SSM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Divar, Parihaspora, Patan, Baramulla, 193121 Prepared by Er. Irtiza Khurshid (Asst. Professor)SSM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Divar, Parihaspora, Patan, Baramulla, 193121 This is to certify that Ms. Mr. YAWYA BASHIR Lone under university Enrollment number: 2p 2143s 200 Section A with College Enrollment number. Fsb3 has satisfactorily completed the course of experiments in Fluid Mechanics Laboratory [Course Code: CVL303__] prescribed by the University of Kashmir for Third Year B.Tech./B.E Degree for the students of Civil Engineering Department, in the academic year_ 2022 . Signature Concemed FacultyTo determine Metacentric height of the Body | Exp: 01 Objective: To determine Metacentric height of the Body Introduction: The metacentre is the point at which a floating body starts oscillating when the body is tilted. It can also be defined as the theoretical point where an imaginary vertical line passes through the center of buoyancy, and the center of gravity overlaps an imaginary vertical line passing through a separate center of buoyancy produced whenever the body is relocated or tipped. The metacentric height (GM) is the distance between the center of gravity and the metacentre of a body. Metacentric Height = GM = : — BG, Where I = MOI of a body about Y — ¥ axis V= Volume of body submerged in body Experimental Set-up: The set up consists of 1. A ship Model. 2. A large tank with one side made of glass attached with graduated scale. 3. A pointer to measure roll angle. 4, An arrangement with the provision of hanging movable weights at a distance from the vertical axis through centre of gravity.To determine Metacentric height of the Body | xp: 01 Powter \ lund Diagram Movable Mass | axyam for Procedure 1 Fill the tank about two- third full of water and note down the level of water in the tank. Let it be Hy, . Put the Ship Model in the tank and note the level of water again. Let it be Ha, The increase in the level of water will be given by H2- Hy . Determine the cross sectional area of the tank. . Calculate the weight of floating body from the principle, weight of the body equal to weight of displaced liquid. Let it be W. . Adjust the pointer on zero in the protractor. . Apply a tilting moment to the ship with the help of small weight (say w) to be provided on the hanger provided on any s . Note the distance of hanger from the centre. Let it be x. . Also note the tilt angle shown by pointer in the protractor. Let it be 8 . Metacentric height is given by using formula,To determine Metacentric height of the Body | Exp: 01 wxx Metacentric height, GM = tag Observations: Area of tank, A= 50x Soporys OS 4% OT m= O-2San”™ For reac . For reodnd wy B00 = BOO OPS ZRH Hy + 0+2bB en Hp = O-242em 0 %= 0.0SSm, B= 2° We Wee = 0.260-0-242 He 0.026 Ww = Sgan = loon 1-81 40-26 X0-026 bd.4bN wxx GM = Gremrand ) : 2.9U3 x0.065 0.024] as : 7 (2.4451 6BA5}ton oA to00 x 1.81x-2¢] 1. 1462x0065 _= 9.094 0.0262 6396 ((634 + 1.442 Nanl* lo.02 lesan 2s] 2: ki QUSKDM 301 (24s OBA tons. 0.024 !000%9.61".24) 9 43, |. 2.943% 0.082 DstItg xo-D242 S8/Bb [z24>158.86)1an2®To verify Bernoulli's equation experimentally. | Exp: 02 Objective: To verify Bernoulli’s equation experimentally Introduction: According to Bernoulli's Theorem, the total energy at any section of a flow will remain the same as long as there is no reduction or addition of energy at any point. This is true when there is a continuous connection between particles of a flowing mass of liquid. This is the energy equation, and is based on the energy conservation principle. According to this equation, the total energy is constant at two different flow field sections, assuming that there is no energy gain or