Protection Systems and Devices

(Protective Relays)

Lecture 5

Dr. Ahmed Saber

Electrical Power Engineering Department

Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University

2020-2021
 Lecture Contents
1. Induction Type Directional Power Relay (32)

2. Numerical Directional Power Relay (32)

3. Induction Type Directional Overcurrent Relay (67)

4. Numerical Directional Overcurrent Relay (67)

 Directional Power Relay (ANSI code 32)
• Directional power relay (32) operates when the power in the
circuit flows in a specific direction.

• Its operating torque is obtained by interaction of magnetic

fields derived from both voltage and current.

• Thus, this type of relay is essentially a wattmeter, and the

torque direction depends on current direction relative to
associated voltage.

• It consists of an aluminum disk, which is free to rotate between

the poles of two electromagnets.
 Induction Type Directional Power Relay (32)
• Upper electromagnet carries a winding connected to a potential
transformer (PT), and lower electromagnet has a separate
winding connected to the secondary of CT.
 Induction Type Directional Power Relay (32)
• Current coil is provided with a number of tappings connected to
the plug setting bridge (not shown for clarity).

• This permits to have any desired current setting.

• Restraining torque is provided by a spring.

• Disk spindle carries a moving contact, which bridges two fixed

contacts when the disc rotates through a preset angle.

• By adjusting this angle, the travel of the moving disc can be

adjusted, and hence, any desired time-setting can be given to
the relay.
 Induction Type Directional Power Relay (32)
• Operation:

• Flux (φ1) is nearly 90⁰ lagging behind applied voltage (V).

• Flux (φ2) of current coil is in phase with current (I).

• Interaction of φ1 and φ2 with the eddy currents induced in the

disc produces a driving torque given by:

 T ∝ φ1 φ2 sin α

 Since φ1 ∝ V, φ2 ∝ I

 T ∝ V I sin (90 − θ)

 T ∝ V I cos θ ∝ Power
 Induction Type Directional Power Relay (32)
• When the power flow is in the normal direction, the driving
torque and the restraining torque (due to spring) help each
other to turn away the moving contact from the fixed contacts.

• Consequently, the relay remains inoperative.

• However, the reversal of the current in the circuit reverses the

direction of driving torque on the disc.

• When reversed torque is large enough, the disc rotates in the

reverse direction, and the moving contact closes the trip circuit.

• The same concept is applied for numerical relay.

 Numerical Directional Power Relay (32)
• It operates when the measured power exceeds the set limit and
in a specified direction.

• Directional operation can be selected with the combination of

the settings Directional mode and Power angle.

• The selectable options for the Directional mode setting are

“Forward” and “Reverse”.

• The Power angle setting can be used to set the power direction
between the reactive and active power.
 Numerical Directional Power Relay (32)
• In the forward direction, it can be used to protect the generator
or motor from delivering or consuming excess power.

Power angle setting = 45 Power angle setting = 0

Directional mode “Forward” Directional mode “Forward”
 Numerical Directional Power Relay (32)
• For example, the generator overpower protection can be used
to shed a noncritical feeder load or to start parallel generators.

• A synchronous motor may start consuming more reactive power

in case of loss of excitation, in which case the forward
overpower protection is used to detect such condition.

• As a reverse power protection application for generator,

sometimes the mechanical power from a prime mover may
decrease to a limit that it does not cover the internal losses.
 Numerical Directional Power Relay (32)
• Synchronous generator becomes a synchronous motor and
starts importing power from the system.

• The effect of a generator acting as a motor implies no risk to the

machine but can cause damage to the prime mover.
Induction Type Directional Overcurrent Relay (67)
• Directional power relay is used to detect abnormal power flow
other than the one due to a short circuit (for example, in case of
failure of prime mover, a generator will continue to run as a
synchronous motor, drawing power from the system).

• Directional power relay is unsuitable for use as a directional

protective relay under short-circuit conditions.

• When a short-circuit occurs, the system voltage falls to a low

value, and there may be insufficient torque developed in the
relay to cause its operation.
Induction Type Directional Overcurrent Relay (67)
• This difficulty overcomes in the directional overcurrent relay,
which is designed to be almost independent of system voltage
and power factor.

• Directional overcurrent relay consists of two relay elements:

1) Directional Element.

2) Non-directional Element.
Induction Type Directional Overcurrent Relay (67)
Induction Type Directional Overcurrent Relay (67)
1) Directional Element: It is essentially a directional power relay,
which operates when power flows in a specific direction.

• Trip contacts (1 and 2) are connected in series with the

secondary circuit of the overcurrent element.

• Therefore, the latter element cannot start to operate until its

secondary circuit is completed.

• In other words, the directional element must operate first.

Induction Type Directional Overcurrent Relay (67)
2) Non-directional Element: It is an overcurrent element similar in
all respects to a non-directional overcurrent relay.

• Disk spindle carries a moving contact, which closes the fixed

contacts after operation of directional element.

• Plug setting bridge is also provided in the relay for current

setting (not shown for clarity).

• Tappings are provided on the upper magnet of the overcurrent

element and are connected to the bridge.
Induction Type Directional Overcurrent Relay (67)
• Operation:

• Under normal conditions, the power flows in the normal

direction in the circuit protected by the relay. Therefore,
directional power relay does not operate.

• When a fault occurs, the current flows in the reverse direction.

• Therefore, the upper disk rotates to bridge contacts 1 and 2.

• Lower disc rotates, and the moving contact attached to it closes

the trip circuit.

• The same concept is applicable for numerical relay.

 Numerical Directional Overcurrent Relay (67)
• The directional overcurrent relay (67) operates when the
value of the current exceeds the set limit and directional
criterion is fulfilled.

• The relay has two stages: low stage (67>) and high stage
(67>>).

