Water Supply and

treatment
(Ceng 4181)

For 3th years civil engineering

students.
2025
 Few pts for you

Be in Class before lecture has

started

Sit Front and Center

Good character, honest

Get to Know Your Lecturers

 If you don't understand something, ask
 .

Take your health seriously, Eat properly, exercise,

sleep enough, and, whatever the temptations,
don't drink, chew khat, smoke too much
 NB

.
Develop Peer study method

Use internet only whenever necessary

Clear ever thing with your lecturer before exam!

Your lecturer needs to see your success, ask a help before exam whatever you
didn’t understand from the course

Don’t come to the lecturer to beg mark! It’s Corruption!

your lecturer has no RIGHT to give you A or F, whatever you get is the fruit
of your hard working

Enjoy the class

 CHAPER ONE
Introduction of Water Supply

 Water is the vital natural resource which form the basis of all life.
 About 70% of the human body is water
 All bodies of plants and human bodies has countian water.
 It is one of the marvelous gift to us.
 Global water volume

97 % of the water on the earth is salt.

3% fresh water

And 2/3 of those is froze in glaciers and polar ice caps.

The remain unfrozen fresh water is found mainly as ground water

with only small fraction is present on the ground or air

Fresh water is renewable resource

Water supply system planning

Planning
WS system planning is one of the major component of water supply
project.

planning should be economical, socially acceptable, and environmentally

friendly that meet the present as well as future requirement.

Water supply system planning is categorized in to two;-

 A, for existing city
WS planning system for existing city is considering:-
Population forecasting
Rainwater harvesting
Water waste water disposal option
Desalination
Existing distribution system and disposal system
Quantity and quality issues.
Are to be served and etc.
 B. For new city
WS system planning for new city should have consider:-
Water demand
Source of water and its quantity
Future expansion
Mode of distribution and disposal
Treatment required
Industrial parks if any
Any reuse option
 Population forecasting
To planning and designing of water distribution, demand should be known or
estimate.

The population density is the most factor affect during design water supply system.

.- Drinking: 2–3 liters/day

-20–50 liters/capita/day for cooking and basic hygiene

Minimum acceptable standard for living (WHO)

 Access to water-supply services is defined as the availability of at least 20 liters

per person per day from an "improved" source within 1 km of the user's dwelling.
Quantity of water dépend on:-
 Population
 Demanda
 Design période
Population fore casting Methods
The present population of the city is determine by conducting an official enumeration
called census.

The factors affect the population forecasting are;-

I. Birth( increase)

II. Death ( decrease) and

III. Migration ( immigration and emigrate) increase or decrease

The particular methods to be adopted for particular case or particular city depends
on the factors discussed on the methods and the selection is left to the discretion
and intelligence of the designer.
Cont.
The population forecasting estimate by ;-
Arithmetical increase method
Geometrical increase method
Incremental increase method
Simple graph method
Decrease rate of growth method
Comparative graph method
The master plan method
ARITHEMATICAL INCREASE METHOD

This method is based on the assumption that the population is increasing at

a constant rate. The rate of change of population with time is constant. for
slow growing city.
The population after‘n’ decades can be determined by the formula.
Pn = P + n.c where or Pf=P2 + P2-P1(tf-t2)/t2-t1
where :-n-year and I -averege
P → population at present
n → No. of decades
c → Constant determined by the average
of increase of ‘n’ decades
GEOMETRICAL INCREASE METHOD

 This method is based on the assumption that the percentage increase in population
from decade to decade remains constant. In this method the average percentage
of growth of last few decades determined, the population forecasting is done on
the basis that percentage increase per decade will be the same.

 For fast growth population.

The population at the end of ‘n’ decades is calculated by
lnPf=lnP2 +ln P2-lnP1 (tf-t2)/t2-t1 or P f= P2 (1+Ig/100) n
 Exercise 1

1.Estimate the 2026 population of a town whose census records is shown

below.

Find:-
i. Arithmetic method
ii. Geometric Method by both formula
 What is Population Density?
 Population density is a measurement of the number of people
living in a given area.

 It is typically expressed as the number of individuals per unit

of land area, such as per square kilometer (km²) or square mile
(mi²).

 Population density helps in understanding how crowded or

sparsely populated a region is, which is useful for urban
planning, resource management, and environmental impact
assessments.
 How to Estimate Population Density
 Population density (D) is calculated using the following formula
Steps to Estimate Population Density:
1. Determine the Population (P)
Obtain the total population of the area from census data or government
reports.
2. Determine the Land Area (A)
Find the total land area from official geographic data sources such as
maps or GIS databases.
3. Apply the Formula
Divide the total population by the total land area to get the population
density.
 Example Calculation:
 If a city has a population of 500,000 people and a total land
area of 250 km², then:
 Component of Water demands

Water demands is defined as the volume of water required by user to satisfy

their needs.
Demand is theoretical while consumption is actual
Design of water supply scheme required knowledge of water demand and its
timely variation
Various components of water demands are;-
domestic Losses and leakage
Fire fighting
Non domestic
Public user
Graph of Water Demand
 Per capita demand

 It the amount of water require for one person per day( based on
annual average).

 It include domestic, commercial, industrial, firefight and etc.

