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 Chapter 6
6.1 Consider the following noise-corrupted periodic signal. Here v(k) is white noise uniformly
distributed over [−.5, .5].

x(k) = 3 + 2 cos(.2πk)
y(k) = x(k) + v(k)

(a) Find the average power of the noise-free signal, x(k).

(b) Find the signal to noise ratio of y(k).
(c) Suppose y(k) is sent through an ideal lowpass filter with cutoff frequency, F0 = .15fs to
produce z(k). Is the signal x(k) affected by this filter? Find the signal-to-noise ratio of
z(k).

Solution

(a) Using the trigonometric identities from Appendix 2,

x2 (k) = 9 + 6 cos(.2πk) + 4 cos2 (.2πk)

 
1 + cos(.4πk)
= 9 + 6 cos(.2πk) + 4
2
= 11 + 6 cos(.2πk) + 2 cos(.4πk)

Thus the average power of the noise-free signal is

Px = E[x2(k)]
= 11

(b) From Appendix 2 the average power of white noise uniformly distributed over [−c, c] is
Pv = c2 /3. Thus Pv = 1/12 and from Definition 6.1, the signal to noise ratio is

407
c 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
  
Px
SNR(y) = 10 log10
Pv
 
11
= 10 log10
1/12
= 10 log10 (132)
= 21.2057 dB

(c) The frequencies present in the signal are f0 = 0 and f1 where

2πf1 kT = .2πk

The frequency of the cosine term is

.2
f1 =
2T
= .1fs

Thus x(k) is not distorted by the filtering. However, since F0 < fs /2, the average power
of the noise is reduced as follows.

 
F0 1
Pv =
fs /2 12
.3
=
12
= .0235

Thus the new signal to noise ratio is


Px
SNR(z) = 10 log10
.6Pv
 
11
= 10 log10
.0235
= 26.7069 dB

408
c 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
6.2 Consider the problem of designing an mth order type 3 linear-phase FIR filter having the
following amplitude response.

Ar (f ) = sin(2πf T ) , 0 ≤ f ≤ fs /2

(a) Assuming m = 2p for some integer p, find the coefficients using the windowing method
with the rectangular window.
(b) Find the filter coefficients using the windowing method with the Hamming window.

Solution

(a) Using the trigonometric identities from Appendix 2 and (6.2.9) we have

Ar (f ) sin[2π(k − .5m)f T ] = sin(2πf T ) sin[2π(k − p)f T ]

cos[2π(k − p − 1)f T ] − cos[2π(k − p + 1)f T ]
=
2

Thus from (6.2.9) the desired impulse response is

fs /2  
cos[2π(k − p − 1)f T ] − cos[2π(k − p + 1)f T ]
Z
h(k) = −2T df
0 2
Z fs /2
= −T {cos[2π(k − p − 1)f T ] − cos[2π(k − p + 1)f T ]}df
0
  fs /2
sin[2π(k − p − 1)f T ] sin[2π(k − p + 1)f T ]
= −T − , k 6= p ± 1
2π(k − p − 1)T 2π(k − p + 1)T 0
= 0 , k 6= p ± 1

When k = p + 1

fs /2  
1 − cos(4πf T )
Z
h(p + 1) = −2T df
0 2
−T fs
=
2
−1
=
2

409
c 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 Similarly, when k = p − 1

fs /2  
cos(−4πf t) − 1
Z
h(p − 1) = −2T df
0 2
−T (−fs )
=
2
1
=
2

Thus the filter coefficients using the rectangular window are

h(k) = .5[δ(k − p − 1) − δ(k − p + 1)]


 .5 , k = p + 1
= −.5 , k = p − 1
0 , otherwise


(b) Using (6.2.12) and Table 6.2, the numerator coefficients using the Hamming window are

bi = w(i)h(i)
= .5[w(p + 1)δ(i − p − 1) − w(p − 1)δ(i − p + 1)]

 .5{.54 − .46 cos[π(p + 1)/p]} , i = p + 1
= −.5{.54 − .46 cos[π(p − 1)/p]} , i = p − 1
0 , otherwise


6.3 Suppose a lowpass filter of order m = 10 is designed using the windowing method with the
Hanning window and fs = 2000 Hz.

(a) Estimate the width of the transition band.

(b) Estimate the linear passband ripple and stopband attenuation.
(c) Estimate the logarithmic passband ripple and stopband attenuation.

Solution

410
c 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 (a) Using Table 6.3, the normalized width of the transition band is

3.1
B̂ ≈
m
= .31

Thus the width of the transition band is

B = B̂fs
= .31(2000)
= 620 Hz

(b) From Table 6.3, the linear passband ripple and stopband attenuation are

δp = .0063
δs = .0063

(c) From Table 6.3, the logarithmic passband ripple and stopband attenuation are

Ap = .055 dB
As = 44 dB

√
6.4 Consider the problem of using the windowing method to design a lowpass filter to meet the
following specifications.

(fs , Fp , Fs) = (200, 30, 50) Hz

(Ap , As) = (.02, 50) dB

(a) Which types of windows can be used to satisfy these design specifications?
(b) For each of the windows in part (a), find the minimum order of filter m that will satisfy
the design specifications.
(c) Assuming an ideal piecewise-constant amplitude response is used, find an appropriate
value for the cutoff frequency Fc .

411
c 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 Solution

(a) From Table 6.3, the only windows that satisfy the passband ripple and stopband atten-
uation specifications are the Hamming and the Blackman windows.
(b) The normalized transition bandwidth required is

|Fs − Fp |
B̂ =
fs
|50 − 30|
=
100
= .2

For the Hamming window, the normalized transition bandwidth is B̂ = 3.3/m. Thus
3.3/m = .2 or

 
3.3
m = ceil
.2
= ceil(16.5)
= 17

For the Blackman window, the normalized transition bandwidth is B̂ = 5.5/m. Thus
5.5/m = .2 or


5.5
m = ceil
.2
= ceil(27.5)
= 28

Thus the Blackman window requires a higher order filter to meet the transition band-
width specification, but it has superior passband ripple and stopband attenuation.
(c) The ideal cutoff frequency should be placed in the middle of the transition band. Thus

Fp + Fs
Fc =
2
= 40 Hz

412
c 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
6.5 Suppose the windowing method is used to design an mth order lowpass FIR filter. The
candidate windows include rectangular, Hanning, Hamming, and Blackman.

(a) Which window has the smallest transition band?

(b) Which window has the smallest passband ripple, Ap ?
(c) Which window has the largest stopband attenuation, As ?

Solution

(a) From Table 6.3, the rectangular window has the smallest transition band with a normal-
ized transition bandwidth of B̂ = .9/m.
(b) From Table 6.3, the Blackman window has the smallest passband ripple with Ap = .002
dB.
(c) From Table 6.3, the Blackman window has the largest passband attenuation with As = 75
dB.

6.6 A linear-phase FIR filter is designed with the windowing method using the Hanning window.
The filter meets its transition bandwidth specification of 200 Hz exactly with a filter of order
m = 30.

(a) What is the sampling rate, fs ?

(b) Find the filter order needed to achieve the same transition bandwidth using the Hamming
window.
(c) Find the filter order needed to achieve the same transition bandwidth using the Blackman
window.

Solution

(a) From Table 6.3, the Hanning window has a normalized transition bandwidth of B̂ =
3.1/m. The actual transition bandwidth is B = B̂fs . Thus 3.1fs /m = 200 where
m = 30. Solving for fs yields

200(30)
fs =
3.1
= 1935.5 Hz

413
c 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 (b) The required normalized transition bandwidth is

200
B̂ =
fs
= .1033

Using Table 6.3, the Hamming window has a normalized transition bandwidth of 3.3/m.
Thus the required filter order is

 
3.3
m = ceil
.1033
= ceil(31.9355)
= 32

(c) Using Table 6.3, the Blackman window has a normalized transition bandwidth of 5.5/m.
Thus the required filter order is

 
5.5
m = ceil
.1033
= ceil(53.2258)
= 54

6.7 Consider the problem of designing an ideal linear-phase bandstop FIR filter with the win-
dowing method using the Blackman window. Find the coefficients of a filter of order m = 40
using the following cutoff frequencies.

