(31 Jan 22 to 03 Jun 22)

Credit hours (2+0)

 Day: Thursday

Timings: 1100-0100 hours Lecture

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 Contact for further details
Ms. Romana Khan
Lab Demonstrator & TVF

Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE)

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE)
National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST)
Sector H -12 Islamabad
Tel: 92 – 51 – 90854289
E-mail: [email protected]
▪ To introduce the concept of environmental pollution,
contamination and its sources particularly in context
to water
▪ To learn principles of environmental engineering
applied to the design and implementation of water
supply schemes.

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▪ Environmental engineering is one of the most important pillars of
civil engineering, particular in the current development era.
▪ Where, the development has put an adverse impacts on the whole
environmental system, leading to various prevailing pollution
issues, especially in the developing world.
▪ These issues have both direct or indirect impacts on man and the
environment. This type of rapid environmental degradation is a
major obstacle for the progression.
▪ Thus this course will teach the students to come up with more
scientific and sustainable approach for the current developmental
projects both at national, as well as international level.

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▪ Introduction to Environmental Engineering, major environmental problems,
legislation and regulations, sources of drinking water pollution, major
water pollution problems of Pakistan, WHO guidelines, NEQS, ISO
standards etc.
▪ Introduction to chemistry and microbiology of water and wastewater,
sampling, water and wastewater quality parameters, concept of self-
purification capacity of river etc.
▪ Planning water works scheme, population forecasting, fire demand,
factors affecting water consumption, average flow rates, maximum daily
demand, peak hourly demand etc.
▪ Water and wastewater treatment, designing of pumping station,
approach channels and flow-equalization tanks.

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▪ Disinfection of water and advanced water/ wastewater treatment options
▪ Distribution of water, material of pipes and fixtures, Hardy Cross Method
▪ Sewerage, methods of sewage disposal, design of sanitary and storm sewer,
types of manhole etc.
▪ Air and noise pollution and control, sources of agricultural and industrial
pollution
▪ Solid and hazardous waste management
▪ Environmental management, waste minimization strategies, environmental
impact assessment

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 TEXT AND MATERIAL:
▪ Textbook (s)
▪ 1. “Environmental Engineering”, by Gerard Kiely,
McGraw Hill Publishers
▪ 2. “A Text Book of Environmental Engineering”, 2018
Edition by Arshad

▪ References Material:
▪ 1. “Water Supply and Sewage”, 5th Edition by E.W.Steel

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▪ Assignments10%
▪ Quizzes 10%
▪ OHT Exams 30%
▪ End Semester Exam 50%

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We are concerned with the
quality and availability of
environmental resources and
with the waste streams that
impact them

SUSTAINABILITY !

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▪ Science…improve our understanding of natural processes
▪ Engineering…use this understanding to develop and apply
technologies that will maintain or improve environmental
quality

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▪ It is the integration of science and engineering
principles to minimize the adverse effects of human
activity on the environment…
▪ Overall to improve environment

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▪ Problem solver.
▪ Specifically, one who uses science to solve real
world problems.
▪ SO, what about an environmental engineer?
▪ Solves environmental problems using scientific
tools

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▪ What are the environmental issues
we are facing today???

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 Biodiversity Depletion
▪ Habitat destruction
▪ Habitat degradation Food Supply
Air Pollution ▪ Extinction Problems
▪ Global climate change ▪ Overgrazing
▪ Stratospheric O3 ▪ Farmland loss
depletion ▪ Wetland degradation
▪ Urban air pollution ▪ Overfishing
▪ Acid deposition ▪ Coastal pollution
▪ Outdoor pollutants ▪ Soil erosion/
▪ Indoor pollutants Major salinization
▪ Noise pollution Environmental ▪ Waterlogging
Problems ▪ Water shortages
Water Pollution ▪ Poor nutrition
▪ Harmful bacteria
▪ Sediments
▪ Nutrients overload
▪ Toxic chemicals Over Population
▪ Infectious agents
▪ Pesticides Waste Production
▪ Antibiotics
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▪ Solid waste 21
▪ Ocean Acidification ▪ Hazardous waste
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1. Overpopulation
2. Pollution (air, water, soil)
3. Global warming & Ozone Depletion
4. Loss of Biodiversity
5. Agriculture
6. Waste disposal
7. Ocean Acidification
8. Over Fishing
9. Deforestation

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Source: http://planetearthherald.com/top-10-environmental-issues/
1. Increasing number of humans on earth (population
growth)
2. The rising standard of living (advances in agriculture,
urbanization, industrialization)

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▪ Extraction of resources (Renewable & Non-Renewable
Resources)
▪ Modification & manipulation of environment
▪ Pollution resulting from deposition of wastes
Renewable Resources Non-Renewable Resources

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Why is air quality such a problem?
Poor air quality can lead to:
smog
respiratory & other illnesses
acid rain
global warming

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 GREENHOUSE GASES &
GLOBAL WARMING

Global warming: An increase in the average air temperature of

the Earth.
Greenhouse effect: Heat from the sun gets trapped inside the
glass of a greenhouse and heats up its air.
More carbon dioxide (CO2) being released in the atmosphere
traps more heat.

