Chapter 4

The Critical Literature

Review

Slide 4-2
 Chapter Objectives

1. Develop relevant and comprehensive

bibliographies for any research topic
2. Write a literature review on any given topic

3
 literature review
▪ In Chapter 3, we explained that a first
review of the academic literature will help
you to narrow down the broad problem
and to develop a clear and specific
problem statement.
▪ the next step, after you have developed a
research proposal, is the critical literature
review. (step 4)

4
 Critical Literature Review
▪ A literature review is “the selection of
available documents (both published and
unpublished) on the topic, which contain
information, ideas, data and evidence
written from a particular standpoint to
fulfill certain aims or express certain
views on the nature of the topic and how
it is to be investigated, and the effective
evaluation of these documents in relation
to the research being proposed” (Hart,
1998, p. 13).
Slide 4-5
 Literature Review
▪ The documentation of the relevant studies
citing the author and the year of the study
is called literature review or literature
survey.
▪ The literature survey is a clear and logical
presentation of the relevant research work
done thus far in the area of investigation.

Slide 4-6
 Functions Literature Review

In general, a literature review ensures that:

1. The research effort is positioned relative to existing
knowledge and builds on this knowledge.
2. You can look at a problem from a specific angle.
3. You do not run the risk of “reinventing the wheel”;
4. You are able to introduce relevant terminology and
to define key terms used in your writing.
5. You obtain useful insights of the research methods
others have used to provide an answer to similar
research questions.
6. The research effort can be contextualized in a wider
academic debate.
Slide 4-7
 Functions Literature Review
Some of the functions of a critical literature review
depend on the type of study and the specific research
approach that is taken.
▪ In a descriptive study it may help you to come up
with a comprehensive overview of the relevant
perspectives on the topic, a guiding definition, and
an in-depth overview of frameworks, instruments,
and analytical tools that will help you to describe
something.
▪ In a project that is inductive and exploratory in
nature, it may help you to develop a theoretical
background, which provides an overview of the key
literature pertinent to your specific topic
Slide 4-8
 Functions Literature Review
▪ In a deductive study, a review of the literature
will allow you to develop a theoretical
background. This may help you to obtain a clear
idea as to what variables will be important to
consider in his theoretical framework, why they
are considered important, how they are related
to each other, and how they should be measured
to solve the problem. A critical review of the
literature may also help you to provide
arguments for the relationships between the
variables in your conceptual causal model and
to develop hypotheses.
Slide 4-9
Reasons for the Literature review

1. Helps to find the important variables that are likely to

influence the problem situation are not left out of the
study.
2. Helps the development of the theoretical framework
and hypotheses for testing.
3. The problem statement can be made with precision and
clarity.
4. Testability and replicability of the findings of the
current research are enhanced.
5. One does not run the risk of wasting efforts on trying to
rediscover something that is already known.
6. To document the significant findings from earlier
research that will serve as the foundation on which the
10 theoretical framework for the current investigation can
be built and the hypotheses developed.
 Literature review
▪ Where to search for literature?
▪ The library is a rich storage base for secondary data
through books, journals, newspapers, magazines,
conference proceedings, doctoral dissertations, master’s
theses, government publications, and financial
marketing, and other reports.
▪ The computerized databases is now readily available and
accessible, which makes the literature search much
easier, and can be done without entering the portals of a
library building.

11
 Data Sources
▪ Textbooks and monographies
▪ Academic and professional journals
▪ Theses: PhD theses and Master theses.
▪ Conference proceedings
▪ Unpublished manuscripts
▪ Reports
▪ Newspapers
▪ The internet

12
 Searching for Literature

▪ Most libraries have the following

electronic resources at their disposal:
▪ Electronic journals
▪ Full-text databases
▪ Bibliographic databases
▪ Abstract databases