• The operating time characteristics for both stages can be

selected to be either definite time (DT) or inverse definite
minimum time (IDMT).
 Numerical Directional Overcurrent Relay (67)
• It compares the current phasor to the polarizing phasor.

• A suitable polarization quantity is selected from different

polarization quantities, which include self polarizing voltage
(faulted voltage), and cross-polarizing voltages (healthy
voltages), positive-sequence voltage, and negative-sequence
voltage.

• For reliable operation, both operating (current) and polarizing

(voltage) quantities require to exceed certain minimum
amplitude levels.
 Numerical Directional Overcurrent Relay (67)
• If the amplitude level of the operating quantity or polarizing
quantity is below the set level, the direction information of
the corresponding phase is set to “Unknown”.

• The polarizing quantity validity can remain valid even if the

amplitude of the polarizing quantity falls below the value of
the minimum operate voltage setting, such as in case of a
close short circuit or an earth fault characterized by an
extremely low voltage.
 Numerical Directional Overcurrent Relay (67)
• In this case, the directional information is provided by a
special memory function, where the angle difference is
calculated on the basis of a fictive voltage.

• The fictive voltage is calculated using the positive-sequence

voltage measured before fault occurrence, assuming that the
voltage is not affected by the fault.

• In some relays, the memory function enables the function to

operate up to a maximum of three seconds after a total loss of
voltage.
 Numerical Directional Overcurrent Relay (67)
• Min. operate voltage and current value can be set at 1% of
rated voltage and current.
 Numerical Directional Overcurrent Relay (67)

• Self-Polarizing (faulted) voltage

 Typically, network rotating direction is counter-clockwise and

defined as “ABC”.

 For A-G ground fault, angle difference between polarizing

quantity UA and operating quantity IA is marked as 𝜑.
 Numerical Directional Overcurrent Relay (67)

 There is no need to rotate the polarizing quantity.

 Numerical Directional Overcurrent Relay (67)

 For B-C fault, angle difference between polarizing quantity

UBC and operating quantity (IB-IC) is marked as 𝜑.
 Numerical Directional Overcurrent Relay (67)

• Cross-Polarizing Voltage (Quadrature)

 For A-G ground fault, angle difference between polarizing

quantity UBC and operating quantity IA is marked as 𝜑.

 Polarizing quantity is rotated with 90⁰.

 Numerical Directional Overcurrent Relay (67)

 For B-C fault, angle difference between polarizing quantity

UBC and operating quantity (IB-IC) is marked as 𝜑.
Numerical Directional Overcurrent Relay (67)
 Numerical Directional Overcurrent Relay (67)
• The relay characteristic angle (RCA) is the angle between the
maximum torque line and polarizing quantity.

• RCA setting is used to turn the directional characteristic

(range from -179⁰ to 180⁰).

• Other angles: (0⁰ to 90⁰).

 Numerical Directional Overcurrent Relay (67)
• RCA value depends on network configuration.

• RCA value should be chosen in such a way that all faults in

forward direction are seen in the operating zone, and all faults
in opposite direction are seen in the non-operating zone.

• RCA is set positive, if the operating current lags the polarizing

quantity, and RCA is set negative if the operating current leads
the polarizing quantity.
 Numerical Directional Overcurrent Relay (67)
• The forward and reverse sectors are defined separately.

• Forward operation area is limited with “Min. forward angle”

and “Max. forward angle” settings.

• Reverse operation area is limited with the “Min. reverse

angle” and “Max. reverse angle” settings.

• In forward operation area, the “Max. forward angle” setting

gives the counterclockwise sector, and the “Min forward
angle” setting gives the corresponding clockwise sector,
measured from RCA setting.
 Numerical Directional Overcurrent Relay (67)
• In backward operation area, the “Max. reverse angle” setting
gives the counterclockwise sector, and the “Min. reverse
angle” setting gives the corresponding clockwise sector, a
measurement from the RCA setting that has been rotated 180
degrees.

• The “Max. forward angle”, the “Min. forward angle”, the

“Max. reverse angle”, and the “Min. reverse angle” are in the
range of 0⁰-90⁰.
 Numerical Directional Earth Fault Relay (67N)
• Residual current (Io) can be measured with a core balance
current transformer or the residual connection of the phase
current signals.

• Broken delta voltage transformer is used to measure the

residual voltage.

• If the neutral of the network is either isolated or earthed with

high impedance, a core balance current transformer is
recommended to be used in earth-fault protection due to the
limited earth fault current.
Numerical Directional Earth Fault Relay (67N)
• A resistor is usually connected across the broken delta
connection to prevent Ferro-resonance (non-linear
resonance) to avoid overvoltage.
 Numerical Directional Earth Fault Relay (67N)
• In Isolated networks, residual current is mainly capacitive and
has a phase shift of -90 degrees compared to polarizing
voltage. Therefore, RCA can be set at -90⁰ (lead).

• Also, RCA can be set at 0⁰ when the neutral point is earthed

through low resistance.

• In solidly earthed networks, RCA is typically set to +60⁰ (lag).

• Earth fault in Isolated network is shown in the figure.

Numerical Directional Earth Fault Relay (67N)
 Directional Overcurrent Relay (67)
• Directional over current relay (67) can be utilized for:

1) Parallel transformers or parallel lines

 R1 and R2 (67>, 67>>, and 67N).

 R3 (51, 50, and 50N or 51N).

 Directional Overcurrent Relay (67)
• For parallel transformers, such configuration is not preferred in
most cases.

• It may be used in medium voltage networks. However, in some

cases, busbar differential protection may be not available.
Therefore, differential protection is required for busbar
protection or additional directional overcurrent relay can be
used in the reverse direction (in the opposite directions of R1
and R2).
 Directional Overcurrent Relay (67)
2) Ring Main System