Missouri University of Science and Technology

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International Specialty Conference on Cold- (1986) - 8th International Specialty Conference on
Formed Steel Structures Cold-Formed Steel Structures

Nov 11th

Behavior of Nested Z-shaped Purlins

Gergory W. Robertson

Carl E. Kurt

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Robertson, Gergory W. and Kurt, Carl E., "Behavior of Nested Z-shaped Purlins" (1986). International Specialty Conference on Cold-
Formed Steel Structures. 3.
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 Eighth International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A., November 11-12, 1986

BEHAVIOR OF NESTED Z-SHAPED PURL INS

By
1 2
Gregory W. Robertson, and Carl E. Kurt

SUMMARY

This paper presents the results of an experimental study of 8

and 9 1/2 inch (203 and 241 mm) deep Z-purlins to determine the
overlap length required for moment and stiffness continuity over a
building frame. Influence of bolt installation techniques on ul-
timate purlin moment capacity and stiffness was evaluated. Bolt line
forces were experimentally determined within the nested region.

INTRODUCTION

To provide the continuity required for continuous purlin design,

adjacent purlins are nested over the building frame. This overlap
must be of sufficient length to provide adequate strength and
stiffness. Therefore, the overlap length and the load transfer
mechanism in the overlap must be considered in the analysis and
design of continuous purlins.

The primary objective of this investigation was to develop a

test program to study the effects of overlap length, purlin Size, and
bolt installation procedures, on purlin strength and stiffness. A
second objective was to develop an understanding of the load transfer
mechanism in overlapped purlins. A computer model was developed to
predict the bolt line forces in the overlap length of Z-purlins.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Research into the behavior of continuous Z-purlins without the

interaction of roof panel systems and lateral bracing is limited.
This absence has resulted in very little guidance in overlap length
design requirements for continuous purlin systems.

1
Designer, Butler Manufacturing Company, Kansas City, Missouri;
formerly, graduate student, Civil Engineering Department, University
of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045.
2
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of
Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045.

95
96 EIGHTH SPECIALTY CONFERENCE

The behavior of bolted connections in conventional, hot rolled

steel structures cannot be directly related to bolted connections in
light-gage, cold-formed steel because the ratio of sheet thickness to
bolt diameter in light-gage steel connections is small. In the
1950's, a test program was conducted at Cornell, by Winter (4,5), to
study the behavior of bolted connections in light-gage steel. A
total of 574 tests were conducted using unfinished bolts (A307) and
high-strength (A32S) bolts. A wide range of test parameters were
evaluated. Two conclusions were drawn from this research: 1) A
conservative value for the nominal bolt shear stress is 0.6 times the
tensile strength of the bolts, based on the root area of the bolt;
and 2) For oversize holes, slip into bearing at or below deSign loads
cannot be prevented in A307 bolt 'handtight' connections.

Dhalla, Errera, and Winter (1,4), focused on the influence of

ductility of steel sheets on the load carrying capacity of bolted
connections. Three types of steel were chosen to give a wide range
of ductility and strength values. Shear and bearing strength of low-
ductility steel had a somewhat lower multiple of yield stress than
for high-ductility steel. The tensile strength in the net section
was found to be unaffected by the ductility (1). In a typical bolted
connection, the load at which failure occurs is a function of the
ultimate strength and the ductility of the base material. Therefore,
based on strength, ductility should be as high as possible to prevent
brittle fracture to occur under high loading conditions.

As the use of cold-formed Z-purlins increased, it was observed

that under severe wind loads, purlins were not behaving in accordance
with traditional beam-lateral buckling theory (3). A stiffening
was provided to the top flange of the purlin by the roof panel or
deck. In 1981, Needham (3) conducted a test program to study the
state of stress in Z-purlins, and the magnitude of in-plane roof
panel forces. The investigation concentrated on simple span beams
using 9 1/2 inch (241 mm) deep purlins and a variety of roof panel
systems. Test results indicated that simple bending stresses prevail
in the purlin if the roof paneling can carry the primary unsymmetri-
cal bending and torsional forces. The load buildup in the roof panel
was lower than previously predicted by earlier test results.