(fs , Fs1 , Fs2 ) = (10, 2, 4) kHz

Solution

From Table 6.1 with m = 40 and p = 20, the bandstop impulse response is

414
c 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 sin[2π(k − p)Fs1 T ] − sin[2π(k − p)Fs2 T ]
h(k) =
2
sin[2π(k − 20).2] − sin[2π(k − 20).4]
=
2
sin[.4π(k − 20)] − sin[.8π(k − 20)]
= , k 6= 20
2

At k = p we have

h(20) = 1 − 2(Fs2 − Fs1 )T

= 1 − 2(.4 − .2)
= .6

Using (6.2.12) and Table 6.2, the numerator coefficients for a Blackman window are as follows
when i 6= 20

bi = w(i)h(i)
= .5[.42 − .5 cos(πi/20) + .08 cos(2πi/20)]{sin[.4π(i − 20)] − sin[.8π(i − 20)]}

When i = 20,

b20 = w(20)h(20)
= [.42 + .5 + .08].6
= .6

6.8 Consider the problem of designing a type 1 linear-phase windowed FIR filter with the following
desired amplitude response.

Ar (f ) = cos(πf T ) , 0 ≤ |f | ≤ fs /2

Suppose the filter order is even with m = 2p. Find the impulse response h(k) using a
rectangular window. Simplify the expression for h(k) as much as possible.

415
c 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 Solution

Using the trigonometric identities from Appendix 2 and (6.2.6)

Ar (f ) cos[2π(k − .5m)f T ] = cos(πf T ) cos[2π(k − p)f T ]

cos[2π(k − p + .5)f T ] + cos[2π(k − p − .5)f T ]
=
2

Thus from (6.2.6) the desired impulse response is

fs /2  
cos[2π(k − p + .5)f T ] + cos[2π(k − p − .5)f T ]
Z
h(k) = 2T df
0 2
Z fs /2
= T {cos[2π(k − p + .5)f T ] + cos[2π(k − p − .5)f T ]}df
0
sin[2π(k − p + .5)f T ] sin[2π(k − p − .5)f T ] fs /2
 
= T +
2π(k − p + .5)T 2π(k − p − .5)T 0
sin[π(k − p + .5)] sin[π(k − p − .5)]
= +
2π(k − p + .5) 2π(k − p − .5)
sin[π(k − p)] cos(π/2) + cos[π(k − p)] sin(π/2) sin[π(k − p − .5)]
= +
2π(k − p + .5) 2π(k − p − .5)
cos[π(k − p)] sin[π(k − p)] cos(π/2) − cos[π(k − p)] sin(π/2)
= +
2π(k − p + .5) 2π(k − p − .5)
cos[π(k − p)] cos[π(k − p)]
= −
2π(k − p + .5) 2π(k − p − .5)
(−1)k−p
 
1 1
= −
2π k − p + .5 k − p − .5
(−1)k−p−1
= , 0 ≤ k ≤ 2p
2π[(k − p)2 − .25]

6.9 Consider the problem of designing a type 1 linear-phase bandpass FIR filter using the fre-
quency sampling method. Suppose the filter order is m = 60. Find a simplified expression
for the filter coefficients using the following ideal design specifications.

(fs , Fp1 , Fp2 ) = (1000, 100, 300) Hz

416
c 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 Solution

One can use Example 6.4 as a guide. From the bandpass specifications, the desired amplitude
response is


 0 , 0 ≤ |f | < .1fs
Ar (f ) = 1 , .1fs ≤ |f | ≤ .3fs
0 , .3fs < |f | ≤ fs /2


From (6.3.1), the ith discrete frequency is fi = ifs /N where N = m + 1 = 61. Hence the
samples of the desired frequency response are


 0 , 0≤i<6
Ar (fi ) = 1 , 6 ≤ |f | ≤ 18
0 , 18 < |f | ≤ 30


From (6.3.2), the filter coefficients are

floor(m/2)  
Ar (0) 2 X 2πi(k − .5m)
bk = + Ar (fi ) cos
m+1 m+1 m+1
i=0
30  
2 X 2πi(k − 30)
= Ar (fi ) cos
61 61
i=0
18  
2 X 2πi(k − 30)
= cos , 0 ≤ k ≤ 60
61 61
i=6

√
6.10 Consider a type 3 linear-phase FIR filter of order m = 2p. Find a simplified expression for
the amplitude response Ar (f ) similar to (6.4.7), but for a type 3 linear-phase FIR filter.

Solution

Starting from (6.4.5), the frequency response of H(z) can be expressed as follows where
θ = 2πf T .

m
X
H(f ) = exp(−jrθ) bi exp[−j(i − r)θ]
i=0

417
c 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 For a type 3 filter of order m, the odd symmetry constraint is bm−i = −bi. Since m is even for
a type 3 filter, the middle or rth term can be separated out. Euler’s identity from Appendix
2 then can be used to combine the remaining pairs of terms as follows.

r−1
X
H(f ) = exp(−jrθ){br + bi exp[−j(i − r)θ] + bm−i exp[−j(m − i − r)θ]}
i=0
r−1
X
= exp(−jrθ) bi {exp[−j(i − r)θ] − exp[−j(m − i − r)θ]}
i=0
r−1
X
= exp(−jrθ) bi {exp[−j(i − r)θ] − exp[j(i − r − m + 2r)θ]}
i=0
r−1
X
= exp(−jrθ) bi {exp[−j(i − r)θ] − exp[j(i − r)θ]}
i=0
r−1
X
= −j2 exp(−jrθ) bi sin[(i − r)θ)]
i=0
= j exp(−jrθ)Ar (f )

Here br = 0 due to the odd symmetry. Recall that θ = 2πf T . Thus the amplitude response
for a type 3 linear-phase filter is

r−1
X
Ar (f ) = −2 bi sin[2π(i − r)f T ]
i=0

6.11 Use the results of Problem 6.10 to derive the normal equations for the coefficients of a least-
squares type 3 linear-phase filter. Specifically, find expressions for the coefficient matrix G
and the right-hand side vector d, and show how to obtain the filter coefficients from the
solution of the normal equations.

Solution

From (6.4.3) and the results of Problem 6.10, the least-squares objective function is

418
c 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 p
X
Jp (b) = w 2 (i)[Ar (Fi ) − Ad (Fi )]2
i=0
p
X r−1
X
2
= w (i)[−2 bi sin[2π(k − r)Fi T ] − Ad (Fi )]2
i=0 k=0

Similar to the derivation in Section 6.4 for a type 1 FIR filter, let G be the following (p+1)×r
matrix and let d be the following (p + 1) × 1 column vector.

Gik = −2w(i) sin[2π(k − r)Fi T ] , 0 ≤ i ≤ p, 0 ≤ k < r

di = w(i)Ad (Fi) , 0≤i≤p

Then the objective function can be written in vector form as

Jp (b) = (Gb − d)T (Gb − d)

From (6.4.12), the coefficient vector b which minimizes Jp (b) is then

b = (GT G)−1 GT d

Thus yields {b0 , · · · , br−1}. From the odd symmetry condition, bm−i = bi for 0 ≤ i < r and
br = 0.

6.12 Suppose the equiripple design method is used to construct a highpass filter to meet the
following specifications. Estimate the required filter order.

(fs , Fs , Fp) = (100, 20, 30) kHz

(Ap , As) = (.2, 32) dB

Solution

419
c 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 Using (5.2.8), the passband ripple is

δp = 1 − 10−Ap /20
= 1 − 10−.01
= .0228

Similarly, the stopband attenuation is

δs = 10−As /20
= 10−1.6
= .0251

The normalized transition bandwidth is

|Fp − Fs |
B̂ =
fs
10
=
100
= .1

Finally, from (6.5.21) the estimated equiripple filter order is

 
−[10 log10 (δp δs ) + 13]
m = ceil +1
14.6B
 
−[10 log10 {.0228(.0251)} + 13]
= ceil +1
14.6(.1)
= 15

6.13 Consider the problem of constructing an equiripple bandstop filter of order m = 40. Suppose
the design specifications are as follows.

(fs , Fp1 , Fs1 , Fs2 , Fp2 ) = (200, 20, 30, 50, 60) Hz
(δp , δs ) = (.05, .03)

420
c 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 (a) Let r be the number of extremal frequencies in the optimal amplitude response. Find a
range for r.
(b) Find the set of specification frequencies, F .
(c) Find the weighting function w(f ).
(d) Find the desired amplitude response Ad (f ).
(e) The amplitude response Ar (f ) is a polynomial in x. Find x in terms of f , and find the
polynomial degree.