Slide 4-13
 Evaluating the Literature

▪ Titles
▪ Abstract
▪ Table of contents/first chapter book
▪ Number of citations

Slide 4-14
 Documenting the Literature Review

▪ Literature review introduces

▪ Subject study
▪ Highlights the problem
▪ Summarizes work done so far

Slide 4-15
 Writing Up the Literature
Review
➢ Such documentation is important to
convince the reader that:
1. The researcher is knowledgeable about
the problem area.
2. The theoretical framework will be
structured on work already done and will
add to the solid foundation of existing
knowledge.
16
 Conducting the Literature
review
▪ Steps
▪ The first step in this process involves identifying the
various published and unpublished materials that
are available on the topics of interest, and gaining
access to these.
▪ The second step is gathering the relevant
information either by going through the necessary
materials in a library or by getting access to online
sources.
▪ The third step is writing up the literature review.

17
 Searching for literature
▪ There are three forms of databases:
1. The bibliographic databases, which
display only the bibliographic citations,
that is, the name of the author, the title
of the article (book), source of
publication, year, volume, and page
numbers.
2. The abstract databases, which in
addition provide an abstract or summary
of the articles.
18
3. The full-text databases, which provide
 Searching for Literature
▪ Online search provides the following
advantages:
1. Saving enormous amount of time.
2. Are comprehensive in their listing and
review of references.
3. Finding access to references is relatively
inexpensive.

19
 Searching for Literature

▪ From the bibliography on the subject, the

researcher should do the followings:
✓ A look at the titles of the articles or books
will indicate which of these may be
important.
✓ The abstract of such articles that seem to be
relevant will give an idea of the article that
need to be looked into in depth.
✓ The full text of which can then be printed out.
20
 Writing Up the Literature Review

▪ While reading these articles, take notes about the problem

that was researched, the design details of the study (such as
the sample size and data collection methods), and the
ultimate findings of the study.
▪ These notes will facilitates the writing up of the literature
review with maximum efficiency.

▪ Thus, it is important to document the review

▪ - suggestion: make use of a literature matrix

21
 Examples of Literature Surveys
Organizational effectiveness
Organization theorists have defined organizational
effectiveness (OE) in various ways. OE has been described in
terms of objectives (Georgopolous and Tannenbaum, 1957),
goals (Etzioni, 1960), efficiency (Katz and Kahn, 1966), and
resources acquisition (Yuchtman and Seashore, 1967). As
Coutler (2002) remarked, there is little consensus on how to
conceptualize, measure, or explain OE.
Researchers are now moving away from a single model
and are taking contingency approaches to
conceptualizing OE (Cameron, 1996; Wernerfelt, 1998;
Yetley, 2001). However, they are still limiting themselves
22
to examining the impact of the dominant factors in the
organization’s life cycle instead of taking a broader, more
 How to Write a Narrative Review (Tips for
Students)

▪ Most undergraduate students conducting a capstone

research project will be writing narrative reviews. Below
is a five-step process for conducting a simple review of
the literature for your project.
▪ Search for Relevant Literature: Use scholarly databases
related to your field of study, provided by your
university library, along with appropriate search terms
to identify key scholarly articles that have been
published on your topic.
▪ Evaluate and Select Sources: Filter the source list by
selecting studies that are directly relevant and of
sufficient quality, considering factors like credibility,
objectivity, accuracy, and validity.
Slide 14-23
 How to Write a Narrative Review (Tips for
Students)
▪ Analyze and Synthesize: Review each source and
summarize the main arguments in one paragraph (or
more, for postgrad). Keep these summaries in a table.
▪ Identify Themes: With all studies summarized, group
studies that share common themes, such as studies that
have similar findings or methodologies.
▪ Write the Review: Write your review based upon the
themes or subtopics you have identified. Give a
thorough overview of each theme, integrating source
data, and conclude with a summary of the current state
of knowledge then suggestions for future research
based upon your evaluation of what is lacking in the
literature.
Slide 14-24
 Literature Matrix

Slide 14-25
Slide 14-26
Slide 14-27
Slide 14-28
Slide 14-29
Slide 14-30
Slide 14-31
Slide 14-32
Slide 14-33
Slide 14-34
Slide 14-35
 Format for Referencing
Relevant Articles

At least three modes of referencing are

followed in business research. These are
based on the format provided on the
publication manual

the American Psychological Association (APA) (2001)

the Chicago Manual of Style (1993),
and the Turabian Style (1996).