loss between the two sections. This equation is applicable only for steady flow. This equation is expressed as: ‘Where, E =Total Eergy P ag ~ Pressure Energy per unit weight of fluid or Pressure head at Point, where P is pressure of fluid at that point. ye Jq 7 Kinetic Energy per unit weight of fluid or Kinetic head at Point, where V is velocity of fluid at that point Z = Potential Energy per unit weight or potential head at a point p = density of fluid g = Accelearation due to gravityTo verify Bernoulli's equation experimentally. Exp: 02 Schematic Diagram Nt }-@ com Gm trot valve. Procedure: 1. Make sure the equipment is clean and that all the tanks are dust-free. 2. Close all the provided drain valves. 3. Fill the sump tank % with clean water and check for any foreign objects. 4. Close the flow control valve provided at the closing of the test section. 5. Open the bypass and flow control valves provided on the water supply line to the over-head tank. 6. Check that the OFF position is selected for all On/Off Switches displayed on the Panel. 7. Tum on the main power supply. 8. Switch on the pump. 9. Use the gate valve provided at the end of the test segment to control the water flow. 10. Using Piezometer’s attached to the test section, note down the pressure heads at different points, 11. Use a measuring tank and a stopwatch to determine the flow rate.To verify Bernoulli's equation experimentally. Exp: 02 Observations and Calculations: Data: g=9.81m/s? A=0.1 m? (Area of measuring Tank) Equipment Data Point a (m’) 0.00049 0.00031 0.00018 7.9E-05 0.00018 0.00031 0.00049 Observation Table RI | R2 (om) | (cm) lo | 0Exp: 02 To verify Bernoulli's equation experimentally. Vp = 0-U4emn|s Ee haw? fy . b+ B-Ab 244.81 Calculations _ > Q, = 139 x10 toms 70+ aM a2 Vy = @ = Jaan: = On 0: o0v3! Va 2 O- Wan s 2 Azan ©-D0049, Yoo =. 29.81 Be Ee eon oa 24081 oo BxaBN Eee, Ey =38.% +_b.267 {00 29.81crimentally, Calculation Table Point 4 5 6 Q m4) Vins) V?/2g (m) Pr. Head (m) Z(m) E (m) S faaxisY [Larne faqs” [laarto’ [laasto" faa rio Ow foray [ras |ore [oul [0.28 a8vio*|oox fois | O08 |a.67 152 |urior? O-375 ]O3sb 10.228 | O2s4Y |O.2as [0393 O oO oO ° ° oO 9.38 | 939 [0.36 | 0.38:'/ 0.38 | 0.28 Graph of Distance Vs Total Energy O.bee O-S0¢0: OND00 0+ 2000 02000 Olno0 O04 ooo ~~ OS™~S Didone (S)To Calibrate a Venturimeter | tx: 0:3 Objective: To Calibrate a Venturimeter Introduction: According to Bernoulli's Theorem, there must be a proportional decrease in pressure when a constriction is created in a closed channel carrying a stream of fluid since there will be an increase in velocity and kinetic energy at the constriction. Knowing this pressure reduction, the area accessible for flow at the constriction, the fluid density, and the coefficient of discharge allows one to compute the discharge rate from the constriction. The latter is defined as the ratio of the actual flow to the flow after considering frictional and stream contraction effects. Venturimeter: A Venturimeter consists of the following: 1. A convergent cone follows an intake section in a venturimeter. 2. A round throat. 3. A cone with a sharp divergence (Gradually Divergent) The Venturimeter's inlet part has the same diameter as the pipe and is followed by a convergence zone. The venturimeter is a short parallel side tube with a cross- sectional area smaller than the pipe's, while the convergence zone is a short pipe that tapers from the pipe's original size to that of the tube. With an increase in cross-sectional area from the neck to the initial pipe size, the divergent cone of the venturimeter gradually diverges the pipe. There are pressure taps at the venturimeter's throat and intake section. (1 [Schematic Diagram a. ; \ MMeacunny Qeote volve Momnonnéley “tome PO) Oran mp tankTo Calibrate a Venturimeter \ Vxpy: 0% Procedure 1. Ensure the equipment is clean, and all tanks are dus 2. Close the open drain valves. 