Tutorial 5

APA Citation Format

CITATION STYLE FOR REFERENCE LIST

The APA (American Psychological Association) reference style is used which includes the following
categories : periodicals, books, brochures, book chapters, technical and research reports, proceedings
of meetings and symposia, doctoral dissertations and masters theses, unpublished work, reviews,
audiovisual media, and electronic media.

A reference list cites works that specifically support a particular article.

Accepted abbreviations in the reference list for parts of books and other publication are:

DESCRIPTION ABBREVIATION
Chapter Chap.
Edition Ed.
Revised edition Rev. ed.
Second edition 2nd ed.
Editor (Editors) Ed. (Eds.)
Translator(s) Trans.
no date n.d.
Page (pages) p. (pp.)
Volume (as in Vol. 4) Vol.
Volumes(as in 4 vols) Vols.
Number No.
Part Pt.
Technical Report Tech. Rep.
Supplement Suppl.

Order of reference in the reference list

Alphabetizing names
Arrange entries in alphabetical order the surname of the first author, using the following rules for
special cases:

• Alphabetize letter by letter

• Alphabetize the prefixes M’, Mc, and Mac literally, not as if they were all spelled Mac
• Surnames that use articles and prepostions (de, la, du, von, etc.) are alphabetized
according to different rules for different languages
• Alphabetize entries with numerals as if the numerals were spelled out

Order of several works by the same first author

Use the following rules to arrange the entries:

• Single author entries by the same author are arranged by year of publication, the earliest
first
Kim, K. S. (1991)
Kim, K. S. (1994)

• Single author entries precede multiple author entries

This document is adopted from MMU Guide of Preparation for of Thesis / Dissertation
 Kaufman, J. R. (1991)
Kaufman, J. R., and Wong, D. F. (1989)

• References with the same first author and different second or third authors
Kaufman, J. R., Jones, K., and Cochran, D. F. (1982)
Kaufman, J. R., and Jones, K. (1980)

• References with the same surname are arranged alphabetically by the first initial
Eliot, A. C. (1983)
Eliot, G. R. (1980)

• References by the same author (or by the same two or more authors in the same order)
with the same publication date are arranged alphabetically by the title (excluding A or
The) that follows the date
Exception: If the references with the same authors published in the same year are
identified as articles in a series (e.g. Part 1 and Part 2), order the references in the series
order, not alphabetically by title

• Lowercase letters – a, b, c, and so on – are placed immediately after the year, within the
parentheses
Kaufman, J. R. (1980a). Control …
Kaufman, J. R. (1980b). Roles of …

Order of works with corporate authors or with no author, or agency, association, or institution as
author
Alphabetize corporate authors, such as associations or government agencies, by the first significant
word of the name. Full official names should be used (e.g. American Psychological Association, not
APA). A parent body precedes a subdivision (e.g. University of Michigan, Department of Psychology).

If there is no author, the title move to the author position, and the entry is alphabetized by the first
significant word of the title.

Entry of non-western names (Authors and Corporate Bodies)

For the entry of non-western names, reference is made to Mohammed M. Aman (Ed.). (1980).
Cataloguing and classification of non-western material: Concerns, issues and practices. London: Oryx
Press.

DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE

MALAY NAMES
• Enter a Malay name under the first element of
his/her name unless it is known that he/she treats
another element of his/her Merican, Faridah
name as a surname; in that case, enter under the (‘Merican’ is a surname)
surname.
• If an abbreviation is used for a word denoting Ali bin Abdullah
filial relationship, i.e. b. for bin, bt. or bte for Rogayah binte Ahmad
bintie, use the full form of the word.
• If a person never uses the word denoting filial Ismail Hussein
relationship, enter the name as found
• Add after the name titles of honour, rank or Abdul Majid bin Zainuddin, Haji
position that are commonly associated with the
name
• If the titles of honour, rank or position are Sopiee, Nordin, Dato’
hereditary, enter by the titles Ungku Abdul Aziz

This document is adopted from MMU Guide of Preparation for of Thesis / Dissertation
 Syed Hussin Ali
Nik Safiah Haji A. Karim
CHINESE NAMES
• Enter the surname first Foh, Kam Beng
• If a name of Chinese origin contains both Ching, Francis K. W.
Chinese and non-Chinese given names, record (Name appears as Francis K. W. Ching)
the non-Chinese given names preceding the
Chinese given name Loh, Phillip Fook Seng
(Name appears as Phillip Loh Fook Seng)

INDIAN NAMES P. Subramaniam

(Name appears as P. Subramaniam)

Subramaniam, P
(Name appears as Subramaniam Periasamy)

CORPORATE NAMES Malaysia. Kementerian Kewangan,

• Spell out the full name of corporate names
• Give the name of the highest ranking, then, the Malaysia. Kementerian Pendidikan. Bahagian
name of the specific department or organization Pendidikan Tinggi.
or division

This document is adopted from MMU Guide of Preparation for of Thesis / Dissertation
REFERENCE CITATION STYLE FOR VARIOUS FORMATS OF MATERIALS

FORMATS
PERIODICALS
(include items published on a regular basis: journals, magazines, scholarly newsletter, and so on.

