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Signals and Systems
with MATLAB ® Computing
and Simulink ® Modeling
Fourth Edition
Steven T. Karris

Includes

step-by-step
mn procedures
N –1 – j2π -------
N
X[ m ] = ∑ x [n ]e for designing
n=0

analog and

digital filters

Orchard Publications
www.orchardpublications.com
Signals and Systems
with MATLAB Computing
and Simulink Modeling
Fourth Edition

Steven T. Karris

Orchard Publications
www.orchardpublications.com
Signals and Systems with MATLAB® Computing and Simulink Modeling®, Fourth Edition

Copyright © 2008 Orchard Publications. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this
publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system,
without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Direct all inquiries to Orchard Publications, [email protected]

Product and corporate names are trademarks or registered trademarks of the Microsoft™ Corporation and The
MathWorks™ Inc. They are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Catalog record is available from the Library of Congress

Library of Congress Control Number: 2008927083

ISBN−13: 978−1−934404−12−6
ISBN−10: 1−934404−12−8

Copyright TX 5−471−562
 Preface

This text contains a comprehensive discussion on continuous and discrete time signals and
systems with many MATLAB® and several Simulink® examples. It is written for junior and
senior electrical and computer engineering students, and for self−study by working professionals.
The prerequisites are a basic course in differential and integral calculus, and basic electric circuit
theory.
This book can be used in a two−quarter, or one semester course. This author has taught the
subject material for many years and was able to cover all material in 16 weeks, with 2½ lecture
hours per week.
To get the most out of this text, it is highly recommended that Appendix A is thoroughly
reviewed. This appendix serves as an introduction to MATLAB, and is intended for those who
are not familiar with it. The Student Edition of MATLAB is an inexpensive, and yet a very
powerful software package; it can be found in many college bookstores, or can be obtained directly
from
The MathWorks™ Inc., 3 Apple Hill Drive, Natick, MA 01760−2098
Phone: 508 647−7000, Fax: 508 647−7001
http://www.mathworks.com
e−mail: [email protected]
The elementary signals are reviewed in Chapter 1, and several examples are given. The purpose of
this chapter is to enable the reader to express any waveform in terms of the unit step function, and
subsequently the derivation of the Laplace transform of it. Chapters 2 through 4 are devoted to
Laplace transformation and circuit analysis using this transform. Chapter 5 is an introduction to
state−space and contains many illustrative examples. Chapter 6 discusses the impulse response.
Chapters 7 and 8 are devoted to Fourier series and transform respectively. Chapter 9 introduces
discrete−time signals and the Z transform. Considerable time was spent on Chapter 10 to present
the Discrete Fourier transform and FFT with the simplest possible explanations. Chapter 11
contains a thorough discussion to analog and digital filters analysis and design procedures. As
mentioned above, Appendix A is an introduction to MATLAB. Appendix B is an introduction to
Simulink, Appendix C contains a review of complex numbers, and Appendix D is an introduction
to matrix theory.
New to the Second Edition
This is an extensive revision of the first edition. The most notable change is the inclusion of the
solutions to all exercises at the end of each chapter. It is in response to many readers who
expressed a desire to obtain the solutions in order to check their solutions to those of the author
and thereby enhancing their knowledge. Another reason is that this text is written also for self−
study by practicing engineers who need a review before taking more advanced courses such as
digital image processing.
Another major change is the addition of a rather comprehensive summary at the end of each
chapter. Hopefully, this will be a valuable aid to instructors for preparation of view foils for
presenting the material to their class.
New to the Third Edition
The most notable change is the inclusion of Simulink modeling examples. The pages where they
appear can be found in the Table of Contents section of this text. Another change is the
improvement of the plots generated by the latest revisions of the MATLAB® Student Version,
Release 14.

The author wishes to express his gratitude to the staff of The MathWorks™, the developers of
MATLAB and Simulink, especially to Ms. Courtney Esposito, for the encouragement and
unlimited support they have provided me with during the production of this text.

Our heartfelt thanks also to Ms. Sally Wright, P.E., of Renewable Energy Research Laboratory
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, for bringing some errors on the previous editions to our
attention.

New to the Fourth Edition

The most notable change is the inclusion of Appendix E on window functions. The plots were
generated generated with the latest revisions of the MATLAB® R2008a edition. Also, two end-
of- chapter exercises were added in Chapter 10 to illustrate the use of the fft and ifft MATLAB
functions

The author wishes to express his gratitude to the staff of The MathWorks™, the developers of
MATLAB and Simulink, especially to The MathWorks™ Book Program Team, for the
encouragement and unlimited support they have provided me with during the production of this
and all other texts by this publisher.

Orchard Publications
www.orchardpublications.com
[email protected]

2
Table of Contents
1 Elementary Signals 1−1
1.1 Signals Described in Math Form .............................................................................1−1
1.2 The Unit Step Function ..........................................................................................1−2
1.3 The Unit Ramp Function ......................................................................................1−10
1.4 The Delta Function ............................................................................................... 1−11
1.4.1 The Sampling Property of the Delta Function ............................................1−12
1.4.2 The Sifting Property of the Delta Function ................................................1−13
1.5 Higher Order Delta Functions...............................................................................1−14
1.6 Summary ................................................................................................................1−22
1.7 Exercises.................................................................................................................1−23
1.8 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises ................................................................1−24
MATLAB Computing
Pages 1−20, 1−21
Simulink Modeling
Page 1−18

2 The Laplace Transformation 2−1

2.1 Definition of the Laplace Transformation...............................................................2−1
2.2 Properties and Theorems of the Laplace Transform ...............................................2−2
2.2.1 Linearity Property ........................................................................................2−3
2.2.2 Time Shifting Property .................................................................................2−3
2.2.3 Frequency Shifting Property ........................................................................2−4
2.2.4 Scaling Property ...........................................................................................2−4
2.2.5 Differentiation in Time Domain Property ...................................................2−4
2.2.6 Differentiation in Complex Frequency Domain Property ...........................2−6
2.2.7 Integration in Time Domain Property .........................................................2−6
2.2.8 Integration in Complex Frequency Domain Property .................................2−8
2.2.9 Time Periodicity Property ............................................................................2−8
2.2.10 Initial Value Theorem..................................................................................2−9
2.2.11 Final Value Theorem .................................................................................2−10
2.2.12 Convolution in Time Domain Property.....................................................2−11
2.2.13 Convolution in Complex Frequency Domain Property.............................2−12
2.3 The Laplace Transform of Common Functions of Time.......................................2−14
2.3.1 The Laplace Transform of the Unit Step Function u 0 ( t ) ..........................2−14
2.3.2 The Laplace Transform of the Ramp Function u 1 ( t ) ................................2−14
2.3.3 The Laplace Transform of t n u0 ( t ) ..............................................................2−15

Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Third Edition i
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 2.3.4 The Laplace Transform of the Delta Function δ ( t ) ................................. 2−18
2.3.5 The Laplace Transform of the Delayed Delta Function δ ( t – a ) .............. 2−18
2.3.6 The Laplace Transform of e –at u 0 ( t ) .......................................................... 2−19
– at
2.3.7 The Laplace Transform of t n e u 0 ( t ) ....................................................... 2−19
2.3.8 The Laplace Transform of sin ω t u 0 t ......................................................... 2−20
2.3.9 The Laplace Transform of cos ω t u 0 t ......................................................... 2−20
2.3.10 The Laplace Transform of e –at sin ω t u 0 ( t ) ................................................. 2−21
2.3.11 The Laplace Transform of e –at cos ω t u 0 ( t ) ................................................. 2−22
2.4 The Laplace Transform of Common Waveforms .................................................. 2−23
2.4.1 The Laplace Transform of a Pulse............................................................... 2−23
2.4.2 The Laplace Transform of a Linear Segment .............................................. 2−23
2.4.3 The Laplace Transform of a Triangular Waveform .................................... 2−24
2.4.4 The Laplace Transform of a Rectangular Periodic Waveform.................... 2−25
2.4.5 The Laplace Transform of a Half−Rectified Sine Waveform ..................... 2−26
2.5 Using MATLAB for Finding the Laplace Transforms of Time Functions ............ 2−27
2.6 Summary ................................................................................................................ 2−28
2.7 Exercises................................................................................................................. 2−31
The Laplace Transform of a Sawtooth Periodic Waveform ............................... 2−32
The Laplace Transform of a Full−Rectified Sine Waveform.............................. 2−32
2.8 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises................................................................. 2−33

3 The Inverse Laplace Transform 3−1

3.1 The Inverse Laplace Transform Integral ..................................................................3−1
3.2 Partial Fraction Expansion........................................................................................3−1
3.2.1 Distinct Poles..................................................................................................3−2
3.2.2 Complex Poles ................................................................................................3−5
3.2.3 Multiple (Repeated) Poles..............................................................................3−8
3.3 Case where F(s) is Improper Rational Function.....................................................3−13
3.4 Alternate Method of Partial Fraction Expansion...................................................3−15
3.5 Summary .................................................................................................................3−19
3.6 Exercises..................................................................................................................3−21
3.7 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises .................................................................3−22
MATLAB Computing
Pages 3−3, 3−4, 3−5, 3−6, 3−8, 3−10, 3−12, 3−13, 3−14, 3−22

4 Circuit Analysis with Laplace Transforms 4−1

4.1 Circuit Transformation from Time to Complex Frequency.................................... 4−1
4.1.1 Resistive Network Transformation ............................................................... 4−1
4.1.2 Inductive Network Transformation .............................................................. 4−1
4.1.3 Capacitive Network Transformation ............................................................ 4−1

ii Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Third Edition
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 4.2 Complex Impedance Z(s).........................................................................................4−8
4.3 Complex Admittance Y(s) .....................................................................................4−11
4.4 Transfer Functions .................................................................................................4−13
4.5 Using the Simulink Transfer Fcn Block.................................................................4−17
4.6 Summary.................................................................................................................4−20
4.7 Exercises .................................................................................................................4−21
4.8 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises.................................................................4−24
MATLAB Computing
Pages 4−6, 4−8, 4−12, 4−16, 4−17, 4−18, 4−26, 4−27, 4−28, 4−29, 4−34
Simulink Modeling
Page 4−17

5 State Variables and State Equations 5−1

5.1 Expressing Differential Equations in State Equation Form................................... 5−1
5.2 Solution of Single State Equations ........................................................................ 5−6
5.3 The State Transition Matrix ................................................................................. 5−9
5.4 Computation of the State Transition Matrix ...................................................... 5−11
5.4.1 Distinct Eigenvalues ................................................................................. 5−11
5.4.2 Multiple (Repeated) Eigenvalues ............................................................. 5−15
5.5 Eigenvectors......................................................................................................... 5−18
5.6 Circuit Analysis with State Variables.................................................................. 5−22
5.7 Relationship between State Equations and Laplace Transform.......................... 5−30
5.8 Summary .............................................................................................................. 5−38
5.9 Exercises .............................................................................................................. 5−41
5.10 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises .............................................................. 5−43
MATLAB Computing
Pages 5−14, 5−15, 5−18, 5−26, 5−36, 5−48, 5−51
Simulink Modeling
Pages 5−27, 5−37, 5−45

6 The Impulse Response and Convolution 6−1

6.1 The Impulse Response in Time Domain ................................................................ 6−1
6.2 Even and Odd Functions of Time .......................................................................... 6−4
6.3 Convolution ............................................................................................................ 6−7
6.4 Graphical Evaluation of the Convolution Integral................................................. 6−8
6.5 Circuit Analysis with the Convolution Integral ................................................... 6−18
6.6 Summary ............................................................................................................... 6−21
6.7 Exercises................................................................................................................ 6−23

Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Third Edition iii
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 6.8 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises................................................................ 6−25
MATLAB Applications
Pages 6−12, 6−15, 6−30

7 Fourier Series 7−1

7.1 Wave Analysis......................................................................................................... 7−1
7.2 Evaluation of the Coefficients................................................................................. 7−2
7.3 Symmetry in Trigonometric Fourier Series ............................................................. 7−6
7.3.1 Symmetry in Square Waveform..................................................................... 7−8
7.3.2 Symmetry in Square Waveform with Ordinate Axis Shifted ........................ 7−8
7.3.3 Symmetry in Sawtooth Waveform................................................................. 7−9
7.3.4 Symmetry in Triangular Waveform ............................................................... 7−9
7.3.5 Symmetry in Fundamental, Second, and Third Harmonics........................ 7−10
7.4 Trigonometric Form of Fourier Series for Common Waveforms.......................... 7−10
7.4.1 Trigonometric Fourier Series for Square Waveform ................................... 7−11
7.4.2 Trigonometric Fourier Series for Sawtooth Waveform............................... 7−14
7.4.3 Trigonometric Fourier Series for Triangular Waveform ............................. 7−16
7.4.4 Trigonometric Fourier Series for Half−Wave Rectifier Waveform............. 7−17
7.4.5 Trigonometric Fourier Series for Full−Wave Rectifier Waveform.............. 7−20
7.5 Gibbs Phenomenon ............................................................................................... 7−24
7.6 Alternate Forms of the Trigonometric Fourier Series .......................................... 7−24
7.7 Circuit Analysis with Trigonometric Fourier Series............................................. 7−28
7.8 The Exponential Form of the Fourier Series........................................................ 7−31
7.9 Symmetry in Exponential Fourier Series .............................................................. 7−33
7.9.1 Even Functions ........................................................................................... 7−33
7.9.2 Odd Functions ............................................................................................ 7−34
7.9.3 Half-Wave Symmetry ................................................................................. 7−34
7.9.4 No Symmetry .............................................................................................. 7−34
7.9.5 Relation of C –n to C n ................................................................................ 7−34
7.10 Line Spectra.......................................................................................................... 7−36
7.11 Computation of RMS Values from Fourier Series................................................ 7−41
7.12 Computation of Average Power from Fourier Series ........................................... 7−44
7.13 Evaluation of Fourier Coefficients Using Excel® ................................................ 7−46
7.14 Evaluation of Fourier Coefficients Using MATLAB® ........................................ 7−47
7.15 Summary ............................................................................................................... 7−50
7.16 Exercises ............................................................................................................... 7−53
7.17 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises ............................................................... 7−55
MATLAB Computing
Pages 7−38, 7−47

iv Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Third Edition
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 Simulink Modeling
Page 7−31

