Here are detailed notes on Network Devices under the topic Network Connectivity Devices:

5.1 Network Connectivity Devices

Network connectivity devices are hardware components used to connect computers and other
devices within a network. They facilitate communication, data transfer, and traffic management
in networks. These devices operate at different layers of the OSI (Open Systems
Interconnection) model.

5.1.1 Active and Passive Hubs

A hub is a basic networking device that connects multiple computers or network devices in a
LAN (Local Area Network). It works at Layer 1 (Physical Layer) of the OSI model and simply
forwards data packets to all connected devices.

Types of Hubs

1. Active Hub

o Requires an external power source.

o Amplifies and regenerates the signals before forwarding them.

o Works like a repeater but can connect multiple devices.

o Can extend network range and prevent signal degradation.

o More expensive than passive hubs.

2. Passive Hub

o Does not require an external power source.

o Simply forwards signals without amplifying them.

o Cannot extend the range of a network.

o Usually found in simple network topologies.

5.1.2 Repeaters

A repeater is a network device that regenerates and amplifies signals to extend the
transmission distance. It operates at Layer 1 (Physical Layer) of the OSI model.

Functions of a Repeater

• Receives weak signals and amplifies them before retransmitting.

• Helps overcome signal attenuation over long distances.

• Does not filter traffic; all data is forwarded.

• Used in wired and wireless networks.

• Used in Ethernet networks to extend cable length.

• Wireless repeaters (Wi-Fi extenders) boost wireless signals.

5.1.3 Bridges

A bridge is a network device that connects two or more network segments and filters traffic
based on MAC addresses. It operates at Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) of the OSI model.

Functions of Bridges

• Segments large networks to reduce congestion.

• Filters traffic by checking MAC addresses, preventing unnecessary data transmission.

• Helps in reducing collisions in a network.

Types of Bridges

1. Transparent Bridge

o Used in Ethernet networks.

o Automatically learns MAC addresses and forwards data accordingly.

o Transparent to users (does not require configuration).

2. Source Routing Bridge

o Used in Token Ring networks.

o The sending device determines the route based on information in the data
packet.

3. Translational Bridge

o Converts data between different networking standards (e.g., Ethernet and Token
Ring).

5.1.4 Switches

A switch is an advanced network device that connects multiple devices in a LAN and efficiently
manages data traffic. It operates at Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) but some switches work at Layer
3 (Network Layer).

Functions of a Switch

• Uses MAC addresses to forward data to the correct device.

• Reduces network congestion by enabling simultaneous communication between

• Supports VLANs (Virtual Local Area Networks) for better network segmentation.
 • Can operate in store-and-forward, cut-through, and fragment-free modes.

Types of Switches

1. Unmanaged Switch – Simple, plug-and-play device without configuration options.

2. Managed Switch – Offers advanced features like VLANs, QoS (Quality of Service), and
monitoring.

3. Layer 3 Switch – Functions like a router with routing capabilities in addition to

5.1.5 Router

A router is a network device that forwards data between different networks based on IP
addresses. It operates at Layer 3 (Network Layer) of the OSI model.

Functions of a Router

• Determines the best path for data transmission using routing tables.

• Connects different networks, including LANs and WANs.

• Uses protocols like RIP, OSPF, and BGP for dynamic routing.

• Provides NAT (Network Address Translation) to enable multiple devices to share a

• Offers security features like firewall and access control lists (ACLs).

Types of Routers

1. Wired Router – Uses Ethernet cables for connectivity.

2. Wireless Router – Provides Wi-Fi access along with wired connections.

3. Core Router – High-speed router used in the backbone of large networks.

4. Edge Router – Connects internal networks to external networks (like the Internet).

5.1.6 Gateways

A gateway is a network device that connects networks using different communication

Functions of a Gateway

• Converts data formats between different networks.

• Translates communication protocols (e.g., from IPv4 to IPv6).

• Acts as a firewall and filters traffic for security purposes.

• Enables communication between devices using different architectures (e.g., TCP/IP to

1. Network Gateway – Connects different networks (e.g., enterprise networks to the

2. VoIP Gateway – Converts voice signals from traditional phone lines to digital VoIP
networks.

3. Cloud Gateway – Connects on-premises networks to cloud services.

4. E-mail Gateway – Filters and translates email messages between different email
systems.

Conclusion

Network devices play a crucial role in ensuring smooth communication and efficient data
transfer in networks. Each device has a specific function:

• Hubs and Repeaters provide basic connectivity.

• Bridges and Switches manage traffic within a LAN.

• Routers and Gateways facilitate communication between different networks.

Understanding these devices helps in designing efficient and scalable networks.