General format:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., and Author, C. C. (date of publication). Title of article. Title of Periodical,
volume number(issue number.), page number.

E.g.
Spetch, M. L., and Wilkie, D. M. (1983). Subjective shortening : A model of pigeons’ memory for event
duration. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 9(4), 14-30.

NON-PERIODICALS
(include items published separately: books, reports, brochures, certain monographs, manuals, and
audiovisual media)

General format:
Author, A. A. (date of publication). Title of work. Location: Publisher.

E.g.
Cone, J. D., and Foster, S. L. (1993) The careful writer: A modern guide to English usage. New York:
Atheneum.

PART OF A NON-PERIODICALS
(e.g. book chapter)

General format:
Author, A. A. and Author, B. B. (date of publication). Title of chapter. In A. Editor, B. Editor, and C. Editor
(Eds.), Title of book (pp. xx-xx). Location: Publisher.

E.g.
Massaro, D. (1992). Broadening the domain of the fuzzy logical model of perception. In H. L. Pick, Jr., P.
van den Broek, and D. C. Knill (Eds.), Cognition: Conceptual and methodological issues (pp. 51-84).
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

PERIODICAL

DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
Journal article with one author Bekerian, D. A. (1993). In search of the typical
eyewitness. American Psychologist, 48, 574-576.

Journal article, two authors Klimoske, R., and Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and
the hiring process in organizations. Consulting
Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2),
10-36.

Journal article, three to six authors Horowitz, L. M., Post, D. L., French, R. S., Wallis,
K. D., and Siegelman, E. V. (1981). The prototype as
a construct in abnormal psychology: Clarifying
disagreement in psychiatric judgements. Journal of
Abnormal Psychology, 90, 575-585.

This document is adopted from MMU Guide of Preparation for of Thesis / Dissertation
 Journal article, six or more authors Kneip, R. C., Delamater, A. M., Ismond, T., Milford,
C., Salvia, L., and Schwartz, D. (1993). Self-and
spouse ratings of anger and hostility as predicators of
coronary heart disease. Health Psychology, 12, 301-
307.

(note: in text, use Kneip et al., 1993 when citing).

Journal article, paginated by issue Klimoske, R., and Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and
the hiring process in organizations. Consulting
Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2),
10-36.

Entire issue of a journal Barlow, D. H. (Ed.). (1991). Diagnoses, dimensions,

and DSM-IV: The science of classification [Special
issue]. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3).

Testing, concepts, policy, practice and research

[Special issue]. (1981). American Psychologist,
36(10).

Note:
• To cite an entire issue of a journal (in this
example, special issue), give the editors of the
issue and the title of the issue
• If no editors, issue title is placed before the year
of publication. Alphabetize the reference entry
by the first significant word in the title.
• For retrievability, provide the issue number
instead of page numbers. To reference an article
within a special issue, follow the general format
of periodical.

Journal supplement Regier, A. A., Narrow, W. E., and Rae, D. S. (1990).

The epidemiology of anxiety disorders: The
epidemiologic catchment area (ECA) experience.
Journal of Psychiatric Research, 24(Suppl. 2), 3-14.

Note:
• Give the supplement numbers in parentheses
immediately after the volume number

Journal article, in press Zuckerman, M., and Kieffer, S. C. (in press). Race
(articles accepted for publication but not yet differences in face-ism: Does facial prominence
published) imply dominance? Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology.

Note:
• do not give year, volume no. or page no. until
being published
• if another reference by the same author (or same
order of authors for multiple authors) is included
in the list of reference, place the in-press entry
after the published entry. If there is more than
one in-press entry, list the entries alphabetically

This document is adopted from MMU Guide of Preparation for of Thesis / Dissertation
 by the first word after the date element, and
assign lowercase letter suffixes to the date
element, for e.g., in press-a.

Magazine article Poster, M. I. (1993, October 29). Seeing the mind.

Science, 262, 673-674.

Note:
• Give the date shown on the publication-month
for monthlies or, month and day for weeklies
e.g. (1993, June) for monthly magazines,
newsletters and newspapers
(1998, November 10) for dailies and
weeklies
• Give the volume no.