8 The Fourier Transform 8−1

8.1 Definition and Special Forms ................................................................................ 8−1
8.2 Special Forms of the Fourier Transform ................................................................ 8−2
8.2.1 Real Time Functions.................................................................................. 8−3
8.2.2 Imaginary Time Functions ......................................................................... 8−6
8.3 Properties and Theorems of the Fourier Transform .............................................. 8−9
8.3.1 Linearity...................................................................................................... 8−9
8.3.2 Symmetry.................................................................................................... 8−9
8.3.3 Time Scaling............................................................................................. 8−10
8.3.4 Time Shifting............................................................................................ 8−11
8.3.5 Frequency Shifting ................................................................................... 8−11
8.3.6 Time Differentiation ................................................................................ 8−12
8.3.7 Frequency Differentiation ........................................................................ 8−13
8.3.8 Time Integration ...................................................................................... 8−13
8.3.9 Conjugate Time and Frequency Functions.............................................. 8−13
8.3.10 Time Convolution .................................................................................... 8−14
8.3.11 Frequency Convolution............................................................................ 8−15
8.3.12 Area Under f ( t ) ........................................................................................ 8−15
8.3.13 Area Under F ( ω ) ...................................................................................... 8−15
8.3.14 Parseval’s Theorem................................................................................... 8−16
8.4 Fourier Transform Pairs of Common Functions.................................................. 8−18
8.4.1 The Delta Function Pair .......................................................................... 8−18
8.4.2 The Constant Function Pair .................................................................... 8−18
8.4.3 The Cosine Function Pair ........................................................................ 8−19
8.4.4 The Sine Function Pair............................................................................. 8−20
8.4.5 The Signum Function Pair........................................................................ 8−20
8.4.6 The Unit Step Function Pair .................................................................... 8−22
– jω 0 t
8.4.7 The e u0 ( t ) Function Pair .................................................................... 8−24
8.4.8 The ( cos ω 0 t ) ( u 0 t ) Function Pair ............................................................... 8−24
8.4.9 The ( sin ω 0 t ) ( u 0 t ) Function Pair ............................................................... 8−25
8.5 Derivation of the Fourier Transform from the Laplace Transform .................... 8−25
8.6 Fourier Transforms of Common Waveforms ...................................................... 8−27
8.6.1 The Transform of f ( t ) = A [ u 0 ( t + T ) – u 0 ( t – T ) ] ....................................... 8−27
8.6.2 The Transform of f ( t ) = A [ u 0 ( t ) – u 0 ( t – 2T ) ] ........................................... 8−28
8.6.3 The Transform of f ( t ) = A [ u 0 ( t + T ) + u 0 ( t ) – u 0 ( t – T ) – u 0 ( t – 2T ) ] ........... 8−29

Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Third Edition v
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 8.6.4 The Transform of f ( t ) = A cos ω 0 t [ u0 ( t + T ) – u 0 ( t – T ) ] .............................. 8−30
8.6.5 The Transform of a Periodic Time Function with Period T..................... 8−31
∞
8.6.6 The Transform of the Periodic Time Function f ( t ) = A ∑
n = –∞
δ ( t – nT ) .... 8−32

8.7 Using MATLAB for Finding the Fourier Transform of Time Functions............ 8−33
8.8 The System Function and Applications to Circuit Analysis............................... 8−34
8.9 Summary .............................................................................................................. 8−42
8.10 Exercises............................................................................................................... 8−47
8.11 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises .............................................................. 8−49
MATLAB Computing
Pages 8−33, 8−34, 8−50, 8−54, 8−55, 8−56, 8−59, 8−60

9 Discrete−Time Systems and the Z Transform 9−1

9.1 Definition and Special Forms of the Z Transform ............................................... 9−1
9.2 Properties and Theorems of the Z Transform...................................................... 9−3
9.2.1 Linearity ..................................................................................................... 9−3
9.2.2 Shift of f [ n ]u 0 [ n ] in the Discrete−Time Domain ..................................... 9−3
9.2.3 Right Shift in the Discrete−Time Domain ................................................ 9−4
9.2.4 Left Shift in the Discrete−Time Domain................................................... 9−5
n
9.2.5 Multiplication by a in the Discrete−Time Domain................................. 9−6
– naT
9.2.6 Multiplication by e in the Discrete−Time Domain ........................... 9−6
9.2.7 Multiplication by n and n2 in the Discrete−Time Domain ..................... 9−6
9.2.8 Summation in the Discrete−Time Domain ............................................... 9−7
9.2.9 Convolution in the Discrete−Time Domain ............................................. 9−8
9.2.10 Convolution in the Discrete−Frequency Domain ..................................... 9−9
9.2.11 Initial Value Theorem ............................................................................... 9−9
9.2.12 Final Value Theorem............................................................................... 9−10
9.3 The Z Transform of Common Discrete−Time Functions.................................. 9−11
9.3.1 The Transform of the Geometric Sequence .............................................9−11
9.3.2 The Transform of the Discrete−Time Unit Step Function ......................9−14
9.3.3 The Transform of the Discrete−Time Exponential Sequence .................9−16
9.3.4 The Transform of the Discrete−Time Cosine and Sine Functions ..........9−16
9.3.5 The Transform of the Discrete−Time Unit Ramp Function....................9−18
9.4 Computation of the Z Transform with Contour Integration .............................9−20
9.5 Transformation Between s− and z−Domains .......................................................9−22
9.6 The Inverse Z Transform ...................................................................................9−25

vi Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Third Edition
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 9.6.1 Partial Fraction Expansion ..................................................................... 9−25
9.6.2 The Inversion Integral............................................................................ 9−32
9.6.3 Long Division of Polynomials ................................................................ 9−36
9.7 The Transfer Function of Discrete−Time Systems ............................................ 9−38
9.8 State Equations for Discrete−Time Systems ...................................................... 9−45
9.9 Summary............................................................................................................. 9−48
9.10 Exercises ............................................................................................................. 9−53
9.11 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises............................................................. 9−55
MATLAB Computing
Pages 9−35, 9−37, 9−38, 9−41, 9−42, 9−59, 9−61
Simulink Modeling
Page 9−44
Excel Plots
Pages 9−35, 9−44

10 The DFT and the FFT Algorithm 10−1

10.1 The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) ............................................................10−1
10.2 Even and Odd Properties of the DFT ................................................................10−9
10.3 Common Properties and Theorems of the DFT ..............................................10−10
10.3.1 Linearity ...............................................................................................10−10
10.3.2 Time Shift ............................................................................................10−11
10.3.3 Frequency Shift....................................................................................10−12
10.3.4 Time Convolution ...............................................................................10−12
10.3.5 Frequency Convolution .......................................................................10−13
10.4 The Sampling Theorem ...................................................................................10−13
10.5 Number of Operations Required to Compute the DFT ..................................10−16
10.6 The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) ..................................................................10−17
10.7 Summary...........................................................................................................10−28
10.8 Exercises ...........................................................................................................10−31
10.9 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises...........................................................10−33
MATLAB Computing
Pages 10−5, 10−7, 10−34
Excel Analysis ToolPak
Pages 10−6, 10−8

11 Analog and Digital Filters

11.1 Filter Types and Classifications......................................................................... 11−1
11.2 Basic Analog Filters........................................................................................... 11−2

Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Third Edition vii
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 11.2.1 RC Low−Pass Filter ............................................................................... 11−2
11.2.2 RC High−Pass Filter .............................................................................. 11−4
11.2.3 RLC Band−Pass Filter.............................................................................11−7
11.2.4 RLC Band−Elimination Filter ................................................................11−8
11.3 Low−Pass Analog Filter Prototypes ..................................................................11−10
11.3.1 Butterworth Analog Low−Pass Filter Design .......................................11−14
11.3.2 Chebyshev Type I Analog Low−Pass Filter Design..............................11−25
11.3.3 Chebyshev Type II Analog Low−Pass Filter Design ............................11−38
11.3.4 Elliptic Analog Low−Pass Filter Design ...............................................11−39
11.4 High−Pass, Band−Pass, and Band−Elimination Filter Design..........................11−41
11.5 Digital Filters ....................................................................................................11−51
11.6 Digital Filter Design with Simulink..................................................................11−70
11.6.1 The Direct Form I Realization of a Digital Filter.................................11−70
11.6.2 The Direct Form II Realization of a Digital Filter................................11−71
11.6.3 The Series Form Realization of a Digital Filter ....................................11−73
11.6.4 The Parallel Form Realization of a Digital Filter .................................11−75
11.6.5 The Digital Filter Design Block............................................................11−78
11.7 Summary ...........................................................................................................11−87
11.8 Exercises ...........................................................................................................11−91
11.9 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises ...........................................................11−97
MATLAB Computing
Pages 11−3, 11−4, 11−6, 11−7, 11−9, 11−15, 11−19, 11−23, 11−24, 11−31,
11−35, 11−36, 11−37, 11−38, 11−40, 11−41, 11−42, 11−43, 11−45, 11−46,
11−48, 11−50, 11−55, 11−56, 11−57, 11−60, 11−62, 11−64, 11−67, 11−68,
and 11−97 through 11−106
Simulink Modeling
Pages 11−71, 11−74, 11−77, 11−78, 11−80, 11−82, 11−83, 11−84

A Introduction to MATLAB A−1

A.1 MATLAB® and Simulink® ........................................................................... A−1
A.2 Command Window ......................................................................................... A−1
A.3 Roots of Polynomials ....................................................................................... A−3
A.4 Polynomial Construction from Known Roots ................................................. A−4
A.5 Evaluation of a Polynomial at Specified Values .............................................. A−6
A.6 Rational Polynomials ....................................................................................... A−8
A.7 Using MATLAB to Make Plots..................................................................... A−10
A.8 Subplots ......................................................................................................... A−18
A.9 Multiplication, Division, and Exponentiation .............................................. A−18
A.10 Script and Function Files .............................................................................. A−26
A.11 Display Formats ............................................................................................. A−31

viii Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Third Edition
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 MATLAB Computing
Pages A−3 through A−8, A−10, A−13, A−14, A−16, A−17,
A−21, A−22, A−24, A−27

B Introduction to Simulink B−1

B.1 Simulink and its Relation to MATLAB............................................................. B−1
B.2 Simulink Demos ............................................................................................... B−20
MATLAB Computing
Page B−4
Simulink Modeling
Pages B−7, B−12, B−14, B−18

C A Review of Complex Numbers C−1

C.1 Definition of a Complex Number....................................................................... C−1
C.2 Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers ............................................... C−2
C.3 Multiplication of Complex Numbers.................................................................. C−3
C.4 Division of Complex Numbers ........................................................................... C−4
C.5 Exponential and Polar Forms of Complex Numbers.......................................... C−4
MATLAB Computing
Pages C−6, C−7, C−8
Simulink Modeling
Page C−7

D Matrices and Determinants D−1

D.1 Matrix Definition.............................................................................................D−1
D.2 Matrix Operations ...........................................................................................D−2
D.3 Special Forms of Matrices................................................................................D−6
D.4 Determinants .................................................................................................D−10
D.5 Minors and Cofactors ....................................................................................D−12
D.6 Cramer’s Rule ................................................................................................D−17
D.7 Gaussian Elimination Method.......................................................................D−19
D.8 The Adjoint of a Matrix ................................................................................D−21
D.9 Singular and Non−Singular Matrices ............................................................D−21
D.10 The Inverse of a Matrix .................................................................................D−22
D.11 Solution of Simultaneous Equations with Matrices ......................................D−24
D.12 Exercises.........................................................................................................D−31

Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Third Edition ix
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 MATLAB Computing
Pages D−3, D−4, D−5, D−7, D−8, D−9, D−10,
D−12, D−19, D−23, D−27, D−29
Simulink Modeling
Page D−3
Excel Spreadsheet
Page D−28

E Window Functions E−1

E.1 Window Function Defined .................................................................................. E−1
E.2 Common Window Functions ............................................................................... E−1
E.2.1 Rectangular Window Function ................................................................. E−2
E.2.2 Triangular Window Function.................................................................... E−5
E.2.3 Hanning Window Function....................................................................... E−7
E.2.4 Hamming Window Function..................................................................... E−9
E.2.5 Blackman Window Function................................................................... E−12
E.2.6 Kaiser Family of Window Functions ....................................................... E−14
E.3 Other Window Functions .................................................................................. E−15
E.4 Fourier Series Method for Approximating an FIR Amplitude Response .......... E−17

References R−1

Index IN−1

x Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Third Edition
Copyright © Orchard Publications
Chapter 1
Elementary Signals

T
his chapter begins with a discussion of elementary signals that may be applied to electric
networks. The unit step, unit ramp, and delta functions are then introduced. The sampling
and sifting properties of the delta function are defined and derived. Several examples for
expressing a variety of waveforms in terms of these elementary signals are provided. Throughout
this text, a left justified horizontal bar will denote the beginning of an example, and a right justi-
fied horizontal bar will denote the end of the example. These bars will not be shown whenever an
example begins at the top of a page or at the bottom of a page. Also, when one example follows
immediately after a previous example, the right justified bar will be omitted.

1.1 Signals Described in Math Form

Consider the network of Figure 1.1 where the switch is closed at time t = 0 .
R t = 0

+
+ v out open terminals
−
vS −

Figure 1.1. A switched network with open terminals

We wish to describe v out in a math form for the time interval – ∞ < t < +∞ . To do this, it is conve-
nient to divide the time interval into two parts, – ∞ < t < 0 , and 0 < t < ∞ .
For the time interval – ∞ < t < 0 , the switch is open and therefore, the output voltage v out is zero.
In other words,
v out = 0 for – ∞ < t < 0 (1.1)

For the time interval 0 < t < ∞ , the switch is closed. Then, the input voltage v S appears at the
output, i.e.,
v out = v S for 0 < t < ∞ (1.2)

Combining (1.1) and (1.2) into a single relationship, we obtain

 0 –∞ < t < 0
v out =  (1.3)
 vS 0 < t < ∞

Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Fourth Edition 1−1
Copyright © Orchard Publications
Chapter 1 Elementary Signals

We can express (1.3) by the waveform shown in Figure 1.2.

v out
vS

0
t
Figure 1.2. Waveform for v out as defined in relation (1.3)

The waveform of Figure 1.2 is an example of a discontinuous function. A function is said to be dis-
continuous if it exhibits points of discontinuity, that is, the function jumps from one value to
another without taking on any intermediate values.

1.2 The Unit Step Function u 0 ( t )

A well known discontinuous function is the unit step function u 0 ( t ) * which is defined as

0 t<0
u0 ( t ) =  (1.4)
1 t>0

It is also represented by the waveform of Figure 1.3.

u0 ( t )
1
0 t

Figure 1.3. Waveform for u 0 ( t )

In the waveform of Figure 1.3, the unit step function u 0 ( t ) changes abruptly from 0 to 1 at
t = 0 . But if it changes at t = t 0 instead, it is denoted as u 0 ( t – t 0 ) . In this case, its waveform and
definition are as shown in Figure 1.4 and relation (1.5) respectively.

