3 -14-

3 3 3 3
SECTION III
Time—35 minutes
27 Questions

Directions: Each passage in this section is followed by a group of questions to be answered on the basis of what is stated or
implied in the passage. For some of the questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However,
you are to choose the best answer; that is, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question, and blacken
the corresponding space on your answer sheet.

The labor force is often organized as if workers whose more conventional full-time work schedules do
had no family responsibilities. Preschool-age children not correspond to the schedules of school-age
need full-time care; children in primary school need children, while female lawyers are more likely to
care after school and during school vacations. practice law in trusts and estates, where they can
(5) Although day-care services can resolve some (55) control their work schedules, than in litigation, where
scheduling conflicts between home and office, they cannot. Nonprofessional women are
workers cannot always find or afford suitable care. concentrated in secretarial work and department
Even when they obtain such care, parents must still store sales, where their absences can be covered easily
cope with emergencies, such as illnesses, that keep by substitutes and where they can enter and leave the
(10) children at home. Moreover, children need more than (60) work force with little loss, since the jobs offer so little
tending; they also need meaningful time with their personal gain. Indeed, as long as the labor market
parents. Conventional full-time workdays, especially remains hostile to parents, and family roles continue
when combined with unavoidable household duties, to be allocated on the basis of gender, women will be
are too inflexible for parents with primary child-care seriously disadvantaged in that labor market.
(15) responsibility.
Although a small but increasing number of
working men are single parents, those barriers against
successful participation in the labor market that are 1. Which one of the following best summarizes the
related to primary child-care responsibilities mainly main idea of the passage?
(20) disadvantage women. Even in families where both
parents work, cultural pressures are traditionally (A) Current trends in the labor force indicate that
much greater on mothers than on fathers to bear the working parents, especially women, may not
primary child-rearing responsibilities. always need to choose between occupational
In reconciling child-rearing responsibilities with and child-care responsibilities.
(25) participation in the labor market, many working (B) In order for mothers to have an equal
mothers are forced to make compromises. For opportunity for advancement in the labor
example, approximately one-third of all working force, traditional family roles have to be
mothers are employed only part-time, even though reexamined and revised.
part-time jobs are dramatically underpaid and often (C) Although single parents who work have to
(30) less desirable in comparison to full-time employment. balance parental and career demands, single
Even though part-time work is usually available only mothers suffer resulting employment
in occupations offering minimal employee disadvantages that single fathers can almost
responsibility and little opportunity for advancement always avoid.
or self-enrichment, such employment does allow (D) Although child-care responsibilities
(35) many women the time and flexibility to fulfill their disadvantage many women in the labor force,
family duties, but only at the expense of the professional women (such as teachers and
advantages associated with full-time employment. lawyers) are better able to overcome this
Moreover, even mothers with full-time problem than are nonprofessional women.
employment must compromise opportunities in (E) Traditional work schedules are too inflexible to
(40) order to adjust to barriers against parents in the labor accommodate the child-care responsibilities
market. Many choose jobs entailing little challenge or of many parents, a fact that severely
responsibility or those offering flexible scheduling, disadvantages women in the labor force.
often available only in poorly paid positions, while
other working mothers, although willing and able to GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
(45) assume as much responsibility as people without
children, find that their need to spend regular and
predictable time with their children inevitably causes
them to lose career opportunities to those without
such demands. Thus, women in education are more
(50) likely to become teachers than school administrators,