In 1985, Dubowski (2), investigated the elastic behavior of

bolted portal frame connections using finite element modeling. The
objective was to isolate a mode of behavior called 'socket-action'
which might be used to reduce bolting requirements. A second objec-
tive focused on determining the magnitude and distribution of bolt
forces in a connection with several different bolting configurations.
The results of the finite element analysis did not identify socket-
action as a significant source of moment transfer for connections
with large numbers of bolts and high connection depth to length
ratios. However, nested purlins use only four bolts and connection
lengths that may approach four times the connection depth.
 Z-SHAPED PURLINS 97

EXPERIMENTAL TEST PLAN

Purlin depths of 8 and 9 1/2 inches (203 and 241 mm) with a web
and flange thickness of 0.061 inches (1.5 mm) were tested. For each
purlin depth, basic overlap tests were conducted on four specimens
with varying overlap lengths (See Table 1). Each specimen is desig-
nated by two numbers separated by the letter 8 e.g. 9.5836. Numbers
before the B refer to the purlin depth, in inches, while the numbers
after the B refer to twice the overlap length, in inches. The over-
lap length is the distance between the centerline of the overlapped
purlin to the bolt line in the overlapped section (See Figure 1).
Initially, single purlins, designated 8.0BS and 9.5BS, were tested to
set a baseline for strength and stiffness properties.

The effect of bolt installation procedures was evaluated by

placing tight and finger-tight bolts in the overlapped section. The
tight bolt, or basic overlap, tests were conducted with the overlap
bolts tightened, using the turn-of-the-nut method, to prevent any
bolt slippage to occur. Finger-tight bolt tests were conducted with
the overlap bolts tightened only finger-tight, to allow immediate
slippage when the specimen was loaded. The overlap bolts for the
9.5B21 specimen, although tested as a basic overlap test, slipped
when tested. The results of that test gave lower than expected
values of both strength and stiffness. From those results, two
additional tests, shown in Table 1, were conducted using finger-tight
bolts to determine the influence of bolt installation procedures on
strength and stiffness.

Bolt line shear tests were conducted to develop a better under-

standing of the load transfer mechanism in the overlapped section of
Z-purlins. The results gave estimates of the actual bolt line forces
in the overlapped section. The tests were conducted by placing small
bolts in place of the normal 1/2 inch (12.7 mm) bolts in the over-
lapped section. As the purlin was loaded those bolts would fail in
shear before the purlin failed. By changing the bolt size and
material a small range of bolt line forces at purlin failure could be
established. Brass and steel bolts with nominal bolt diameters of
1/4,5/16, and 3/8 inch (6.35,7.94, and 9.53 mm) were selected so a
wide range of bolt shear strength capacities would be available. The
shear strength of each bolt was determined experimentally.

The bolt line shear specimens tested are shown in Table 1. The
addition to the normal specimen designation includes the material
type (B-Brass and S-Steel) and the bolt size in inches. An 8 inch
(203 mm) deep purlin with a 16 1/2 inch (419 mm) overlap was chosen
for all bolt line shear tests.

Each purlin test specimen is made up of two purlins overlapped

over a simulated building frame with a combined length of 12 feet
(3.66 m). The purlin ends are attached to connections supported on
rollers to simulate a simple support. See Figure 1 for a schematic
of the purlin test specimen. At these supports, two small plates are
98 EIGHTH SPECIALTY CONFERENCE

attached to either side of the purlin web to prevent the purlin ends
from twisting during tests. The rollers are supported on two 5 by 5
by 1/4 inch (127 x 127 x 6.35 mm) structural tubes spanning 13 feet
(3.96 m). These tubes served as a support for the end connections
and a base for the entire test fixture. The building frame was
simulated with a W-section having a 5 1/4 inch (133 mm) flange width.
Lateral support was provided by a brace attached to the simulated
building frame and the bottom flange of the purlin.

Tests were conducted in a Baldwin hydraulic testing machine,

located in the University of Kansas structural testing laboratory.
See Figure 2 for the complete laboratory test setup. Deflections
at each end were measured using LVDT's suspended from a channel
placed above the upper crosshead of the testing machine.

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA

A tabulation of the ultimate frame force and the effective

purlin stiffnesses for each purlin test is presented in Table 2. The
ultimate frame force corresponds to the frame load at which purlin
failure occurred. The effective stiffness for each purlin, desig-
nated 11 eff and 12 eff' will be discussed later.