1
u0 ( t – t0 )
t
0 t0
Figure 1.4. Waveform for u 0 ( t – t 0 )

* In some books, the unit step function is denoted as u ( t ) , that is, without the subscript 0. In this text, however, we
will reserve the u ( t ) designation for any input when we will discuss state variables in Chapter 5.

1−2 Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Fourth Edition
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 The Unit Step Function

0 t < t0
u0 ( t – t0 ) =  (1.5)
1 t > t0

If the unit step function changes abruptly from 0 to 1 at t = – t 0 , it is denoted as u 0 ( t + t 0 ) . In

this case, its waveform and definition are as shown in Figure 1.5 and relation (1.6) respectively.
u0 ( t + t0 )
1

−t0 0 t
Figure 1.5. Waveform for u 0 ( t + t 0 )

0 t < –t0
u0 ( t + t0 ) =  (1.6)
1 t > –t0

Example 1.1
Consider the network of Figure 1.6, where the switch is closed at time t = T .
R t = T

+
+ v out open terminals
−
vS −

Figure 1.6. Network for Example 1.1

Express the output voltage v out as a function of the unit step function, and sketch the appropriate
waveform.
Solution:
For this example, the output voltage v out = 0 for t < T , and v out = v S for t > T . Therefore,

v out = v S u 0 ( t – T ) (1.7)

and the waveform is shown in Figure 1.7.

Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Fourth Edition 1−3
Copyright © Orchard Publications
Chapter 1 Elementary Signals

vS u0 ( t – T )
v out

t
0 T
Figure 1.7. Waveform for Example 1.1

Other forms of the unit step function are shown in Figure 1.8.

Τ −Τ
t t t
0 0 0
(a) (b) (c)
−A −A −A
–A u0 ( t ) –A u0 ( t – T ) –A u0 ( t + T )

Au 0 ( – t ) Au 0 ( – t + T ) Au 0 ( – t – T )
A A A

t t −Τ 0
t
0 (d) 0 Τ (e) (f)

Τ −Τ
t t 0 t
0 (g) 0 (h) (i)
−A −A −A
–A u0 ( –t ) –A u0 ( – t + T ) –A u0 ( – t – T )

Figure 1.8. Other forms of the unit step function

Unit step functions can be used to represent other time−varying functions such as the rectangular
pulse shown in Figure 1.9.

u0 ( t )
1
1
t t t
0 1 0 0
(c)
(a) (b)
–u0 ( t – 1 )
Figure 1.9. A rectangular pulse expressed as the sum of two unit step functions

1−4 Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Fourth Edition
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 The Unit Step Function

Thus, the pulse of Figure 1.9(a) is the sum of the unit step functions of Figures 1.9(b) and 1.9(c)
and it is represented as u 0 ( t ) – u 0 ( t – 1 ) .

The unit step function offers a convenient method of describing the sudden application of a volt-
age or current source. For example, a constant voltage source of 24 V applied at t = 0 , can be
denoted as 24u 0 ( t ) V . Likewise, a sinusoidal voltage source v ( t ) = V m cos ωt V that is applied to
a circuit at t = t0 , can be described as v ( t ) = ( V m cos ωt )u 0 ( t – t 0 ) V . Also, if the excitation in a
circuit is a rectangular, or triangular, or sawtooth, or any other recurring pulse, it can be repre-
sented as a sum (difference) of unit step functions.

Example 1.2
Express the square waveform of Figure 1.10 as a sum of unit step functions. The vertical dotted
lines indicate the discontinuities at T, 2T, 3T , and so on.

v(t)
A
{ }
T 2T 3T
t
0
–A | ~

Figure 1.10. Square waveform for Example 1.2

Solution:

Line segment { has height A , starts at t = 0 , and terminates at t = T . Then, as in Example 1.1, this
segment is expressed as
v1 ( t ) = A [ u0 ( t ) – u0 ( t – T ) ] (1.8)

Line segment | has height – A , starts at t = T and terminates at t = 2T . This segment is

expressed as
v 2 ( t ) = – A [ u 0 ( t – T ) – u 0 ( t – 2T ) ] (1.9)

Line segment } has height A , starts at t = 2T and terminates at t = 3T . This segment is expressed
as
v 3 ( t ) = A [ u 0 ( t – 2T ) – u 0 ( t – 3T ) ] (1.10)

Line segment ~ has height – A , starts at t = 3T , and terminates at t = 4T . It is expressed as

v 4 ( t ) = – A [ u 0 ( t – 3T ) – u 0 ( t – 4T ) ] (1.11)

Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Fourth Edition 1−5
Copyright © Orchard Publications
Chapter 1 Elementary Signals

Thus, the square waveform of Figure 1.10 can be expressed as the summation of (1.8) through
(1.11), that is,
v ( t ) = v1 ( t ) + v2 ( t ) + v3 ( t ) + v4 ( t )
= A [ u 0 ( t ) – u 0 ( t – T ) ] – A [ u 0 ( t – T ) – u 0 ( t – 2T ) ] (1.12)
+A [ u 0 ( t – 2T ) – u 0 ( t – 3T ) ] – A [ u 0 ( t – 3T ) – u 0 ( t – 4T ) ]

Combining like terms, we obtain

v ( t ) = A [ u 0 ( t ) – 2u 0 ( t – T ) + 2u 0 ( t – 2T ) – 2u 0 ( t – 3T ) + … ] (1.13)

Example 1.3
Express the symmetric rectangular pulse of Figure 1.11 as a sum of unit step functions.
i(t)
A

t
–T ⁄ 2 0 T⁄2
Figure 1.11. Symmetric rectangular pulse for Example 1.3
Solution:
This pulse has height A , starts at t = – T ⁄ 2 , and terminates at t = T ⁄ 2 . Therefore, with refer-
ence to Figures 1.5 and 1.8 (b), we obtain

i ( t ) = Au 0  t + ---  – Au 0  t – ---  = A u 0  t + ---  – u 0  t – --- 

T T T T
      
(1.14)
2 2 2 2 

Example 1.4
Express the symmetric triangular waveform of Figure 1.12 as a sum of unit step functions.
v(t)
1

t
–T ⁄ 2 0 T⁄2
Figure 1.12. Symmetric triangular waveform for Example 1.4
Solution:

1−6 Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Fourth Edition
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 The Unit Step Function

We first derive the equations for the linear segments { and | shown in Figure 1.13.

