circuit of the phasor voltage to the phasor current,
measured in ohms (Ω). It is a frequency-dependent quantity. Impedance is a complex
number but not a phasor.

• Z = 𝑉𝐼 = R +/- jX where: (+) impedance is inductive (lagging)

= │Z│< θ (-) impedance is capacitive (leading)
• Where
• R = resistance
• X = reactance.
• Reactance is the opposition to a change in current or voltage. This is due to the
element’s inductance or capacitance.
• Admittance (Y) is the reciprocal of impedance, measured in siemens. It is the
ratio of the phasor current and the phasor voltage.

• Y =𝑍1 = 𝑉𝐼 = 𝐺 +/−𝑗𝛽
• Where:
𝑅
• G – Conductance = 𝑅2+𝑋 2

𝑋
• 𝛽 - Susceptance = -/+𝑅2+𝑋 2
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. Find the v(t) and i(t) in the circuit

2. Find the phasor domain equivalent circuit and determine: (a) total impedance, (b) the
steady-state current supplied by the circuit.
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
3. A voltage v(t) = -150sin (377t) V is applied to a particular circuit element and it is found
by oscillographic analysis that i(t) = 10 cos (377t) A. Find the nature and magnitude of the
circuit parameter.
4. Find the two elements in a series circuit, given that the current and total voltage are
i(t) = 10 cos(5000t – 23.13°)A and v(t) = 50 cos(5000t +30°).
 IMPEDANCE COMBINATIONS
• Series Impedances
• 𝑍𝑒𝑞 = 𝑍1 + 𝑍2 +. . . + 𝑍𝑁
• Parallel Impedances
1
• 𝑍𝑒𝑞 = 1 1
+ +⋯+
1
𝑍1 𝑍2 𝑍3

• Using admittance: 𝑌𝑒𝑞 = 𝑌1 + 𝑌2 + ⋯ + 𝑌𝑁

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. Find the input impedance of the circuit. Assume the circuit operates at ω = 50
rad/sec.
2. Find the current I in the circuit.
 APPLICATIONS
• Phase-Shifter is often employed to correct undesirable phase shift already
present in a circuit or to produce special desired effects. RC circuit is suitable for
this purpose because its capacitor causes the circuit current to lead the applied
voltage. The phase shift will depends on the values of R, C and the operating
frequency.
• Two Commonly Used RC Circuits

• leading output lagging output

• AC Bridges is used in measuring the inductance or capacitance. It is balanced
when no current flows through the meter.
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1. Find the time-domain function represented by the phasors, where ω=3; A. 10 cis -17°
B. 6+j8 C. –j6 D. -3+j4, ω=103
2. If v1= -10sin(ωt+30°) and v2= 20cos(ωt-45°) , find v1+ v2
3. Using phasors, find A. 3cos(20t + 10°) – 5cos(20t -30°),
B. 40sin(50t) + 30cos (50t -45°)
4. A voltage drop v(t) = 100 sin(377+30°)V is across a pure inductance of 0.02654H.
Use numerical coefficient and express the currents through the coil as a function of
time.
5. A 50µF and 100µF capacitors are connected in series and across a 100sin(ωt+30°)V.
What is the equation of the current?
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
5. A series circuit, with R = 10Ω and L = 20 mH, has current i(t) = 2sin 500t A. Obtain
total voltage v and the angle by which i lags v.
6. Find the i(t) and v(t) across the inductor in the series circuit of R=4Ω and L = 0.2H. The
induced voltage is 5sin (10t)V.
7. At what frequency will the current lead the voltage by 30° in a series circuit with
R =8Ω and C = 30µF?
8. Using phasors, find the AC steady-state current i(t) if v(t) = 12 cos(1000t +30°)V in
A. R = 4 kΩ, B. L = 15 mH, C. C = 1/2µF
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
9. Determine Vo(t) in the circuit.
 PROBLEM SET 2
1. An inductor when connected to a voltage source of 110 volts 50 Hz draws a current of 10A. What are
the expression of the voltage and current?
Ans. v(t) = 155.56 sin 314t volts, i(t) = 14.14sin (314-90˚)A

2. Given the following expressions: v(t)=120sin(377t +30˚)volts, i(t)=3 sin(377t-60˚) amps. Determine the
circuit element and its value.
Ans. L = 106 mH

3. A capacitor when connected to a voltage source of 120 volts 60 Hz draws a current of 5A. What are the
expressions of the voltage and current?
Ans. v(t) = 169.70 sin377t volts, i(t) = 7.07sin(314t +90˚) A

4. Given the following expressions: v(t)=120sin(377t +40˚)volts, i(t)=4 sin(377t +130˚) amps. Determine
the circuit element and its value.
Ans. C = 88.42µF

5. A 5 ohms resistor in series with an inductor having an inductance of L = 15.92 mH is connected to a

voltage source of 110 volts 60 Hz source. Determine a. The total impedance, b. The total current, c. The
voltage across the resistor, d. The voltage across the inductor.
Ans. 5+j6 Ω, 14.08 angle -50.19˚ A, 70.4 angle -50.19˚ V, 84.48 angle 39.81˚ V
 PROBLEM SET 2
6. A 10 ohms resistor in series with a capacitor having a capacitance of C = 153.15µF is connected to a
voltage source of 120 volts 60 Hz source. Determine a. The total impedance, b. The total current, c. The
voltage across the resistor, d. The voltage across the capacitor.
Ans. 10-j17.32Ω, 6 angle 60˚ A, 60 angle 60˚ V, 103.92 angle -30˚ V

7. A series RLC circuit is connected to a 120V, 60 Hz source. R = 40Ω, L=79.58mH and C = 44.21µF. Determine
a. The total impedance, b. The total current, c. The voltage across the resistor, d. The voltage across the
inductor, e. The voltage across the capacitor.
Ans. 40-30jΩ, 2.4 angle 36.87˚A, 96 angle 36.87˚ V, 72 angle 126.87˚, 144 angle -53.13˚ V

8. A coil has an impedance of 75.4 Ω when connected across a source of 60 Hz. The same coil yields an
impedance of 54.8Ω when connected across a source having a different frequency of 30 Hz. What is the
coil’s inductance?
Ans. 158.6 mH

9. Two relays each with 20 ohm resistance and 0.16 henry inductance are connected in series. What is the
equivalent impedance?
Ans. 40 + j 120.63 Ω
 PROBLEM SET 2
10. The ohmic resistance of a large magnetic contactor is measured to be 20 ohms. A 230 V is impressed on
the contactor and the current is taken as 3.2 amperes. Neglecting core loss, determine the inductance of
the contactor in mH.

Ans. 183 mH

11. What capacitance must be placed in series with an impedance of 0.05 henry so that at 100Hz, the
impedance becomes equal to the ohmic resistance?

Ans. 50.66µF