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 LAND/SOIL POLLUTION
Land pollution: Destruction of the Earth’s surface caused by
human activities and the misuse of natural resources.
Natural resources: Land and raw materials that exist naturally
in the environment undisturbed by humans.
Renewable resource: A natural resource that can be replaced
by a natural process.
Non-renewable resource: A natural resource that cannot be
produced or re-grown or reused.

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 CAUSES

NATURAL MANMADE
CAUSES CAUSES
• Landslides • Urbanization
• Hurricanes • Industrial wastes
• Floods • Mining
• Agricultural wastes
• Domestic wastes/Garbage
• Underground storage tanks
leakage
• Radioactive wastes
• Deforestation & soil erosion
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 WHAT PROBLEMS ARISE FROM LAND
POLLUTION?

Acid mine drainage Pesticides & herbicides Landfills

URBANIZATION EFFECTS

AGRICULTURAL EFFECTS

INDUSTRIAL EFFECTS
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▪ Reducing chemical fertilizer & pesticide use
▪ Recycling: paper, plastics & other materials reduces
volume of refuse in landfills
▪ Biodegradable Wastes Used For Biogas
▪ Non-biodegradable Wastes Recycled
▪ Reusing of materials
▪ Planting trees: prevent soil erosion, pollution & increase fertility
▪ Reducing weed growth helps reduce soil pollution
▪ Organic farming
▪ Chemical & Biological treatment: convert waste into less toxic
▪ Prohibition of Hazardous Radioactive Wastes Disposal in Soil
▪ Designated Landfills: for dumping of soil wastes
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 HOW DO WE REDUCE LAND
POLLUTION?

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Habitat destruction
▪ Threat to survival = Millions of different species in forests
▪ 2018 study in Nature, 87% oceans & 77% land altered by
anthropogenic activity & 23% landmass remains as wilderness
▪ >50% wildlife lost in last 40 yrs
▪ By 2020, 68% of world's wildlife will be lost
▪ In S. America, there is believed to be 70% loss (wild mammals,
marine mammals, plants & fish)
▪ Global biodiversity assessment by IPBES (2019), human civilization
has pushed 1 M species of plants & animals to the brink of
extinction, with many of these projected to vanish over the next few
decades
Death of coral
▪ Coral reefs dying around the world (10% already dead) due to coral
mining, pollution, overfishing, blast fishing & digging of canals
▪ Southeast Asia: 80% of reefs are endangered
▪ The loss of trees and other vegetation
▪ cause climate change, desertification, soil erosion, fewer crops,
flooding, increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and a
host of problems for indigenous people.

▪ According to international data, approx. 18 M acres of trees

cut/year
▪ Natural sink & largest producers of oxygen
Important topic of 21st century due to implications on agronomic
productivity, environment, & effects on food security

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▪ Shortage of food
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▪ Poor waste management contributes to climate change
and air pollution, and directly affects many ecosystems
and species.
▪ Landfills, considered the last resort in the waste hierarchy,
release methane, a very powerful greenhouse gas linked
to climate change.

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▪ Ongoing decrease in pH value of the Earth's oceans,
▪ Caused by uptake of CO2 from the atmosphere,
▪ CO2 dissolves into seawater, it forms carbonic acid (H2CO3).
▪ Ocean acidification impacts many species, especially organisms
like oysters and corals.
▪ 30% Change in Ocean acidity in last 200 years according to analysis

Consequences
▪ acidity depletes Ca conc. = difficult for crustaceans to build their
shell, leaving them vulnerable
▪ Coral reefs damaged beyond repair, with 2/3rd under serious threat
▪ Coral reefs are home to 25% of aquatic life
▪ responsible for natural filtration of ocean & production of necessary
nutrients
▪ threaten future
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1. Point sources can be traced to a single source & enter a waterway
through a discrete conveyance, such as a pipe or a ditch
E.g. emissions from factories into the water, discharges from a sewage
treatment plant
2. Nonpoint sources means pollutants emitted from multiple source & does
not originate from a single discrete source
E.g. Contaminated water after rains that has travelled through several
regions may also be considered as a Non point source of pollution or oil spill

