HUMAN VALUES AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS

D Swoti Chadhay
SAMPLE QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
UNIT 1 29
6-1,6,8,S,10}\, 14,18,21, 23,
QKWhat do you mean byvalues or human values?
What is value education? Why there is a need of value education?
How does value education helps in fulfilling one's aspirations?
ANS. Character oriented education that instils basic values and. ethnic values in one's psyche is called
Value Based Education. The subject that enables us to understand 'what is valuable' for human happ1ness
0s called value education. Value education is important to help everyone in improving the value sy_tem that
he/she holds and puts it to use. Once, one has understood his/ her values in life he/she can examine and
control the various choices he/she makes in his/ her life. Value education enables us to understand our needs
and visualize our goals correctly and also helps to remove our confusions and contradictions and bring
harmony at all levels. It also helps remove our confusions and contradictions and enables us to rightly utilize
the technological innovations.
Values form the basis for all our thoughts, behaviours and actions. Qnce we know what is valuable to
us, these values becomes the basis, the anchor for our actions. We also need to understand the universality of
various human values, because only then we ca have adefinite and common program for value education.
Then only we can be assured of a happy and harnonious human society.
Q2. Explain the process of value education.
ANS. The process for value education has to be that of self-exploration, which includes two things:
verification at the level of natural acceptance and experiential validation in living. Self exploration is the
process to find out what is valuable to mw: by investigating within myself, what is right for me, true for me,
has to be judged within myself. Through self exploration we get the value of ourself. Various aspects of
reality facilitating the understanding of human valyes will be presented as proposals. We need to verify
these proposals for our self and examine our living in this light.
What are the basic guidelines for value education? (UPTU2011 12)
ANS. The subject that enables us to understand 'what is valuable' for human happiness is. called value
education. In order to qualify for any course on value education, the following guidelines for the content of
the course are important:
" Universal: It needs to be applicable to all the human beings irrespective of cast, creed, nationalities,
religion, etc., for all times and regions.
Rational: It has to appeal to human reasoning. It has to be amenable to reasoning and not based on
dogmas or blind. beliefs.
Natural and verifiable: It has to be naturally acceptable to the human being who goes through the
course and when we live on the basis of such values it leads to our happiness. It needs to be experientially
verifiable, and not based on dogmas, beliefs or assumptions.
AIl encompassing: Value education s aimed at transforming our consciousness and living. Hence. it
needs to cover all the dimensions (thought. behaviour, work and realization) and levels (inividual.
family, society, nature and existence) of human life and profession.
" Leading to harmony: The value education ultimately is targeted to promote harmony within the
indiyidual, among human beings and with nature.

Q4. What do you understand by the value of an entity? What is the value of a human being? (UPTU
2009-10)
ANS. The value of any unit in this existence is its participation in the larger order of which it is part e.g.
value of a pen is that it can write. Here writing is the participation of the pen in the bigger order in which
pen, paper, human being, all are present. Valye of an eye is that it can be used for seeing. Value of a
vegetable plant is that it gives nutrition to animals and humans.
1
 The value of human being is the participation of human being at different level in this order. The'
participation of the human being is seen in two forms: behaviour and work. The participation of human
being pertaining to behaviour are the nine value_ in relationship,viz. trust, respect, affection, care, guidance,
reverence. glory. gratitude and love. Likewise, |working with material things, we have two values: utility
value and artistic value. All these values are nothing båt the participation of the human being in different
dimensions of living.
Q5. What is the need for value education?
Write a short note on the need for value education in today's seenario. (MTU2010 - 11)
ANS. The subject that enables us to understand what is valuable' for human happiness is called value
education. Need for value education is:
" Correct identification of our aspirations. The subject which enables us to understand 'what is valuable
for human happiness is called value education' (VE). Thus, VE enables us to understand our needs and
visualize our goals correctly and aisT indicate the direction for their fulfilment. It also helps to remove
our confusions and contradictions and bring harmony at all levels.
Understanding universal human values to fulfil our aspirations in continuity. Values form the basis
for all our thoughts, behaviours and actions. Once we know what is valuable to us, these values becomes
the basis. the anchor for our actions. We also need to understand the universality of various human
values, because only then we can have a definite and common program for value education. Then only
we can be assured of a happy and harmonious human society.
Complimentarity of values and skills. To fulfil our aspirations both values and skills are necessary.
When we identify and set the right goals and þrodsced in right direçtion. This is known as value domain,
the domain of wisdom, and when we learn and practices to actuali~e this goal to develop the techniques
to make this happen in real life, in various dimensions of human endeavour (struggle). This is known as
domain of skills.
Hence, there is an essential complemntarity between values and skills for the success of any human
endeavour. For example, I want to lead a healthy life. Only wishing for good health will not help me keep
my body fit and healthy and without having understood the meaning of health, I will not be able to
choose things correctly to keep my body fit and healthy.
. Evaluation of our beliefs. Each o:e of us believes in certain things and we base our values on these
beliefs, be they false or true which may or may not be true in reality. These believes come tu us fròm
what we read, see, hear, what our parents tells us, our friends talk about, what the magazines talk of. what
we see from TV etc.Value Education helps us to evaluate our beliefs and assumed values.
Technology and human values. The present education system has become largely skill-based. The
prime emphasis is on science and technology. However, science and technology can only help to provide
the means to achieve what is considered valuable. It is not within the scope of science and technology to
provide the competence of deciding what really is valuable. Value Education is a crucial missing link in
the present education system. Because of this deficiency, most of our efforts may prove to be
counterproductive and 'serious crises at the individual, societal and environmental level are manifesting.
What is the need for value education in technical and other professional institutions?
ANS. The subject that enables us to understand 'what is valuable' for human happiness is called value
education. The present education system has become largely skill-based. The prime emphasis is on science
and technology. However. science and technology can only help to provide the means to achieve wbat is
considered valuable. It is not within the scope of science and technology to provide the competence ol
deciding what really is valuable. Valu: Education is a crucial missing link in the present education sy stem.
Because of this deficiency, most of our efforts may prove to be counterproductive and serious crises at the
individual, societal and environmental level are manifesting.