36
 Format for Referencing
Relevant Articles
▪ Each of these manuals specifies how
books, journals, newspapers,
dissertations, and other materials are to
be referenced in manuscripts.
▪ In this course, we will follow the APA
format for referencing books, journals,
newspaper articles, dissertations, and
so on.
37
 Specimen Format for Citing
Different Types of References APA
format
Book by a single author
▪ Leshin, C.B. (1997). Management on the World Wide
Web. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Book by more than one author
▪ Cornett, M., Wiley, B.J., and Sankar, S. (1998). The
pleasures of nurturing. London: McMunster
Publishing.

▪ Diener, E., Lucas, R., Schimmack, U., & Helliwell, J.F.

(2009). Well‐being for public policy. New York: Oxford
University Press.
38
 Specimen Format for Citing
Different Types of References
More than one book by the same author in
the same year

▪ Roy, A. (1998a). Chaos theory. New York:

Macmillan Publishing Enterprises.
▪ Roy, A. (1998b). Classic chaos. San
Francisco, CA: Jossey‐Bass.

39
 Specimen Format for Citing
Different Types of References
▪ Conference proceedings publication
▪ Sanderson, R., Albritton B., Schwemmer R., & Van de
Sompel, H. (2011). Shared canvas: A collaborative
model for medieval manuscript layout dissemination.
Proceedings of the Eleventh ACM/IEEE Joint
Conference on Digital Libraries, pp. 175–184. Ottawa,
Ontario.

▪ Yeshwant, M. (1998). Revised thinking on Indian

philosophy and religion. In S. Pennathur (Ed.),
Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on
Religion,
40
pp. 100-107. Bihar, India: Bihar University.
 Specimen Format for Citing
Different Types of References
Journal Article
▪ Jeanquart, S., & Peluchette, J. (1997).
Diversity in the workforce and
management models. Journal of Social
Work Studies, 43 (3), 72–85..
▪ Deffenbacher, J.L., Oetting, E.R., Lynch,
R.S., & Morris, C.D. (1996). The expression
of anger and its consequences. Behavior
Research and Therapy, 34, 575–590.
41
 One author
▪ Shanker, (2020) examines the effect of
recruitment practices on employee
retention and find that there are several
factors affecting retention such as ……..

▪ Shanker, M. (2020), "Recruitment process

and its impact on retention of commercial
pilots in Indian aviation industry", Business
Process Management Journal, Vol. 26 No. 3,
pp. 736-751.

Slide 14-42
 Two authors
▪ Kundo and Lata, (2017) show that
supportive work environment lower
employee retention.

▪ Kundu, S.C. and Lata, K. (2017), "Effects of

supportive work environment on employee retention:
Mediating role of organizational engagement",
International Journal of Organizational Analysis, Vol.
25 No. 4, pp. 703-722.

Slide 14-43
 More than two authors
▪ According to Moncarz, et al, (2009)
effective retention programs affect
employee satisfaction and lead to positive
performance.

▪ References
▪ Moncarz, E., Zhao, J. and Kay, C. (2009), "An
exploratory study of US lodging properties'
organizational practices on employee turnover and
retention", International Journal of Contemporary
Hospitality Management, Vol. 21 No. 4, pp. 437-458.
Slide 14-44
 Specimen Format for Citing
Different Types of References

Doctoral/Master Dissertations
▪ Hassan, M. (2014). The Lives of
micro‐marketers: Why do some
differentiate themselves from their
competitors more than others?
Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
University of Cambridge.