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1. Industry & agriculture. Organic solvents, petroleum, heavy
metals, Pesticides & fertilizers can be carried into lakes & streams
by rainfall runoff or snowmelt or can percolate into aquifers.
2. Human & animal waste. From sewage & septic systems can carry
harmful microbes (Giardia, Cryptosporidium & E. coli).
3. Treatment & distribution. Treatment remove contaminants, it can
also leave behind byproducts (trihalomethanes) that may be
harmful. Water can also become contaminated after it enters the
distribution system, from a breach in the piping system or from
corrosion of plumbing materials made from lead or copper.
4. Natural sources. Some ground water is unsuitable for drinking
because the local underground conditions include high levels of
certain contaminants.
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Source: USEPA https://www.epa.gov/report-environment/drinking-water

▪ Effects on Human health
▪ Water borne diseases diarrhea, typhoid etc.
▪ Disruption of food-chains
▪ reduce crop yields
▪ Biomagnification

▪ Aquatic life
▪ High levels of organic chemicals (acids, salts,
toxic metals) make water unfit to drink, harm
fish & other aquatic life
▪ Destruction of ecosystems

▪ Environment
▪ Eutrophication
▪ ↑ organic matter ↓ dissolved oxygen (DO)
▪ Thermal pollution
▪ Heavy metals: Arsenic & Mercury poisoning of
water
▪ Sediments (Increase the turbidity of water)
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▪ Avoid litter anywhere; Use water wisely
▪ Do not throw chemicals, oils, paints & medicines down the sink
drain
▪ Buy more environmentally friendly products
▪ Use good Agriculture practises:
▪ Agriculture water control
▪ Do not overuse pesticides & fertilizers
▪ try to plant lots of trees & flowers around your home, so that when it
rains, chemicals from your home does not easily drain into the
water.
▪ Industrial Waste Treatment
▪ to install pre-treatment systems,
▪ send to municipal systems or for watering plants
▪ Phytoremediation
▪ Natural & artificial wetlands and other ecological systems
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▪ Rainwater harvesting
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1. WATER POLLUTION
2. WASTEWATER
MISMANAGEMENT
3. AIR POLLUTION
4. SOLID WASTE PROBLEMS
5. DEFORESTATION /
DESSERTIFICATION
6. EROSION & SEDIMENTATION
7. POPULATION OUTBURST
8. UNPLANNED URBANIZATION
9. WATER LOGGING & SALINITY
▪ Population: 4% of the world by
2015 (4/5 most populous
country)
▪ Agricultural Resources:
Cultivable land = Cultivated
Land
▪ Potential for improvement
▪ – Crop yield
▪ – Mechanized farming
▪ – Water logging & salinity
▪ – Agricultural run-off
▪ Forest: 5.2 % of land vs 25 %
required by International Std

Pakistan ranks 5th vulnerable

country on Climate Change Risk
Index 2020
Surface Water
▪ Approx. 123 Million Acre Feet
(MAF) available annually
▪ 104 MAF already being diverted
▪ Only 30% reaching farms
Ground Water
▪ 41 MAF pumped annually
▪ Salt water intrusion in lower Sind
▪ Rapid pumping accelerating
leachate percolation
Mangroves Forest
▪ Disappearing rapidly due to
polluted estuaries
▪ Loss of species habitat
▪ Many endangered species at the
brink of extinction
▪ – 60 % infant mortality
▪ – 30 % hospital beds occupied by water related patients
▪ – Treated water supplies
▪ • (100 % Intermittent)
▪ • 90 + % urban population
▪ • 56 % rural population
▪ – Network monitoring : 0 %
▪ World’s 4th highest rate of water use
▪ Top 33 Water Stressed Countries by 2014: Pakistan ranks 23
[World Resources Institute]
▪ NASA Satellite Data 2016 shows ground water sources
stressed
▪ 84%-89% Pakistanis does not have access to safe drinking
water [PCRWR]
▪ Population growth
▪ Flooding
▪ Lack of political will towards water crisis
▪ Poor management of existing resources
▪ Unequal access and distribution
▪ urbanization & progressive industrialisation
▪ Sedimentation of existing reservoirs
▪ Lack of advance technology in water treatment
▪ Seepage/leachate issue due to canal linings
▪ lack of storage capacity
▪ climate risk makes water management a difficult task

Approaches': Vision 2025: Pillar 4 - Water: increase storage capacity

to 90 days, improve efficiency of usage in agriculture by 20%, and
ensure access to clean drinking water for all
▪ National Water Policy -April 2018
▪ "Sustainable development is development that
meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs."

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▪ “Environment is getting worse day by day”. Do
you agree with this statement? Justify your answer.

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