Q7. Ilustrate the content of value education.

What should be the content of value education to make it complete? How do values relate to our
day to day living? (UPTU2010-11)
2
ANS. The subject that enables us to understand 'what is valuable' for hurnan happiness is called value
education. The scope of value education includes al dimensions (thoughts, behaviour, work and realization)
and all levels (individual, family, society and nature existence). Accordingly, the content of. value
education will be to understand myself, my aspirations, my happiness; understand the goal of human life
comprehensively, understand the other entities in nature, the innate inter-connectedness, the coexistence in
the nature- existence and finally the role of hurhan being in this nature/existence entirely. Hence, it has to
encompass understanding of harmony at various levels and finally, learning to live in accordance with this
understanding by being vigilant to one's thoughts, behaviour and work.
and skill complement each other. Elaborate.
For success in any Human Endeavour both values and skills are required." Explain.
What do you mean by values? How do they differ from skills? How are values and skiis
complementary?
Explain how production skills and human values are complementary. Give two examples. (UPTU,
2011 - 12)
ANS. Values means importance or participation and skills means qualities, training, and capabilities. To
fulfil our aspirations both values and skills are necessary. When we identify and set the right goals and
produced in right direction. This is known as value domain, the domain of wisdom. Basically we must know
what really is useful to achieve human hagpiness, the happiness to all and for alLthe time.
And when we learn and practices to actualize this goal to develop the techniques to make this happen
in rcal life, in various dimensions of human endeavour (struggle): This is kncown as domain of skills. Hence,
ihere is an essential complementarity between vlues and skills for the success of any human endeavour.
For example, Iwant to lead a healthy life. Only wishing for göod health will not help me keep my
body fit and healthy and without having understood the meaning of health, i will not be able to choose
things correctly to keep my body fit and healthy. So ihave to learn the skills to achieve the goa! of good
health i.e. food to be consumed, the physicat workout to'be designed. So without knowing the meaning of
of
yOod health, health cannot be achieved and also it is necessary to make use of the goai to achieve lhe goal
he goal.

ODefine self exploration. What is the content of self - exploration?