www.cracklsat.net
3 3 3 3 -15-
3
2. Which one of the following statements about 5. The passage suggests that day care is at best a limited
part-time work can be inferred from the information solution to the pressures associated with child
presented in the passage? rearing for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
(A) One-third of all part-time workers are working (A) Even the best day care available cannot
mothers. guarantee that children will have meaningful
(B) Part-time work generally offers fewer time with their parents.
opportunities for advancement to working (B) Some parents cannot afford day-care services.
mothers than to women generally. (C) Working parents sometimes have difficulty
(C) Part-time work, in addition to having finding suitable day care for their children.
relatively poor wages, often requires that (D) Parents who send their children to day care
employees work during holidays, when their still need to provide care for their children
children are out of school. during vacations.
(D) Part-time employment, despite its (E) Even children who are in day care may have to
disadvantages, provides working mothers stay home when they are sick.
with an opportunity to address some of the
demands of caring for children. 6. According to the passage, many working parents may
(E) Many mothers with primary child-care be forced to make any of the following types of
responsibility choose part-time jobs in order career decisions EXCEPT
to better exploit full-time career
(A) declining professional positions for
opportunities after their children are grown.
nonprofessional ones, which typically have
less conventional work schedules
3. It can be inferred from the passage that the author (B) accepting part-time employment rather than
would be most likely to agree with which one of the full-time employment
following statements about working fathers in (C) taking jobs with limited responsibility, and
two-parent families? thus more limited career opportunities, in
(A) They are equally burdened by the employment order to have a more flexible schedule
disadvantages placed upon all parents—male (D) pursuing career specializations that allow them
and female—in the labor market. to control their work schedules instead of
(B) They are so absorbed in their jobs that they pursuing a more desirable specialization in
often do not see the injustice going on around the same field
them. (E) limiting the career potential of one parent,
(C) They are shielded by the traditional allocation often the mother, who assumes greater
of family roles from many of the pressures child-care responsibility
associated with child-rearing responsibilities.
(D) They help compound the inequities in the 7. Which one of the following statements would most
labor market by keeping women from appropriately continue the discussion at the end of
competing with men for career opportunities. the passage?
(E) They are responsible for many of the problems (A) At the same time, most men will remain better
of working mothers because of their able to enjoy the career and salary
insistence on traditional roles in the family.
opportunities offered by the labor market.
(B) Of course, men who are married to working
4. Of the following, which one would the author most mothers know of these employment barriers
likely say is the most troublesome barrier facing but seem unwilling to do anything about
working parents with primary child-care them.
responsibility?
(C) On the other hand, salary levels may become
(A) the lack of full-time jobs open to women more equitable between men and women
(B) the inflexibility of work schedules even if the other career opportunities remain
(C) the low wages of part-time employment more accessible to men than to women.
(D) the limited advancement opportunities for (D) On the contrary, men with primary
nonprofessional employees child-rearing responsibilities will continue to
(E) the practice of allocating responsibilities in the enjoy more advantages in the workplace than
workplace on the basis of gender their female counterparts.
(E) Thus, institutions in society that favor men
over women will continue to widen the gap
between the career opportunities available for
men and for women.

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.