3. Fill the sump tank 3/4 with clean water, ensuring no foreign objects are present. 4. Open the bypass valve and close all the flow control valyes provided on the water line, 5. Close the manometer’s pressure taps attached to the venturi meter. 6. Check that the On/Off switch on the panel is set to the OFF position. 7. Now, turn on the main power supply. 8. Turn on the pump. 9. Adjust the Flow Control Valve to control how much water flows into the selected Test Section. 10. To prevent a water blast into the manometer fluid, open the pressure taps of the corresponding test section of the manometer exceptionally slowly. 11. To release the air in the manometer, now slowly open the provided air release valve, 12. Close the Air release valves when there is no air in the manometer. 13. Use the Control Valve to control the water flow rate in the desired section. 14, Note the reading from the manometer. 15. Using a stopwatch and a measuring tank, measure the quantity of water that is discharged via the desired test area, 16. To adjust the water flow rate, repeat Steps 10 to 16 while turning on the byp and control valves. ass 17. Open the Bypass valve completely once the experiment for one desired section is complete. Then open the control valves for the second desired test section and close the flow control valve for the running test section.To Calibrate a Venturimeter | xy: 0% Observation and Calculations Venturimeter Data: d, =0.028m A=0.1 m? d, = 0.014m = 9.81 m/sec? a, = 6.157 x 10-4 m2 Pm = 13600 kg/m? 2 = 1.539 x 107+ m? Py = 1000 kg/m? Observation Table S.No] hy (em) hz (om) | Ry (om) t (sec) 4 al 29 IBS 2 Calculations Dy = 0-D62m = Heh [se - ') ~eebe(asn.) T Su H e092) water Q, = M2 Tay OAvoss So ypzar) hT PORIEOH alg Tap ea Neos Os bistvistelsstnlot (xa enorgr _ lad -|8. st m3} Gisaxio®} — gsamig y 7 =[Peheis mls. Calculation Table S.No. h(m) R(m) H(m) | Qa(m3/s) | Q, (m3/s) Ca a . ISS [OAs Pasvio* [B.o4xi9" Cy = Dau\By = 2aswo* 5 9.95 8:04 to“To Calibrate an Orifice meter | ixp: 04 Objective: To Calibrate an Orifice meter Introduction: According to Bernoulli's Theorem, there must be a proportional decrease in pressure when a constriction is created in a closed channel carrying a stream of fluid since there will be an increase in velocity and kinetic energy at the constriction. Knowing this pressure reduction, the area accessible for flow at the constriction, the fluid density, and the coefficient of discharge allows one to compute the discharge rate from the constriction. The latter is defined as the ratio of the actual flow to the flow after considering frictional and stream contraction effects. Orifice meter: A flat circular plate with a circular hole called an orifice that is concentric with the pipe axis forms an orifice meter. Schematic Diagram Mineersder Monométer @ Coil! vahve meas | an Ry pars valve | ly CenTo Calibrate an Orifice meter | Exp: Procedure 1. Ensure the equipment is clean, and all tanks are dust-free. 2. Close the open drain valves. 3. Fill the sump tank 3/4 with clean water, ensuring no foreign objects are present 4. Open the bypass valve and close all the flow control valves provided on the water line. 5. Close the manometer's pressure taps attached to the Orifice meter. 6. Check that the On/Off switch on the panel is set to the OFF position. 7. Now, turn on the main power supply. 8. Tum on the pump, 9. Adjust the Flow Control Valve to control how much water flows into the selected Test Section. 10. To prevent a water blast into the manometer fluid, open the pressure taps of the corresponding test section of the manometer exceptionally slowly. 