📊 What is a Graph?

A graph is a way of showing a connection between two things (variables).

Graphs help us understand information easily, especially when there are changes
or patterns.

🔍 When Do We Use Graphs?

You can use graphs in real life to understand:

 👶 How a baby's weight increases as it grows older.

 🚕 How the cost of a taxi depends on how far you travel.
 💧 How the temperature of water increases when you heat it.
 📞 How the cost of a phone call depends on how long you talk.
 🚗 How the fuel used by a car increases with the distance travelled.
 👥 How the population of a country has changed over the years.

📈 More Real-Life Graph Examples:

 🥦 How the price of vegetables changes every month.

 💰 How the tax you pay increases with your income.
 How much energy a runner uses in a marathon.
 How the temperature changes during a day.
 🚶 How far someone walks as time passes.
 💱 How much money you get when exchanging currencies.
 How your running speed changes with age.
 What is a healthy body mass for a given height.
 ☀️How the solar panel output changes with temperature.
 📊 How a company's profit changes over time.

1. Coordinate grid

a) Write down the coordinates of the vertices, ABCD, of the square.

From the grid:

  A: (7, 3)
 B: (2, 3)
 C: (2, -2)
 D: (7, -2)

b) Where does BC cross the x-axis?

Line BC is vertical, going from B (2, 3) to C (2, -2).

Since both points have x = 2, line BC is parallel to the y-axis and does not cross
the x-axis.

Answer: BC does not cross the x-axis.

c) BCFE is a rectangle. E has coordinates (–4, 3). Work out the coordinates of
F.

Answer: F = (–4, -2)

2. For the expression x + 5, work out the value of the expression when:

 a) x = 4 → x + 5 = 4 + 5 = 9
 b) x = 1.5 → x + 5 = 1.5 + 5 = 6.5
 c) x = –2 → x + 5 = –2 + 5 = 3
 d) x = –9 → x + 5 = –9 + 5 = –4

3. For the expression 4x, work out the value of 4x when:

 a) x = 2 → 4x = 4 × 2 = 8
 b) x = 7 → 4x = 4 × 7 = 28
 c) x = –3 → 4x = 4 × (–3) = –12
 d) x = –5 → 4x = 4 × (–5) = –20
📘 Topic: 11.1 – Functions

🔷 What is a Function?

A function shows the relationship between two variables.

Usually:

 One variable depends on another.

 Variables are often represented by letters like x, y, m, j, etc.

📌 Example from the Text:

Maryam is 6 years older than her brother Jamal.

Let’s say:

 m = Maryam’s age
 j = Jamal’s age

Now, if Maryam is 6 years older: 👉 m = j + 6

This is a function showing how Maryam’s age depends on Jamal’s age.

🧮 Worked Example 11.1 – Solved

🔸 Part a:

You can exchange 1 Hong Kong dollar (HKS1) for 9 Indian rupees (₹9).

i. How many Indian rupees for HKS 20?

💡 Solution:

20×9=180

✅ Answer: ₹180
ii. Write a function to show the relationship between:

 d = number of HK dollars
 r = Indian rupees

💡 Since 1 HKD = ₹9, we multiply d by 9:

r=9d

✅ Answer: r = 9d

🔸 Part b:

You can exchange x US dollars for y Indian rupees, given:

y=70x

💬 What does this function mean?

✅ Answer: You get ₹70 for every 1 US dollar.

So the function means:

For every 1 US dollar, you get 70 Indian rupees.

Exercise 11.1

Question 1:

Angelo is twice as old as Sabrina.

a. How old is Angelo when Sabrina is:

 i. 4 years old → Angelo = 2 × 4 = 8 years

 ii. 6 years old → Angelo = 2 × 6 = 12 years
 iii. 10 years old → Angelo = 2 × 10 = 20 years
  iv. 12 years old → Angelo = 2 × 12 = 24 years

b. When Sabrina is s years old, Angelo is a years old.