Newsletter article Brown, L. S. (1993, Spring). Antidomination training as

a central component of diversity in clinical
psychology education. The Clinical Psychologist, 46,
83-87.

Note:
• Give the date as it appears on the issue
• Give the volume no.

Newsletter article, no author The new health-care lexicon. (1993,

August/September). Copy Editor, 4, 1-2.

Newspaper article, no author Study finds free care used more. (1982, April 5). APA
Monitor, p. 14.

Note:
• use the first significant word in the title
• precede page numbers with p. or pp.

Newspaper article, corporate author Staff, (1980, September 1). Professional face taxrises
as IRS targets personal service corporations.
Behavior Today, p. 5.

Newspaper article, letter to the editor Markovitz, M. C. (1993, May). Inpatient vs.
outpatient [Letter to the editor]. APA Monitor, p. 3.

Newspaper article, discontinuous pages Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects
economic, social status. The Washington Post, p. A1,
A4.

Note:
• If an article appears on discontinuous pages,give
all page numbers, and separate numbers with a
comma (e.g. p. B1, B3, B5-B7)

Monograph with issue number and serial (or whole) Hood, L., and Bloom, L. (1979). What, when, and
number how about why: A longitudinal study of early
expressions of causality. Monographs of the Society

This document is adopted from MMU Guide of Preparation for of Thesis / Dissertation
 for Research in Child Development, 44 (6, Serial No.
181).

Note:
• Give the volume no., follow by issue and serial
(or whole) numbers in parentheses. Use the word
Whole instead of Serial if the monograph is
identified by a whole number.

Monograph bound separately as a supplement to a Batting, W. F., and Montague, W. E. (1969).

journal Category norms for verbal items in 56 categories: A
replication and extension of the Connecticut category
norms. Journal of Experimental Psychology
Monographs, 80(3, Pt. 2).

Note:
• Give the issue number and supplement or part
number in parentheses immediately after the
volume no.

Monograph bound into journal with continuous Ganster, D. C., and Mayes, B.T. (1991). The
pagination nomological validity of the Type A personality
among employed adults [Monograph]. Journal of
Applied Psychology, 76, 143-168.

Note:
• Include Monograph in brackets as a description
form

Periodical published annually Fiske, S. T. (1993). Social cognition and social

perception. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 155-
194.

Note:
• Treat series that have regular publication dates
and titles as periodicals, not books.
• If the subtitle changes in series published
regularly, such as topics of published symposia
(e.g. the Nebraska Symposium on Motivation
and the Annals of the New York Academy of
Sciences), treat the series as a book or chapter in
an edited book. Please refer to citation style for
non-periodical items.

Abstract (as original source) Woolf, N. J., and Young, S. L. (1991). MAP-2
expression in cholinoceptive pyramidal cells of
rodent cortex altered by Pavlovian conditioning.
Society for Neurascience Abstract, 17, 480.

Note:
• If the title of the periodical does not include the
word abstracts, place Abstract in brackets
between the abstract title and the period.

This document is adopted from MMU Guide of Preparation for of Thesis / Dissertation
 Abstract (as a secondary source) Nakazato, K., Shimonaka, Y., and Homma, A.
(1992). Cognitive functions of centerarians: The
Tokyo Metropolitan Centenarian Study. Japanese
Journal of Development Psychology, 3, 9-16. (From
PsycSCAN: Neuropsychology, 1993, 2, Abstract No.
604)

Note:
• If only the abstract and not the entire article is
used as the source, cite the collection of abstracts
in parentheses at the end of the entry.
• If the date of the secondary source is different
from the date of the original publication, cite
both dates, separated by a slash, with the original
date first. E.g. (1963/1984)

Non-English journal article, title translated into Zajonc, R. B. (1989). Bischofs gefuhlvolle
English Verwirrunggen uber die Gefuhle [Bischof’s
emotional fluster over the emotions]. Psychologische
Rundschau, 40, 218-221.

Note:
• If the original version of a non-English article is
used as the source, cite the original version: Give
the original title, follow by the English
translation in brackets

English translation of a journal article, journal Stutte, H. (1972). Transcultural child psychiatry.
paginated by issue Acta Paedopsychiatrica, 38(9), 229-231.

Note:
• If the English translation of a non-English article
is used as the source, cite the English translation:
Give the English title without brackets.

Citation of a work discussed in a secondary source Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., and Haller, M.
(e.g. for a study by Seidenberg and McClellan cited (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and
in Coltheart et al.) parallel-distributed-processing approaches.
Psychological Review, 100, 589-608.