2 v( t) 2
--- t + 1 1 – --- t + 1
T T
{ |
t
–T ⁄ 2 0 T⁄2
Figure 1.13. Equations for the linear segments of Figure 1.12

For line segment { ,

v 1 ( t ) =  --- t + 1 u 0  t + ---  – u 0 ( t )
2 T
T   2
(1.15)

and for line segment | ,

v 2 ( t ) =  – --2- t + 1 u 0 ( t ) – u 0  t – T
---  (1.16)
 T   2

Combining (1.15) and (1.16), we obtain

v ( t ) = v1 ( t ) + v2 ( t )
(1.17)
=  --- t + 1 u 0  t + T
---  – u 0 ( t ) +  – --2- t + 1 u 0 ( t ) – u 0  t – T
--- 
2
T   2  T   2

Example 1.5
Express the waveform of Figure 1.14 as a sum of unit step functions.

v( t)
3

t
0 1 2 3
Figure 1.14. Waveform for Example 1.5
Solution:

Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Fourth Edition 1−7
Copyright © Orchard Publications
Chapter 1 Elementary Signals

As in the previous example, we first find the equations of the linear segments linear segments {
and | shown in Figure 1.15.
v(t)
3
{
2
2t + 1
1 –t+3
|
t
0 1 2 3
Figure 1.15. Equations for the linear segments of Figure 1.14
Following the same procedure as in the previous examples, we obtain
v ( t ) = ( 2t + 1 ) [ u 0 ( t ) – u 0 ( t – 1 ) ] + 3 [ u 0 ( t – 1 ) – u 0 ( t – 2 ) ]
+ ( – t + 3 ) [ u0 ( t – 2 ) – u0 ( t – 3 ) ]

Multiplying the values in parentheses by the values in the brackets, we obtain

v ( t ) = ( 2t + 1 )u 0 ( t ) – ( 2t + 1 )u 0 ( t – 1 ) + 3u 0 ( t – 1 )
– 3u 0 ( t – 2 ) + ( – t + 3 )u 0 ( t – 2 ) – ( – t + 3 )u 0 ( t – 3 )

v ( t ) = ( 2t + 1 )u 0 ( t ) + [ – ( 2t + 1 ) + 3 ]u 0 ( t – 1 )
+ [ – 3 + ( – t + 3 ) ]u 0 ( t – 2 ) – ( – t + 3 )u 0 ( t – 3 )

and combining terms inside the brackets, we obtain

v ( t ) = ( 2t + 1 )u 0 ( t ) – 2 ( t – 1 )u 0 ( t – 1 ) – t u 0 ( t – 2 ) + ( t – 3 )u 0 ( t – 3 ) (1.18)

Two other functions of interest are the unit ramp function, and the unit impulse or delta function.
We will introduce them with the examples that follow.

Example 1.6
In the network of Figure 1.16 i S is a constant current source and the switch is closed at time
t = 0 . Express the capacitor voltage v C ( t ) as a function of the unit step.

1−8 Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Fourth Edition
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 The Unit Step Function

R t = 0

+
vC ( t )
−
iS C

Figure 1.16. Network for Example 1.6

Solution:
The current through the capacitor is i C ( t ) = i S = cons tan t , and the capacitor voltage v C ( t ) is
t
1 *
v C ( t ) = ----
C ∫– ∞ i C ( τ ) dτ (1.19)

where τ is a dummy variable.

Since the switch closes at t = 0 , we can express the current i C ( t ) as

iC ( t ) = iS u0 ( t ) (1.20)

and assuming that v C ( t ) = 0 for t < 0 , we can write (1.19) as

iS 0
1 t ----
∫–∞ u0 ( τ ) dτ iS t
v C ( t ) = ----
C ∫– ∞ i S u 0 ( τ ) dτ = C + ----
C ∫ 0 u 0 ( τ ) dτ (1.21)








0
or
iS
v C ( t ) = ----- tu 0 ( t ) (1.22)
C

Therefore, we see that when a capacitor is charged with a constant current, the voltage across it is
a linear function and forms a ramp with slope i S ⁄ C as shown in Figure 1.17.

vC ( t )

slope = i S ⁄ C
t
0
Figure 1.17. Voltage across a capacitor when charged with a constant current source

* Since the initial condition for the capacitor voltage was not specified, we express this integral with –∞ at the lower limit of
integration so that any non-zero value prior to t < 0 would be included in the integration.

Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Fourth Edition 1−9
Copyright © Orchard Publications
Chapter 1 Elementary Signals

1.3 The Unit Ramp Function u 1 ( t )

The unit ramp function, denoted as u 1 ( t ) , is defined as

t
u1 ( t ) = ∫– ∞ u 0 ( τ ) d τ (1.23)

where τ is a dummy variable.

We can evaluate the integral of (1.23) by considering the area under the unit step function u 0 ( t )
from – ∞ to t as shown in Figure 1.18.
Area = 1 × τ = τ = t
1

t
τ
Figure 1.18. Area under the unit step function from – ∞ to t

Therefore, we define u 1 ( t ) as
0 t<0
u1 ( t ) =  (1.24)
t t≥0

Since u 1 ( t ) is the integral of u 0 ( t ) , then u 0 ( t ) must be the derivative of u 1 ( t ) , i.e.,

d
----- u 1 ( t ) = u 0 ( t ) (1.25)
dt

Higher order functions of t can be generated by repeated integration of the unit step function. For
example, integrating u 0 ( t ) twice and multiplying by 2 , we define u 2 ( t ) as

0 t<0 t
u2 ( t ) =  2
t t≥0
or u2 ( t ) = 2 ∫–∞ u1 ( τ ) dτ (1.26)

Similarly,
0 t<0 t
u3 ( t ) =  3
t t≥0
or u3 ( t ) = 3 ∫–∞ u2 ( τ ) dτ (1.27)

and in general,
0 t<0 t
un ( t ) =  n
t t≥0
or un ( t ) = 3 ∫– ∞ u n – 1 ( τ ) d τ (1.28)

Also,

1−10 Signals and Systems with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink  Modeling, Fourth Edition
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Punch, or the
London Charivari, Vol. 108, March 30th 1895
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with
this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located
in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country
where you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Punch, or the London Charivari, Vol. 108, March 30th 1895

Author: Various

Editor: F. C. Burnand

Release date: July 19, 2013 [eBook #43253]

Most recently updated: October 23, 2024

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Punch, or the London Charivari, Malcolm

Farmer,
Ernest Schaal, and the Online Distributed Proofreading
Team at http://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PUNCH, OR THE

LONDON CHARIVARI, VOL. 108, MARCH 30TH 1895 ***
 PUNCH,
OR THE LONDON CHARIVARI.
Vol. 108.
 March 30, 1895.

PUNCH, OR THE LONDON CHARIVARI.

VOL. 108.
March 30, 1895.

"ANIMAL SPIRITS."

No. IX.—Awkward position ofHippoliceman among the wild Bulls and Bears in
Throgmorton Street.
(Vide Papers, March 22.)
 AN ELECTION ADDRESS.
[Mr. Rider Haggard has become the accepted Conservative
candidate for a Norfolk constituency. The following is understood to
be an advance copy of his Address.]

Intelligent electors, may I venture to present

Myself as an aspirant for a seat in Parliament?
The views of those opponents who despise a novelist,
Are but the foggy arguments of People of the Mist!

No writer, I assure you, can produce a better claim,

A greater versatility, a more substantial fame;
My candidature, though opposed by all the yellow gang,
Has won the hearty sympathy of Mr. Andrew Lang.

And if what my opinions are you'd really like to know,

They're issued at a modest price by Longmans, Green, &amp; Co.;
The Eight Hours Bill, for instance, I'm prepared to speak upon
From a practical acquaintance with the Mines of Solomon.

Whatever my intentions as to Woman's Rights may be,

I yield to none in honouring the great immortal She;
While, as to foreign policy, though Blue Books make you yawn,
You'll find the subject treated most attractively in Dawn.

When I am placed in Parliament, I'll speak with fluent skill,

And show (like Mr. Meeson) I've a most effective will;
And if there is a special point for which I mean to fight,
It is for legislation to protect my copyright.

If chance debate to matters in South Africa should tend,

My anecdotes will cause the Speaker's wig to stand on end;
And if an opportunity occurs, I'll rouse the lot
By perorating finely in impassioned Hottentot!
So, Gentlemen, I beg you, let my arguments prevail,
Shame would it be if such a cause through apathy should fail,
Shame on the false elector who his honest duty shirks!