Solution

(a) From Proposition 6.1, the number of extrema frequencies is at least r = p + 2 where
p = m/2. This implies r ≥ 22. For a bandpass or bandstop filter the maximum number
of extremal frequencies is r = p + 5 = 25. Thus the number of extremal frequencies must
satisfy:

22 ≤ r ≤ 25

(b) From Table 6.4 and the design specifications, the set of specification frequencies for the
bandstop filter is

F = [0, Fp1] ∪ [Fs1 , Fs2 ] ∪ [Fp2 , fs /2]

= [0, 20] ∪ [30, 50] ∪ [60, 100]

(c) From the design specifications, δs /δp = .6. Thus, from (6.5.7), the weighting function is


.6 , f ∈ [0, 20] ∪ [50, 100]
w(f ) =
1 , f ∈ [30, 50]

(d) The desired amplitude response for the bandstop filter is


 1 , 0 ≤ f ≤ 20
Ad (f ) = 0 , 30 ≤ f ≤ 50
1 , 60 ≤ f ≤ 100


421
c 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 (e) From(6.5.5), Ar (f ) is a polynomial in x where

x = cos(2πf T )

Since the kth Chebyshev polynomial is of degree k, it follows from (6.5.5) that Ar (f ) is
a polynomial in x of degree p = m/2 = 20.

6.14 Consider the problem of constructing an equiripple lowpass filter of order m = 4 satisfying
the following design specifications.

(fs , Fp , Fs) = (10, 2, 3) Hz

(δp , δs) = (.05, .1)

Suppose the initial guess for the extremal frequencies is as follows.

(F0 , F1 , F2 , F3 ) = (0, Fp, Fs , fs/2)

(a) Find the weights w(Fi ) for 0 ≤ i ≤ 3.

(b) Find the desired amplitude response values Ad (Fi ) for 0 ≤ i ≤ 3.
(c) Find the extremal angles θi = 2πFiT for 0 ≤ i ≤ 3.
(d) Write down the vector equation that must be solved to find the Chebyshev coefficient
vector d and the parameter δ. You do not have to solve the equation, just formulate it.

Solution

(a) Using (6.5.7), the weight vector for the lowpass filter is

w = [w(0), w(Fp), w(Fs), w(fs/2)]T

= [δs /δp , δs /δp , 1, 1]T
= [2, 2, 1, 1]T ;

422
c 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 (b) The desired amplitude response vector for the lowpass filter is

Ad = [Ad (0), Ad(Fp ), Ad(Fs ), Ad(fs /2)]T

= [1, 1, 0, 0]T

(c) The extremal angles θi = 2πFi T are

θ = 2πT [F0 , F1 , F2 , F3 ]T
= 2πT [0, Fp, Fs , fs /2]T
= .2π[0, 2, 3, 5]T
= π[0, .4, .6, 1]T

(d) Since m = 4, the vector of unknowns is c = [d0 , d1, d2 , δ]T . From (6.5.20) the coefficient
matrix is

 
1 cos(θ0 ) cos(2θ0 ) 1/W (F0 )
 1 cos(θ1 ) cos(2θ1 ) −1/W (F1 ) 
D = 
 1

cos(θ2 ) cos(2θ2 ) 1/W (F2 ) 
1 cos(θ3 ) cos(2θ3 ) −1/W (F3 )
 
1 cos(0) cos(0) −.5
 1 cos(2πFpT ) cos(4πFpT ) −.5 
= 
 1

cos(2πFs T ) cos(4πFsT ) 1 
1 cos(2πfsT /2) cos(4πfs T /2) −1
 
1 1 1 .5
 1 cos(.4π) cos(.8π) −.5 
= 
 1

cos(.6π) cos(1.2π) 1 
1 −1 1 −1

The right hand side vector is Ad from part (b), and the equations which must be solved are

Dc = Ad

423
c 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
6.15 Consider the problem of designing a filter to approximate a differentiator. Use the frequency
sampling method to design a type 3 linear-phase filter of order m = 40 that approximates
a differentiator, but with a delay m/2 samples. That is, find simplified expressions for the
coefficients of a filter with the following desired amplitude response.

Ar (f ) = 2πf T

Solution

From (6.3.1), the ith discrete frequency is fi = ifs /N where N = m + 1 = 41. Thus the
samples of the desired frequency response are

Ar (fi ) = 2πfiT
2πi
=
N
2πi
= , 0 ≤ i ≤ m/2
m+1
2πi
= , 0 ≤ i ≤ 20
41

From (6.3.6), the filter coefficients are

floor(m/2)  
−2 X 2πi(k − .5m)
bk = Ar (fi ) sin
m+1 m+1
i=0
20  
−2 X 2πi(k − 20)
= Ar (fi ) sin
41 41
i=0
20  
−2 X 2πi 2πi(k − 20)
= sin
41 41 41
i=0
20  
−4π X 2πi(k − 20)
= i sin , 0 ≤ k ≤ 40
1681 41
i=0

6.16 Consider the problem of designing a quadrature filter with the following frequency response.
To simplify the final answer, you can assume that the Hilbert transformer component of the
quadrature filter is ideal.

424
c 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 
 5j exp(−jπ20f T ) , 0 < f < fs /2
H(f ) = 0 , f = 0, ±fs /2
−5j exp(−jπ20f T ) , −fs /2 < f < 0


(a) Find the magnitude response A(f ) and the residual phase response θ(f ).
(b) Suppose windowed filters with a Hamming window are used. Find F (z) and G(z)

Solution

(a) Since ±j = exp(±jπ/2), the frequency response can be rewritten as


 5 exp(−jπ20f T + jπ/2) , 0 < f < fs /2
H(f ) = 0 , f = 0, ±fs/2
5 exp(−jπ20f T − jπ/2) , −fs /2 < f < 0


Thus the magnitude response is


5 , 0 < |f | < fs /2
A(f ) =
0 , f = 0, ±fs /2

There is a delay of τ = 10T . Thus the residual phase response is


 π/2 , 0 < f < fs /2
θ(f ) = 0 , f = 0, ±fs /2
−π/2 , −fs /2 < f < 0


(b) From (6.7.10)

Af (z) = A(f ) cos[]θ(f )]

= 0

Thus F (z) = 0. Next, from (6.7.11)

425
c 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 Ag (z) = −A(f ) sin[θ(f )]

5 , 0 < |f | < fs /2
=
0 , f = 0, ±fs /2

Since the total group delay is 10T , G(z) is a mth order filter with m = 10. From (6.2.6)
the impulse response of G(z) is

Z fs /2
g(k) = 2T Ar (f ) cos[2π(k − .5m)f T ]df
0
Z fs /2
= 2T 5 cos[2π(k − .5m)f T ]df
0
  fs /2
sin[2π(k − .5m)f T ]
= 10T
−2π(.5)mT 0
−10 sin[π(k − .5m)]
=
πm

Thus from (6.2.12) and Table 6.2, the coefficients using a Hamming window are

bi = w(i)g(i)
    
πi −10 sin[π(i − .5m)]
= .54 − .46 cos
.5m πm

Finally,

m
X
G(z) = biz −i
i=0

6.17 Suppose F (z) and G(z) are the following FIR filters.

F (z) = 1 + 2z −1 + z −2
G(z) = 2 + z −1 + 2z −2

426
c 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 (a) Show that F (z) and G(z) are type 1 linear-phase FIR filters.
(b) Find the amplitude responses Af (f ) and Ag (f ).
(c) Assuming F (z) and G(z) are used to construct a quadrature filter using an ideal Hilbert
transformer, find the magnitude response Aq (f ) and the residual phase response θq (f ).