Note:
• Give the secondary source in the reference list;
in text, name the original work, and give the
citation for the secondary source.
• For e.g., if Seidenberg and McClelland’s work is
cited in Coltheart et al. and you did not read the
work cited, use the following format:
In reference list, follow the example above.
In text, use the citation below:
Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (as cited in
Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, and Haller, 1993)

This document is adopted from MMU Guide of Preparation for of Thesis / Dissertation
NON-PERIODICALS (BOOKS, BROCHURES)

DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
Book, edition, Jr. in name Mitchell, T. R., and Larson, J. R., Jr. (1987). People
in organizational behavior (3rd ed.). New York:
McGraw-Hill.

Book, corporate author (government agency) as American Psychiatric Association. (1980).

publisher Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Note:
• Alphabetize corporate authors by the first
significant word of the
• When the author and publisher are identical, use
the word Author as the name of the publisher

Book, edited Gibbs, J. T., and Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (1991).

Children of colour: Pshychological interventions
with minority youth. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Book, revised edition Rosenthal, R. (1987). Meta-analytic procedures for

social research (Rev. ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Book, no author or editor Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate dictionary (10th ed.).

(1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

Note:
• Place the title in the author position
• Alphabetize books with no author or editor by
the first significant word in the title

Several volumes in a multivolume edited work, Koch, S. (Ed.). (1959-1963). Psychology: A study of
publication over period of more than 1 year science (Vols. 1-6). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Encyclopaedia or dictionary Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of

music and musicians (6th ed., Vols. 1-20). London:
Macmillan.

Non-English book Piaget, J., and Inhelder, B. (1951). La genese de

l’idee de hasard chez l’enfant [The origin of the idea
of chance in the child]. Paris: Presses Universitaires
de France.

Note:
• If the original version of a non-English book is
used as the source, cite the original version: Give
the original title follow by the English
translation in square brackets.

English translation of a book Laplace, P. –S. (1951). A philosophical essay on

probabilities (F. W. Truscott and F. L. Emory,
Trans.). New York: Dover. (Original work published
1814).

This document is adopted from MMU Guide of Preparation for of Thesis / Dissertation
 Note:
• If the English translation of a non-English work
is used as the source, cite the English translation:
Give the English title without brackets.
• In text, cite the original publication date and the
date of the translation: (Laplace, 1814/1951).

Brochure, corporate author Research and Training Center on IndependentLiving.

(1993). Guidelines for reporting and writing about
people with disabilities (4th ed.) [Brochure].
Lawrence, KS: Author.

Note:
• Format reference to brochures in the same way
as those to entire books
• In square brackets, identify the publication as a
brochure

NON-PERIODICALS (BOOK CHAPTERS)

DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
Article or chapter in an edited book, two editors Bjork, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as an
adaptive mechanism in human memory. In H. L.
Roediger III and F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of
memory and consciouness (pp. 309-330). Hillsdale,
NJ: Erlbaum.

Article or chapter in an edited book, book in press, Woodward, J. T. (in press). Children’s learning
six or more editors, separately titled volume in a systems. In J. T. Woodward, A. Pimm, S. S. Keman,
multivolume work (two-part title) M. N. Blum, H. A. Hanmen, and P. Sellzner (Eds.),
Research in cognitive development: Vol. 1. Logical
cognition in children. New York: Springer.

Note:
• Do not give the year unless the book is
published. In text, use the following
parenthetical citation (Author name, in press)
• No page number is required for in press work

Chapter in a volume in a series Maccoby, E. E., and Martin, J. (1983). Socialization

in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction.
In P. H. Mussen (Series Ed.) and E. M. Hetherington
(Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4.
Socialization, personality, and social development
(4th ed., pp. 1-101). New York: Wiley.

Note:
• List the series editor first and the volume editor
second so that they will be parallel within the
titles of the work.

This document is adopted from MMU Guide of Preparation for of Thesis / Dissertation
 Non-English article or chapter in an edited book, title Davydov, V. V. (1972). De introductive van het
translated into English begrip grootheid in de eerste klas van de basisschool:
Een experimenteel onderzoek [The introduction of
the concept of quantity in the first grade of the
primary school: An experimental study]. In C. F. Van
Parreren and J. A. M. Carpay (Eds.),
Sovietpsychologen aan het woord (pp. 227-289).
Groningen, The Netherlands: Wolters-Noordhoff.

Note:
• If the original version of a non-English article or
non-English book is used as the source, cite the
original version: Give the original title, follow
by the English translation in square brackets.