3 -16-
3 3 3 3
Critics have long been puzzled by the inner 8. The primary purpose of the passage is to
contradictions of major characters in John Webster’s (A) clarify an ambiguous assertion
tragedies. In his The Duchess of Malfi, for instance,
(B) provide evidence in support of a commonly
the Duchess is “good” in demonstrating the obvious held view
(5) tenderness and sincerity of her love for Antonio, but (C) analyze an unresolved question and propose
“bad” in ignoring the wishes and welfare of her an answer
family and in making religion a “cloak” hiding (D) offer an alternative to a flawed interpretation
worldly self-indulgence. Bosola is “bad” in serving
(E) describe and categorize opposing viewpoints
Ferdinand, “good” in turning the Duchess’ thoughts
(10) toward heaven and in planning to avenge her
9. The author suggests which one of the following
murder. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle about the dramatic works that most influenced
implied that such contradictions are virtually
Webster’s tragedies?
essential to the tragic personality, and yet critics keep
coming back to this element of inconsistency as (A) They were not concerned with dramatizing the
(15) though it were an eccentric feature of Webster’s own conflict between good and evil that was
tragic vision. presented in morality plays.
The problem is that, as an Elizabethan (B) They were not as sophisticated as the Italian
playwright, Webster has become a prisoner of our sources from which other Elizabethan
critical presuppositions. We have, in recent years, tragedies were derived.
(20) been dazzled by the way the earlier Renaissance and (C) They have never been adequately understood
medieval theater, particularly the morality play, by critics.
illuminates Elizabethan drama. We now understand (D) They have only recently been used to illuminate
how the habit of mind that saw the world as a the conventions of Elizabethan drama.
battleground between good and evil produced the (E) They have been considered by many critics to
(25) morality play. Morality plays allegorized that conflict be the reason for Webster’s apparent artistic
by presenting characters whose actions were defined incompetence.
as the embodiment of good or evil. This model of
reality lived on, overlaid by different conventions, in 10. The author’s allusion to Aristotle’s view of tragedy in
the more sophisticated Elizabethan works of the lines 11–13 serves which one of the following
(30) following age. Yet Webster seems not to have been as functions in the passage?
heavily influenced by the morality play’s model of (A) It introduces a commonly held view of
reality as were his Elizabethan contemporaries; he Webster’s tragedies that the author plans to
was apparently more sensitive to the more morally defend.
complicated Italian drama than to these English (B) It supports the author’s suggestion that
(35) sources. Consequently, his characters cannot be Webster’s conception of tragedy is not
evaluated according to reductive formulas of good idiosyncratic.
and evil, which is precisely what modern critics have (C) It provides an example of an approach to
tried to do. They choose what seem to be the most Webster’s tragedies that the author criticizes.
promising of the contradictory values that are (D) It establishes the similarity between classical
(40) dramatized in the play, and treat those values as if and modern approaches to tragedy.
they were the only basis for analyzing the moral (E) It supports the author’s assertion that
development of the play’s major characters, Elizabethan tragedy cannot be fully
attributing the inconsistencies in a character’s understood without the help of recent
behavior to artistic incompetence on Webster’s part. scholarship.
(45) The lack of consistency in Webster’s characters can
be better understood if we recognize that the 11. It can be inferred from the passage that modern
ambiguity at the heart of his tragic vision lies not in critics’ interpretations of Webster’s tragedies would
the external world but in the duality of human be more valid if
nature. Webster establishes tension in his plays by
(50) setting up conflicting systems of value that appear (A) the ambiguity inherent in Webster’s tragic vision
immoral only when one value system is viewed resulted from the duality of human nature
exclusively from the perspective of the other. He (B) Webster’s conception of the tragic personality
presents us not only with characters that we were similar to that of Aristotle
condemn intellectually or ethically and at the same (C) Webster had been heavily influenced by the
(55) time impulsively approve of, but also with judgments morality play
we must accept as logically sound and yet find (D) Elizabethan dramatists had been more
emotionally repulsive. The dilemma is not only sensitive to Italian sources of influence
dramatic: it is tragic, because the conflict is (E) the inner conflicts exhibited by Webster’s
irreconcilable, and because it is ours as much as that characters were similar to those of modern
(60) of the characters. audiences
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.

www.cracklsat.net
3 3 3 3 -17-
3
12. With which one of the following statements 14. The author implies that Webster’s conception of
regarding Elizabethan drama would the author be tragedy was
most likely to agree?
(A) artistically flawed
(A) The skill of Elizabethan dramatists has in (B) highly conventional
recent years been overestimated. (C) largely derived from the morality play
(B) The conventions that shaped Elizabethan (D) somewhat different from the conventional
drama are best exemplified by Webster’s Elizabethan conception of tragedy
drama. (E) uninfluenced by the classical conception of
(C) Elizabethan drama, for the most part, can be tragedy
viewed as being heavily influenced by the
morality play.
(D) Only by carefully examining the work of his
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
Elizabethan contemporaries can Webster’s
achievement as a dramatist be accurately
measured.
(E) Elizabethan drama can best be described as
influenced by a composite of Italian and
classical sources.