Solution

(a) From inspection of F (z) and G(z), the order in each case is m = 2, and the impulse
responses are

f = [1, 2, 1]
g = [2, 1, 2]

Since both f and g exhibit even symmetry about m/2 and m is even, F (z) and G(z) are
type 1 linear-phase FIR filters.
(b) Proceeding as was done in Example 5.3, let θ = 2πf T . Then

F (f ) = F (z)|z=exp(jθ)
= 1 + 2 exp(−jθ) + exp(−j2θ)
= exp(−jθ)[exp(jθ) + 2 + exp(−jθ)]

Combining terms with identical coefficients, and using Euler’s identity,

F (f ) = exp(−jθ){[exp(jθ) + exp(−jθ)] + 2}
= exp(−jθ)[2 cos(θ) + 2]
= exp(−j2πf T )Af (f )

Thus

Af (f ) = 2[1 + cos(2πf T )]

Similarly,

427
c 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 G(f ) = G(z)|z=exp(jθ)
= 2 + exp(−jθ) + 2 exp(−j2θ)
= exp(−jθ)[2 exp(jθ) + 1 + 1 exp(−jθ)]

Combining terms with identical coefficients, and using Euler’s identity,

G(f ) = exp(−jθ){2[exp(jθ) + exp(−jθ)] + 1}

= exp(−jθ)[4 cos(θ) + 1]
= exp(−j2πf T )Ag(f )

Thus

Ag (f ) = [1 + 4 cos(2πf T )]

(c) From (6.7.15) the quadrature filter magnitude response is

q
Aq (f ) = A2f (f ) + A2g (f )
p
= 4[1 + cos(2πf T )]2 + [1 + 4 cos(2πf T )]2

From (6.7.16), the quadrature filter residual phase response is

q
φq (f ) = A2f (f ) + A2g (f )
 
−Ag (f )
= arctan
Af (f )
 
−[1 + 4 cos(2πf T )]
= arctan
2[1 + cos(2πf T ]

6.18 Consider the following FIR filter. Find a cascade form realization of this filter and sketch the
signal flow graph.

10(z 2 − .6z − .16)[(z − .4)2 + .25]

H(z) =
z4

428
c 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 Solution

Expressing H(z) as a product of second order factors with real coefficients yields

H(z) = b0 H1 (z)H2 (z)

where

b0 = 10
z 2 − .6z − .16
H1 (z) =
z2
= 1 − .6z −1 − .16z −2
z 2 − .8z + .41
H2 (z) =
z2
= 1 − .8z −1 + .41z −2

10
x • - • - • - • - • - • y

z −1 ? z −1 ?
6 6
−.6 −.8
• - • • - •

z −1 ? z −1 ?
6 6
−.16
- .41
-
• • • •

Problem 6.18 Cascade Form Signal Flow Graph

6.19 Consider the following FIR filter. Find a lattice form realization of this filter and sketch the
signal flow graph.

H(z) = 1 + 2z −1 + 3z −2 + 4z −3

429
c 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 Solution

Applying step 1 of Algorithm 6.3, H(z) = b0 A3 (z) where b0 = 1 and

A3 (z) = 1 + 2z −1 + 3z −2 + 4z −3
B3 (z) = 4 + 3z −1 + 2z −2 + z −3
K3 = 4

Applying step 2 with i = 3 yields

1 + 2z −1 + 3z −2 + 4z −3 − 4(4 + 3z −1 + 2z −2 + z −3 )
A2 (z) =
1 − 16
−15 − 10z − 5z
−1 −2
=
−15
3 + 2z + z −2
−1
=
3
1 + 2z −1 + 3z −2
B2 (z) =
3
K2 = 1/3

Next, applying step 2 with i = 2 yields

(3 + 2z −1 + z −2 )/3 − (1/3)(1 + 2z −1 + 3z −2 )
A1 (z) =
1 − 4/9
(2/3 − (2/3)z −2
=
5/9
= 6/5 + (6/5)−2
B1 (z) = (6/5) + (6/5)z −2
K1 = 6/5

Thus b0 = 1 and the reflection coefficient vector is K = [6/5, 1/3, 4]T .

430
c 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 u0 u1 u2 u3
x • - • - • - • - • - • - • - • - • y
@ @ @
@ 6/5 @ 1/3 @  4
?  
@ @ @
@R 6/5
@ @R 1/3
@ @
R 4
@
• - • - @ @• - • - @ @• - • - @
@•
v0 z −1 v1 z −1 v2 z −1 v3

Problem 6.19 Lattice Form Signal Flow Graph

6.20 Find an efficient direct form realization for a linear-phase filter of order m = 2p similar to
(6.8.4), but applicable to a type 3 filter. Sketch the signal flow graph for the case m = 4.

Solution

For a type 3 linear-phase FIR filter the symmetry about k = m/2 is odd with h(m − k) =
−h(k). Thus the equivalent of (6.8.4) for a type 3 linear-phase filter of order m = 2r is

r−1
X
y(k) = bi [x(k − i) − x(k − m + i)]
i=0

Notice that the center term is missing because br = 0 due to the odd symmetry.

431
c 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 z −1 z −1
x • - • - • - •

? ?

• • • • ?

6 6

•  •  •
−z −1 −z −1
?
b0 ?
b1

y • •  •

Problem 6.20 Signal Flow Graph of Type 3 Linear-Phase Filter, m = 4

6.21 Suppose a 12-bit fixed point representation is used to represent values in the range −10 ≤
x < 10.

(a) How many distinct values of x can be represented?

(b) What is the quantization level, or spacing between adjacent values?

Solution

(a) Using N = 12 bits, the number of distinct values of x is

r = 2N
= 4096

(b) The range of values for x is −c ≤ x < c where c = 10. Thus from (6.9.3), the quantization
level, or spacing between adjacent values, is

c
q =
2N −1
10
=
2048
= .0049

432
c 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
6.22 Consider the system shown in Figure 6.55. The ADC has a precision of 10 bits and an input
range of |xa (t)| ≤ 10. The transfer function of the digital filter is

3z 2 − 2z
H(z) =
z 2 − 1.2z + .32

(a) Find the quantization level of the ADC.

(b) Find the average power of the quantization noise at the input x.
(c) Find the power gain of H(z).
(d) Find the average power of the quantization noise at the output y.

x
xa d - ADC - H(z) d y

Figure 6.55 ADC Quantization Noise

Solution

(a) For the ADC, |xa (t)| ≤ c where c = 10 and N = 10 bits. Thus from (6.9.3), the
quantization level is

c
q =
2N −1
10
=
512
= .0195

(b) Using (6.9.6), the average power of the quantization noise at the input x is

q2
σx2 =
12
(.0195)2
=
12
= 3.179 × 10−5

433
c 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 (c) First one must find the filter impulse response. The factored form of H(z) is

z(3z − 2)
H(z) =
(z − .4)(z − .8)

By the initial value theorem,

h(0) = lim H(z)

z→∞
= 3

The residues of H(z)z k−1 at the poles of H(z) are

Res(.4, k) = (z − .4)H(z)z k−1 |z=.4

(3z − 2)z k
=
(z − .8) z=.4
−.8(.4)k
=
−.4
= 2(.4)k
Res(.8, k) = (z − .8)H(z)z k−1 |z=.8
(3z − 2)z k
=
(z − .4) z=.8
.4(.8)k
=
.4
= (.8)k

Thus the impulse response is

h(k) = Z −1 {H(z)}
= h(0)δ(k) + [Res(.4, k) + Res(.8, k)]µ(k − 1)
= 3δ(k) + [2(.4)k + (.8)k ]µ(k − 1)

Using (6.9.11) and the geometric series, the power gain of the filter H(z) is

434
c 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 ∞
X
Γ = h2 (k)
k=0
∞
X
= 9+ [2(.4)k + (.8)k ]2
k=1
X∞
= 9+ 4(.4)2k + 2(.4)k (.8)k + (.8)2k
k=1
X∞
= 9+ 4(.16)k + 2(.32)k + (.64)k
k=1
4(.16) 2(.32) .64
= 9+ + +
1 − .16 1 − .32 1 − .64
.64 .64 .64
= 9+ + +
.84 .68 .36
= 12.4809

(d) Using (6.9.10), the average power of the quantization noise at the output is

σy2 = Γσx2
= 12.4809(3.179) × 10−5
= .0040

6.23 Suppose a 16-bit fixed point representation is used for values in the range |x| ≤ 8.

(a) How many distinct values of x can be represented?

(b) What is the quantization level, or spacing between adjacent values?
(c) How many bits are used to represent the integer part (including the sign)?
(d) How many bits are used to represent the fraction part?

Solution

(a) The number of bits is N = 16. Thus the total number of distinct values that can be
represented is

435
c 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
 r = 2N
= 216
= 65536

(b) Here c = 8. Thus from (6.9.3), the quantization level is

c
q =
2N −1
8
=
215
= 2−12
= 2.4414 × 10−4

(c) Since c = 8, the scale factor is 2M = c. Thus the number of bits used to represent the
integer part, including the sign, is

M +1 = 4

(d) There are N = 16 bits total. Thus the fractional part requires

P = N − (M + 1)
= 12

6.24 Suppose the coefficients of an FIR filter of order m = 30 all lie within the range |bi| ≤ 4.
Assuming they are quantized to N = 12 bits, find an upper bound on the error in the
magnitude of in the frequency response caused by coefficient quantization.