45
 Specimen Format for Citing
Different Types of References
Paper Presentation at Conference

▪ Bajaj, L.S. (1996, March 13). Practical tips

for efficient work management. Paper
presented at the annual meeting of
Entrepreneurs, San Jose, CA.

46
 Specimen Format for Citing
Different Types of References
Unpublished Manuscript

▪ Pringle, P.S. (1991). Training and

development in the ’90s. Unpublished
manuscript, Southern Illinois University,
Diamondale, IL.
▪ OR
▪ Pringle, P. S. (mimeo). Training and
development in the ‘90s. Southern Illinois
University,
47
Diamondale, IL.
 Specimen Format for Citing
Different Types of References
Newspaper Article
▪ The new GM pact. ( 1998, July 28). Concord Tribune, p.1.
▪ QE faces challenge in Europe’s junk bond market (2015, March 27).
Financial Times, p. 22.
Referencing Electronic Sources
▪ Author, I. (1998). Technology and immediacy of information [On-line]
Available http://www.bnet.act.com
Journal article with DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
▪ Lopez‐Vicente, M., Sunyer, J., Forns, J., Torrent, M., & Julvez, J. (2014).
Continuous Performance Test II outcomes in 11‐yearold children with early
ADHD symptoms: A longitudinal study. Neuropsychology, 28, 202–211.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/neu0000048

48
 Examples of the Referencing In the
Literature Review Section (citation):

▪ When a work is authored by two individuals,

always cite both names every time the
reference occurs in the text.
▪ When a work has more than two authors but
fewer than six authors, cite all authors the
first time the reference occurs, and
subsequently include only the surname of
the first author followed by "et al." as the
example in the next slide:

49
 Examples of the Referencing In the
Text:

• Sekaran, U., Martin, T., Trafton, N., and

Osborn, R.N., (1980) found…….(first
citation).

• Sekaran et al. (1980)

found……
….(subsequent citation).

50
 Examples of the Referencing In the
Literature Review Section:

▪ When a work is authored by six or more

individuals, cite only the surname of the
first author followed by et al. and the year
for the first and subsequent citations.
▪ Join the names in a multiple-author
citation in running text by the word and.
▪ In parenthetical material, in tables, and in
the reference list, join the names by an
ampersand (&). Examples are in next slide
51
 Examples of the Referencing In the
Literature Review Section:

▪ As Tucker and Snell (1989) pointed out…..

▪ As has been pointed out (Tucker & Snell,
1989),…….

52
 Examples of the Referencing In the
Literature Review Section:

▪ Cite all references in the body of the paper using the

surname of the author(s) and the year of publication
are given in the appropriate places.
▪ Examples of this are as follows:
▪ 1. Todd (2015) found the more motivated students are .
..
▪ 2. More recent studies of transformational leadership
(Hunt, 2014; Osborn, 2013) focus on . . .
▪ 3. In a follow‐up study from 2013, Green demonstrates
...

53
 Examples of the Referencing In the
Literature Review Section:
▪ When a work's author is designated as
"Anonymous", cite in text, the word Anonymous
followed by a comma and the date: (Anonymous,
1979). In the reference list, an anonymous work is
alphabetized by the word Anonymous.

▪ When a work has no author, cite in text the first two

or three words of the article title. Use double
quotation marks around the title of the article. For
example, while referring to the newspaper article
cited earlier, the text might read as follows:
▪ - There are limits to how risky investors want to get
(“QE faces challenge,” 2015), . . .
54
 Examples of the Referencing In the
Literature Review Section:

▪ When the same author has several works

published in the same year, cite them in the
same order as they occur in the reference list,
with the in press citations coming last with the in
press citations coming last. For example:
• Research on the mental health of dual- career
family members (Sekaran, 1985a, 1985b, 1985c,
1999, in press) indicates…
▪ - Research on Corporate Social Responsibility
(Long,
55
1999, 2003, in press) indicates . . .
 Examples of the Referencing In the
Literature Review Section:

▪ When more than one author has to be cited

in the text, these should be in the
alphabetical order of the first author's
surname, and the citations should be
separated by semicolons as the example
below:
• In the job design literature (Aldag & Brief,
1976; Alderfer, 1977; Beatty,1982; Jeanquart,
1998),…

56
 Examples of the Referencing In the
Literature Review Section:
▪ Personal communication through letters,
memos, telephone conversations, and the
like, should be cited in the text only and
not included in the reference list since
these are not retrievable data.
▪ In the text, provide the initials as well as
the surname of the communicator
together with the date, as in the following
example:
▪ - T. Peters (personal communication, June
15, 2013) feels . . .
57
 Quotations in Text

▪ -Quotations should be given exactly as they appear

in the source. The original wording, punctuation,
spelling, and italics must be preserved.

▪ -The citation of the source of a direct quotation

should always include the page number(s) as well as
reference

▪ -Use three ellipsis points (…) to indicate that you

have omitted material from the original source.
58
 Quotations in the Text
If the quotation is of more than 40 words, set in a
free-standing style starting on a new line and
indenting the left margin a further five spaces.
Example:
▪ In trying to differentiate dual-earner
and dual –career families, Sekaran (1986)
states:
Various terms are used to refer to dual-earner
families: dual-worker families, two-paycheck
families, dual-income families, two-job families, and
so on. Spouses in dual-earner families may both
hold jobs, or one of the partners may hold a job
while the other pursues a career…

59
 Quotations in the Text

▪ If you intend publishing an article in

which you have quoted extensively from
the copyrighted work, it is important to
seek written permission from the owner of
the copyright.

60
 ethical issues of documenting the
literature review.
▪ there are two important pitfalls that you have to
beware of:
▪ (1) purposely misrepresenting the work of other
authors; and
▪ (2) plagiarism – the use of another’s original words,
arguments, or ideas as though they were your own,
even if this is done in good faith, out of
carelessness, or out of ignorance.
▪ Both are considered to be fraud.
61
APA Citation Methods
 What is APA?
American Psychological
Association
 When is it mostly used?
 What is it mostly concerned with?
A method of citing references
Parenthetical citations in text
References page
 Formatting
▪ Title Page: Running Head, page
number, Identifying information
▪ Subsequent Pages: Running Head, page
number, headings/seriation
 Quoting Directly vs. Paraphrasing/Summarizing

Short Quotations
▪ If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and the page
number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's
last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.
▪ According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first
time" (p. 199).
▪ Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have
for teachers?
▪ If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page
number in parentheses after the quotation.
▪ She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an
explanation as to why.
Long Quotations
▪ Place direct quotations that are 40 words, or longer, in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation
marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would
begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent
paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The
parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.
▪ Jones's (1998) study found the following:
Students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time citing sources.
This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many
students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask
their teacher for help. (p. 199)
Summary or Paraphrase
▪ If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of
publication in your in-text reference, but APA guidelines encourage you to also provide the page number (although
it is not required.)
▪ According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.
APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).
 Parenthetical Citations—One
Author
o Reference in text (when the text as a whole needs to be cited)
oLast name (year of publication)
oRowling (2005) argues for the development of new
curricula.
oReference in text (when only part of the text, such as an idea or a
quote from a specific page, needs to be cited)
oLast name (year of publication, page number)
olRowling (2005, p.189)
oNo reference in text
o(Last name of author, copyright year).
oThe development of new curricula has been argued
before (Rowling, 2005).
Parenthetical Citations—More
than One Author
oWhen a work has two authors, always cite both
authors.
o Reference in text
oLast names of authors separated by
“and” (year of publication)
oRowling and Cramer (2005) argue for
the development of new curricula.
oNo reference in text
o(Last names of authors separated by an
ampersand, copyright year).
oThe development of new curricula has
been argued before (Rowling & Cramer,
2005).
Parenthetical Citations—More
than One Author
oWhen a work has three or more authors, always cite all the
authors the first time the text is used. Thereafter, use the first
author’s last name followed by et al.
oOmit year upon third time citing source.
o Reference in text
oLast names of authors separated with and before final name, (year of
publication)
oRowling, Dowling, Benis, George, and Cramer (2005) argue for the
development of new curricula.
oRowling et al. (2005) argue . . .
oRowling et al. argue . . .
oNo reference in text
o(Last names of authors separated with an ampersand before final name,
copyright year)
oThe development of new curricula has been argued before (Rowling,
Dowling, Benis, George, & Cramer, 2005).
oThe development of new curricula has been argued before (Rowling
et al., 2005).
oThe development of new curricula has been argued before (Rowling
et al.).
 Parenthetical Citations—
Works Without an Author
oWhen a work is signed “Anonymous,” cite the word
“Anonymous.”
o(Anonymous, year)
oStatistics show a higher incidence of criminal activity
during the summer months (Anonymous, 2007, pp. 89-
96).
oItalicize the title of a book or periodical.
o(Title of Book, or Title of Periodical, year, page number)
oStatistics show a higher incidence of criminal activity
during summer months (New Yorker, 2007, p. 97).
oIn most other cases, use double quote marks around the title,
publication year, page number
o(“Article title or Chapter title,” year, page number)
oStatistics show a higher incidence of criminal activity
during summer months (“Study Results,” 2007, p. 77).
 Parenthetical Citations—
Groups as Authors
oCorporations, associations, government agencies, research
groups, etc. are usually listed each time they are used in text,
unless an abbreviation makes the group easily recognizable.
oReference in the text
oFirst time mentioned: Full name (year).
oThe National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) reports…(2002).
oSubsequent mentions: abbreviation
(year).
oThe NIMH reports…(2002).
oNot referenced in text
oFirst time mentioned (full name, year)
o(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2002).
oSubsequent mentions (abbreviation,
year)
o(NIMH, 2002).
o If the name is not easily recognizable by an abbreviation, such as the University of Iowa,
the group must be spelled out each time it is mentioned.
 Parenthetical Citations—
Classical Works
oWhen using classical works such as the Greeks, Romans, or the Bible,
a reference entry is not required. You must only identify the version
and lines used.
o1 Cor. 13:1 (Revised Standard Edition)
oWhen using very old works where the date is not applicable, list the
year of the translation you used.
oReference in text
Aristotle argues . . . (trans. 1922).
oNot referenced in text
oThe ethos, pathos, and logos . . . (Aristotle,
trans. 1922).
oIf a text does not have a date, cite the author’s name followed by
“n.d.”
oReference in text (n.d.)
Julius Caesar argued . . . (n.d.).
oNot referenced in text
 Reference List

oUsed to indicate where information

presented in the essay can be retrieved.
oOnly include texts cited in the essay.
oListed alphabetically by author or title.
oReference list begins a new page, with
“References” centered at top of page.
oThe first line of an entry is at the left
margin, and subsequent lines are indented
one-half inch (hanging indent).
oDouble-space all reference entries.
 Reference List—
Author’s Names

oUse last names, first initials with

all authors’ names in reverse
order, regardless of quantity
o Last name, first initial.
o Griggs, B.W., Holland, R.H., & Mills, S.R.
 Reference List—Capitalization
of Titles
oCapitalize the first word in the title and subtitle, and any
proper nouns (cities, countries, peoples’ names) for
book, article, and chapter titles
oCapitalize the first word, all nouns, verbs, adverbs, and
adjectives for names of journals
oUse no special treatment for titles of shorter works
(poems, short stories, essays, short articles)
o Italicize titles of longer works (books,
periodicals/journals)
oDon’t drop any words, such as A, An, or The, from the
titles of periodicals (newspapers, magazines, journals)
 Reference List—Place of
Publication
oGive the city for US publishers and add the state abbreviations
for all US cities except Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles,
New York, Philadelphia, and San Francisco.
oCity, State: Name of press

o Anderson, IN: Warner Press.