ANS. Self exploration is the process tond out what is valuable to me by investigating within myself, whal
exploration we get the valuc of
is right for me, true for me, has to be judged within myself. Through self to
ourself. We live with different entirety (family, friends, air, soil, water, trees, etc.) and we wen!
understand our relationship with all these. For this we need to start observing inside.
The main focus of self-exploraticn is myself - the human being. Content of self exploration is just
finding answers to the following fundamental questions of all human beings: of
1. The Desire/Goal: What is my (human) Desire/ Goal? What do I really want in life, or what is the goal
human life?
to
2. Program: What is my (human) program for fulfilling the desire? How to fulfil it? What is the program
actualize the above?
In short, the above two questions cover the whole domain of human aspirations and humun
endeavour. Thus, they form the content of self- exploration.
do you mean by your natural acceptance and experiential validation?
explore ourselC.
ANS. Natural acceptance is a mechanism of self exploration. Self exploration is a method to
unconditional and total
Natural acceptance is process to understand ourself first. Natural acceptance implies
refers to the absence of any exception from others. ln
acceptance of the self, people and envircnment. It also
other words, Natural acceptance is way w accept the good things naturally.
and
Experiential validation is a process that infuses direct experience with the learning environent
experience and focused
content. It may be regarded as a philosophy and methodology in which the directvalues. Most of what we
reflection of the individual helps to increase knowledge, develop skill and clarify of how others view us.
also because
know about our self is not only through our own opinion of our self but
3
When what we already believe to be true of us is validated by some situations, phenomena or outcomes. We
may term it as experientialvalidation.
Explainthe process of self-exploration with a diagram.
"Process of self exploration leads to realization and understanding." Explain with example.
ANS. Self exploration is the process to find out what is valuable to me by investigating within myself, what
is right for me, true for me, has to be judged within myself. Through self exploration we get the value of
ourself. The process of self exploration is a follows:
First of allwe have to keep in mind that.
Whatever is being presented is a PROPCSAL.
Don't assume it to be true immediately, nor reject it without proper exploration.
Verify it in your own right, on the basis of it being naturally acceptable to you,
o Not just on the basis of scriptures
o Not on the basis of equipment/instrument data
o Not on the basis of the assertion by other human beings.
Therefore, it-is essential to carefully ponder over these on yout own right., Neither accept these as
true immediately nor reject them prematurely wihout proper exploration
Don't just accept / reject these only on the basis of the following:
Becausesomething likethis/ different from this, has been mentioned in scriptures,
Or, because it has been preached/ denied by some great men,
Or, a large number of people possess such a view / a different view,
bevond
" Or it is claimed to have been verified through some physical instrument or, claimed that this is
the domain of verifiability by physical instruments.
Then what to do
Verify on the basis of your natural acceptance
" Live accordingly to validate it experientially
leads to
o If the propoaal is true in behaviour with human mutual happiness
leads to
If the proposal is true in work withrest of the nature mutual prosperity
Remember, it is a process of self- exploration, therefore, it has to be authenticated by ús alone by means of
veritication at the level of natural acceptancejand experiential validation. The process is shown in the
diagram below:
It is aproposal
Process of Self Exploration
o Don't assume it to be true
o Verify it in your own right
Not on the basis of scriptures
Not on the basis of readings from instrument
Not on the basis of others
Self verification live according to
Proposal behaviour with work with rest of the
Verify on the basis
human leads to nature lcads lo mutu:al
of your natural
acceptance mutual happiness prosperity

But this process is not complete. It will be completed when on verification on the basis of natural
acceptance and testing in our living ultimately results in 'realization' and 'understanding' in us.
" Verify on the basis of your natural acceptance
" Live accordingly to validate it experientially leads to
If the proposal is true in behaviour with human mutual happiness
leads to
o If the proposal is true in work with rest of the nature mutual prosperity
Results in realization and understanding
C On having realization and understanding we get
oAssurance
oSatistaction
4
 o Universality (Applies to all time, space and individual)
It ís a propusal Process of Self Exploration
o Don't assume it to be true
o Verify it ín your own right
Not on the basis of scriptures
Not on the basis of readings from instrúment
" Not on the basis of others
Self verification Iive according to
Proposal
Verify on the basis behaviour with work with rest of the
of your atural human leads to nature leads to mutual
acceptance mutual happiness prosperity
Result in
Realization and Assurance
Understanding Test Satisfaction
Universality
Keep asking again and again:
what ís my natural acceptance?
Time Space Individual

Take for example: a proposal- 'respect' is a value in human relation. When I verify at he level of
natural acceptance, 1find that it is naturally acceptable to me. Similarly, when I behave with respect, it is
mutually fulfilling to me and to the other.
Thus the proposal is True'. If it fails on any of the two tests, it is untrue.
Thisverification leads to realization of the truthfulnéss of the proposal and it becomes part and parcel of my
understanding. It is reflected in my thoughts and,io my. behaviour.
Q 12.What do you mean by self-exploration? What is the need for self-exploration?
What do you understand by self explórätfon? Where does it take place - self or body? (UPTU
2009-10)
Explain the concepts of natural aceeptance and experiential validation as the mechanisms of self
exploration.
What is the mechanism of self exploration? And as a result what do we get in the end and how?
Nancy Goel, CS-A (2011)
ANS. Selfexploration is the process to find out what is valuable to me by investigating within myself, what
is right for me. true for me, has to be judged within myself. Through self exploration we get the value of
ourself. For self exploration we need two expects:
I. Natural acceptance: Natural acceptance implies unconditional and total acceplance of the self. people
and environment. It also refers to the absence of any exception from others. Once we fully and truly
commit ourself on the ba_is of natural acceptance, we feel. a holistic sense of inner harmony, tranquillity
and fulfilment.
2. Experiential validation: Experiential validation is a process that infuses direct experience with the
learning environment. and content. It may te regarded as a philosophy and methodology in which the
direct experience and focused reflection of the individual helps to increase knowledge, develop skill and
clarify values.
Self exploration takes place in the self and not the body.