13. It can be inferred from the passage that most modern

critics assume which one of the following in their
interpretation of Webster’s tragedies?
(A) Webster’s plays tended to allegorize the
conflict between good and evil more than did
those of his contemporaries.
(B) Webster’s plays were derived more from Italian
than from English sources.
(C) The artistic flaws in Webster’s tragedies were
largely the result of his ignorance of the
classical definition of tragedy.
(D) Webster’s tragedies provide no relevant basis
for analyzing the moral development of their
characters.
(E) In writing his tragedies, Webster was
influenced by the same sources as his
contemporaries.
3 -18-
3 3 3 3
Cultivation of a single crop on a given tract of 15. Which one of the following best summarizes the
land leads eventually to decreased yields. One reason main idea of the passage?
for this is that harmful bacterial phytopathogens,
(A) Recent field experiments with genetically
organisms parasitic on plant hosts, increase in the altered Pseudomonas bacteria have shown
(5) soil surrounding plant roots. The problem can be that releasing genetically altered bacteria into
cured by crop rotation, denying the pathogens a the environment would not involve any
suitable host for a period of time. However, even if significant danger.
crops are not rotated, the severity of diseases
(B) Encouraged by current research, advocates of
brought on by such phytopathogens often decreases agricultural use of genetically altered bacteria
(10) after a number or years as the microbial population
are optimistic that such use will eventually
of the soil changes and the soil becomes result in improved agriculture, though
“suppressive” to those diseases. While there may be
opponents remain wary.
many reasons for this phenomenon, it is clear that (C) Current research indicates that adding
levels of certain bacteria, such as Pseudomonas genetically altered Pseudomonas syringae
(15) fluorescens, a bacterium antagonistic to a number of
bacteria to the soil surrounding crop plant
harmful phytopathogens, are greater in suppressive
roots will have many beneficial effects, such as
than in nonsuppressive soil. This suggests that the the prevention of frost damage in certain
presence of such bacteria suppresses crops.
phytopathogens. There is now considerable (D) Genetic alteration of a number of harmful
(20) experimental support for this view. Wheat yield phytopathogens has been advocated by many
increases of 27 percent have been obtained in field
researchers who contend that these
trials by treatment of wheat seeds with fluorescent
techniques will eventually replace such
pseudomonads. Similar treatment of sugar beets,
outdated methods as crop rotation.
cotton, and potatoes has had similar results.
(E) Genetic alteration of bacteria has been
(25) These improvements in crop yields through the
successful in highly artificial laboratory
application of Pseudomonas fluorescens suggest that conditions, but opponents of such research
agriculture could benefit from the use of bacteria have argued that these techniques are unlikely
genetically altered for specific purposes. For example, to produce organisms that are able to survive
a form of phytopathogen altered to remove its in natural environments.
(30) harmful properties could be released into the
environment in quantities favorable to its competing
16. The author discusses naturally occurring
with and eventually excluding the harmful normal
Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria in the first
strain. Some experiments suggest that deliberately
paragraph primarily in order to do which one of the
releasing altered nonpathogenic Pseudomonas
following?
(35) syringae could crowd out the nonaltered variety that
causes frost damage. Opponents of such research have (A) prove that increases in the level of such
objected that the deliberate and large-scale release of bacteria in the soil are the sole cause of soil
genetically altered bacteria might have deleterious suppressivity
results. Proponents, on the other hand, argue that this (B) explain why yields increased after wheat fields
(40) particular strain is altered only by the removal of the were sprayed with altered Pseudomonas
gene responsible for the strain’s propensity to cause fluorescens bacteria
frost damage, thereby rendering it safer than the (C) detail the chemical processes that such bacteria
phytopathogen from which it was derived. use to suppress organisms parasitic to crop
Some proponents have gone further and suggest plants, such as wheat, sugar beets, and
(45) that genetic alteration techniques could create potatoes
organisms with totally new combinations of desirable (D) provide background information to support
traits not found in nature. For example, genes the argument that research into the
responsible for production of insecticidal compounds agricultural use of genetically altered bacteria
have been transposed from other bacteria into would be fruitful
(50) pseudomonads that colonize corn roots. Experiments (E) argue that crop rotation is unnecessary, since
of this kind are difficult and require great care: such diseases brought on by phytopathogens
bacteria are developed in highly artificial diminish in severity and eventually disappear
environments and may not compete well with natural on their own
soil bacteria. Nevertheless, proponents contend that
(55) the prospects for improved agriculture through such
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
methods seem excellent. These prospects lead many
to hope that current efforts to assess the risks of
deliberate release of altered microorganisms will
successfully answer the concerns of opponents and
(60) create a climate in which such research can go
forward without undue impediment.