Solution

Here c = 4. Thus from (6.9.17), the following is an upper bound on the error in the magnitude
response due to coefficient quantization.

436
c 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
all those ribbons is dreadfully hard work," she ended, with an air of
achievement that was pathetic or ridiculous, as one might happen to
look at it. Her daughter, glancing at the array of white packages tied
with gay ribbons, did not see the pathos. That slightly supercilious
droop of the lip which always made Mrs. Payton draw back into
herself, showed Fred's opinion of the "hard work"; but she only said,
laconically:
"Mr. Weston took me to call on the old maids. No, I don't want any
tea, thank you."
"You oughtn't to call them 'old maids'; it isn't respectful."
"It's what they are—at least, the younger one is. The other one is
very nice. But they are both of 'em of the vintage of 1830."
Mrs. Payton was sufficiently acquainted with her daughter's
picturesque, but limited, vocabulary to know what "vintage" meant,
so she said: "Oh, no; they are not so old as that. I don't think Miss
Graham is much over seventy."
"I waked Miss Mary up!" Frederica said, joyfully.
"I am sorry for that," Mrs. Payton sighed.
Fred shrugged her shoulders. "Grandmother will tattle,—yes, she
was there; deaf as a post, and all dolled up like a plush horse;—so I
suppose I might as well tell you just what happened." She told it,
lightly enough. "Old Weston threw fits in the taxi, coming home,"
she ended.
"I should think he might! Freddy, really—"
Her daughter looked at her with narrowing but not unkind eyes. "I
wish I knew why people fuss so over nothing," she said.
Mrs. Payton put her empty cup back on the tray with a despairing
sigh: "If you can't see the impropriety—"
"Oh, of course, I see what you call 'impropriety'; what I don't see is
why you call it 'improper.' What constitutes impropriety? The fact
that, as Grandmother says, 'it isn't done'? I could mention a lot of
things that are done, that I would call improper! Wearing nasty false
fronts, as Grandmother does, and silly tight shoes. A thing is true, or
it's a lie. That distinction is worth while. But what you call
'impropriety' isn't worth bothering about."
"Truth and falsehood are not the only distinctions in the world.
Things are fitting, or—not."
"Howard and I talked, in an empty flat," Fred said; "I suppose if it
had been in our parlor, with the Egyptian virgin out in the hall
chaperoning us, it would have been 'fitting'?"
Mrs. Payton wiped her eyes. "There's no use discussing anything
with you. When I was a young lady, if my mother had reproved—"
Fred made a discouraged gesture: "Oh, don't let's go back to the
dark ages. As for Howard—I'll see him at my office, if it makes you
any happier."
"Why can't he call on you in your own house? You cheapen yourself
by—"
"Mother, there's no use! I couldn't stand it. Mortimore—"
"Frederica!"
Mrs. Payton's gesture of command was inescapable. Involuntarily
Fred's lips closed; when her mother spoke to her in that tone, the
childish habit of obedience asserted itself. But it was only for a
moment:
"Of course you don't mind him," she said; "you are fond of him. But
you can't expect me to feel as you do." She drew in her breath with
a shiver of disgust.
"I love you both just the same!" Mrs. Payton said, emphatically.
Frederica was not listening. "Oh, by the way," she said, "I've heard
of a little bungalow, at that camp place, Lakeville—you know?—that
I can rent for twenty-five dollars a month. I'm going to hire it for
next summer—rather ahead of time, but somebody might grab it. I
want to have a place to go, when I have two or three days off. I
hope you'll come out sometimes. And—and Miss Carter can bring
Morty," she ended, with generous intention.
Mrs. Payton was silent. She was saying to herself, despairingly,
"She's jealous!"
"Well, I must go and dress," Frederica said, and got herself out of
the room, acutely conscious of her mother's averted face.
"'Cheapening' myself—how silly!" she thought, as she closed her
own door. When she took her cigarette-case out of her pocket, Miss
Graham's words came into her mind and she smiled; but she lighted
a cigarette and, standing before her mirror, practised knocking off
the ashes. Was it this way? Was it that way? How does the "kid boy"
do it? She tried a dozen ways; but she could not remember the
entirely unconscious gesture which had pleased Howard Maitland.
"How funny and old-fashioned old Miss Graham was! But quite
sweet," she thought. It occurred to her, as she took out her hair-
pins, that Miss Graham's antiquated ideas did not irritate her, and
her mother's did. For a moment she pondered this old puzzle of
humanity: "Why are members of your family more provoking than
outsiders?" After all, Miss Graham, with her "roses," was just as
irrational as Mrs. Payton with her fuss about propriety and
"cheapness"—or Arthur Weston, gassing about "relations which are
not markedly intellectual." She was angry at him, but that phrase
made her giggle. She sat down on the edge of her bed, her brush in
her hand, her hair hanging about her shoulders; it had been very
interesting, that "cheap" and entirely "intellectual" hour alone with
Howard in the darkening flat....
She put her elbow on her knee, her chin in her hand, and smiled. Of
course she knew what her mother, and Mr. Weston—"poor old
boy!"—and her grandmother, and the Misses Graham all had in the
back of their minds. "Idiots" she said, good-naturedly. If they could
have heard the plain, straight, man-to-man talk in the empty
apartment, they would have discovered that nowadays men and girls
are not interested in those unintellectual relations at which her man
of business had hinted. She remembered Howard's look when he
said he would rather talk to her than to any man he knew—and she
lifted her head proudly! No girly-girly compliment could have pleased
her as that did. It was just as she had always said, the right kind of
man knows that a woman wants him to talk horse sense to her, not
gush. If the tabbies, and Mr. Weston, and her mother had heard that
talk, they wouldn't worry about sentiment! Suddenly, she recalled
that strange feeling she had had below her breastbone as she
looked at Howard sprawling in the arm-chair. She remembered her
curious impulse to touch him, and the rosy warmth that seemed to
go all over her, like a wave; she thought of that pang of pleasure
when his hand crushed hers so that the seal ring had cut into the
flesh and hurt her. "I wonder—?" she said; and bit her lip. Then her
face reddened sharply; she flung her head up like a wild creature
who feels the grip of the trap.
Love?
For an instant she felt something like fright. "Of course not! He's just
a bully fellow, and I like him. Nothing more; I don't—" She caught a
glimpse of herself in the mirror, and the image held her eye. The
vivid, smiling face, a little thin, with the color hot, just now, on the
high cheek-bones; dark, wavy hair, falling back from a charming
brow which, pathetically enough (for she was only twenty-five), had
lines in it. "Heavens!" she said, "I believe I do!" She laughed, and,
jumping to her feet, shook the mane of hair over her eyes. But
before she began to brush it she lifted the hand Howard Maitland
had gripped, and kissed it hard, once—twice!
"I do—care," she said; "I didn't know it was like this!" She glowed all
over. "I am in love," she repeated, amazed.
While she tumbled the soft, dark hair into a loose knot on the top of
her head she tried to whistle, but her lips were unsteady. She did
not know herself with this quiver all through her, and the sudden
stinging in her eyes, and something swelling and tightening in her
throat. She forgot the shocked old maids, and the disgusted trustee.
She was in love! She began to sing, but broke off at a faint knock.
"Dinner's ready, Miss Freddy."
"Come in, Flora," Frederica called out; "and hook me up." She smiled
so gaily at the silent creature, not even scolding when the slim, cold
finger-tips touched her warm shoulder, that the woman smiled a
little, too. "I thought this was your afternoon out?" Fred said, kindly.
"I 'ain't got no place in partic'lar to go. Anyway, I knew your ma
wasn't goin' to be in, and—"
"I bet you played on the piano," Frederica said, smiling at herself in
the glass.
"Well, yes'm, I did," the woman confessed. "I picked out the whole
of 'Rock of Ages.'"
"Flora! Don't look so low-spirited; I believe you're in love. Have you
got a new beau? I've been told that people are always low-spirited
when they're in love."
Flora simpered; "Ah, now, Miss Freddy!"
"Come! Who is he? You've got to tell me!"
"Well, Mr. Baker's got a new man on. That there snide Arnold's been
bounced. Good riddance! He never did 'mount to nothing. Me, I'm
sorry for the girl he married; she'll just slave and git no wages.
That's what marryin' Arnold'll do for her!"
"That's what marrying any man does for a woman," Miss Payton
instructed her; "a wife is a slave."
But Flora's face had softened into abject sentimentality. "This here
new man, Sam, he's something like. Light, he is; and freckled." Then