Q 13. Illustrate the purpose of self exploration.

ANS. Self exploration is the process to find out what is valuable to me by investigating within myself, what
is right for me. true for me. has to be judged within myself. Through self exploration we get the value of
ourself. The purpose of self exploration is:
I. It is a process of dialogue between *what you are" and what you really want to be": It is a process
af focusing attention on ourself. our present beliefs and aspirations vis-å-vis what we really want to be (that
on
IS lo say, what is naturally acceptable to us). If these two are the same, then there is no problem. If
investigation we find that these two are not the same, then it means we are living with this çontradiction (of
not being what we really want to be) and hence, we need to resolve this contradiction this conflict within us.
Itis a process of discovering that there is something innate, invariant and universal in all human beings. This
enables us to look at our confusions and contradictions within and resolve them by becoming aware of our
natural acceptance.
2. It is a process of self evolution through self investigation: It successively enables us to evolve by
bridging the gap between what we are' and 'what to be'. Hence, the self exploration leads to our own
improvement, our self evolution we will become qualitatively better.
3. It is a process of knowing oneself and through that, knowing the entire existence: The exploration
starts by asking simple questions about ourself. which gives our clarity about our being., and then clarity
about everything around us.
4. It is a process of recognizing one's relationship with every unit in existence and fulfilling it: It is a
process of becoming aware about our right relationship with other entities in existence and through that
discovering the interconnectedness, co-existence and other in the entire existence, an: living accordingly.
5. It is a process of knowing human conduct, human character and living accordingly: It is a process of
discovering the definitiveness of human conduct and human character and enabling one to be definite in
thought. behaviour and work.
6. It is a process of being in harmony in oneself and in harmony with entire existence: This process of
self exploration helps us to be in harmony with durself and with eyerything.around.
7. It is a process of identifying our innateness and moying towards- self organization and self
expression: This process of self exploration helps us to ideñtify our'swatva and through that acquiring
swantantrata and swarajya.
Swatva: Innateness of self- the natural acceptance of hamony
Swatantrata: Being self- organized - being in harmony with oneself
Swarajya: Self-expression, self- extension - living in harmony with others
Swatva + Swatantrata Swarajya
The swatva is already there, intat in each one of us. By being in dialogue with it, we attain
swantantrata enabling us to work for swarajya.
What do you understand by the terms svatva, swatantrata and swarajya?
What is innateness (svatva), self organization (swatantrata) and self expression (swarajya)? How
are they related to each other?
ANS. This process of self exploration helps us to identify our swatva and through that acquiring
swantantrata and swarajya.
Swatva means innateness ofself the natural acceptance of harmony.
Swatantrata means being self- organized beingin harmony withoneself
Swarajya means self-expression, Self- extension - lIiving in harmony with others inhan wi m
Swatva Swatantrata Swarajya ente ei
The swatva is already there, intact in each one of us. By being in dialogue with it, we attain
Swantantrata enabling us to work for swarajya. Living in contradiction, means we are not self-organized and
without
living with pre-conditionings where we have assumed certain things, have accumulated desires
having first evaluated them, then it means we are partantra. On the other hand, when we identify our.
a dialogue with it. it enables us to start living with this
innateness. what we really want to be und establish
and work. and it naturallv eNlends to
harmony, it starts expressing itself through our harmonious behaviour
our participation vith the surroundings. This is working towards swarajya.
are' and 'what you really want to
Q 15. Self exploration is a process of dialogue between 'what you
be'. Explain and illustrate.
within myself, what
ANS. Self exploration is the process to find out what is valuable to me by investigating
exploration we get the value of
is right for me, true for me, has to be judged within myself. Through selfand aspirations vis-à-vis what we
ourself. It is a process of focusing attention on qurself, our present beliefs
the same, then there is no
Tcally want to be (that is to say, what is naturally acceptable to us). If these two are
we are living with this
problem. If on investigation we find that these two are not the same, then it means contradiction this
contradiction (of not being what we really want'to be) and hence, we need to resolve this
6
 conflict within us. It is a process of discovering that there is something innate, invariant and universal in all
human beings. This enables us to look at our confusions and contradictions within and resolve them by
becoming aware of our natural acceptance.