Entry in an encyclopedia Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new

encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508).
Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

English translation of an article or chapter in anedited Freud, S. (1961). The ego and the id. In J. Strachey
book, volume in mulitvolume work, republished (Ed. And Trans.), The Standard edition of the
work complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud
(Vol. 19, pp. 3-66). London: Hogarth Press. (Original
work published 1923).

Note:
• If the English translation of a non-English work
is used as the source, cite the English translation.
• For translator, use Trans. and place the
translator’s name after the editor’s name
• In text, include both original and republished
publication date: (Freud, 1923/1961)

English translation of an article or chapter in an Piaget, J. (1988). Extracts from Piaget’s theory (G.
edited book, reprint from another source Gellerier and J. Langer, Trans.). In K. Richardosn
and S. Sheldon (Eds.), Cognitive development to
adolescence: A reader (pp. 3-18). Hillsdale, NJ:
Erlbaum. (Reprinted from Manual of child
psychology, pp. 703-732, by P. H. Mussen, Ed.,1970,
New York: Wiley)

Note:
• Use the English title if the English translation of
a non-English work is used as the source
• In text, use the following parenthetical citation:
(Piaget, 1970/1988).

NON-PERIODICALS (TECHNICAL AND RESEARCH REPORTS)

This document is adopted from MMU Guide of Preparation for of Thesis / Dissertation
 DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
Element of a reference to a report
Mazzro, J., Druesne, B., and Muhlstein, A. (1991).
Comparatibility of computer and paper-and-pencil
scores for two CLEP general examinations (College
Board Rep. No. 91-5). Princeton, NJ: Educational
Testing Service.

Report authors: Mazzro, J., Druesne, B., and

Muhlstein, A.
Date of publication: (1991)
Report title: Comparatibility of computer and paper-
and-pencil scores for two CLEP general
examinations (College Board Rep. No. 91-5)

• If the issuing organization assigned a number

(e.g. report number, contract number,
monograph number) to the report, give the
number in parentheses immediately after the
title.
• Do not use a period between the report title and
the parenthetical material
• Do not underline the parenthetical material
• If the report carries two numbers, give the
number that best aids identification and retrieval

Publication information: Princeton, NJ: Educational

Testing Service.

• Give the name, exactly as it appears on the

publication, of the specific department office,
agency, or institute that published or produced
the report. Also give the higher department,
office, agency, or institute only if the office that
produced the report is not well known. In this
case, give the higher department first, then the
specific department.
• For report from a document deposit service (e.g.
NTIS or ERIC), enclose the document number
in parentheses at the end of the entry.

Report available from the Government Printing National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical
Office (GPO), government institute as corporate training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication
author No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U. S.
Government Printing Office.

Note:
• Government documents available from GPO
should show GPO as the publisher

Report available from the Educational Resources Mead, J. V. (1992). Looking at old photographs:
Information Center (ERIC) Investigating the teacher tales that novice teachers
bring with them (Report No. NCRTL-RR-92-4). East
Lansing, MI: National Center for Research on

This document is adopted from MMU Guide of Preparation for of Thesis / Dissertation
 Teacher Training. (ERIC Document Reproduction
Service No. ED 346 082)

Note:
• Give the ERIC number in parentheses at the end
of the entry

Government report not available from GPO or a U. S. Government of Health and Human Services.
document deposit service such as ERIC (1991). Pressure ulcers in adults: Prediction and
prevention (AHCPR Publication No. 92-0047).
Rockville, MD: Author.

Government report not available from GPO or a Matthews, K. A. (1985). Assessment of Type A
document deposit service, article or chapter in an behavior, anger and hostility in epidemiologicstudies
edited collection of cardiovascular disease. In A. M. Ostfield and E. D.
Eaker (Eds.), Measuring psychological variables in
epidemiologic studies of cardiovasculardisease (NIH
Publication No. 85-2270, pp. 153-183). Washington,
DC: U. S. Department of Health and Human
Services.

Report from a university Broadhurst, R. G., and Maller, R. A. (1991). Sex

offending and redidivism (Tech. Rep. No. 3).
Nedlands, Western Australia: University of Western
Australia, Crime Research Centre.

Note:
• Give the name of the university first, then the
name of the specific department or organization
within the university that produced the report.

Report from a university, edited report, monograph Shuker, R., and Soler, J. (Eds.). (1990). Youth, media,
and moral panic in New Zealand: From hooligans to
video nasties (Delta Research Monograph No. 11).
Palmerston North, New Zealand: Massey University,
Department of Education.

Report from a private organization Employee Benefit Research Institute. (1992,

February). Sources of health insurance and
characteristics of the uninsured (Issue Brief No.
123). Washington, DC: Author.