 If ‘Q’ the total quantity of water required by the various by

purpose by a city per year and ‘P’ is population of city then
percapita demand will be

PCD=Q/P*365 l/day
 Factor affecting losses of water

 Water tights joint

 Pressure of distribution

 System of supply

 Metering

 Illegal connection

Water consumption is varies in season, day and hour

Cont.
Loss of water per day

Leakage Loss water per day l/day

30 drop per minute 8

60 drop per minute 17

120 drop per minute 34
Factor affecting water demand
 Climatic conditions
 Cost of water
 Living Standards
 Industries
 Quality of water supply
 Size of city
 Variation in water consumption

The per capita demand of town is the average consumption of water for a
year. In practice it has been seen that this demand does not remain uniform
throughout the year but it various from season to season, even hour to hour.

Type variation in the water demand

 Seasonal variation

 Monthly variation

 Daily variation

 Hourly variation
 Seasonal variation
The water demand varies from season to season. In summer the water
demand is maximum, because the people will use more water in bathing,
cooling, lawn watering and street sprinkling.

This demand will becomes minimum in winter because less water will be
used in bathing and there will be no lawn watering. The variations may be
up to 15% of the average demand of the year
 Daily variation

This variation depends on the general habits of people, climatic conditions

and character of city as industrial, commercial or residential. More water
demand will be on Sundays and holidays due to more comfortable
bathing, washing etc as compared to other working days.

The maximum daily consumption is usually taken as 180% of the average

consumption
 Hourly Variations
 On Sundays and other holidays the peak hours may be about 8 A.M. due to late
awakening where as it may be 6 A.M. to 10 A.M. and 4 P.M. to 8 P.M. and
minimum flow may be between 12P.M. to 4 A.M.

 when most of the people are sleeping. But in highly industrial city where both day
and night shifts are working, the consumption in night may be more. The maximum
consumption may be rise up to 200% that of average daily demand. The
determination of this hourly variations is most necessary, because on its basis the
rate of pumping will be adjusted to meet up the demand in all hours
Design period for water supply system component

The complete water supply project includes huge and costly constructions
such as dams, reservoirs, treatment works and network of distribution
pipelines. These all works cannot be replaced easily or capacities
increased conveniently for future expansions.
While designing and constructing these works, they should have sufficient
capacity to meet future demand of the town for number of years. The
number of years for which the designs of the water works have been
done is known as design period.
Mostly water works are designed for design period of 22-30 years,
which is fairly good period.
 Different Draft

 i. Qhr-avg = Qday-avg
 24
 ii. Qday-max=1.5xQday-avg

 iii. Qhr-max= 1.5xQday-max

 24
 Hence Qhr-max=1.5x1.5Qday-avg /24
NBFU…
 iv. Qf=231.6P [1-0.01P]
24
where:- Qf in m3/hr p in 1000
Water Supply Components

Design Capacity of different components of water supply scheme:-

i. Intake structure for fetching the raw water from source (groundwater or surface
water,)
Qday-max or Qday-avg w/c is greater
ii. Pipe main (Type I and II)
Qday-max
iii. Filters and other units in Treatment plant
1.6 Qday-avg or Qday-max w/c is greater
iv. Pumps
a. Law Lift
2Qday-avg *af or 4/3 Qday-max * af w/c is greater
b. High Lift
3Qday-avg * af or 4/3 Qhr-max * af w/c is greater
Where:- af- adjusting factor =24/hours
V. Distribution system and type III pipe

Qhr-max or Qcd = Qday-max + Qf w/c is greater

Difference Between Low Lift and High Lift Pumps
Pumps are categorized based on their function and the height
they need to lift water. The two common types in this regard are
Low Lift Pumps and High Lift Pumps.
1. Low Lift Pumps
Designed to move large volumes of water over short vertical
distances.
Typically used for transferring water from a river, lake, or
reservoir to a treatment plant.
Operates at low head (low pressure) but with high flow rates.
Common in irrigation and water supply systems.
2. High Lift Pumps
Used to move water over greater vertical distances or against
higher pressure conditions.
Often required to pump treated water from a treatment plant
to elevated storage tanks or distribution systems.
Operates at high head (high pressure) to overcome resistance in
pipelines and elevation changes.
Used in municipal water supply networks and industrial
applications.
Pipe Main in a Water Supply System
In a water supply system, a pipe main (or water main) is the
primary pipeline that transports potable water from a treatment
plant or reservoir to smaller distribution pipes, supplying water
to residential, commercial, and industrial areas.
Types of Pipe Mains in a Water Supply System
Trunk Main (Primary Main):
 The largest pipeline in the system.
 Transports large volumes of water over long distances.
 Usually made of steel, ductile iron, or concrete.
Secondary Main (Secondary Distribution Pipe):
Smaller than the trunk main but still carries a significant volume of water.
Distributes water to various areas before reaching service connections.
Tertiary Main (Service Main or Distribution Main):
The smallest main, directly supplying water to buildings and homes.
Connects to service pipes that deliver water to individual users.
Materials Used for Water Mains
 Ductile Iron: Strong and durable, resistant to high pressure.
 PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride): Corrosion-resistant, lightweight, and cost-effective.
 Steel: Used in high-pressure systems, but prone to rust if not coated.
 Concrete: Suitable for large-diameter pipelines.
Factors Affecting Pipe Main Design
 ✅ Water Demand: Population size and usage determine pipe size.
 ✅ Pressure Requirements: Higher elevations require high-pressure pipes.
 ✅ Material Durability: Should withstand corrosion, pressure, and environmental
conditions.
 ✅ Leak Prevention: Proper joint sealing and maintenance are essential.
 Exercise 2
2. A water supply scheme is to be designed for a city of 100,000.
Estimate
a) The kinds of drafts which may be required using an average
water consumption of 250l/c/d
b) The capacities of the major components of the proposed
water works using river as a source of supply, the pumps
operated for 8 hrs .