Q l6. How can we verify proposals on the basis of our natural acceptance? Explain with example.
What do you mean by your natural acceptance? Is it innate, invariant and universal? Explain
(UPTU 2011 12)
Natural acceptance is innate, invariant and universal." Explain this statement with an example.
(MTU2011 12)
ANS. Natural acceptance implies unconditional land total acceptance of the self. people and environment. It
t
also refers to the absence of any exception from others.Once we fully and truly cornnmit ourself on the basis
of natural acceptance, we feel a holistic sense of inner harmony, tranquillity and fulfilment. Actually natural
acceptance is way to accept the good things naturally. Learn everything that is good from others, but bring it
in, and in our own way absorb it; do not become others. We can easily verify proposals in the basis of
characteristics of natural acceptance mentioned below:
a. Natural acceptance does not change with time. It remains invariant with time. For example our
natural acceptance for trust and respect does not change with age.
b. It does not depend on the place. Whatever we have accepted, in our life, at any time of our age, does
not change, even if we move from one place to another one.
c. It does not depend on our beliefs or past conditionings. No matter how deep our belief or past
conditioning. as long as we ask ourselves the question sincerely, as long as we refer deep within
ourselves, the answer will always be the same.
d. This natural acceptance is 'constantly there', something we can refer to. Natural acceptance is
always there. Whatever we do, this natural accptance is within us, it is telling us what is right.
e. Natural acceptance is the same for all of us: it ispart añd parcel of every human being, it is part
of humanness. Though each one of us, may have different likes and dislikes and means to live and to
react etc. but if we go deep in our mind the -purpose ofour work, behaviour, efforts etc. are based on
common goals like need to be happy, need to be respected, need to get prosperity. So our basic
acceptance remains the same.

Q 17.What is happiness?
ANS. Happiness may be defined as being in harmony/synergy inthe state/ situation that l live in, "A state or
siluation in which Ilive, if there is harmony in it then I like to be in that state /situation. The state of liking
is happiness." Happiness is a state of mind or feeling characterized by contentment, love, satisfaction.
pleasure or joy. Happiness may be described as consisting of positive emotions and positive activities, There
may be three kinds of happiness: pleasure, engagement, and meaning. In other. words, freedon from want
and distress, consciousness of the good order of things, assurance of one's place in the universe or society.
inner peace and so forth. Happiness is the state of mind, where we feel good in most of the walk of life.
What is the meaning of prosperity? How can you say that you are prosperous?
The feeling of having or making available more than required physical facilities is prosperity. Almost
all of us feel that wealth alone means prosperity and try to explain this phenomenon on this nonexistent or
half fact. We are trying to achieve happiness and prosperity by maximizing accumulation and consumption
of physical facilities. It is becoming anti-ecological and anti-people, and threatening the human survival
itself. For prosperity, two things are required
1. ldentification of the required quantity of physical facilities, and
2. Ensuring availability/production of more than required physical facilities.
We can be prosperous only if there is a limit to the need for physical facilities. If there is no limit
what so ever be the availability the feeling of prosperity cannot be assured.
Secondly, just assessing the need is not enough. We need to be able to produce or make available
More than she perceived need.
Q 19/What is the difference between prosperity and wealth? What is more acceptable to us and why?
7
 What do you understand by prosperity? What isthe difference between prosperity and wealth?
How are the two related?
What is the meaning of prosperity? How does it differ from possession of wealth? Explain with
examples. (UPTU 2009- 10)
Differentiate between prosperity and wealth with examples. (MTU 2010-11)
ANS. Prosperityis afeeling of having more than required physical facilities, it is not just physical facilities.
Almost all of us feel that wealth alone means prosperity and try to explain this phenomenon on this
nonexistent or half fact. Wealth is aphysical thing. It means having money, or having a lot of physical
facilities or both. This isa very important distinction. We mostly fail to make this distinction today. We
keep working for wealth, without realizing that the basic desire is for the feeling of prosperity. to have a
Jeeling of having enough. Prosperity is more acceptable to us because wealth is just apart of prosperity. We
are trying to achieve happiness and prosperity by maximizing accumulation and consumption of phy sical)
facilities. It is becoming anti-ecological and anti-people, and threatening the human survival itself. Apeson
have lot of money, but does not want to share even a bit of it. The person has wealth' but feels deprived'.
If one felt prosperous he/she would have shared what one has, since there is lot more than enough wealth
anyway.

Q
20. What is your present vision of a happy and prosperous life?
ANS. We are trying to achieve happiness and grosperity by maximizing accumulation andconsumption of
physical facilities. It is becoming anti-ecologica) and anti-people, and threatening the human survival itself.
Some of the consequences of such trend are summarized below:
" At the level of individual - rising problems of_depession, psychologiçal disorders, suicides. stress,
insecurity, etc.
At the level of family - breaking of joint fámilies, mistrust, and conflict between older and younger
generations, insecurity in relationships, divorce, dowry.tortures, etc.
At the level of society - growing itcidence of terrorism and naxalism, rising communalism. spreading
casteism, racial and ethnic struggle, wars betweern nations, etc.
" At the level of nature - global warming, water, air, soil, noise etc. pollution, resource depletion of
minerals and mineral oils, etc.
Al the problems are a direct outcome of an incorrect understanding, our wrong notion about
happiness and prosperity and their continuity -this is an issue for serious exploration.
What do the abbreviations given as SVDD, SSDD and SSSS signify?
ANS. To achieve our basic aspirations we need to work for right understanding as the base on which we can
work for relationship and then physical facilities. Today we are not working according to this that why we
can see that there are two kind of people in the world:
1. Those that do not have physical facilities/ wealth and feel unhappy and deprived. i.e. SVDD: Sadhan
Viheen Dukhi Daridra Materially Deficient, Unhappy and Deprived.
2. Those that haye physiçal facilities/ wealth and feel unhappy and deprived. i.e. SSDD: Sadhan Sampann
Dukhi Daridra - Materially Affluent, Unhappy and Deprived.
Bul these are stales we don't want to be in. We want to move from this to third category i.e.
3. Having physical facilities and feeling happy and prosperous i.e. SSSS: Sadhan Sampann Suki
Samriddha Materially Adequate, Happy and Prosperous.
Presently, as we look around, we find most of the people in the above twocategories called SVDD
and SSDD, while the natural acceptance of all huinan beings is to be in thà category ol'SSSS.
Q22. *Physical facilities are necessary and complete for animals, while they áre necessary but not
complete for humans." Comment.
Explain how physical facilities are necessary but not complete for humans while they are
complete for animals.
Physical facilities are necessary but not complete for human being. Do you agrec with this
statement? Support your answer with reasons and examples. (UPTU 2011 - 12)
8
ANS. Physical facilities are necessary and complete for animals, while they are necessary but not complete
for humans. It is easy to verify.

Nocenry
but not
oompiot oCnplt
For Animals : Animals need physical things to survive, mainly to take care of their body. For example;cow
willlook for food when it is hungry. Once it gets the grass or fodder. It eats it, sits around to chew at leisure.
Hence, we can say that as long as animals have physical things, they are largely fine. They don't desire other
things like knowledge or apeaceful animalsociety or getting a good MBA.
For Humans : While physical facilities are necessary for human beings, they are not complete by
themselves to fulfil our needs. Our needs are rhore than just physical facilities. We all have other needs,
other plans, perhaps we think of going to a movje or reading a book, or go to college, or watch some TV, or
spend time with family and friends..... this list is endless. Thus it is easy to see,that while physical facilities
are necessary for us human beings, they are not complete by themselvesto fulfil outneeds,.
Hence we can say that for animals -Physical facilities are necessary and complete."
For humans "Physical facilities are necessary but not complete."
Q23/What are the requirements to fulfil basic human aspirations?
What is the program to fulfil the basic human aspirations? Explain (MTU2011-12)
Explain the basic requirements to fulfil human aspirations. Give the correct priority among
them. (UPTU2009-10)
Three things are needed in order to fullbasic human aspirations-right understanding, right
relationships and physical facilities. Explain meaning of each one of these. (UPTU 201011)
Right understanding has first priority to fulfill ba_jc aspiration. How can you explain it? Sapna
Sharma, CS-A (2011)
ANS.Our basic aspirations are happiness (mutu¡l fulfilment) and prosperity (mutual prosperity). Happiness
is ensured by the relationships witheothei humair beings ahnd prosperity is ensured by working on physical
facilities.
º Right Understanding: This refèrs to higher order human skills - the need to learn and utilize our
intelligence most effectively. .
> Good Relationships: This refers to the interpersonal relationships that a person builds in his or her life
at home, at the workplace and in society.
Physical Facilities: This includes the physiological needs of individuals and indicates the necessities as
wellas the comforts of life. It means the feeling of having or being able to have more physical facilities
than is needed.
L. Right Understanding

2. Relationship 3. Physical Facilities

Happiness with human beings Mutual Prosperity - with rest of the nature

Inorder to resolve the issues. in human relationships, we need to understand them first, and this
would come from 'right understanding of relationship". Similarly in order to be prosperous and to enrich
nature, we need to have the 'right understanding'. The 'right understanding' will enable us to work out our
requirements for physical facilities and hence correctly distinguish the difference between wealth and
prosperity. With nature as well, we need to understand the harmony in nature, and how we can complement
this harmony.

