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MODULE 3 - ECOSYSTEMS

Module 3 covers ecosystems, focusing on the impact of abiotic factors like water, soil, and sunlight on biotic factors such as plants, animals, and decomposers. It explains the organization of living things into ecosystems and biomes, detailing various types like deserts, grasslands, and forests. Additionally, it discusses the laws of thermodynamics and the concepts of food chains, food webs, and energy pyramids in ecological contexts.

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Adrian Facundo
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2 views

MODULE 3 - ECOSYSTEMS

Module 3 covers ecosystems, focusing on the impact of abiotic factors like water, soil, and sunlight on biotic factors such as plants, animals, and decomposers. It explains the organization of living things into ecosystems and biomes, detailing various types like deserts, grasslands, and forests. Additionally, it discusses the laws of thermodynamics and the concepts of food chains, food webs, and energy pyramids in ecological contexts.

Uploaded by

Adrian Facundo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULE 3 – ECOSYSTEMS

I. LEARNING OUTCOMES:

1.) Explain how abiotic factors affect the biotic factors of the environment.
2.) Discuss how organisms are distributed throughout the different habitats of the
world.
3.) Explain how food chains affect the balance of an ecosystem.

II. CONCEPTS:
A. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Living things are organized into different levels, from cells to organisms and
populations to communities. Communities interacting with one another in their
surroundings form the ecosystems. All ecosystems on earth form the total
environment of the earth called the BIOSPHERE.
B. ABIOTIC FACTORS OF THE ENVIRONMENT
1. WATER – an inorganic substance which brings about changes in the life
forms of plants and animals. Irregularly distributed on the earth’s surface, it
has an important bearing on the character of organisms that live on various
types of habitat. Plants are even classified ecologically according to their
water requirements. It comprises a large percentage of the body tissues of
organisms and no organism can survive without water.
2. SOIL – is a complex inorganic material in which most plants are anchored. Its
character determines largely the type of vegetation and animals that
maintain themselves upon it. It is found in the upper layer of the crust and
formed from broken rocks combined with organic matter that provides the
necessary nutrients for plants to thrive.
3. SUNLIGHT – provides the energy needed by plants to produce their own
food in a process called photosynthesis. The major product of
photosynthesis provides food for animals hence; enjoying a relationship
called symbiosis.
C. BIOTIC FACTORS
1. PLANTS – organisms that can produce their own food and are called as
producers.
2. ANIMALS – organisms that depend on plants for food and are called as
consumers.
3. DECOMPOSERS – organisms that are capable of decomposing the remains
of
plants and animals, fixing nitrogen for the production of proteins
and enriching the fertility of the soil for plants.
D. TYPES OF BIOMES
Biome is a habitat characterized throughout its extent by similar plants,
animals, climate and soil types. The distribution of animals and plants is determined
by climate, topography and the soil. Each biome contains thousands of types of
ecosystems which is the community of all the different organisms living in an area,
interacting with their physical environment.
1. TYPES OF BIOMES
1.1. DESERTS – generally occur in semi-tropical and temperate regions
having rainfall of less than about 20 cm. a year. It has the least
precipitation and unpredictable from year to year. (below: Sahara Desert)
Gobi Desert in Mongolia

1.2. GRASSLANDS – areas dominated by grasses and some deep-rooted


flowering no-grass species. There are few trees because of inadequate
rainfall and frequent grass fires that kill woody seedlings.

Grassland in Batanes, Philippines


1.3. FORESTS – regions where trees grow as a result of adequate
temperature and precipitation of 75 cm. or more.
 Tropical rainforests – with high, fairly constant rainfall and
temperature the permit trees to grow throughout the year.
Annual rainfall may exceed 400 cm and with the highest
species diversity. (below: Sulu, Philippines rainforest)
 Tropical savanna – consists of grassland dotted with scattered
small trees and shrubs.
 Temperate forests – is typically moderate in terms of
temperature. These forests occurs in regions of abundant
rainfall and contains both deciduous and evergreen trees.
 Deciduous forest – occurs in moderately humid
areas where precipitation takes place
throughout the year but winters are cold and
most trees lose their leaves in autumn.
 Evergreen forests – where the condition favors
conifers or pine trees to grow. It has poor soil
condition, frequent droughts and forest fires.
 Temperate rainforest – occurs in cold climates
near the sea, with an abundant winter rainfall
and summer clouds or fogs.
 Temperate woodland – occurs where the
climate is too dry to support a forest yet
provides sufficient moisture to support trees as
well as grasses.
 Temperate shrub land – occurs in all five
regions of the world with fairly dry climate with
little or no summer rain.
 Temperate grassland – also known as prairie in
North America, steppe in Asia, pampas in South
America and veldt in South Africa. Covers
extensive areas in the interior of continents
where there are enough moisture to support
forests and grasses.
1.4. TUNDRA – a treeless biome that occurs far north in the Arctic regions
where winters are too dry and cold to permit the growth of trees. It has
low-growing plants where water reaches plant roots for only a few months
of the year because the soil is frozen.

Arctic Region Tundra

E. LAW OF THERMODYAMICS
Thermodynamics deals with how energy is transferred in a natural process. It
deals with the relationship between heat, work and energy. First law is – energy
cannot be created nor destroyed but it can be transformed or changed to another
form or in a biological context, it is stated as energy maybe transferred or
transformed but is not lost.
Example: chemical energy in food to heat energy that happens during respiration

D. FOOD CHAIN, FOOD WEBS AND THE ENERGY PYRAMID


1. FOOD CHAIN – process of eating and being eaten or the passage of
energy in a community from one organism to another.
2. FOOD WEBS – a pattern of food chains that interlock and form a
network or describes the numerous alternative food energy pathways
in a community.

3. ENERGY PYRAMID – transfer of energy from the producers to different


consumers in the community.
III. REFERENCES:

A. BOOKS
Lee, Sergio J. and Anes, Myrna L.; Environmental Science, C & E Publishing Inc., 2 nd
Edition, 2010
Arsenio, Romulo S.; and Valencia, Lourdes M.; Ecological Crisis: Our Responsibility, C & E
Publishing, Inc.; 2010
Ordonez II, Jose A., Environmental Biology: Philippine Setting, National Bookstore, 2002

B. INTERNET SOURCES:

https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5d923d8dfe1a22001acf5c3b/levels-of-organization

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eSyuF3-1gC0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobi_Desert

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-was-the-sahara-before-it-was-a-desert.html

https://www.thinglink.com/scene/644628823572217857

https://thetravellingfeet.com/batanes-everybodys-next-dream-destination/

https://www.oneearth.org/bioregions/philippines-sulu-sea-tropical-forests-im15/

https://www.pinterest.se/pin/219409813083659815/

https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/given-figure-shows-a-part-of-the-food-web-in-
terrestrial-ecosystem which-of-the-following/

https://kids.britannica.com/students/assembly/view/207005

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