Note:
• Use this form for issue briefs, working papers,
and other corporate documents, with the
appropriate document number for retrieval in
parentheses

NON-PERIODICALS (PROCEEDINGS OF MEETINGS AND SYMPOSIA)

This document is adopted from MMU Guide of Preparation for of Thesis / Dissertation
 DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
Published proceedings, published contribution to a Deci, E. L., and Ryan, R. M. (1991). A motivational
symposium, article or chapter in an edited book approach to self: Integration in personality. In R.
Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on
Motivation: Vol. 38. Perspectives on motivation (pp.
237-288). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Note:
• Capitalize the name of the symposium, which is
a proper name

Proceedings published regularly Cynx, J., Williams, H., and Nottebohm, F. (1992).
Hemispheric differences in avian song
discrimination. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, USA, 89, 1372-1375.

Note:
• Treat regularly published proceedings as
periodicals

Unpublished contribution to a symposium Lichstein, K. K., Johnson, R. S., and Childers, C. K.

(1990, June). Relaxation therapy for polypharmacy
use in elderly insomniacs and noninsomniacs. In T.
L. Rosenthal (Chair), Reducing medication in
geriatric populations. Symposium conducted at the
meeting of the First International Congress of
Behavioral Medicine, Uppsala, Sweden.

Note:
• Give the month of the symposium if it is
available

Unpublished paper presented at a meeting Lanktree, C., and Briere, J. (1991, January). Early
data on the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children
(TSC-C). Paper presented at the meeting of the
American Professional Society on the Abuse of
Children, San Diego, CA.

NON-PERIODICALS (DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS AND MASTERS THESES)

DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
Doctoral dissertation abstracted in Dissertation Bower, D. L. (1993). Employee assistant programs
Abstracts International (DAI) and obtained on supervisory referrals: Characteristics of referring and
university microfilm nonreferring supervisors. Dissertation Abstracts
International, 54(01), 534B. (University Microfilms
No. AAD93-15947).

Note:
• If the microfilm of the dissertation is used as the
source, give the university microfilms number as
well as the volume and page numbers of DAI.

This document is adopted from MMU Guide of Preparation for of Thesis / Dissertation
 Doctoral dissertation abstracted in Dissertation Ross, D. F. (1990). Unconscious transference and
Abstracts International (DAI) and obtained from the mistaken identity: When a witness misidentifies a
university familiar but innocent person from a lineup (Doctoral
dissertation, Cornell University, 1990). Dissertation
Abstracts International, 49, Z5055.

Unpublished doctoral dissertation, university outside Devins, G. M. (1981). Helpness, depression, and
the United States mood in end-stage renal disease. Unpublished
doctoral dissertation, McGill University, Montreal.

Unpublished masters theses Ryerson, J. F. (1983). Effective management

training: Two models. Unpublished master’s thesis,
Clarkson College of Technology, Potsdam, NY.

NON-PERIODICALS (REVIEWS)

DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
Review of a book Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-
knowledge myth [Review of the book The self-
knower: A hero under control]. Contemporary
Psychology, 38, 466-467.

Note:
• If the review is untitled, use the material in
square brackets as the title, and retain the
brackets to indicate that the material is a
description of form and content, not a title.
• Use film, book, television program, etc. in
brackets to specify the type of medium

Review of a film Webb, W. B. (1984). Sleep, perchance to recall a

dream [Review of the film Theater of the night: The
science of sleep and dreams]. Contemporary
Psychology, 29, 260.

Review of a video Kraus, S. J. (1992). Visions of psychology: A

videotext of classic studies [Review of the video
program Discovering Psychology] Contemporary
psychology, 37, 1146-1147.

UNPUBLISHED WORK AND PUBLICATIONS OF LIMITED CIRCULATION

DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
Unpublished manuscript not submitted for Stinson, C., Milbrath, C., and Bucci, W. (1992).
publication Thematic segmentation of psychotherapy transcripts
for convergent analyses. Unpublished manuscript.

Unpublished manuscript with a university cited Depret, E. F. (1993). Perceiving the powerful:
Intriguing individuals versus threatening groups.
Unpublished manuscript, University of
Massachusetts at Amherst.

This document is adopted from MMU Guide of Preparation for of Thesis / Dissertation
 Manuscript in progress or submitted for publication McIntosh, D. N. (1998). Religion as schema, with
but not yet accepted implications for the relation between religion and
coping. Manuscript submitted for publication.

Note:
• Do not give the name of the journal or publisher
to which the manuscript has been submitted.
• Treat a manuscript accepted for publication but
not yet published as an in-press reference
• Use the same format for a draft or work in
progress, but substitute the words Manuscript in
preparation for the final sentence. Use the year
of the draft you read (not “in preparation”) in the
text citation
• Give the university if available.