www.cracklsat.net
3 3 3 3 -19-
3
17. It can be inferred from the author’s discussion of 20. Which one of the following, if true, would most
Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria that which one of seriously weaken the proponents’ argument
the following would be true of crops impervious to regarding the safety of using altered Pseudomonas
parasitical organisms? syringae bacteria to control frost damage?
(A) Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria would be (A) Pseudomonas syringae bacteria are primitive
absent from the soil surrounding their roots. and have a simple genetic constitution.
(B) They would crowd out and eventually exclude (B) The altered bacteria are derived from a strain
other crop plants if their growth were not that is parasitic to plants and can cause
carefully regulated. damage to crops.
(C) Their yield would not be likely to be improved (C) Current genetic-engineering techniques permit
by adding Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria the large-scale commercial production of
to the soil. such bacteria.
(D) They would mature more quickly than crop (D) Often genes whose presence is responsible for
plants that were susceptible to parasitical one harmful characteristic must be present in
organisms. order to prevent other harmful
(E) Levels of phytopathogenic bacteria in the soil characteristics.
surrounding their roots would be higher (E) The frost-damage experiments with
compared with other crop plants. Pseudomonas syringae bacteria indicate that
the altered variety would only replace the
18. It can be inferred from the passage that crop rotation normal strain if released in sufficient
can increase yields in part because numbers.
(A) moving crop plants around makes them
hardier and more resistant to disease GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
(B) the number of Pseudomonas fluorescens
bacteria in the soil usually increases when
crops are rotated
(C) the roots of many crop plants produce
compounds that are antagonistic to
phytopathogens harmful to other crop plants
(D) the presence of phytopathogenic bacteria is
responsible for the majority of plant diseases
(E) phytopathogens typically attack some plant
species but find other species to be unsuitable
hosts

19. According to the passage, proponents of the use of

genetically altered bacteria in agriculture argue that
which one of the following is true of the altered
bacteria used in the frost-damage experiments?
(A) The altered bacteria had a genetic constitution
differing from that of the normal strain only
in that the altered variety had one less gene.
(B) Although the altered bacteria competed
effectively with the nonaltered strain in the
laboratory, they were not as viable in natural
environments.
(C) The altered bacteria were much safer and more
effective than the naturally occurring
Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria used in
earlier experiments.
(D) The altered bacteria were antagonistic to
several types of naturally occurring
phytopathogens in the soil surrounding the
roots of frost-damaged crops.
(E) The altered bacteria were released into the
environment in numbers sufficient to
guarantee the validity of experimental results.
3 -20-
3 3 3 3
In 1887 the Dawes Act legislated wide-scale 21. Which one of the following best summarizes the
private ownership of reservation lands in the United main idea of the passage?
States for Native Americans. The act allotted plots of
(A) United States government policy toward
80 acres to each Native American adult. However, the Native Americans has tended to disregard
(5) Native Americans were not granted outright title to their needs and consider instead the needs of
their lands. The act defined each grant as a “trust non-Native American purchasers of land.
patent,” meaning that the Bureau of Indian Affairs (B) In order to preserve the unique way of life on
(BIA), the governmental agency in charge of
Native American reservations, use of Native
administering policy regarding Native Americans, American lands must be communal rather
(10) would hold the allotted land in trust for 25 years,
than individual.
during which time the Native American owners (C) The Dawes Act’s restriction on the right of
could use, but not alienate (sell) the land. After the
Native Americans to sell their land may have
25-year period, the Native American allottee would been implemented primarily to serve the
receive a “fee patent” awarding full legal ownership interests of politicians and bureaucrats.
(15) of the land.
(D) The clause restricting free alienability in the
Two main reasons were advanced for the
Dawes Act greatly expanded United States
restriction on the Native Americans’ ability to sell governmental activity in the area of land
their lands. First, it was claimed that free alienability administration.
would lead to immediate transfer of large amounts (E) Since passage of the Dawes Act in 1887, Native
(20) of former reservation land to non-Native Americans, Americans have not been able to sell or
consequently threatening the traditional way of life
transfer their former reservation land freely.
on those reservations. A second objection to free
alienation was that Native Americans were
22. Which one of the following statements concerning the
unaccustomed to, and did not desire, a system of
reason for the end of allotment, if true, would provide
(25) private landownership. Their custom, it was said,
the most support for the author’s view of politicians?
favored communal use of land.
However, both of these arguments bear only on (A) Politicians realized that allotment was
the transfer of Native American lands to non-Native damaging the Native American way of life.
Americans; neither offers a reason for prohibiting (B) Politicians decided that allotment would be
(30) Native Americans from transferring land among more congruent with the Native American
themselves. Selling land to each other would not custom of communal land use.
threaten the Native American culture. Additionally, if (C) Politicians believed that allotment’s
communal land use remained preferable to Native continuation would not enhance their
Americans after allotment, free alienability would have opportunities to exercise patronage.
(35) allowed allottees to sell their lands back to the tribe. (D) Politicians felt that the staff and budgets of the
When stated rationales for government policies BIA had grown too large.
prove empty, using an interest-group model often (E) Politicians were concerned that too much
provides an explanation. While neither Native Native American land was falling into the
Americans nor the potential non-Native American hands of non-Native Americans.
(40) purchasers benefited from the restraint on alienation
contained in the Dawes Act, one clearly defined group
did benefit: the BIA bureaucrats. It has been GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
convincingly demonstrated that bureaucrats seek to
maximize the size of their staffs and their budgets in
(45) order to compensate for the lack of other sources of
fulfillment, such as power and prestige. Additionally,
politicians tend to favor the growth of governmental
bureaucracy because such growth provides increased
opportunity for the exercise of political patronage.
(50) The restraint on alienation vastly increased the
amount of work, and hence the budgets, necessary to
implement the statute. Until allotment was ended in
1934, granting fee patents and leasing Native
American lands were among the principal activities of
(55) the United States government. One hypothesis, then,
for the temporary restriction on alienation in the
Dawes Act is that it reflected a compromise between
non-Native Americans favoring immediate alienability
so they could purchase land and the BIA bureaucrats
(60) who administered the privatization system.