The results of the basic overlap tests indicate that the ul-
timate frame force, or ultimate strength, of the 8 inch (203 mm) deep
purlins is approximately equal to the ultimate strength of the 9 1/2
inch (241 mm) deep purlins. This result occurred for the following
two reasons. First, the 9.5B specimens experienced additional dis-
tortions, or buckles, in the web areas, possibly reducing the
ultimate strength of the purlin. Second, the ultimate tensile
strength of the 8 inch (203 mm) deep purlins was found to be higher
than the ultimate tensile strength of the 9 1/2 inch (241 mm) deep
purlins. The coupon test results for the 8 inch (203 mm) deep pur-
lins gave an average yield stress of 70.1 ksi (483 MPa) and an
average ultimate stress of 89.2 ksi (615 MPa). The results for the 9
1/2 inch (241 mm) deep purlins gave an average yield stress of 57.7
ksi (398 MPa) and an average ultimate stress of 80.1 ksi (552 MPa).

The ultimate moment for each basic overlap test, (M u )' is non-
dimensionalized by dividing by the corresponding single purlin
ultimate moment, (M s )' A plot of the ultimate moment ratio versus
the overlap length to purlin depth ratio, Lid, is presented in Figure
3. The capac it Y 0 f the nes ted pur 1 ins increased as the LI d ratio
increased. At an Lid ratio of 2, the moment capacity of the nested
purlin is approximately 1.5 times the capacity of a single purlin.
The strength of nested purlins equals the strength of a single purlin
when an Lid ratio of 0.5 is reached.

For each test purlin tabulated in Table 2, two effective stiff-

nesses were calculated, designated 11 eff and 12 eff' The term,
 Z-SHAPED PURLINS 99

11 eff' refers to the effective moment of inertia of the single

purlin. The term, 12 eff' refers to the effective moment of inertia
of the purlin in the overlapped section.

The effective moment of inertia of each purlin, 11 eff' was

found from the load-deflection curve data. The measured centerline
deflection was calculated by averaging the two LVDT readings at each
load. The effective moment of inertia in the overlapped section of
the purlins, 12 eff' was determined by calculating the moment of
inertia in the overlapped section that would cause the measured
centerline test deflections. Because of the overlap, two moments of
inertia were specified for the nested purlin; the single purlin areas
with 11 eff' and the overlapped section with 12 eff. Based on the
properties of the purlin test specimen, an equation was developed to
determine the effective moment of inertia in the overlapped section.
The equation is:

(1)
12 eff

where
12 eff Effective moment of inertia in the overlapped
.
sectIon (.In,
4 mm 4)
11 eff Effective moment of inertia for single purlin

(in 4 , mm 4 )
p Frame load (lbs, kN)
t.M Measured deflection at frame load P (in, mm)
~ Total length of test purlin (in, mm)
L Overlap length (in, mm)
A Overlap length to purlin length ratio (L/~)
e (0.5 - X)
E Modulus of elasticity (ksi, MPa).

A plot of the stiffness ratio, 12 eff/I1 eff' versus the overlap

length to purlin depth ratio, Lid, is presented in Figure 4. The
effective stiffness of the nested purlin increases as the Lid ratio
increases and approaches two times the stiffness of a single purlin.
The stiffness of a single purlin is reached when the Lid ratio is
approximately 1.3.

A regression analysis was conducted to develop strength and

stiffness prediction equations for nested Z-purlins. The best fit
regression equation for the moment ratio-Lid ratio relationship was
100 EIGHTH SPECIALTY CONFERENCE

M 1M = 1.425 ( Lid - 0.374 )0.08 (2)

u s

with a correlation coefficient of 0.966. For the stiffness ratio-Lid

ratio relationship, the best fit regression equation was

I2 eff /I 1 eff = 1.099 ( Lid - 0.374 )0.4 (3)

with a correlation coefficient of 0.998.

The prediction equations are based on both purlin sizes. The

regression analysis curves calculated for the strength and stiffness
data are shown in Figures 3 and 4, respectively.

A tabulation of the ultimate frame force and the effective

purlin stiffnesses for each finger-tight bolt test is presented in
Table 2. A plot of the tight and finger-tight strength data is
presented in Figure 3. The results indicate a reduction in ultimate
strength of approximately 15 percent for the two finger-tight bolt
tests. The ultimate strength of the 9.5B21 specimen was reduced only
5 percent, but some friction was present in that test.

The reduction in ultimate strength was caused by the increased

rotation that took place between the two overlapped purlins. This
rotation caused the two compression flanges to bear immediately on
each other. The load was therefore transferred through both the
overlap bolts and the two compression flanges; whereas, in tight bolt
tests, the load is transferred completely through the overlap bolts.
This increased stress on the compression flanges caused premature
buckling of the flanges, thus reducing the capacity of the nested
purlins.