So,

a=2s

✅ Function: a = 2s

Question 2:

Lilah’s mass is 3/4 of Abdul’s mass.

a. If Abdul’s mass is 40 kg, Lilah’s mass is:

3/4×40=30 kg

✅ Answer: 30 kg

b. Two more examples:

 If Abdul is 60 kg, Lilah = 3/4×60=45kg

 If Abdul is 80 kg, Lilah = 3/4×80=60 kg

c. Abdul’s mass is x kg, Lilah’s mass is y kg.

y=3/4x

✅ Function: y = (3/4)x
Question 3:

A book costs $10 more than a diary.

a. Work out book cost if diary costs:

 i. $6 → book = 6 + 10 = $16
 ii. $10 → book = 10 + 10 = $20
 iii. $13 → book = 13 + 10 = $23
 iv. $8.50 → book = 8.50 + 10 = $18.50
 v. $14.95 → book = 14.95 + 10 = $24.95

b. Diary costs $x, then book = x + 10

✅ Book cost = x + 10

c. Cost of book is $y.

Then,

y=x+10

✅ Function: y = x + 10

Question 4: Equilateral Triangle

Each side is the same.

a. Each side = 5 cm

Perimeter = 3 × 5 = 15 cm

b. Each side = 20 cm

Perimeter = 3 × 20 = 60 cm

c. Connection:
The perimeter is 3 times the length of one side.

d. Side = s cm, Perimeter = p cm

Function:

p=3s

Question 5: Rectangles

a. i. Length = width + 3

Examples:

 Width = 4, Length = 7
 Width = 6, Length = 9
 Width = 10, Length = 13

ii. Width = w, Length = l

l=w+3

b. i. Length = 3 × width

Examples:

 Width = 2, Length = 6
 Width = 5, Length = 15
 Width = 7, Length = 21

ii. Function:

l=3w

iii. Perimeter P=2(l+w)

So,

P=2(3w+w)=2(4w)=8w
c. (Create your own rule – example):

Let’s say: Length = 2 × width + 1

 Width = 2 → Length = 5
 Width = 4 → Length = 9
Function:

l=2w+1

Question 6: Function: y = x − 5

a. Find 3 pairs (x, y):

 x=6→y=6−5=1
 x = 10 → y = 10 − 5 = 5
 x = 20 → y = 20 − 5 = 15

✅ Pairs: (6, 1), (10, 5), (20, 15)

b. What could x and y represent?

Examples:

 x = number of apples bought, y = apples left after giving away 5

 x = total pencils, y = pencils after giving away 5
 x = total pages, y = pages left after tearing 5

Question 7: Petrol cost

Cost of 1 litre = $150

a. Cost of 10 litres = 10 × 150 = $1500

b. x = litres, y = total cost

Function:

y=150x

Question 8: Euro and Peso

10 euro = 210 peso

a. 1 euro = 210 ÷ 10 = 21 pesos

b. Let x = euros, y = pesos

Function:

y=21x

Question 9: USD and Libyan Dinars

Function:

y=1.5x

a. This means:

1 US dollar = 1.5 Libyan dinars

b. Value of $570 in dinars:

y=1.5×570=855 dinar

c. 570 dinars → USD:

x=570/1.5=380 USD
🔷 Section: 11.2 Graphs of Functions
🟦 What is a Function?

A function gives a rule to get the value of y from a given x.

For example:
If the function is y = x + 3, then when you put in a value for x, you calculate y
using the rule.

🔴 Worked Example 11.1: Graph of y = x + 3

a. Table of values:

x -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

y -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

→ Each y-value is found by adding 3 to the x-value.

y=x+3

b. Graph:

Points like (-4, -1), (0, 3), (2, 5) lie on a straight line.
So the graph of a linear function is always a straight line.