Unpublished raw data from study, untitled work Bordi, F., and LeDoux, J. E. (1993). [Auditory
response latencies in rat auditory cortex],
Unpublished raw data.

Note:
• Do not underline the topic, use brackets to
indicate that the material is a description of
content, not a title.

Publication of limited circulation Klombers, N. (Ed.). (1993, Spring). ADAA Reporter.

(Available from the Anxiety Disorders Association
of America, 6000 Executive Boulevard, Suite 513,
Rockville, MD 20852)

Note:
• For a publication of limited circulation, give in
parentheses immediately after the title a name
and address from which the publication can be
obtained.

AUDIO-VISUAL MATERIAL

DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
Film, limited circulation Harrison, J. (Producer), and Schmiechen, R.
(Director). (1992). Changing our minds: The story of
Evelyn Hooker [Film]. (Available from Changing
Our Minds, Inc., 170 West End Avenue, Suite 25R,
New York, NY 10023)

Note:
• Give the name and, in parentheses, the function
of the originator or primary contributors (in this
example, Harrison as the producer and
Schmiechen as the director
• Specify the medium in square brackets. E.g.
film, videotapes, audiotapes, slides, charts, and
works of art.

This document is adopted from MMU Guide of Preparation for of Thesis / Dissertation
 • Give the location and name of the distributor. (In
this example, because Changing Our Minds is a
small establishment, a complete address is
provided.)

Television broadcast Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October 11).

The MacNeil/Lehrer news hour. New York and
Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service.

Television series Miller, R. (Producer). (1989). The mind. New York:

WNET.

Single episode from a television series Restak, R. M. (1989). The rules of the game (J.
Bender, Director). In J. Sander (Producer), I’II fly
away. New York: New York Broadcasting
Company.

Music recording
General format:
Writer, A. (Date of copyright). Title of song
[Recorded by artist if different from writer]. On Title
of album [Medium of recording: compact disk,
record, cassette, etc.]. Location: Label. (Recording
date if different from copyright date.)

Recording Shocked, M. (1992). Over the waterfall. On Arkansas

traveler [CD]. New York: PolyGram Music.

Re-recording by artist other than writer Goodenough, J. B. (1982). Tails and trotters
[Recorded by G. Bok, A. Mayo, and E. Trickett]. On
And so will we yet [CD]. Sharon, CT: Folk-Legacy
Records. (1990).

Cassette recording Costa, P. T., Jr. (Speaker). (1988). Personality,

continuity, and changes of adult life (Cassette
Recording No. 207-433-88A-B). Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association.

ELECTRONIC SOURCES

This document is adopted from MMU Guide of Preparation for of Thesis / Dissertation
INDIVIDUAL WORKS
Basic forms, commercial supplier, and using an Internet protocol:

Author/editor. (Year). Title (edition), [Type of medium]. Producer (optional). Available:

Supplier/Database identifier or number [Access date].

Author/editor. (Year). Title (edition), [Type of medium]. Producer (optional). Available Protocol (if
applicable): Site/Path/File [Access date].

Examples:

Oxford English dictionary computer file: On compact disc (2nd ed.), [CD-ROM]. (1992). Available:
Oxford UP [1995, May 27].

Pritzker, T. J. (No date). An Early fragment from central Nepal [Online]. Available:
http://www.ingress.com/~astanart/pritzker/pritzker.html [1995, June 8].

• Write "No date" when the electronic publication date is not available.
• When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the
protocol (HTTP) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.

PART OF WORKS
Basic forms, commercial supplier, and using an Internet protocol:

Author/editor. (Year). Title. In Source (edition), [Type of medium]. Producer (optional). Available:
Supplier/Database identifier or number [Access date].

Author/editor. (Year). Title. In Source (edition), [Type of medium]. Producer (optional). Available
Protocol (if applicable): Site/Path/File [Access date].

Examples:

Bosnia and Hercegovina. (1995). In Academic American Encyclopedia [Online]. Available: Dow Jones
News Retrieval Service/ENCYC [1995, June 5].

• This is an article from an encyclopedia with no author given.

Daniel, R. T. (1995). The history of Western music. In Britannica online: Macropaedia [Online].
Available:
http://www.eb.com:180/cgi-bin/g:DocF=macro/5004/45/0.html [1995, June 14].

• When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the
protocol (HTTP) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.

JOURNAL ARTICLES
Basic forms, commercial supplier, and using an Internet protocol:

This document is adopted from MMU Guide of Preparation for of Thesis / Dissertation
Author. (Year). Title. Journal Title [Type of medium], volume(issue), paging or indicator of length.
Available: Supplier/Database name (Database identifier or number, if available)/Item or accession
number [Access date].