Q
24What do youmean by animal and human consciousness? Explain with the help of adiagram.
9
 Distinguish between "human consclousness' and 'animal consciousness, How hiksha and
aare helpful in raising man to "human consclousnesw" level. (UPTU 2010 - 11)
What is the difference belween animal çonsciousneNs nd human consciousness? Huw does the
transformation take pladee in a human being? (MTU2011 - 12)
basis of physical facilities, may
ANS. Giving all priorities to physical facilities only, or to live solely on theunderstanding,
be termed as 'Animal Consciousness'. Living with all three: Right Relationship and
Consclousness
Physical facilities is called 'Human
Nery 4

MutuAI Trarft
Mual Preporis
hapalneae

From the diagram we can say that:

whereas for human beings it is necessary
" For animal, physical facility is necessary as well as complete -
but not complete.
" Working only for physical facilities is living with Anímal Consciousness. and physical facilities
" Working for right understanding as the first priority follówed by"relationship
implies living with Human Consciousness.
Consciousness. It can be
" There is a need for transformation from Animal Cohsciousness-to Human
accomplished only by working for right undetstañding as the first priörity.
transformation from Animal Consciousñess to Humán Consciousness forms the basis for human
This
values and values based living.
levels of our existence
The content of education is the understanding of harmony at all the four live in harmony at all the
ability to
from myself to the entire existence. Right living or sanskar refers to theunderstanding'
to ensure 'right and 'right feelings" in
four levels of living. This dimension of scciety works individual and ensures that our
individual. Or all encompassing sotution called samadhan in every
both the content and the environment available to ork towards achicving thcir
sucveeding generation have
goal of continuous happiness and prosperity.
Explain this statement and illustrate with two
Q 25. *To be in a state of harmony is happiness",
examples from your day to day life.
is a state of mind or feeling characterized by contentment,
love, satisfaction, pleasure or
ANS. Happiness In other words.
emotions and positive activities.
joy. Happiness may be described as consisting of positive order of things, assurance of one's place in the
freedom from want and distress, consciousness bf the good
mind, where we feel good in most of
universe or socity; inpr peaçe and so forth. Happiness is the state of continue this feeling. Or in
like to
the walk of life. One impörtant characteristic of\this is feeling is that we
other words, be in that state or
The state/situation in which Ilive, if there is harmony/ synergy in it, then I like to
situation." i.e. "To be in a state of liking is happiness." between two human beings.
If we explore our life we will find that respect is a state of harmony
situation. It gives me happiness. T'ake
When I respect the other and the other re::pects me, Ilike to be in that
other example, when there is harmony in my thoughts and feelings. Ifeel relaxed and I want to be in that
situation. This feeling is happiness.
level of individual, family, society and the
) 26. T'here are many problems manifest today at the from, (UPTU2010 -11)
nature. Identify some of these problems humans suffer accumulation and
by maximizing
ANS. Today we are generally trying to achieve happiness and prosperity today at the level of
consumption of physical facilities. This effort is giving rise to many problems manifest
individual, family, society and the nature. These problems'are:
10
 indicates the necessities as well as the comforts of life. It means the feeling of having or
being able to have.
more physical facilities than is needed.
Today we are unable to have fulfilling relationships all the time: in family, outside family, and
society - in the world at large. If there is a problem in relationship, we feel uneasy, as a
it bothers us. Even i we
are interacting with someone, and something we said or did offends them, it
makes us uneasy; i.e. we want
mutual fulfilment in relationship. Similarly, we want to feel prosperous, but end up
accumulation of wealth. We want to enrich nature, but are exploiting working only for
it, destroying it. But our natural
acceptance is that we want to live in harmony with nature.
The reason behind these problems is that we have to focus on one
more
understanding. Right Understanding refers to higher order human skills the need to learnaspect. i.e. right
and utilize our
intelligence most effectively.
In order to resolve the issues in human relationships, we need tÍ understand them
would come from 'right understanding of relationship'. Similarly jin order to be prosperous first,
and this
and to
nature, we need to have the 'right understanding. The 'right understanding' will `nable us to work outenrich
our
requirements for physical facilities and hence corectly distinguish the difference between wealthi and
prosperity. With nature as well, we need to understand the harmony innature, and howwe can complement
this harmony.
2. Right Understanding

2. Relationship 3. Physical Facilities

Happiness with human beings Mutual Prosperity - with rest of the nature

Thus we can say that when. we use right understanding with relationships it gives us mutual
fulfilment because if we have right understanding, then we can be happy in ourselves and work to have
fulfilling relationships with humans and mutual prosperity with nature. If we do not have the right
understanding, then we have problems. Thus, our happiness depends on the fulfilment of these three basic
requirements.
Right understanding +Relationship -Mutual-fulfilment.
Right understanding + Physicai facilities Mutual prosperity.