A plot of the tight and finger-tight stiffness data is presented

in Figure 4. A reduction in effective stiffness of approximately 40
percent for the two 8 inch (203 mm) deep purlins was observed for
finger-tight bolt tests. The effective stiffness of the 9.5B21
specimen was reduced almost 50 percent. Again, this reduction is
caused by the increased rotation that occurs between the two purlins.
Therefore, the overlap deflections increase Significantly, thus
reducing the effective stiffness of the overlapped section.

The bolt line shear tests were conducted to develop a better

understanding of the load transfer mechanism in the overlapped sec-
tion of Z-purlins. The shear test program was divided into two basic
test steps. They were: 1) determine the average ultimate shear for
each bolt size and material; and 2) conduct bolt line shear tests to
determine the correlation between the bolt line force and the frame
force.

To determine an average ultimate shear strength of the bolts, a

series of bolt shear capacity tests were conducted for each bolt size
and material. The results of these bolt tests are presented in Table
 Z-SHAPED PURLINS 101

3. A total of six different bolts were tested, each bolt designated

by the bolt material, brass or steel, and the bolt size, in inches.
Each test was repeated four times.

To determine the correlation between the bolt line force and the
frame force, bolt line shear tests were conducted on 8 inch (203 mm)
deep purlins with a 16 1/2 inch (419 mm) overlap length. A tabula-
tion of the results from the bolt line shear tests are presented in
Table 4. Each test is designated by it's bolt type, material and
size, followed by the bolt test number. The ultimate frame load in
the second column refers to the frame load on the purlin at the time
of either a beam failure or bolt failure. The third column is the
total bolt shear capacity in each bolt line of the overlapped
section. This quantity is twice the capacity of the single bolt
since two bolts lie in each bolt line. The failure mode is desig-
nated as either a beam or bolt failure.

The results of the bolt line shear tests indicate that the
ultimate frame load for the 8.0B33 specimen is approximately 2830
pounds (12.6 kN). From the results of the B312 tests, a range of
bolt line forces at ultimate load was established. This range is
between 2948 and 3122 pounds (13.1 and 13.9 kN). Thus, the load
through each bolt line at purlin failure is approximately 3035 pounds
(13.5 kN). Therefore, the bolt shear in each bolt line is equal to
3035/2830 (13.5/12.6), or 1.07, times the frame force.

Based on the experimental data from the bolt line shear tests, a
simple computer model was developed that predicted the bolt line
force. Simple planeframe elements were chosen to simulate the 8 inch
(203 mm) deep purlin and the 16 1/2 inch (419 mm) overlap length used
in the bolt line shear tests. A stiff link was chosen to approximate
the centerline connection between the purlin and building frame. Two
additional links were used to represent overlap bolt line. A
schematic of the computer model is shown in Figure 5.

By varying the stiffnesses of each bolt line link, a relation-

ship was established between the link force and the frame force (See
Figure 6). The results indicate that the link force to frame force
ratio increases as the stiffness of the bolt line increases. If the
stiffness is high enough, the link force, or bolt line force, ap-
proaches 1.5 times the frame force.

The shaded area on Figure 6 represents actual stiffnesses

measured from the purlins tested. The only significant source of
deformations were the deflections due to local bearing failure.
Therefore, for both B312 tests, measurements were taken of the hole
deformations. The stiffnesses were determined for each purlin to
establish upper and lower bounds of stiffness. Those stiffnesses
were plotted using the planeframe solution curve, to predict the link
force to frame force ratio. The resulting link force to frame force
ratio matches the actual ratio found in the experimental results.
102 EIGHTH SPECIALTY CONFERENCE

As stated earlier, the link force, or bolt line force, ap-

proaches 1.5 times the frame force as the stiffness of the connection
increases. If larger bolts were placed in the overlapped section,
the hole deformations due to bearing failure would tend to decrease.
Therefore, the actual stiffness in the bolt line would increase
significantly, and the computer model predicted the ultimate bolt
line force would approach 1.5 times the frame force.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the basic overlap tests indicated that the

strength of nested purlins equals the strength of a single purlin
when an overlap length to purlin depth ratio, Lid, of 0.5 is reached.
The basic overlap test results also indicated that the stiffness of
nested purlins equals the stiffness of a single purlin when an Lid
ratio of approximately 1.3 is reached. Therefore, to reach both
single purlin strength and stiffness, the overlap length must be
approximately 10 1/2 inches (267 mm) for the 8 inch (203 mm) deep
purlins and approximately 12 1/2 inches (318 mm) for the 9 1/2 inch
(241 mm) deep purlins.

The use of finger-tight versus tight bolts in the overlapped

section of Z-purlins had significant effect on purlin strength and
stiffness. The strength, in terms of ultimate load, was reduced by
as much as 20 percent. The stiffness was reduced approximately 40
percent, due to the increased deflections in the overlapped section.

The results of the bolt line shear tests indicated that the
ultimate force through each bolt line was slightly higher than the
ultimate frame force for the 8 inch (203 mm) deep purlin with a 16
1/2 inch (419 mm) overlap length. The computer model closely es-
timated the bolt line forces measured experimentally. The computer
model also indicated that the bolt line forces may approach 1.5 times
the frame force when larger diameter bolts are used.

The results of the basic overlap tests indicated that under high
loading conditions, web buckling was more severe for the 9 1/2 inch
(241 mm) deep purlins than for the 8 inch (203 mm) deep purlins. For
purlins of higher depth to web thickness ratios, web buckling over
the building frame could become more severe.
 Z·SHAPED PURLINS 103

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Partial support of this work was provided by the Metal Building

Manufacturers Association fellowship program. Assistance of Dr. Dale
C. Perry, Mr. Don Johnson and Dr. Roger Laboube, is appreciated.
Purlins tested were supplied by Butler Manufacturing Company.

REFERENCES

1. Dhalla, Asfandiar K., Errera, Samuel J., and Winter, George,

"Connections in Thin Low-Ductility Steels", Journal of the
Structural Division, American Society of Civil Engineers,
Vol. 97, No. ST10, October 1971, pp. 2549-2566

2. Dubowski, Don, "An investigation of Socket-Action in a Typical

Portal Frame Eave Connection", Project Report, Department of
Civil Engineering, University of Kansas, 1985

3. Needham, Jeff, "Review of the Bending Mechanics of Cold-Formed

Z-Purlins", Project Report, Department of Civil Engineering,
UniverSity of Kansas, 1981

4. Yu, Wei-Wen, Cold-Formed Steel DesiE~, Wiley-InterScience,

New York, 1985---------

5. Winter, George, "Tests on Bolted Connections in Light Gage

Steel", Journal of the Structural Division, American Society of
Civil Engineers, Vol. 82, No. STR, March 1956, pp. 920-1 to
920-25
104 EIGHTH SPECIALTY CONFERENCE

APPENDIX - NOTATIONS

d Purlin depth (in, mm)

E Modulus of elasticity (ksi, MPa)

1, eff = Effective moment of inertia of the single purlin (in 4 , mm 4)

12 eff Effective moment of inertia in the overlapped section of the

nested purlin (in 4 , mm 4 )

L Overlap length measured from frame centerline to bolt

line (in, mm)

Lid Overlap length to purlin depth ratio

M Ultimate moment for the nested purlin (kip-ft, kN-m)

u

M Ultimate moment for the single purlin (kip-ft, kN-m)

s

P Frame load (lbs, kN)

B (0.5 - I.)

Overlap length to purlin length ratio (L/~)

~ Total length of purlin test specimen (in, mm)

f1 Total deformation between the nested purlins at the bolt

line (in, mm)

f1M Measured centerline deflection at frame load P (in, mm)

 Z-SHAPED·PURLINS 105

I 112" (TY~)

1~ ____'-:tti:=~~~~4~+~fk=~~~===:R:=:V2~t*l:='
P/2

6'-0" 6'-d'

Figure 1 Purlin Test Specimen

Figure 2 Laboratory Test Setup

106 EIGHTH SPECIALTY CONFERENCE

2.0r-~-----------------------------------------------'

-e--- _----e-
~
.. 1.0
::J
;:;; (3 - 1'1.0 IN. PURUN

+-9.5 IN. PURUN

-----TIGHT BOLlS

- - - FINGER-TIGHT BOLlS

0.0 '---'---L-'---'---'------'--'--'--'--'--'--'--'---'----'----'---'---'---'---'---'---'---'---'
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
OVERLAP LENGTH/PURUN DEPTH (LId)

Figure 3 Strength Results for Tight and Finger-tight Bolt Tests

1.5
(3 - B.O IN. PURUN

~- 9.5 IN. PURUN

-----TIGHT BOLTS

1.0
:::II
H
-......
:::u'
N 0.5
H

0.0 LJLJ---L---L-L--L-L---L....L-L--L-...l-..l.-.L-.L-L-'--'---'--'---'---'--'---'--'
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

OVERLAP LENGTH/PURLIN DEPTH (Lid)

Figure 4 Stiffness Results for Tight and Finger-tight Bolt Tests

 Z-SHAPED PURLINS 107

~l'I:"--------t--ib'-1:'":
2 REPRESEN1l~
LINK

BOLT LINES

PLANEFRAME ELEMENTS
NOTE: 8.0 IN. PURUN WITH 16.5 IN. OVERlAP.