oUse a shortened version of the publisher’s name except for an

association (AMA), corporation, or university press; drop Co., Inc.,
Publishers, but retain Books or Press.
oCity, State: Name of press
oAnderson, IN: Warner Press.
 Reference List—Books
oThree main parts: Author, title, and publication information
oBook with one author
oLast name, first initial. (year). Title. City of Publication:
Press.
oBroadway, B. (2002). Pink houses and family taverns.
Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
oTwo to seven authors
oLast name, first initial., Last Name, first initial., & Last
Name, first initial. (year). Title. City of publication: Press.
oBroadway, B., Carrol, L., Smith, T. (2007). How the lady
sings. New York: Harper.
oEight or more authors
oLast name, first initial., Last name, first initial., Last name,
first initial., Last name, first initial., Last name, first initial.,
Last name, first initial., . . . Last name, first initial. (year).
Title. City of publication: Press.
 Reference List—Books

oArrange references by the same author chronologically, with the

earlier date of publication listed first
oVan Delay, A. (1994). Venetian blinds: Contemporary
study of compulsive lying. New York: Pendant Publishing
(not “Publishers”).
oVan Delay, A. (1997). Seinfeld: The show about nothing.
New York: Penguin Books.
oNo Author
oTitle (year). City of publication: press.
o Creation of the media: Political origins of the media.
(1922). Los Angeles: Houghton-Mifflin.
oThe Chicago manual of style (15th ed.). (2003). Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
 Reference List—
Journal Articles
oFour major parts: author, date, article title,
and publication information (periodical title,
volume number, and page number)
oLast name, first initial. (year). Title of
article. Title of publication, volume,
pages.
oTyson, P. A., & Gordon, M. G. (1998).
The Psychology of women. Journal of
the American Psychoanalytic
Association, 46, 361-364.
oBernstein, B. J. Atomic diplomacy:
Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Diplomatic
History, 28(3), 126-129.
 Reference List-Newspapers and
Magazine Articles
oFive major parts: author, date of publication, title of article, title of
newspaper or magazine, page numbers.
oLast name, first initial. (year, month day of publication). Title of
article. Title of newspaper or magazine, page numbers.
oFor magazines, the volume number is italicized, with the issue
number in parentheses after, and inserted after the magazine title;
formatted: Volume(Issue).
oKramer, C. F. (2003, June 22). A health threat baffling for its
lack of a pattern. The New York Times, p. A14.
oChamberlin, J., Novotney, A., Packard, E., & Price, M. (2008,
May). Enhancing worker well-being: Occupational health
psychologists convene to share their research on work, stress,
and health. Monitor on Psychology. 39(5), 26-29.
oCrane, N. F. (2003, September). Anarchy at sea. Atlantic
Monthly, 50-80.
oDon’t abbreviate the names of months, ever.
 Reference List—Electronic
Sources
oArticle accessed through a library subscription service
oSeven major parts: author’s name, year of publication,
title of article and publication, volume, page numbers,
and where retrieved.

oLast name, first initial. (year). Title of article. Title

of publication, volume, page numbers. Date
retrieved from where.
oJackson, G. (2004). Multiple historic meanings
of the Spanish civil war. Science and Society,
68(3), 272-276. Retrieved from the Lexis Nexis
Academic database.

oDon’t abbreviate the names of months, ever.

 Reference List—Online Daily
Newspaper
oSix major parts: author’s name, date of
publication, title of article and publication, and web
address.
oLast name, first initial. (year, month day of
publication). Title of article. Title of publication.
Retrieved date, from web address.
oForeman, R., Bennett, E., & Collins, T. (1999,
February 16). In forecasting their emotions,
most people flunk out. The New York Times.
Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com.

oDon’t abbreviate the names of months, ever.