her face fell: "Anne says he's got a girl on the Hill. Don't make no
difference to me, anyhow. It's music I want. If I was young, I'd git
an education, and go to one of them conservmatories and learn to
play on the piano."
"I'll give you some lessons, one of these days," Fred promised her,
good-naturedly. "Poor old Flora," she said to herself, as the maid,
like a fragile brown shadow, slipped out of the room. "'He's got a girl
on the Hill'! I wonder how I'd feel if Howard had 'a girl on the Hill'?"
Again the tremor ran through her; she could not have said whether
it was pain or bliss. "I certainly must teach Flora her notes," she
said, trying to get back to the commonplace. Then she forgot Flora,
and, bending forward, looked at herself in the glass for a long
moment. "I'll get that hat at Louise's," she said, turning out the gas;
"it's the smartest thing I've struck in many moons."
 CHAPTER VIII
Mr. Weston, riding home in the taxi, was not without some
astonishment at himself. Why was he so keenly annoyed at Fred's
bad taste? Why had he such an ardent desire to kick Maitland? He
might have gone further in his self-analysis and discovered that,
though he wanted to kick Howard, he did not want to haul him over
the coals, as a man of his years might well have done—merely to
give a friendly tip as to propriety to a youngster whom he had seen
put into breeches. Had he discovered this reluctance in himself,
Arthur Weston might have decided that his indignation was based on
a sense of personal injury—which has its own significance in a man
of nearly fifty who concerns himself in the affairs of a woman under
thirty. The fact was that, though he thought of himself only as her
grandfatherly trustee, Frederica Payton was every day taking a
larger place in his life. She amused him, and provoked him, and
interested him; but, most of all, the pain of her passionate futilities
roused him to a pity that made him really suffer. He could not bear
to see pain. Briefly, she gave him something to think about.
His displeasure evaporated overnight, and when he went up to her
office the next morning he was ready to apologize for his words in
the taxi. But it was not necessary. Fred, in the excitement of
receiving a letter asking her fee for hunting up rooms, had quite
forgotten that she had been scolded.
"I think I'd better advertise in all the daily papers!" she announced,
eagerly.
"You're a good fellow," he said; "you take your medicine and don't
make faces."
"Make faces? Oh, you mean because you called me down last night?
Bless you, if it amuses you, it doesn't hurt me!"
The sense of her youth came over him in a pang of loneliness, and
with it, curiously enough, an impulse of flight, which made him say,
abruptly: "I shall probably go abroad in January. Can I trust you not
to advertise yourself into bankruptcy before I get back?"
"Oh, Mr. Weston," she said, blankly; "how awful! Don't go!"
"You don't need me," he assured her; but a faint pleasure stirred
about his heart.
"Need you? Why, I simply couldn't live without you! In the first
place, my business would go to pot, without your advice; and then—
well, you know how it is. You are the only person who speaks my
language. Grandmother talks about my vulgarities, and Aunt Bessie
talks about my stomach, and the Childs cousins talk about my vices
—but nobody talks about my interests, except you. Don't go and
leave me," she pleaded with him.
The glow of pleasure about his heart warmed into actual happiness.
"Please don't think I approve of you!"
She looked at him with her gray, direct eyes, and nodded. "I know
you don't. But I don't mind;—you understand."
"But," he said, raising a rueful eyebrow, "how shall I make Cousin
Mary 'understand' your performances?"
"By staying at home and keeping me in order! Don't go away."
It was the everlasting feminine: "I need you!" There was no "new
woman" in it; no self-sufficiency; nothing but the old, dependent
arrogance that has charmed and held the man by its flattering
selfishness ever since the world began.
He was opening the office door, but she laid a frankly anxious hand
on his arm. "Promise me you won't go!"
He would not commit himself. "It depends; if you get married, and
shut up shop, you won't want a business adviser."
"I sha'n't get married!" she said, and blushed to her temples.
Mr. Weston saw the color, and his face, as he closed her door and
stood waiting for the elevator, dulled a little. "She's head over ears in
love with him. Well, he's a very decent chap; it's an excellent match
for her,—Oh," he apologized to the elevator boy, on suddenly finding
himself on the street floor; "I forgot to get off! You'll have to take
me up again." In his own office he was distinctly curt.
"I am very busy," he said, checking his stenographer's languid
remark about a telephone call; "I am going to write letters. Don't let
any one interrupt me"—and the door of his private office closed in
her face.
"What's the matter with him?" the young lady asked herself, idly;
then took out her vanity glass and adjusted her marcel wave.
Arthur Weston put his feet on his desk, and reflected. Why had he
said what he did about going to Europe? When he went up to see
Fred, nothing had been farther from his mind than leaving America.
Well, he knew why he had said it.... Flight! Self-preservation!
"Preposterous," he said, "what am I thinking of? I'm fond of her, and
I'm confoundedly sorry for her, but that's all. Anyhow, Maitland
settles the question. And if he wasn't in it—she's twenty-five and I'm
forty-six." He got up and walked aimlessly about the room. "I've cut
my wisdom teeth," he thought, with a dry laugh, and wondered
where the lady was who had superintended that teething. For Kate's
sake he had taken a broken heart to Europe. The remembrance of
that heartbreak reassured him; the feeling he had about Fred wasn't
in the least like his misery of that time. He gave a shrug of relief; it
occurred to him that he would go and see some Chinese rugs which
had been advertised in the morning paper; "might give her one for a
wedding present?—oh, the devil! Haven't I anything else to think of
than that girl?" He stood at the window for a long time, his hands in
his pockets, looking at three pigeons strutting and balancing on a
cornice of the Chamber of Commerce. "She interests me," he
conceded; then he smiled,—"and she wants me to stay at home and
'take care of her'!" Well, there was nothing he would like better than
to take care of Fred. The first thing he would do would be to shut up
that ridiculous plaything of an "office" on the tenth floor. Billy Childs
put it just right: "perfec' nonsense!" Then, having removed "F.
Payton" from the index of the Sturtevant Building, they—he and Fred
—would go off, to Europe. He followed this vagrant thought for a
moment, then reddened with impatience at his own folly: "What an
idiot I am! I'm not the least in love with her, but I'll miss her like the
devil when she marries that cub Maitland. She's a perpetual cocktail!
She'd be as mad as a hornet if she knew that I never took her
seriously." He laughed, and found himself wishing that he could take
her in his arms, and tease her, and scold her, and make her "mad as
a hornet." Again the color burned in his cheeks; he would do
something else than tease her and scold her; he would most
certainly kiss her. "Oh, confound it!" he said to himself, angrily; "I'm
getting stale." He did not want to kiss her! He only wanted to make
her happy, and be himself amused. "That is the difference between
now and ten years ago," he analyzed. "Kate never 'amused' me; oh,
how deadly serious it all was!" He speculated about Kate quite
comfortably. She was married; very likely she had half a dozen brats.
Again he contrasted his feeling for Fred with that brief madness of
pain, and was cheered; it was so obvious that he was merely fond of
her. How could he help it—she was so honest, so unselfconscious!
Besides, she was pathetic. Her harangues upon subjects of which
she was (like most of mankind) profoundly ignorant, were funny, but
they were touching, too, for her complacent certainties would so
inevitably bring her into bruising contact with Life. "She thinks
'suffrage' a cure-all," he thought, amused and pitiful,—"and she's so
desperately young!" In her efforts to reform the world, she was like
some small creature buffeting the air. In fact, all this row that
women were making was like beating the air. "What's it about,
anyhow?" he thought. "What on earth do they want—the women?"
It seemed to him, looking a little resentfully at the ease and release
from certain kinds of toil that had come to women in the last two or
three decades, that they had everything that reasonable creatures
could possibly want. "Think how their grandmothers had to work!"
he said to himself. "Now, all that these ridiculous creatures have to
do is to touch a button—and men's brains do the rest." Certainly
there is an enormous difference in the collective ease of existence;
women don't have to make their candles, or knit their stockings, as
