A SEMI - DETAILED LESSON PLAN IN FOUNDATIONS OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

I. Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the students with 85% mastery are expected to:

A. Determine the different Foundation of Curriculum Development

B. show a positive attitude toward the importance of the Foundation of Curriculum
Development
C. demonstrate their understanding of the four educational philosophies by creating and
presenting a teaching activity that reflects one of these philosophies.

II. Subject Matter

Topic:

Foundation of Curriculum Development

References:

BOOK

What is Gestalt Psychology: Theory & Principles

Pavlov’s Dogs Experiment & Pavlovian Conditioning Response

Daniel Goleman's Emotional Intelligence Theory: Explanation and Examples | Resilient Educator

Self-Actualization In Psychology: Theory & Examples

Materials:

White board marker, Laptop and Projector, PPT

III. Procedures

A. Preliminary Activities

● Prayer
● Greetings
● Checking of Attendance

B. Activity

The students will Play ‘Puzzle it’ the class will be divided into 4 groups; they will race to
complete the puzzle.

C. Analysis

● Are the people in the picture Familiar to them?

● Do they know what kind of theories or contributions they have?

D. Abstraction
 ⮚ Philosophical Foundation
Philosophy of the curriculum answers questions like;

● What are schools for?

● What subjects are important?
● How should students learn?
● What methods should be used?
● What outcomes should be achieved? Why?

Philosophy of Education

Ornstein and Hunkins in 2004:

A. Perennialism
Aim: To educate the rational person; cultivate intellect.
Role: Teacher assists students to think with reasons
Focus: Classical subjects, literary analysis Curriculum is enduring
Trends: Use of the great books and Liberal Arts

B. Essentialism
Aim: To promote intellectual growth of learners to become competent
Role: Teachers are sole authorities in the subject area
Focus: Essential skills of the 3R’s; essential subject
Trends: Back to basics, Excellence in education, cultural literacy

C. Progressivism
Aim: Promote democratic social living
Role: Teacher leads for growth and development of lifelong learners
Focus: Interdisciplinary subjects. Learner- centered Outcome-based
Trends: Equal opportunities for all, Contextualized curriculum, Humanistic education

D. Reconstructionism
Aim: To improve and reconstruct society. Education for change
Role: Teacher acts as agent of change and reforms
Focus: Present and future educational landscape
Trends: School and curricular reform, Global education, Collaborative and Convergence,
Standards and Competences

⮚ Historical Foundation
The historical foundations of curriculum refer to the significant events, ideas, and movements that have
influenced the development and evolution of educational curricula over time.

Curriculum Theorists and Contributions

Franklin Bobbit

● He started the curriculum development movement

● Curriculum is a science that emphasizes students needs.
● Curriculum prepare learners for adult life.
● Objectives and activities should group together when tasks are clarified
Werret Charters

● Like Bobbit, he posited that curriculum is science and emphasizes students' needs
● Objectives and activities should match. Subject matter or content relates to objectives.
William Kilpatrick

● Curricula are purposely activities which are child-centered.

● The purpose of the curriculum is child development and growth. He introduced this
project method where teacher and student plan the activities.
● Curriculum develops social relationships and small group instruction.

Harold Rugg

● Curriculum should develop the whole child. It is child-centered.

● With the statement, curriculum should produce outcomes.
● Emphasized social studies and suggested that the teacher plans curriculum in advance.
Hollis Caswell

● Curriculum is organized around social functions of themes, organized knowledge and

learners interest.
● Curriculum, instruction and learning are interrelated.
● Curriculum is a set of experiences. Subject matter is developed around social functions
and learners interest.
Ralph Tyler

● Curriculum is a science and an extension of school's philosophy. It is based on students'

needs and interest.
● Curriculum is always related to instruction. Subject matter is organized in terms of
knowledge, skills and values.
● The process emphasizes problem solving. Curriculum aims to educate generalist and
not specialist.
Hilda Taba

● She contributed to the theoretical and pedagogical foundations of concepts development

and critical thinking in social studies curriculum.
● She helped lay the foundation for diverse student population.

Peter Oliva

● He described how curriculum change is a cooperative endeavor.

● Teachers and curriculum specialist constitute the professional core of planners.
● Significant improvement is achieved through ground activity.

⮚ Psychological Foundation
It provides a basis to understand the teaching and learning process. It unifies elements of the
learning process.

Questions which can be addressed by psychological foundations of education are:

 ● How should curriculum be organized to enhance learning?
● What is the optimal level of students' participation in learning the various contents of
the curriculum?

Ivan Pavlov (1848-1936)

● He is the father of the Classical Conditioning Theory, the S-R Theory

● The key to learning is early years of life is to train them what you want them to become.
● S-R Theory is a foundation of learning practice called indoctrination.

Edward Thorndike (1874-1949)

● He championed the Connectionism Theory.

● He proposed the three laws of learning:

- Law of readiness

- Law of exercise

- Law of effect

● Specific stimulus has specific response.

Robert Cagne (1916-2002)

● He proposed the Hierarchical Learning Theory. Learning follows a hierarchy

● Behavior is based on prerequisite conditions
● He introduced tasking in the formulation of objectives.

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

● Cognitive development has stages from birth to maturity:

- Sensorimotor stage (0-2),

- Preoperational stage (2-7),

- Concrete operations stage (7-11)

- Formal operations (11-onwards)

⮚ Keys to learning

● -Assimilation (incorporation of new experience)

● -Accommodation (learning modification and adaptation)
● -Equilibration (balance between previous and later learning

Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934)

● Cultural transmission and development:

 ● Children could, as a result of their interaction with society, actually perform certain
cognitive actions prior to arriving at developmental stage
● Learning precedes development
● Sociocultural development theory

-KEYS TO LEARNING-

● Pedagogy creates learning processes that lead to development

● The child is an active agent in his or her educational process.

Howard Gardner

⮚ Gardner's multiple intelligences

● Humans have several different ways of processing information and these ways are
relatively independent of one another
● There are eight intelligences: linguistic, logico-mathematical, musical, spatial,
bodily/kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic

Daniel Goleman

● Emotion contains the power to affect action.

● He called this Emotional Quotient.

⮚ GESTALT THEORY

● Learning is explained in terms of "wholeness" of the problem.

● Human beings do not respond to isolated stimuli but to an organization or pattern of
stimuli.

KEYS TO LEARNING

● Learning is complex and abstract.

● Learners analyze the problem, discriminate between essential and nonessential data,
and perceive relationships.
● Learners will perceive something in relation to the whole. What/how they perceive is
related to their previous experiences.

Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)

● He advanced the Self-Actualization Theory and classic theory of human needs.

● A child whose basic needs are not met will not be interested in acquiring knowledge of
the world.
● He put importance to human emotions, based on love and trust.
 ⮚ Keys to Learning

● Produce a healthy and happy learner who can accomplish, grow and actualize his or her
human self.

Carl Rogers (1902-1987)

⮚ Nondirective and Therapeutic Learning

● He established counselling procedures and methods for facilitating learning.

● Children's perceptions, which are highly individualistic, influence their learning and
behavior in class.

⮚ Key to learning

● Curriculum is concerned with process, not product; personal needs, not subject matter,
psychological meaning, not cognitive scores.
● Behavior is based on prerequisite conditions
● He introduced tasking in the formulation of objectives.

Social Foundation of Curriculum School and Society

● Society as a source of change

● Schools as agents of change
● Knowledge as an agent of agent

JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952)

Considered two fundamentals’ elements:

● schools’ society
● civil society
- To be major topics needing attention and reconstruction to encourage experimental
intelligence and plurality.

ALVIN TOFFLER

● Wrote the book Future Shock

● Believed that knowledge should prepare students for the future
● Foresow schools and students worked creatively, collaboratively, and independent of
their age.

E. Application
 ✔ The class will be divided into 4 groups and they will participate in role-playing activities where
they act out characters or ideas from each philosophy presented by Ornstein and Hunkins

● PERENNIALISM
● ESSESTIALISM
● PROGRESSIVISM
● RECONSTRUCTIONISM

IV. ASSESSMENT

Direction: Choose the correct answer

1. Who started the curriculum movement?

A. Franklin Bobbi

B. Ralph Tyler

C. Werret Charters

D. Hollis Caswell

2. Who Emphasized the alignment of educational objectives with the subject matter?

A. Hollis Caswell

B. Peter Oliva

C. Werret Charters

D. Harold Rugg

3. Who viewed curriculum as a science that should be meticulously planned and organized based on
students' needs?

A. Werret Charters

B. Franklin Bobbit

C. Ralph Tyler

D. Hilda Taba

4. Who is known for Introducing the project method?

A. Ralph Tyler

B. Harold Rugg

C. William Kilpatrick

D. Werret Charters
 5. Who contributed to the theoretical and pedagogical foundations of concepts development?

A. Peter Oliva

B. Hollis Caswell

C. William Kilpatrick

D. Hilda taba

6. Who’s is the Father of the Classical Conditioning

A. Ivan Pavlov

B. Edward Thorndike

C. Robert Cagne

D. Howard Gardner

7. Edward Thorndike Proposed 3 laws, what are the 3 Laws

A. Law of readiness, Law of exercise, and Law of effect

B. Law of lighting, Law of stagnant, and Law of gravity

C. Law of stimulation, Law of sureness, and Law of fire

D. Law of readiness, Law of motion, and Law of buoyancy

8. According to Daniel Goleman “Emotion contains the power to affect action.” He called this Emotional
________?

A. Support

B. Content

C. Quotient

D. Mark

9. Theory about Learning is explained in terms of "wholeness" of the problem, it has the symbol of two
figure in just one picture

A. Chaos Theory

B. Cell Theory

C. Hubble’s Theory

D. Gestalt Theory
 10. He put importance to human emotions, based on love and trust.

A. Ivan Pavlov

B. Abraham Moslow

C. Robert Cagne

D. Edward Thorndike

11. Believed that knowledge should prepare students for the future.

A. Robert Cagne

B. John Dewey

C. Edward Thorndike

D. Alvin Toffler

12-15. Enumerate the 4 Philosophical Foundation

KEY TO CORRECT

1. A
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. D
6. A
7. A
8. C
9. D
10. B
11. D

12-15.

Perennialism

Essentialism

Progressivism

Reconstructionism
 Prepared by:

Hazel Daza

Franchezca Sace

Sofia Viray

Student Teacher

Checked by:

DANIEL M. CALDERON
Instructor