 Reference List—Personal or
Professional Websites
oFour major parts: website name/author of website (if known),
web address.
oLast name, first initial. Page of site. Retrieved web
address.
oColbert, S. (n.d.). Home page. Retrieved from
http://www.colbertnation.com.
oTitle of website. (last updated date). Retrieved from web
address.
oAmerican Association for Artificial Intelligence. (2001,
March). Retrieved from http://www.aaai.org.

oDon’t abbreviate the names of months, ever.

DOI’s – Digital Object Identifier

▪ A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string assigned to identify content and provide a persistent
link to its location on the Internet.
▪ The DOI may be hidden; viewing the original copy of the article usually shows the DOI.
▪ Use this format for the DOI in references: doi:xxxxxxxxx
▪ When a DOI is used, no further retrieval information is needed to identify or locate the
content.
▪ If no DOI has been assigned to the content, provide the home page URL of the journal or of
the book or report publisher.
▪ Journal Article with DOI
▪ Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status,
and the survival times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24, 225-
229. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225
▪ Journal Article with DOI, more than seven authors
▪ Gilbert, D. G., McClernon, J. F., Rabinovich, N. E., Sugai, C., Plath, L. C.,
Asgaard, G., … Botros, N. (2004). Effects of quitting smoking on EEG
activation and attention last for more than 31 days and are more severe with
stress, dependence, DRD2 A1 allele, and depressive traits. Nicotine and
Tobacco Research, 6, 249-267. doi: 10.1080/14622200410001676305
▪ Journal Article without DOI
▪ Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self-esteem
mediate between perceived early parental love and adult happiness. E-
Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38-48. Retrieved from
http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap
Where do you locate the DOI?

Here’s the DOI,

on the first page
of the article.
 Sample Reference Page
References

American Association for Artificial Intelligence. (2001, March). Retrieved from http://www.aaai.org
Bernstein, B. J. Atomic diplomacy: Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Diplomatic History, 28 (3), 126-129.
Broadway, B. (2002). Pink houses and family taverns. Bloomington, IL: Indiana University Press.
Broadway, B., Carrol, L., Smith, T. (2007). How the lady sings. New York: Harper.
Broadway, B., et al. (2008). How the man sings. New York: Harper.
Crane, N. F. (2003, September). Anarchy at sea. Atlantic Monthly, 50-80.
Creation of the media: Political origins of the media. (1922). Los Angeles: Houghton-Mifflin.
Foreman, R., Bennett, E., & Collins, T. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out. The New York Times. Retrieved
from http://www.nytimes.com
Gilbert, D. G., McClernon, J. F., Rabinovich, N. E., Sugai, C., Plath, L. C., Asgaard, G., … Botros, N. (2004). Effects of quitting smoking on EEG
activation and attention last for more than 31 days and are more severe with stress, dependence, DRD2 A1 allele, and depressive traits.
Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 6, 249-267. doi: 10.1080/14622200410001676305
Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology,
24, 225-229. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225
Jackson, G. (2004). Multiple historic meanings of the Spanish civil war. Science and Society, 68(3), 272-276. Retrieved from the Lexis Nexis
Academic database.
Kramer, C. F. (2003, June 22). A health threat baffling for its lack of a pattern. The New York Times, p. A14.
Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self-esteem mediate between perceived early parental love and adult happiness.
E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38-48. Retrieved from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap
Tyson, P. A., & Gordon, M.G. (1998). The Psychology of women. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 46, 361-364.
Van Delay, A. (1994). Venetian blinds: Contemporary study of compulsive lying. New York: Pendant Publishing.
Van Delay, A. (1997). Seinfeld: The show about nothing. New York: Penguin Books.
 Final Word on APA

oEach type of source requires specific

formatting, both in text and on the references
list. This workshop covered the most commonly
used citations.
oThe information in this workshop was
provided by The APA Publication Manual (7th
Ed).
oRefer to an APA handbook or www.apa.org for
more information.
oContact the Center for Teaching and Learning
at [email protected] or 217-206-6503 for further
assistance.