www.cracklsat.net
3 3 3 3 -21-
3
23. Which one of the following best describes the 26. According to the passage, the type of landownership
organization of the passage? initially obtainable by Native Americans under the
Dawes Act differed from the type of ownership
(A) The passage of a law is analyzed in detail, the
benefits and drawbacks of one of its clauses obtainable after a 25-year period in that only the
are studied, and a final assessment of the law latter allowed
is offered. (A) owners of land to farm it
(B) The history of a law is narrated, the effects of (B) owners of land to sell it
one of its clauses on various populations are (C) government some control over how owners
studied, and repeal of the law is advocated. disposed of land
(C) A law is examined, the political and social (D) owners of land to build on it with relatively
backgrounds of one of its clauses are minor governmental restrictions
characterized, and the permanent effects of (E) government to charge owners a fee for
the law are studied. developing their land
(D) A law is described, the rationale put forward for
one of its clauses is outlined and dismissed, and 27. Which one of the following, if true, would most
a different rationale for the clause is presented. strengthen the author’s argument regarding the true
(E) The legal status of an ethnic group is examined motivation for the passage of the Dawes Act?
with respect to issues of landownership and
(A) The legislators who voted in favor of the
commercial autonomy, and the benefits to
Dawes Act owned land adjacent to Native
rival groups due to that status are explained.
American reservations.
(B) The majority of Native Americans who were
24. The author’s attitude toward the reasons advanced granted fee patents did not sell their land
for the restriction on alienability in the Dawes Act at back to their tribes.
the time of its passage can best be described as (C) Native Americans managed to preserve their
(A) completely credulous traditional culture even when they were
(B) partially approving geographically dispersed.
(C) basically indecisive (D) The legislators who voted in favor of the
(D) mildly questioning Dawes Act were heavily influenced by BIA
(E) highly skeptical bureaucrats.
(E) Non-Native Americans who purchased the
25. It can be inferred from the passage that which one of majority of Native American lands
the following was true of Native American life consolidated them into larger farm holdings.
immediately before passage of the Dawes Act?
(A) Most Native Americans supported themselves
through farming.
(B) Not many Native Americans personally owned
the land on which they lived.
(C) The land on which most Native Americans
lived had been bought from their tribes.
(D) Few Native Americans had much contact with
their non-Native American neighbors.
(E) Few Native Americans were willing to sell their
land to non-Native Americans.

S T O P
IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION ONLY.
DO NOT WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST.