Paper 6

Notes
16/9/2024

Paper 6 tips
1. Plan investigation ( normal + tools )
2. food test ( iodine solution / biuret / Benedict’s /
DCPIP / ethanol meulsion test ))
3. Draw a table
4. Draw a graph ( bar chart / line graph / line of best
fit )
5. Drawing
Plan an investigation
DRSICT

Tools
1. Independent ……..changeable ( investigate effecyt of different sucrose concentration )
Carry out the experiment under 5 different sucrose concentration / temp + mention values
2. Controlled variables ..same temperature using thermostatic controlled water bath / incubator , pH using buffer
solution, same CO2 concentration using same concentration of bicarbonate , same plant species .
3.Time interval ….carry out the experiment over 10 to 15 mins …( seeds take 48 hours )
4.dependent variables ….measurable …..measure the volume of the gas produced using a gas syringe
5.Safety precaution ..wear eye goggles.
6.control experiment ..experiment without factor causing the change to compare the results
7.repeat using larger sample and take average to reduce error and exclude anomalous results
8. Conclusion by plotting a graph ( where on x axis ,,,,and Y axis ,,,,,) and drawing a table

Variables that you should understand and figure out

1. Independent….changeable ,,,,,invetsigate the effct of ……

2. Results ……….( rate of photo/ rate of amylase activity / rate of uptake of water / osmosis / transpiration )
3. Dependent ….measurable ( measured / calculated / counted / observed / reordered ) ….is the way of
measuring the results
4. Controlled / constant variables ….standardised / kept constant …same
5. Source of error ….
• temperature not controlled …control using thermostatically controlled water bath
• PH not controlled ….control using buffer solution
• Light intensity ……keep the plant at same distance from lamp
• Humidity …….humidifier ./ dehumidifier
• End point is measure in pH ,,using pH indicator …..subjective judgment to end point / to color change
…….improve using pH meter
• End point is change in color , …..subjective judgment to end point / to color change …….improve using
colorimeter
• no equilibration …equilibrate the experiments at the experimental temperature for 5 mins
• Number of gas bubbles .. measuring volume of gas produced using a gas syringe
• No stirring …stir using a glass rod to distribute heat evenly and avoid settling of heavy substances at the bottom

6. Control : carry out the same experiment without the factor causing the change observed ,
to compare the results
To show that the factor under investigation is responsible for the change observed
 Qualitative test Food test
Quantitative test
Detecting the presence and
the absence of a substance
Semiquantitative Quantitative
1.Starch ……iodine solution
( not a quantitative test ) / Colorimeter
Yellow brown
estimation
Blue black Yellow brown
Starch is present Starch is absent 1.Comparing colors to
+ve -ve
Blue compare concentrations
2. Reducing sugar ( glucose , maltose ) …..Benedict’s solution .
Sample ( liquid ) + benedict’s ……..heat in a boiling water bath .use a colorimeter
to measure the
ROYGBIV Remain blue
depth of color
-ve result
+ve result More accurate
C
+ ++ ++ 7

3. Protein …….biuret reagent The darker the purple color the

BLUE
higher the concentration of
Purple / lilac protein …source of error
Blue
+Ve -ve result ….subjective judgment of color .
Not quantitative.
4. Vitamin C ….DCPIP
Blue
+ve -Ve 3 has the highest concentration
Colorless Remain blue of reducing sugar / the faster the
change in color , the higher the
5. Fats ……..Ethanol emulsion test concentration of reducing sugars
+ve
-ve …source or error ..subjective

Milky cloudy layer

Differences between evaluating data in terms of

Reliability Accuracy Validity

Repeating and getting similar results Measurements Constant variables

Improve reliability by using larger sample 1. Tools like using digital Same

balance / digital
By repeating using larger sample , To have fair test and valid
thermometer / pH meter /
take average and reduce error and comparison
colorimeter with decimal
exclude anolamlous results
places
2.Calculating average
Hazards

1. Cutting
2. Flammable as alcohol
3. Chemical irritants ( HCl / indicators / stain / acid or alkali )
Drawing table and graphs

Draw a table

Dependent / unit
Independent / unit
Trial 1 Trial Trial 3

Bar chart

Graphs :
1. Bar chart …….independent variable is non measurable
2. Histogram …indpendnet variable ( range ) 11-15/ 16-20/21-25
3. Draw a line graph ..point to point with a ruler
4. Draw a smooth curve of line of best fit …free hand smooth curve

-
Line graph
Smooth curve / best fit
 6
Independent Outcome
2 A student investigates the effect of substrate concentration on the rate of a reaction.

Catalase is an enzyme that breaks down the substrate, hydrogen peroxide, to release oxygen
gas. The oxygen gas causes paper disks to rise in a solution of hydrogen peroxide.

catalase
hydrogen peroxide water + oxygen

(a) The student is provided with catalase solution and five different percentage concentrations of
hydrogen peroxide solution, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2% and 1%. Independent
Step 1 He dips five small paper disks into the catalase solution.

Step 2 He drops one of the soaked disks into a beaker containing 60 cm3 5% hydrogen
peroxide solution.

Step 3 He starts a stop-clock.

Step 4 The disk sinks to the bottom of the beaker and then slowly rises to the surface as
shown in Fig. 2.1.

beaker

hydrogen peroxide
solution
disk

Fig. 2.1

Step 5 When the disk reaches the surface the student stops the stop-clock.

Step 6 He records the time in Table 2.1. Dependent

'
Step 7 He repeats step 2 to step 6 using 4%, 3%, 2% and 1% hydrogen peroxide.

The results for this first experiment are shown in Table 2.1.

Step 8 He then repeats the experiment. Reliability

© UCLES 2020 0653/62/M/J/20

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Table 2.1

percentage concentration time for the disk to rise to the surface / s

of hydrogen peroxide first experiment repeat experiment average
5 9 7 8
4 29 25 27
3
-
56 56 56
2 101 105 103
1 153 152 153

(i) Name one piece of apparatus that would be suitable for measuring 60 cm3 of hydrogen
peroxide solution.

Measuring cylinder / burette

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Fig. 2.2 shows the readings on the stop-clocks for 3% and 2% hydrogen peroxide
solutions for the repeat experiment.

00:56 01:45
HOUR MIN. SEC. HOUR MIN. SEC.

3% 2%

Fig. 2.2

Record in Table 2.1 the times shown in Fig. 2.2. [2]

(iii) Calculate the average time for the 3% and 2% hydrogen peroxide concentrations.
Record these values in Table 2.1. [1]

(iv) Describe the relationship between the percentage concentration of hydrogen peroxide
and the average time for the disks to rise to the surface.

Increasing the-concentration of Hydrogen peroxide , the shorter the

...........................................................................................................................................
time taken for the paper disc to rise
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2020 0653/62/M/J/20 [Turn over

 8

(v) Suggest why a repeat experiment is done.

Reliability, reducing error , excluding anomalous results

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(vi) State one safety hazard associated with this investigation and explain how the risk from
this hazard is reduced.

Use of hydrogen peroxide

safety hazard .....................................................................................................................

Wear gloves / eye googles

explanation ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[1]

(vii) Suggest one variable that the student should keep constant during this investigation.

Size of paper discs / temperature

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) (i) On the grid, plot a graph of the average time for the disks to rise (vertical axis) and the
percentage concentration of hydrogen peroxide.

Time /s

150 r

·
120

Go

30

3
·
= 3
of I
1 5 [3]
23
Percentage concentration of
O Y

© UCLES 2020 0653/62/M/J/20

hydrogen peroxide
 9

(ii) Draw the curve of best fit. [1]

(iii) Determine the average time for a disk to rise to the surface in a 3.7% hydrogen peroxide
solution.

Show on your graph how you arrived at your answer.

34
average time = ...................................................... s [1]

[Total: 13]

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