Believe me, Yours.

The Author of She, Dawn, and other works.

Suggested Revival of an Old Form of Punishment for Future Obstrutionist

Speculators in Throgmortonian Kaffir Land.—"Put 'em in the Stocks."
 "WHEN ARTHUR FIRST AT COURT."
Last week the Court Theatre was advertised as a "Company,
Limited." The cast in the bill was given as Chairman, Arthur W. Pinero;
First Director, Sir Arthur Sullivan (with a song?); Second Director,
Herbert Bennett (Director also of Harrod's Stores, Limited, the success of
which establishment has been so great as to now out-Harrod Harrod);
and then Arthur Chudleigh (who was jointly lessee at one time with Mrs.
John Wood), as Director and Acting Manager. The Solicitor is down as
Arthur B. Chubb ("little fish are sweet"), and the Secretary is Mr. A.
(presumably Arthur?) S. Dunn. Most appropriate this name to finish
with; "and now my story's Dunn." Fortunate omen, too, that there are
two "n's" in Dunn, which otherwise is a word associated with a Court not
quite so cheerful as the Court Theatre.

But the curious note about it is the preponderance of "Arthurs."

Arthur Pinero, Arthur Sullivan, Arthur Chudleigh, Arthur Chubb, and Arthur
(?) Dunn. If they have power to add to their number, why not take in
Arthur Jones, Arthur Lloyd, and Arthur Roberts? That would make the
Dramatic Arthurs and the Musical Arthurs about equal.

Matilda Charlotte Wood is mentioned as having had an agreement

with one of the Arthurs yclept Chudleigh, and probably also a
disagreement too, as their once highly prosperous joint management
came to an end. But now "she will return," at least, everyone hopes so,
as, after her capital performance of the Sporting Duchess at Drury
Lane, she has shown us that she is as fresh and as great an attraction
as ever. Some of the Arthurs will write for her, one Arthur will compose
for her, two Arthurs will act and sing with her, and Arthur, the managing
director, will direct and manage her. May every success attend the
venture! But how about authors and composers offering their work to
so professional a board of directors? Doesn't Sir Fretful Plagiary's
objection to sending his play in to the manager of Drury Lane, namely,
that "he writes himself." hold good nowadays? Hum. A difficulty, most
decidedly; still, not absolutely insuperable.
 Which Settles It.
Over-enthusiastic Person (speaking confidentially of his absent
Friend to the young Lady to whom absent friend is going to propose).
Everybody speaks in his praise. He is an exceptionally good man.

Sharp Young Lady. Ah, then he is "too good to be true." I shall

refuse him!
[Exit separately.
 "MUSIC HATH CHARMS."

H.R.H. The Duke, accompanied by Drummer-boy Herbert Gladstone, leads the Sunday Park
Band.
 "The Duke of Cambridge takes the liveliest personal interest in the proposal made b
Mr. John Aird, and supported by Mr. Herbert Gladstone, First Commissioner of Works
that military bands should perform in the Royal Parks on suitable occasions during th
season."—Daily Telegraph, March 20.

QUITE A CATCH.

Young Splinter (driving Nervous Old Party to Covert). "Yes, I love a Bargain i
Horseflesh! Now, if you believe me, I picked this little Beggar up the other day for a mer
Song. Bolted with a Trap—kicked everything to smash. Bid the Fellow a Tenner for her, an
there she is!" [Old Party begins to feel that "'E don' know where 'e are," or will b
presently.
 "MUSIC HATH CHARMS."
A Song for a Summer Day, 1895.

(A Very Long Way after Dryden.)

["Mr. Herbert Gladstone, in reply to Mr. Aird, said he was glad to

tell the hon. gentleman that he had been informed by his Royal
Highness the Duke of Cambridge that arrangements were being
made for a military band to play in Hyde Park on certain days in
summer."—Parliamentary Report.]

I.

In harmony, in public harmony,

This bit of pleasant news began.
St. Stephen's underneath a heap
Of burning questions lay.
When Herbert raised his head
His tuneful voice was heard on high,
And this is what it said:
That Great George Ranger could descry
A chance of making a big leap
To pop-u-lar-i-ty.
That Music's power should have full summer sway,
And the bands begin to play!
With harmony, with general harmony,
Around the information ran
That harmony, sweet harmony,
Should stay mere rumpus with its rataplan,
And make Hyde Park a pleasant place to Man!

II.

What passion cannot Music raise and quell?

When Herbert thumps the side-drum well
The listening nursemaids well may stand around,
A-wondering at that curly swell,
A-worshipping the rattling sound.
Less than a dook they think can hardly dwell
In that drum major's toffy togs.
He startles even the stray dogs!
What passion cannot Music raise and quell?

III.

The brass band's loud clangour

The populace charms,
The kettledrum-banger
The baby alarms.
At the double, double, double beat
Of young Gladstone's drum
The Socialist spouters from back street and slum
Cry, "Hark! our foes come!
Way oh! We'ad better retreat!"

IV.

The shrill and sprightly flute

Startles the seculurist spouts and shovers.
The crowds of music-lovers
Flock to its sound and leave tub-thumpers mute.

V.

Dark Anarchists proclaim

Their jealous pangs and desperation,
Fury, frantic indignation,
Depths of spite and heights of passion.
Music mars their little game.

VI.
Yes, Music's art can teach
Better than savage ungrammatic speech.
Young Herbert let us praise,
"The dear Dook" let us love.
The weary wayfarer, the wan-faced slummer,
Beneath the spell of Music and the Drummer,
Feel rataplans and rubadubs to raise
Their souls sour spleen above.

VII.

"Orpheus could lead the savage race,

And trees uprooted left their place,
Sequacious of the lyre."—
Precisely, Glorious John! Yet 'twere no lark
To see the trees cavorting round the Park.
No! Our Cecilia's aim is even higher.
To soothe the savage (Socialistic) breast,
Set Atheist and Anarchist at rest,
And to abate the spouting-Stiggins pest
Young Herbert and grey George may well aspire.
The "Milingtary Dook"'s permission's given
That the Park-Public's breast, be-jawed and beered,
May by the power of harmony be cheered,
And lifted nearer heaven!

Grand Chorus.

(By a Grateful Crowd.)

"This 'ere's the larkiest of lays!