11. To release the air in the manometer, now slowly open the provided air release valve. 12. Close the Air release valves when there is no air in the manometer. 13. Use the Control Valve to control the water flow rate in the desired section. 14, Note the reading from the manometer, 15. Using a stopwatch and a measuring tank, measure the quantity of water that is discharged via the desired test area. 16. To adjust the water flow rate, repeat Steps 10 to 16 wi and control valves, le turning on the bypass 17. Open the Bypass valve completely once the experiment for one desired section is complete, Then open the control valves for the second desired test section and close the flow control valve for the running tesTo Calibrate an Orifice mete Observation and Calculations Orifice meter Data: 4d, =0.028m A=0.1 me? 4, =0.014m g=9.81 m/sec? ay = 6.157 x 10-4 m2 Pm = 13600 kg/m a2 = 1.539 x 10-* m2 Py = 1000 kg/m? Observation Table S.No. hy (cm) hp (cm) Ry (cm) at Lb Le 13 Calculations cho, 100 !3-0 2 oy ,} fay = Oem: Oy ~ fxg : Seber =| S-24xtom an? |e | js aa8 J mi[s = BIS xto Ms 3qx ly xo X9-81X 1-30 =Waxtot (BAT & Cuszax ig 5-42 X Ig W542 2 434? 2 dtm. H: ‘ie *) 7 ee ‘) Poe Qay = 8-02 % Loran Calculation Table S.No. h (m) Qa(m?/s) | Q, (m3/s) L | o-tes . S.2uylo™ | 8.022104 Ca = Os] On, =#_S:2urle 2 oo, 02x 19° 4To determine the coefficient of discharge, coefficlent of velocity, and coefficient of contraction for an orifice of a given shape Objective: To determine the coefficient of discharge, coefficient of velocity, and coefficient of contraction for an orifice of a given shape Introduction: Orifice is a small opening of any cross section on the side or at the bottom of a tank, through which a fluid is flowing. Orifices are used to determine the rate of flow of fluid through the tank. Orifices may have any shape but generally they are circular, square or rectangular. When fluid passes through the orifice, the gradual contraction of fluid takes place. The fluid stream begins to converge and pass through the orifice. The streamline continues to converging in smooth path even after it passes the orifice. Fluid converges to the minimum cross section in downstream of flow then it diverges again. This minimum cross section is known as vena contracta. It is the section in fluid stream was cross-section of stream became minimum. At vena contracta, velocity of fluid is maximum and the pressure of fluid is minimum. Coefficient of contraction (C,): The diameter of vena-contracta is slightly less than the diameter of orifice. The ratio of area of vena-contracta to the actual area of orifice is known the coefficient of contraction (C.).. co Area of the jet at venacontracta a, Area of Orifice a Coefficient of Velocity (C,) is defined as the ratio between the actual velocity of a jet of liquid at a vena-contract and the theoretical velocity of the jet. Zo Actual Velocity of the jet at vena contracta Vv x? be Theoretical Velocity ~ V2gh 4yH Coefficient of Discharge (Cy is defined as the ratio of the actual discharge from an orifice to the theoretical discharged from the orifice. Actual Discharge _ Qq Ca Theoretical Discharge Q, AXR x 100 Theoretical Discharge = Q, = aV2gH Actual Discharge = Qy =To determine the coefficient of discharge, coefficient of velocity, and coefficient of contraction for an orifice of a given shape Schematic Diagram Powler Gonge eT f Rp wake 1” a | fe Procedure 1. Clean the apparatus and make all the tanks free from Dust. 2. Close the drain valves provided. . Fill Sump tank “%with Clean Water and ensure that no foreign particles are there. . Close all Flow Control Valves given on the water line. . Open By-Pass Valve. . Fix the orifice at testing section. . Ensure that all on/off Switches given on the Panel are at off position. . Now switch on the Main Power Supply . Adjust the inflow of water to the inlet tank till the steady state condition is achieved, and the head causing flow is constant. 