Mathematical Analysis Lecture (2024.09.

26)
Rmk Let PFAEBEIR
. ,
so we can talk about supA infA , ,

supB inf B
,

infB supA[supB
From the picture above ,
we can
say infAZ ,

Since DEA VAEIR We

,
.
shall have supe is smaller than any
real number and info is than real number .
greater any
Thus we define supp = -0 , infl = 0 .
if .
" "If M is an
upper
bound of S ,
then we have M1b
Thus b = b < is NOT an
upper bound of S .
Hence EXES
st .
X> b-E.
"E"b is an
upper bound of S is clear . If M is an
upper
bound of S show that Mzb .
, we need to

If then EM st H is an upper bound of

not ,
.
S but Mab .
,

EXES St X > b-c b (b H) M,

b- then
=

Let
-
= -

E 11
=> b
=
130
.

-
,
.

which contradict to the definition of H.

The "inf" part is Exercise.

 of least bound Let PSCIR which
If .
We
only prove
the existence
upper .

bounded above Let be the smallest st No is upper

integer
to an
is
.

bound of S .
Let Xi =
Xo-Yo ,
where N , is
,
the
largest integer
.
st

X, is still an
upper
bound of S
. I
upper bound Let Yo where N2
That is ,
Xo-" is not an
of S .
Xz = X. -
is

bound of S Continue this

the largest integer
st .
An is still an upper .

bound
process ,
let Xn =
Xne-Y ,
where Nn is the largest integre st An is.
an
upper

of .
S
 xisos
Then we obtain a
sequence
[Xn3n0 Since Nn is .
always positive ,
so

Moreover aeS is
lower bound of MXu3n0
a
.

By completeness of IR
,
any
= EXEnto in IR Let Xn = x
.
converges .

bound of S
Claim .
X =
SupS .

(
We have to show that is

(ii)
X is an

VE30 , seS
upper
St .
S > X-3 (
1 Suppose X is not an
upper
bound of S
, ESES st .
S > X = 5- x70 .

AnIN
.

< XeCS
nIN (x-x) < S-X = 2x-s
Since Loxn
,

ENEN
=
St
X
.

=
, X

USES Choose REN s .

t

Assume the contrary SEX-E

.

2 .
,
Ea30 st .
, .

S
> i .
Then Xh--Nm X-N -Es =
=
,

which contradict to the choice of Ne.

 3 exercise .

Pf Let EXE"and bounded above by M Define S [x1=

x2 , 43 3 EF
....

, ,
.

bounded above M By LUBP

Note that S&P and S is by .
.
87 Xi
By Prop
1 EXNES > X-E .
XEF VEzo st
supS exists
.

:=
.

.
.
, ,

Since EXY V
,
so for NIN we have X-& < Xi[XnEX < X +

that is .
IXn-X1<2 · Hence nexn =
X .
(F has MSP.
 Thm and Thu 1 90
By 1 88 .
.
.

We say that [Xn3 Fl+ ,, 1) means

a
sequence
in is
convergent
EXEF st . Vaso , #(n/xn(x - s , x+
2)]< @

Consider the weaker .

statement

Vaso , EYEF st .

#EnEIN/Xn(y-2 , y + 3)3 <

 Let Exu3 , be convergent sequence with Bath
X Then for as

Pf .
a

m> N then
= .
any
ENEIN st .
nIN = In-x) <E. If n , ,

(xn Xm) < (xn x| + mm x) < E+ =

(xn- Xml
-

X+X
-

= - -

So Exn3n ,
is
Cauchy

mIN = In-Xmk/
Pf Let EX3 be Candy Then ENEN st .
n ,

.
,
a
sequence .

UNIN
VINEXN-1Xn < XN )
+
1
particular IX-XN/
,

In ,
<
,

( + (x+
VEN Let M max((xil (2), (Xx 1)
Note that (xnl < (Xil 1
= . . .
-

,
, .

+ .

thus EXu3 bounded.

Then IXul[H , UhEIN and is
Pf bounded WHEN for H
Let EXE ER be
satisfying IKM some
a
sequence
,
. ,

-
I
M ** ---
intervals [-M 0] and Co 13 and denote
Divide [M M]
,
. into two ,

one
of two intervals which contains infinitely many
his
by Sai , bis .
i .
e
.

# IneI/Xue/a bis] ,,
= 0
.
Divide (a , bi] into 19 ,, thing Ch , , bi]
us
by 162 b2]
and denote of the intervals which containing infinitely many
,

one two

intervals [a be] .
Continue this of
st

process ,
then we obtain a
sequence
,

#EneI XnECan , baj3 = a .

 XnaE[ac ba]
Let XnE(h , bi] .:: #EneIN/kneCarbaS] = a , E na> h , sit .
,

b3] Continue this

For the same reason ,
Ens > n2 St . XnE[as ,
·

process , we can

chouse na na- St .
XaE [Ga .
ba].

an < Xneba When

Then got
we subsequence
a [XnaBEEX3 st .
,

and EbeBs Moreover an M bal-M

Since [Ga ba 1][[Ge ben] = Gamb"
= ,
+ .
+. .

By MSP .
Sania and base, converge Let Le .
= a , Albe = b
.
b
Note that De-Gem ,REN = b- a =
Dalbe-an) + = =
0 =
= a

that GnEXa-ben WheN and Sandwich Thm.

By the fact ,

We have Xen a b = EX converges = , =

,