Things do begin to move!
'Erbert and Georgy let us praise,
And all the powers above.
We've spent a reglar pleasant 'our
Music like this the Mob devour.
Yah! Anerchy is all my heye.
That cornet tootles scrumptiously.
Go it, young Gladsting! Don't say die
Dear Dook, but 'ave another try.
'Armony makes disorder fly
And Music tunes hus to the sky!
 "THE 'KEY-NOTE'-ORIOUS MRS.
EBBSMITH."
Mr. Pinero's new play at the
Garrick Theatre is a series of
scenes in dialogue with only
one "situation," which comes at
the end of the third act, and
was evidently intended to be
utterly unconventional,
dreadfully daring, and thrillingly
effective. "Unconventional?"
Yes. "Daring?" Certainly; for to
burn a bible might have raised a
storm of sibilation. But why
dare so much to effect so little?
For at the reading, or during
rehearsal, there must have
The Dowdy Mrs. Ebbsmith makes it been very considerable
hot for her young man.
hesitation felt by everybody,
author included, as to the fate
of this risky situation—this "momentum unde pendet"—and for which
nothing, either in the character or in the previous history of the heroine,
has prepared us. Her earliest years have been passed in squalor; she
has made a miserable marriage; then she has become a Socialist ranter,
and hopes to achieve a triumph as a Socialist demagogue. Like Maypole
Hugh in Barnaby Rudge she would go about the world shrieking "No
property! No property!" and when, in a weak moment, she consents to
temporarily drop her "mission," she goes to another extreme and
comes out in an evening dress—I might say almost comes out of an
evening dress, so egregiously décolleté is it—to please the peculiar and,
apparently, low taste of her lover, who is a married man,—"which well
she knows it," as Mrs. Gamp observes,—but with whom she is living, and
with whom, like Grant Allen's The Woman who did (a lady whom in
many respects Mr. Pinero's heroine closely resembles), and who came to
grief in doing it, she intends to continue living. This man, her paramour,
she trusts will be her partner in the socialistic regeneration of the
human race. At the close of the third act Mrs. Ebbsmith, being such as
the author of her being has made her, is presented with a bible, and, in
a fit of ungovernable fury, she pitches it into the stove "with all her
might and main"; and then it suddenly occurs to her that she has
committed some terrible crime (more probably it occurred to the author
that he had committed the unpardonable sin of offending his audience)
—and so she shoots out her arm into a nice, cool-looking stove
(suggestive of no sort of danger to her or the book), and drags out the
pocket volume apparently quite as uninjured as is her own hand at the
moment, though this is subsequently carefully bound up with a white
handkerchief in the last act. Well—that's all. There is the situation. The
Key-note-orious Mrs. Ebbsmith is supposed to repent of her sins against
society; and off she goes to become the companion of the unmarried
parson and of the lively widow his sister. What the result of this
arrangement will be is pretty clear. The Key-note-orious One will soon
be the parson's bride; but "that is another story."

To carry out this drama of inaction, as it is schemed, should occupy

eight persons something under two hours; but it takes thirteen persons
three hours to carry it along. Five of these dramatis personæ are
superfluous; and much time is wasted on dialogues in Italian and
French that could be "faked up" from any conversation-book in several
languages, and evidently only lugged in under the mistaken impression
that thereby a touch of "local colour" is obtained.

As it is the audience wearies of the long speeches, and there is

nothing in the action that can rouse them as there was in The Second
Mrs. Tanqueray, a play that Mr. Pinero has not yet equalled, much less
surpassed.

But what is a real pleasure, and what will attract all lovers of good
acting, is, first of all, Mr. Forbes Robertson's admirable impersonation of
the difficult, unsympathetic rôle of a despicably selfish, self-conceited,
cowardly prig; and, secondly, to a certain extent, the rendering of the
heroine by Mrs. Patrick Campbell, who, however, does not come within
measurable distance of her former self as Mrs. Tanqueray—her "great
stove scene" being about the weakest point in her performance. But
there cannot be a divided opinion as to the perfect part given to Mr.
John Hare, and as to the absolutely perfect manner in which it is played
by this consummate artist in character. All the scenes in which he
appears are admirably conceived by the author, and as admirably
interpreted by the actor.

Mr. Hare's performance of

the Duke of St. Olpherts is a
real gem, ranking among the
very best things he has ever
done, and I may even add
"going one better." It is on his
acting, and on the acting of the
scenes in which he appears,
that the ultimate popularity of
the piece must depend. The
theatrical stove-cum-book
situation may tell with some
audiences better than with
others, but it is not an absolute
certainty; while every scene in
which the Duke of St. Olpherts
takes part, as long as this
character is played by Mr. Hare,
is in itself an absolute isolated Transformation Scene. The Rowdy-
triumph. Mr. Aubrey Smith, as the Dowdy Mrs. Ebbsmith fascinates the
modern young English Dook.
moustached parson, en voyage,
with his pipe, and bible in his
pocket (is he a colporteur of some Biblical Society, with a percentage on
the sale? otherwise the book is an awkward size to carry about,
especially if he has also a Murray with him), is very true to life, at all
events in manner and appearance; and Miss Jeffreys, as his sister, who
looks just as if she had walked out of a fashion-plate in The
Gentlewoman, or some lady's journal, plays discreetly and with
considerable self-repression. Of course it will remain one of the notable
pieces of the year; but what will keep it green in the memory of
playgoers is not the story, nor its heroine, nor its hero, but the
captivating impersonation of the Duke of St. Olpherts by Mr. John Hare.

SO LIKELY!

Scene—Bar of a Railway Refreshment Room.

Barmaid. "Tea, Sir?"
Mr. Boosey. "Tea!!! ME!!!!"
 THE GAME OF DRAUGHTS.
(By One who has Played it.)

Assume that I am living in Yokohama Gardens (before the pleasant

change from winter to spring), and that I am conscious of the near
approach of the North Pole. The fires in the grates seem to be
lukewarm, and even the coals are frozen. My servants have told me
that the milk had to be melted before it could adorn the breakfast-
table; and as for the butter, it is as hard as marble. There is only one
thing to do, to send for that worthy creature Mr. Lopside, an individual
"who can turn his hand to anything."

"Well Sir," Mr. Lopside arrives and observes after a few moments
spent in careful consideration of the subject from various points of view,
"of course you feel the cold because there is five-and-twenty degrees of
frost just outside."

I admit that Mr. Lopside's opinion is reasonable; and call his attention
to the fact that a newspaper which is lying on the floor some five yards
from a closed door is violently agitated.

"I see Sir," says he promptly. "If you will wait a moment I will tell
you more about it."

He takes off his coat, throws down a bag of tools (his chronic
companion), and lies flat on the floor. Then he places his right ear to
the ground and listens intently, pointing the while to the newspaper
that has now ceased to suffer from agitation.

"There you are, Sir!" he exclaims triumphantly. "There's a draught

there. I could feel it distinctly."

He rises from the ground, reassumes his overcoat, and once more
possesses himself of his bag of useful instruments.
 "Well, what shall I do?" I ask.

"Well, you see Sir, it's not for the likes of me to advise gentry folk
like you. I wouldn't think of presuming upon such a liberty."

"Not at all, Mr. Lopside," I explain with some anxiety.

"Then Sir—mind you, if it's not taking too much of a liberty—I

would, having draughts, get rid of them. And you have draughts about,
now haven't you?"

I hasten to assure him that I am convinced that my house is a

perfect nest of draughts.

"Don't you be too sure until I have tested them," advises Mr. Lopside.

Then the ingenious creature again divests himself of his overcoat

and workman's bag and commences his labours. He visits every door in
the house and tries it. He assumes all sorts of attitudes. Now he
appears like Jessie Brown at Lucknow listening to the distant slogan of
the coming Highlanders. Now like a colleague of Guy Fawkes noting the
tread of Lord Monteagle on the road to the gunpowder cellar beneath
the Houses of Parliament. His attitudes, if not exactly graceful, are full
of character.

"There are draughts everywhere," says Mr. Lopside, having come to

the end of his investigations.

"And what shall I do?" I ask for the second time. Again my worthy
inspector spends a few minutes in self-communing.

"It's not for the likes of a poor man like me, Sir, to give advice; but if
I were you, Sir, I would say antiplutocratic tubing."

"What is antiplutocratic tubing?"

"Well, Sir, it's as good a thing as you can have, under all the
circumstances. But don't have antiplutocratic tubing because I say so. I
may be wrong, Sir."
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