10.Record Head of the Water in the Tank. 11.Now fix the pointer Gauge at Vienna observed in water stream, coming out from the tank, 12.Record pointer Gauge Reading. 13.Measure the flow of water, discharged through test section, using Stop Watch and Measuring Tank. 14. Repeat the experiment for different water heads.Caz Oy] 0, Qa = Auk =OAXlog, J To determine the coefficient of discharge, coefficlent of velacity, and coefficient of contraction for an arifice of a given shape Observations and Calculations Data; D=0.01 & 0.015(of orifice) a=7.854x 10° m? (For orifice of diameter 10mm) = 1.767x10" m? (For orifice of diameter 15 mm) A=0.1 m* (Measuring Tank) Observation Table S.No. | H(cm) x (cm) te 28.5 (2.4 Calculations 4 alaxiotet|s] O, + QYV29H = 2-854 xloS[axqenoatt Garena] Sex ioo “LEX _ 4 occa SEL CH= Ore tate [6-0 A. wasag’ Cvs ee igh ee, Ee) Ca = 0b4, Cv = 0-46 Cae Cvele + Ceca ES = OEY 2 0.66 Calculation Table S.No. | Him) | x(m) Qa a (m/s) | (m/s) 0.255 | 0-129 _|0- Varaeio™ fasato™To calibrate sharp crested rectangular and triangular notch 06 Objective: To calibrate sharp crested rectangular and triangular notch Introduction: A notch is an instrument used to determine how quickly a liquid moves through a tank or a small channel. It can be referred to as a small opening in a tank's side or a small channel in a way that the liquid surface lies below the top edge of the aperture. Nappe or Vein refers to the water sheet that runs through the notch. The sill or crest is the bottom edge of a notch over which water flows. Coefficient_of Discharge: The ratio of actual discharge over a notch to the theoretical discharge is known as coefficient of discharge. Mathematically, coefficient of discharge is given by: Actual Discharg Theoretica Discharg qe Discharge over Rectangular Notch: Q= 2/3 Ql /ZGlHE Discharge over Triangular Notch: = 8/45 04Tan/> ZitTo calibrate sharp crested rectangular and trlangutar notch | Ux: 06 Schematic Diagram Measureng tne Procedure: . Make sure the equipment is clean and dust-free. . Close the open drain valves. . Close the water line's flow control valve. . Put on the pass valve. . Set the flow channel's desired Notch. . Fill the sump tank 3/4 with clean water, ensuring no foreign objects are present. 7. Check that the OFF position is selected for all On/Off Switches listed on the Panel. 8. Tum on the main power supply. 9. Start up the pump. 10. Note the height of the Notch's crest. II, Use the provided Flow Control Valve to control water flow through the channel. 12 Using a pointer gauge, note the height of the water level in the channel. 13. Calculate the flow rate using a stopwatch and a measuring tank.To calibrate sharp crested rectangular and triangular notch | &xp: 06 Observations and Calculations: Data: g=9.81m/s? A= 0.1 m? (Area of measuring Tank) Rectangular Notch: L = 63mm or 0.063m V Notch: 6 =45°, 60° Observation Table S.No.| fie (cm) (em) Ri (cm) | Ra (cm) t (sec) 35 ts 19.4 lo 13.4 Calculations Head over Crust = (hehe) 2 TD 00 Saas Rak Av OS 2 [beac x Se Qa. = Seba ag ror Fe clomaular Noteh Om = Exdosrr(ara6ix (0-022]* 2 |.eage is? mls Cay = Dork = bs x19°4 y ‘ = Oba Calettation Table“! S.No. | H(m) R(m) Qa(m?/s) | Q (m/s) Ca 0-032 | OS |beIsxto” |lorsrio? | 0-62 O.065 0.189 barton | V68x 19 0. b4 = B40 2 o.16 4m, Head over Crust He hehe 2 Ia.y. a n Fao = E39 20-055). Oar = AAR 2 denser - Sects oe ee AOD 2b. 2 ato Nant |s. For ‘Tramaular Notch : % : HE 2 BY atonbs By) x(0-0657) 29.40 vio Van Oy2 By tong, eq * = Bf nlanby- x L246 (2 ) 46 x'0 2 ber’ = 0.64 Qn 4. b8¥ 19-4