Figure 5 Computer Model

1.50r---------------------------------------~--------_,

PLANEFRAME ELEMENT SOLUTION -

0.50

O.OOL-~-L~ __ ~_U~U_~~_L~_ _~~~_ _~~_L~_ _~~~

o 2 3 7 8 9 10

Figure 6 Planeframe Element Solution Curve

108 EIGHTH SPECIALTY CONFERENCE

Table 1

TEST MATRIX

Specimen Purlin Overlap Bolt Bolt Bolt

Number Depth Length Size Type Tightness
(in. ) (in. ) (in. )

9.58S 9.5 -- -- ---- -----

9.5836 9.5 18.0 1/2 A307 T

9.5815 9.5 7.5 1/2 A307 T

p..

'"
..-;
H
<!J
9.589 9.5 4.5 1/2 A307 T
> -- -- ---- -----
0 8.08S 8.0
u
.'-;
til 8.0833 8.0 16.5 1/2 A307 T
ro
"'" 8.0815 8.0 7.5 1/2 A307 T

8.0812 8.0 6.0 1/2 A307 T

8.0B6 8.0 3.0 1/2 A307 T

9.5B21 9.5 10.5 1/2 A307 FT

H
<!J +J
bl)~
<:: bl)
8.0833L 8.0 16.5 1/2 A307 FT
·rl .r!
<--'E-
8.0821L 8.0 10.5 1/2 A307 FT

H
8.0833825-1 8.0 16.5 1/4 B FT
ro
<!J

Vi 8.0833S25-1 8.0 16.5 1/4 S FT

<!J
<::
.r<
8.0B33S25-2 8.0 16.5 1/4 S FT
....:,
+J
..-;
8.0833B312-1 8.0 16.5 5/16 B FT
0
<0
8.08338312-2 8.0 16.5 5/16 8 FT

T = TIGHT BOLTS
FT FINGER-TIGHT 80LTS
8 = 8RASS BOLTS
S = STEEL 80LTS
 Z-SHAPED PURLINS 109

Table 2

PURL1N TEST DATA

Effective Stiffness (in.4)

Specimen Ultimate Frame
Number Force (lbs.)
12 eff I1 eff

9.5BS 2265 ---- 9.82

9.5B36 3460 12.2 9.82

9.5B15 3000 7.66 9.82

p..
oj
.-< 9.5B9 2810 4.88 9.82
~
(Jj
>
0 8.0BS 2295 ---- 6.69
t)
'rl
til
oj
8.0B33 3415 8.66 6.69
~

8.0B15 3195 5.79 6.69

8.0B12 2380 5.07 6.69

8.0B6 1915 0.44 6.69

9.5B21 3060 3.86 9.82

~
(Jj ...,
bl).t:: 8.0B33L 2940 5.64 6.69
i=! bl)
-1""1 '1"'1
~E-<
8.0B21[' 2750 2.92 6.69
110 EIGHTH SPECIALTY CONFERENCE

Table 3

BOLT CAPACITIES IN SHEAR

--
Bolt Bolt Bolt Average
Number Diameter Material Ultimate
(in. ) Shear (lbs.)

S25 1/4 Steel 1474

S25 1/4 Steel 1474

r---- -
B312 5/16 Brass 1561
r----
B375 3/8 Brass 2779
--
S312 5/16 Steel 2961

S375 3/8 Steel 3667

'-----

Table 4

BOLT LINE SHEAR TEST DATA

r------- --
Bolt Ultimate Frame Total Bolt Shear Failure
Type Load (lbs.) Capacity (lbs.) Mode
===-:~ ~-
B25-1 2980 2626 Bolts
- - - r-" --
S25-1 2850 2948 Beam *
'------- -
B25-1 2800 2948 Bolts
r--.----- r---- --
B25-1 2675 3122 Beam

825-1 2940 3122 Beam

L---._ _ _ _ ~.

-
* HOLE LOCATED 2.75 INCHES FROM TOP FLANGE.
NOTE: ALL TESTS ON 8.0 IN. PURLIN WITH 16.5 IN. OVERLAP.