Author. (Year). Title. Journal Title [Type of medium], volume(issue), paging or indicator of length.
Available Protocol (if applicable): Site/Path/File [Access date].

Examples:

Clark, J. K. Complications in academia: Sexual harassment and the law. Siecus Report [CD-ROM],
21(6), 6-10. Available: 1994 SIRS/SIRS 1993 School/Volume 4/Article 93A [1995, June 13].

Carriveau, K. L., Jr. [Review of the book Environmental hazards: Marine pollution]. Electronic Green
Journal [Online], 2(1), 3 paragraphs. Available:
gopher://gopher.uidaho.edu/11/UI_gopher/library/egj03/carriv01.html [1995, June 21].

• This is a reference for a book review; brackets indicate title is supplied.

• When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the
protocol (Gopher) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.

Inada, K. (1995). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal of Buddhist Ethics
[Online], 2, 9 paragraphs. Available: http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html [1995, June 21].

• When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the
protocol (HTTP) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.

MAGAZINE ARTICLES
Basic forms, commercial supplier, and using an Internet protocol:

Author. (Year, month day). Title. Magazine Title [Type of medium], volume (if given), paging or
indicator of length. Available: Supplier/Database name (Database identifier or number, if
available)/Item or accession number [Access date].

Author. (Year, month day). Title. Magazine Title [Type of medium], volume (if given), paging or
indicator of length. Available Protocol (if applicable): Site/Path/File [Access date].

Examples:

Goodstein, C. (1991, September). Healers from the deep. American Health [CD-ROM], 60-64.
Available: 1994 SIRS/SIRS 1992 Life Science/Article 08A [1995, June 13].

Viviano, F. (1995, May/June). The new Mafia order. Mother Jones Magazine [Online], 72 paragraphs.
Available: http://www.mojones.com/MOTHER_JONES/MJ95/viviano.html [1995, July 17].

• When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the
protocol (HTTP) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.

This document is adopted from MMU Guide of Preparation for of Thesis / Dissertation
NEWSPAPAR ARTICLES
Basic forms, commercial supplier, and using an Internet protocol:

Author. (Year, month day). Title. Newspaper Title [Type of medium], paging or indicator of length.
Available: Supplier/Database name (Database identifier or number, if available)/Item or accession
number [Access date].

Author. (Year, month day). Title. Newspaper Title [Type of medium], paging or indicator of length.
Available Protocol (if applicable): Site/Path/File [Access date].

Examples:

Howell, V., and Carlton, B. (1993, August 29). Growing up tough: New generation fights for its life:
Inner-city youths live by rule of vengeance. Birmingham News [CD-ROM], p. 1A(10 pp.). Available:
1994 SIRS/SIRS 1993 Youth/Volume 4/Article 56A [1995, July 16].

Johnson, T. (1994, December 5). Indigenous people are now more combative, organized. Miami Herald
[Online], p. 29SA(22 paragraphs).Available: gopher://summit.fiu.edu/Miami Herald--Summit-Related
Articles/12/05/95—Indigenous People Now More Combative, Organized [1995, July 16].

• This reference gives beginning page and the number of paragraphs; this information is useful if
one wishes to refer to material in text references.
• When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the
protocol (HTTP) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.

DISCUSSION LIST MESSAGES

Basic forms:

Author. (Year, Month day). Subject of message. Discussion List [Type of medium]. Available E-mail:
DISCUSSION LIST@e-mail address [Access date].

Author. (Year, Month day). Subject of message. Discussion List [Type of medium]. Available E-mail:
LISTSERV@e-mail address/Get [Access date].

Examples:

RRECOME. (1995, April 1). Top ten rules of film criticism. Discussions on All Forms of Cinema
[Online]. Available E-mail: [email protected] [1995, April 1].

• Author's login name, in uppercase, is given as the first element.

Discussions on All Forms of Cinema [Online]. Available E-mail: [email protected]/Get

cinema-l log9504A [1995, August 1].

• Reference is obtained by searching the list's archive.

PERSONAL ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS (E-MAIL)

This document is adopted from MMU Guide of Preparation for of Thesis / Dissertation
Basic forms:

Sender (Sender's E-mail address). (Year, Month day). Subject of Message. E-mail to recipient
(Recipient's E-mail address)

Examples:

Day, Martha ([email protected]). (1995, July 30). Review of film -- Bad Lieutenant. E-mail to
Xia Li
([email protected]).

This document is adopted from MMU Guide of Preparation for of Thesis / Dissertation