their grandmothers did:—"yet, nowadays, they are making more fuss
than all the women that ever lived, put together! What's the matter
with 'em?"
He grew quite hot over the ingratitude of the sex. His old Scotch
housekeeper, reading her Bible, and sewing from morning to night,
was far happier than these restless, dissatisfied creatures, who, in
the upper classes, flooded into schools of design and conservatories
of music—not one in a hundred with talent enough to cover a five-
cent piece!—and in the lower classes pulled down wages in factories
and shops. "Amateur Man," he said, sarcastically. "Suppose we tried
to do their jobs?" Then he paused to think what Fred's job, for
instance, would be. Not discovering it offhand, he told himself again
that if women would keep busy, like their grandmothers—his
contemptuous thought stopped, with a jerk; how could women do
the things their grandmothers did? What was it Fred had got off—
something about machinery being the cuckoo which had pushed
women out of the nest of domesticity? "Why," he was surprised into
saying, "she's right!"
He came upon the deduction so abruptly that for a moment he
forgot his sore feeling about Frederica's youth. Suppose the women
should suddenly take it into their heads to be domestic, and flock
out of the mechanical industries, back to the "Home"? Arthur Weston
whistled. "Financially," said he, candidly, "we would bu'st in about
ten minutes."...
"Do you want to give me those prices to Laughlin before I go out to
lunch?" a flat voice asked in the outer office; he slid into his desk-
chair as the door opened.
"I haven't had time to look them up yet. Don't wait."
He took up his pen, but only made aimless marks on his blotting-
paper; the interruption jarred him back into irritated denial of
possibilities: "She amuses me, that's all; I'm not in the least—in
love." Suddenly, with a spring of resolution, he took down the
telephone receiver and called up a number. The conversation was
brief: "Hello! Jim?... Yes; I'm Arthur. Look here, I want to break
away for a week.... Yes—break away. B-r-e-a-k. I'm stale. Can't you
go down to the marshes with me, for ducks?... What? Oh, come on!
You're not as important as you think.... What?... I'll do the work—
you just come along!"
There followed a colloquy of some urgency on his part, and then a
final, satisfied "Good boy! Wednesday, then, on the seven-thirty."
He had hardly secured his man before he regretted it; the mere
prospect of the arrangements he must make for the trip began to
bore him. However, he sat there at his desk and made some
memoranda, conscious all the time of a nagging self-questioning in
the back of his mind. "I'm not!" he said, again and again. "I'll get
some shooting and clear my brain up."
But by the time he had sent a despatch or two, and called Jim
Jackson up a second time to decide some detail, he knew that
shooting would not help him much. The nag had settled itself: he
had accepted the revelation that he was "interested" in Freddy
Payton. With the contrast between the pain of the old wound and
the new, he would not use the word "love," but "interest" committed
him to an affection, tender almost to poignancy. Of course there was
nothing to do about it. He must just take his medicine, as Fred took
hers, "without making faces." There was nothing to strive for,
nothing to avoid, nothing to expect. She was as good as engaged to
Howard Maitland, and it would be a very sensible and desirable
match;—to marry a man of forty-six would be neither sensible nor
desirable! No; the only thing left to her trustee was to take every
care of her that her eccentricities would permit, guard her, play with
her, and correct her appalling taste. "Lord! what bad taste she has!"
Also, while he and Jackson were wading about on the marshes for
the next week, kick some sense into himself!
That very evening, dropping in to the Misses Graham's and partaking
of a bleakly feminine meal, he laid his lance in rest for her.
Miss Mary was full of flurried apologies at the meagerness of the
supper-table, but old Miss Eliza said, with spirit, that bread and milk
would be good for him! "Now, tell us about that child, Arthur," she
commanded.
"You mean Fred Payton, I suppose?" he said, raising an annoyed
eyebrow. "I don't call her a 'child.'"
"You are quite right," Miss Mary agreed, in her little neutral voice;
"she is certainly old enough to know how to behave herself."
"It's merely that she wants to reform the world," Miss Eliza said,
soothingly. "Reformers have no humor, and, of course, no taste;—or
else they wouldn't be reformers!"
"Your dear cousin Eliza is too kind-hearted," Miss Mary said; but her
own kind, if conventional, heart made her listen sympathetically
enough to the visitor's excusing recital of the hardships of Fred's life.
Once, she interrupted him by saying that it was, of course, painful—
the afflicted brother. And once she said she hoped that Miss Payton
was a comfort to her mother—"though I don't see how she can be,
off every day at what she calls her 'office'—a word only to be
applied, it seems to me, to places where gentlemen conduct their
business. When I was young, Arthur, a girl's first duty was in her
home."
"Perhaps there is nothing for her to do at home," Miss Eliza said.
"There is always something to do, in every properly conducted
household. Let her dust the china-closet."
"I'd as soon put a tornado into a china-closet as that girl! She ought
to be turning a windmill," Miss Eliza said.
Her cousin gave her a grateful look, but the other lady was very
serious. "I thought her manner to her grandmother most
unpleasant. Youth should respect Age—"
"Not unless Age deserves respect!" cried Miss Eliza, tossing her old
head.
Arthur Weston had seen that same flash in Fred's eyes. ("How young
she is!" he thought.) But her sister was plainly shocked.
"Oh, my dear Eliza!" she expostulated. "I am not drawn to Mrs.
Holmes myself, but—"
"Neither is Fred drawn to her," Weston interrupted; "and she is so
sincere that she shows her feelings. The rest of us don't. That's the
only difference."
"It is a very large difference," Miss Graham said; "this matter of
showing one's feelings is as apt to mean cruelty as sincerity. It's the
reason the child has no charm."
"I think she has charm," he said, frowning.
There was a startled silence; then Miss Eliza said, heartily: "Don't
worry about her! Just now she thinks it's smart to put her thumb to
her nose and twiddle her fingers at Life—but she'll settle down and
be a dear child!"
Miss Mary shook her head. "If I were a friend of the young lady, I
should worry very much. Maria Spencer called on us yesterday, and
told us a most unpleasant story about her. She spent the night at an
inn with this same young man that she smoked with here. Oh, an
accident, of course; but—"
"Miss Spencer is the town scavenger," Weston said, angrily.
Miss Mary did not notice the interruption. "I cannot help remarking
that I do not think that such a young woman would make any man
happy." ("It was difficult to bring the remark in," she told her sister,
afterward; "but I felt it my duty.")
"The man who gets Fred will be a lucky fellow," her cousin declared.
"You know her very well, I infer," Miss Mary murmured. "I observe
you use her first name."
"Oh, very well! And I knew her father before her. But the use of the
first name is one of the new customs. Everybody calls everybody
else by their first name. Queer custom."
"Very queer," said Miss Mary.
"Very sensible!" said Miss Eliza.
"Ah, well, we must just accept the fact that girls are not brought up
as they were when—when we were young"—Arthur Weston paused,
but no one corrected that "we." He sighed, and went on: "The tide
of new ideas is sweeping away a lot of the old landmarks; myself, I
think it is better for some of them to go. For instance, the freedom
nowadays in the relations of boys and girls makes for a
straightforwardness that is rather fine."
"Well," said Miss Mary, "I don't like what you call 'new ideas.' 'New'
things shock me very much."
"I'm rather shocked, myself, once in a while," he agreed, good-
naturedly.
"What will you do, Mary, when the 'new' heaven and the 'new' earth
come along?" Miss Eliza demanded.
The younger sister lifted disapproving hands.
"As for the girls smoking," Weston said, "I don't like it any better
than you do. In fact, I dislike it. But my dislike is æsthetic, not
ethical."
"I hope you don't think smoking is a sign of the 'new' heaven," Miss
Mary said;—but her sister's aside—"the Other Place, more likely!"—
disconcerted her so much that for a moment she was silenced.
"I never could see," said Miss Eliza, "that it was any wickeder for a
lady to smoke than for a gentleman; but, as I told the child, a girl's
lips ought to be sweet."
"Her smoking is far less serious than other things," said the younger
sister, sitting up very straight and rigid. "I do not wish to believe ill of
the girl, so I shall only repeat that I do not think she will make any
man happy."
"She will," Miss Eliza said, "if he will beat her."
"Oh, my dear Eliza!" Miss Mary remonstrated. Then she tried to be