🔴 Worked Example 11.2: Graph of y = 0.5x

a. Table:

x -6 -3 0 3 6

y -3 -1.5 0 1.5 3

Since
y=0.5x=x/2

Each y is half of x.

b. Graph:

When you plot these points, they lie in a straight line too.
This confirms again that linear functions always form straight lines.

c. Check if points lie on the line:

 Point (-24, -12):

Check:

y=0.5×(−24)=−12⇒Yes, it lies on the line

 Point (15, 30):

Check:

y=0.5×15=7.5≠30⇒No, it does not lie on the line.

🔴 Worked Example 11.3: Currency Exchange

Given:
5 Turkish lira = 90 Japanese yen

a. 1 Turkish lira =

90÷5=18 yen

b. Function:

Let x = Turkish lira, then

y=18x⇒y is the Japanese yen you get.

c. Graph:

Straight line through (0, 0) and (5, 90).

This means no lira gives 0 yen, and 5 lira gives 90 yen.

Note: The graph uses a different scale on each axis.

1. For the function y = x + 1:

a. Copy and complete this table of values:

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

(We use the rule y = x + 1.)

b. Use the table to draw a graph of y = x + 1.

Draw each (x, y) point on a coordinate grid and join them in a straight line.

c. Show that (-20, -19) is on the line y = x + 1.

Check:
y = -20 + 1 = -19 → Yes, it lies on the line.

d. Is (20, 19) on the line y = x + 1?

Check:
y = 20 + 1 = 21, but y = 19 here → No, it is not on the line.

2. For the function y = x - 2:

a. Copy and complete the table:

x -4 -2 0 2 4 6
y -6 -4 -2 0 2 4

b. Draw a graph of y = x - 2.

Plot the points and draw a straight line.

c. Is the point (25, 23) on the line?

Check:
y = 25 - 2 = 23 → Yes, it lies on the line.

3. For the function y = x + 8:

a. Copy and complete this table:

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

b. Draw a graph of the line using the points.

c. The points (20, __) and (-20, __) are on the line.

Use y = x + 8:

 (20, 28)
 (-20, -12)

4. For the function y = 2x:

a. Complete this table:

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

b. Use the table to draw the line.

c. Complete the coordinates:

i. (4.5, 9)
ii. (-5, -10)
iii. (8.5, 17)
iv. (-8, -16)

d. Is the point above or below the line y = 2x?

i. (2.5, 8.5) → 2x = 5 → 8.5 is above

ii. (-9, -15) → 2x = -18 → -15 is above
iii. (25, 65) → 2x = 50 → 65 is above
iv. (-20, -70) → 2x = -40 → -70 is below
5. For the function y = 5x:

a. Complete the table:

x -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20

b. Draw a graph of y = 5x using the table.

6. Currency Conversion (USD to HKD):

a. How many HKD for US$5?

Look at the graph: Approximately 40 HKD

b. Copy and complete this table (based on the graph):

US$ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
HK$ 8 16 24 32 40 48 56

c. Write down a function:

Let yyy be HKD, and xxx be USD.

y = 8x

d. How many HKD for US$50?

y = 8 × 50 = 400 HKD

7. Lines of the form y = x + c:

a. Graph y = x

b. On the same axes, graph y = x - 2

c. Try y = x + 3

d. Try y = x + 5 and y = x - 4
e. All are straight lines, parallel to each other, different y-intercepts.

8. Lines of the form y = mx:

a. Graph y = x

b. On same axes, graph y = 0.5x

c. Try y = 2x, y = 3x

d. All go through origin, slope increases with m.

9. Currency exchange:

a. Graph: 10 CHF = 40 PLN → 1 CHF = 4 PLN

b. If 2 PLN = 1 CHF → function is:

CHF = 0.5 × PLN

10. Sangeeta and her mother:

Let x = Sangeeta’s age.

Her mother is x + 30.
Function: Mother's age = x + 30

If Sangeeta is 9:

Mother = 9 + 30 = 39