UNIT 2 &l946b14,13,25,264
QY. What do you mean by Sukh and Suvidha?
Distinguish between Sukh and Suvidha in detail taking needs of yourself as an example. (ITU.
2011-12)
ANS. Sukh is a holistic and all encompassing state of the mind that creates inner harmony. Sukh is also
called as happiness. Suvidha implies that it is looking for physical comforts and all the sources of attaining
such comforts. When our body gets used to a certain level of comfort then we will only feel comfortabie at
that level eg. comfort in fan, cooler or air conditioner. Different people have a different perception of
suvidha and will seek a corresponding level of suvidha according to their perceptions.
By. nature man is fond of cornfort and happiness so he goes on making desires and ambitions one
after the other to enjoy more in life. To lead a domfortable life he also accumulates many facilities, so that
his life may becomne full of comfort and happin¢ss. Sukh depends upon our thinking, so many times we are
surrounded by materialistic possessions but we feel unsatisfied. People think that their happiness depends
upon suvidha (facilities) but is it not so; happiness depends upon our thinking or our mental satisfaction.

12
 " At the level of individual- Rising problems of depression, anxiety, suicides, stress,insecurity, increasing
health problems, lack of confidence and conviction etc.
" At the level of family- Breaking up of joint families, mistrust and disharmony in relationships,divorce,
generation gap, dowry deaths, neglect of older people etc.
" At the level of society- Growing incidences of terrorism, violence, communalism, racial and ethnic
struggle, corruption, adulteration, sex-crimes exploitation, wars between nations, proliferation of lethal
weapons etc.
At the level of nature- Global warming, weather imbalances, depletion of mineral and energy resources.
detorestation, soil degradation etc.
All the problems are a direct outcome of an incorrect understanding, our wrong notion about
happiness and prosperity and their continuity.
Q27. Critically examine the prevailing notions of happiness in the society and theirconsequences.
What is happiness and prosperity? Are they related to each otherCan happiness be obtained
without prosperity? Explain.
What is prosperity? Is it different from happiness?
What are the basic human aspirations? Explain. (MTU 2010 11)
What is the outcome when we try to identify relationship based on the exchange of physical
facilities?
ANS. Happiness may be defined as being in harmony/synergy in the state/ situation that Ilive in. "A state or
situation in which I live, if there is harmony in it then I like to be in that state / situation. The state of liking
0s happiness." Whereas, prosperity is the "feeling of having or making available more than required physical
facilities",
In the current scenario, we are generally trying to achieve happiness and prosperity by maximizin8
accumulation and consumption of physical facilities. This is an attempt to achieve happiness through
pleasant sensory interactions. The physical faoilities are not seen in terms of fulfilling bodily needs but as a
means of maximizing happiness.
This has resulted in wrong assessment of wanis for physical facilities as being unlimited. But this
pursuit is self-defeating. Neither caD we höpe to äghieve ontinuous happiness throughi sensory interactions
nor can we have prosperity, as it amounts to trying to fulfil unlimited wants through limited resources. This
effort is engendering problems at al! the feyels. It is becoming anti-ecological and anti-people, and
threatening the human surviyal itself. Sone of the consequences of such atrend are summarised below:
1Atthe level of the individual - Rising problms of depression, psychological disorders, suicides, stress.
insecurity, psycho-somatic diseases, loneliness etc.
2 At the level of the family - Breaking of joint families, mistrust, conflict between older and younger
generations, insecurity in relationships. divorce, dowry tortures, family feuds, wasteful expenditure in family
functions etc.
3 At the level of the Society - Growing incidences of terrorism and naxalism. rising communalism.
spreading casteism, racial and ethnic struggle, wars between nations, attempts of genocide, fear of nuclear
and genetic warfare, etc.
4 At the level of nature - Global warming, water, air, soil, noise, etc. pollution, resource depletion of
minerals and mineral oils, sizeable deforestations, loss of fertility of soil.
It therefore, calls for an urgent need for human beings to correctly understand happiness and prosperity as
well as tlhe sustainable way to achieve these.

o 28. "Right understanding + Relationship = Mutual fulfilment; Right understanding + Physical

facilities =Mutual prosperity." Illustrate the above with two examples for each.
How do right understanding, relatipnships and physical facilities help in fulfilling the
aspirations of human beings?
'Ans. Our basic aspirations are happiness (mutual fulfilment) and prosperity (mutual prosperity). Happiness
lis ensured by the relationships with other human beings and prosperity is ensured by working on physical
facilitics. Relationship refers to the interpersonal relationships that u person builds in his/her lile at homc.
at the workplace and in society. Physical Facilities includes the physiological needs of individuals and
11