charitable: "However, perhaps she is engaged to this Maitland
person, in which case, though her taste would be just as bad, her
meeting him here would be less shocking."
"If she isn't now, she will be very soon," Frederica's defender said.
"Well," said Miss Mary, grimly, "let us hope so, for her sake;
although, as I say, I do not feel that she—"
Miss Eliza looked at her cousin, and winked; he choked with
laughter. Then, with the purpose of saving Freddy, he began to
dissect Freddy's grandmother—her powder and false hair; her white
veil, her dog-collar—"that's to keep her double chin up," he said.
"Yes! She is very lively for her age!" He wished he could say that old
Mrs. Holmes was in the habit of meeting gentlemen in empty
apartments—anything to draw attention from his poor Fred!
When he left his cousins, promising to come again as soon as he got
back from his shooting trip, and declaring that he hadn't had such
milk toast in years, he knew that he had not rehabilitated Frederica.
"But Cousin Mary feels that she has done her duty in warning me.
Cousin Eliza would gamble on it, and give her to me to-morrow," he
thought; "game old soul! But even if Howard wasn't ahead of the
game, the odds would be against me—forty-six to twenty-five—and,
besides, what could I offer her? Ashes! Kate trampled out the fire."
 CHAPTER IX
In those next few weeks Fred Payton was a little vague and
preoccupied. The revelation which had come to her in that moment
before the mirror when she had kissed her own hand, remained as a
sort of undercurrent in her thoughts, although she did not put it into
words again. Instead, she added Howard Maitland to her daily
possibilities: Would she meet him on the street?—and her eyes,
careless and eager, raked the crowds on the pavements! Would he
drop into her office to say he had fished up a client for her?—and
she held her breath for an expectant moment when the elevator
clanged on her floor. Would he be at the dance at the Country Club?
—and when he cut in, and they went down the floor together,
something warm and satisfied brooded in her heart, like a bird in its
nest. Sometimes she rebuked herself for letting him know how
pleased she was to see him; and then rebuked herself again: Why
not? Why shouldn't she be as straightforward as he? Hadn't he told
her he would rather talk to her than to any man he knew? She flung
up her head when she thought of that; she was not vain, but she
knew that he would not say that to any other girl in their set. She
was very contented now; not even the ell room at 15 Payton Street
seriously disturbed her. The fact was, Life was so interesting she
hadn't time to think of the ell room—Howard, herself, her business,
her league! Yet, busy as she was, she remembered Flora's desire for
music lessons, and every two or three days, before it was time to set
the table for dinner, she stood by the togaed bust of Andy Payton,
trying to teach the pathetically eager creature her notes. But the
lessons, begun with enthusiasm, dragged as the weeks passed; poor
Flora's numb mind—a little more numb just now because Mr. Baker's
Sam had suddenly vanished from her horizon—could not grasp the
matter of time. Fred's hand, resting on her shoulder, could feel the
tremor of effort through her whole body, as the thin, brown fingers
stumbled through the scales:
"Now! Count: One—two—three—"
"One—two—oh, land! Miss Freddy, I cain't."
"Yes, you can. Try again."
"Why don't you jest show me a tune?"
"You have got to know your notes first; and you've got to count, or
you never can learn."
"I don't want to learn, Miss Freddy; I want to play! Oh," she said
once, clutching her hands against her breast, "I want to play!" Her
mournful eyes, black and opaque, gleamed suddenly; then a tear
trembled, brimmed over, and dropped down on the work-worn
fingers. "I cain't learn, Miss Freddy; I 'ain't got the 'rithmetic. I want
to make music!"
Alas, she never could make music! The clumsy hands, the dull brain,
held her back from the singing heights! "I cain't learn 'rithmetic," she
said (sixteenth and thirty-second notes drew this assertion from
her); "and if I cain't play music without 'rithmetic, I might as well
give up now."
"Well, you can't," Frederica said, helplessly. She had cut out the last
quarter of her league meeting to come home and give Flora a music
lesson. (Up-stairs, Mrs. Payton, listening to the thump of the scales,
confided to Mrs. Childs that she didn't approve of Flora's playing on
the piano. "The parlor is not the place for Flora," she said.) But,
watched by Mr. Andrew Payton's marble eyes, the slow fingers went
on stumbling over the keys, until Frederica and her pupil were alike
disconsolate.
"You poor dear!" Fred said, at last, putting an impulsive arm over the
thin shoulders; "try once more! And, Flora, Sam isn't the only man in
the world. Come now, cheer up! You're well rid of Sam."
"Sam?" said Flora, her face suddenly vindictive; "I ain't pinin' for no
Sam! He was a low-down, no-account nigger—" The door-bell rang,
and she jumped to her feet. "I must git my clean apron!" she said;
and vanished into the pantry.
Frederica waited, frowning uneasily; callers were not welcome at 15
Payton Street when Fred was at home—the consciousness of the
veiled intellect up-stairs made her inhospitable. But it was only Laura
and Howard Maitland, both of them tingling with the cold and
overflowing with absurd and puppy-like fun.
"Feed us! Feed us!" Laura demanded; "we've walked six miles, and
we're perfectly dead!"
"Pig!" said Fred; "wait till I yell to Flora. Flora! Tea!" Her heart was
pounding joyously, but with it was the agonizing calculation as to
how long it would be before Miss Carter and her charge came
clopping down the front stairs on their way to the room where
Mortimore had his supper. "I don't mind Laura," Fred told herself,
"but if Howard sees Morty, I'll simply die!"
"Don't you want me to light up?" Maitland was asking; and without
waiting for her answer he scratched a match on the sole of his boot,
and fumbled about the big, gilt chandelier to turn on the gas.
"I didn't know you played, nowadays," Laura said, looking at the
open piano. "Gracious, Freddy, you do everything!"
"Oh, I'm only teaching poor Flora. She has musical aspirations.
Howard, cheer up that fire!"
Tea came, and Laura said kind things to Flora about the music
lessons; and then they all three began to chatter, and to scream at
each other's jokes, Frederica all the while tense with
apprehension.... ("Miss Carter won't have the sense to hold on to
him; he'll walk right in!")
But, up-stairs, her mother, leaning over the balusters to discover
who had called, had the same thought, and was quick to protect her.
"It's your Lolly," Mrs. Payton said, coming back to her sister-in-law;
"and I think I hear Mr. Maitland's voice. I must tell Miss Carter to go
down the back stairs with Morty." Having given the order, through
the closed door between the two rooms, she sat down and listened
with real happiness to the babel of young voices in the parlor. "I do
like to have Freddy enjoy herself, as a girl in her position should,"
she told Mrs. Childs; "just hear them laugh."
The laughter was caused by Howard's displeasure at Fred's story of
some rudeness to which she had been subjected in canvassing for
Smith—"The Woman's Candidate."
"If I'd been there, I'd have punched the cop's head!" he said,
angrily.
Fred shrieked at his absurdity. "If he'd said it to you, you'd only think
it was funny; and what's fun for the gander, is fun for—"
"No, it isn't," he said, bluntly.
"Howard," Laura broke in, "do tell Freddy the news!"
"It isn't much," he said, modestly; "I'm ordered off; that's all."
"Ordered off?" Fred repeated; "where?"
"Philippines," Laura said. "Government expedition. Shells and things.
Starts Wednesday."
"I've wanted to go ever since I was a kid," Howard explained. "It's
the Coast Survey, and I've been pulling legs all winter for a berth,
and now I've got it. I came in to see you pipe your eye with grief at
my departure."
"Grief? Good riddance! You lost me a client, taking me out to see
those fool flats in Dawsonville. Have another cigarette. Lolly, how
about you?"
"No," Laura sighed. "Billy-boy would have a fit if I smoked." She
looked at Fred a little enviously. "I'm crazy to," she confessed.
"Oh, don't," Maitland said; "it isn't your style, Laura."
"Howard, do you really start Wednesday?" Fred said, soberly.
He nodded. "It's great luck."
"You'll have the time of your life," Laura assured him; "why do men
have all the fun, Freddy?"
"Because we've been such fools to let 'em."
"Ladies wouldn't find it much fun—wading round in the mud,"
Howard protested.
"They ought to have the chance to wade round, if they want to!"
Fred said—and paused: (was that Miss Carter, bringing Mortimore?
Her breath caught with horror. She was sure she heard the lurching
footsteps. No; all was silent in the upper hall).
Howard did not notice her preoccupation; he was pouring out his
plans, Laura punctuating all he said with cries of admiration and
envy. ("I'll die if Morty comes in!" Frederica was saying to herself.)